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To examine the outcome of gestational blood pressure and birth weight in women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI (18.5-25 kg/m2) who are at the lower and upper limits of this range, i.e., slightly underweight or slightly overweight. Overall, 2,038 Japanese women with low -risk who had delivered during January 2014–December 2016 were classified according to their pre-pregnancy BMI: underweight (< 18.5 kg/m2), slightly underweight (18.5≤BMI

SIGNIFICANCE: Primary lymphedema is a chronic condition without a cure. The lower extremities are more commonly affected than the arms or genitalia. The disease can be syndromic. Morbidity includes decreased self-esteem, infections, and reduced function of the area. RECENT ADVANCES: Several mutations can cause lymphedema, and new variants continue to be elucidated. A critical determinant that predicts the natural history and morbidity of lymphedema is the patient's body mass index (BMI). Individuals who maintain an active lifestyle with a normal BMI generally have less severe disease compared to subjects who are obese. Because other causes of lower extremity enlargement can be confused with lymphedema, definitive diagnosis requires lymphoscintigraphy. CRITICAL ISSUES: Most patients with primary lymphedema are satisfactorily managed with compression regimens, exercise, and maintenance of a normal body weight. Suction-assisted lipectomy is our preferred operative intervention for symptomatic patients who have failed conservative therapy. Suction-assisted lipectomy effectively removes excess subcutaneous fibro-adipose tissue and can improve underlying lymphatic function. FUTURE DIRECTIONS: Many patients with primary lymphedema do not have an identifiable mutation and thus novel variants will be identified. The mechanisms by which mutations cause lymphedema continue to be studied. In the future, drug therapy for the disease may be developed.

Normal-weight obesity (NWO) is a phenotype characterized by excessive body fat (BF) despite normal body weight. We aimed to assess the association between NWO and the risk of sarcopenia. Two groups of patients with a normal body mass index [BMI (20–24.9 kg/m2)] were selected from a large cohort of participants. Body composition was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and 748 participants were categorized as NWO or normal-weight without obesity (NWNO) and were classed according to whether or not they were at risk of sarcopenia. The “NWO group” included 374 participants (cases), compared to 374 participants (controls) in the “NWNO group”, all of a similar BMI, age and gender. The participants in the “NWO group” displayed a higher prevalence of the risk of sarcopenia than the control group across both genders (0.6% vs. 14.1% in males; 1.4% vs. 36.5% in females). Regression analysis showed that being in the NWO category increased the risk of sarcopenia 22-fold in males (RR = 22.27; 95%CI: 3.35–147.98) and 25-fold in females (RR = 25.22; 95%CI: 8.12–78.36), compared to those in the NWNO category. In a “real-world” nutritional setting, the assessment of body composition to identify NWO syndrome is vital since it is also associated with a higher risk of sarcopenia.

The aim was to review the compliance, side effects and effectiveness of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG) supplementation in patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PID) who had previously received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy and subsequently switched to SCIG, as well as to compare these parameters in patients while considering body weight. Demographic data, clinical and laboratory findings, SCIG dose, and side effects of 87 patients were retrospectively obtained from patient files. In patients who first received IVIG and then SCIG, the monthly SCIG dose was calculated by multiplying the IVIG dose by 1.37. The total monthly SCIG dose was distributed via injection across three or four doses per month, thus every 7 or 10 days. Of the 87 patients aged between one and 22 years, 50 were male (57.5%) and 37 were female (42.5%). The serum IgG levels of the SCIG group were higher and more stable than those of the IVIG group. The number of hospitalizations and infections decreased significantly after initiation of SCIG. Thirteen patients (14.9%) had low body weight (LBW) for their age, seven of whom were male (53.8%). Serum IgG levels of the LBW cohort were significantly elevated and more stable during the SCIG period than the IVIG period. Mild, local side effects were detected in 153 administrations (3.3%) in 30 patients with normal body weight, while no local reactions were recorded in the patients with LBW. SCIG supplementation is an effective treatment for pediatric patients with PID. The preliminary data from the present study suggest that such treatment is also safe for LBW children. The numbers of patient hospitalizations and family visits to clinics were reduced, allowing our patients and their parents to live more normal lives.

Aim. The aim of work was to study the existing environmental risk factors for overweight and obesity in preschool and primary school children living in Novosibirsk.Material and Methods. The study included 56 patients who visited a pediatrician or endocrinologist in Clinic of New Medical Technology Center, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine. We used the individual food preference questionnaire developed based on the most common foods affecting body weight gain according to data of World Health Organization (WHO). Physical inactivity was assessment using a questionnaire developed based on the materials the International Physical Activity Prevalence Study. Children were divided into groups according consumption of carbohydrates: group 1 comprised children with excess consumption of carbohydrates; children of group 2 consumed normal amount of carbohydrates. The examined children included 21 children with normal body weight (10 boys and 11 girls with the average age of 7.19 ± 0.56 years); 35 children were overweight/obese (15 boys and 20 girls with the average age of 7.37 ± 0.35 years). A group of children with sleep time less than eight hours was assigned depending on sleep duration assessment.Results and discussion. The study included 56 children including 21 patients with normal body weight (37.5%), seven overweight children (12.5%), and 28 obese children (50%). The following significant differences were found between groups of obese and control children: physical inactivity was detected in 71.4% out of 35 obese children and in 23.8% of children in control group (p < 0.005, χ2 = 10.12). Sleep duration less than eight hours was observed in 34.3% of obese children and in 4.7% of healthy children (p < 0.01). Excessive consumption of carbohydrates was observed in 65.7% of obese children and in 19% of children with normal weight (p < 0.001). Intake of complex carbohydrates was approximately the same in both groups.Conclusion. We identified the following risk factors for overweight and obesity in our study: (1) factors contributing to obesity were physical inactivity, excessive consumption of carbohydrates, and impaired sleep-wakefulness pattern due to decrease in sleep time at night less than eight hours; (2) consumption of recommended amounts of fresh fruits and berries was protective against overweight and obesity.

Background : Individuals participating in exercise are more likely to lead a healthy lifestyle to achieve their exercise-related goals. This study aimed to examine the differences in dietary quality of female university students by exercise involvement and body mass index (BMI). Methods : This study was conducted with 360 female university students in Turkey. Students were asked to complete a questionnaire containing general characteristics and food consumption records. The “Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015)” score was calculated using the results of food consumption records. Results : The findings showed that the ratio of individuals who exercised regularly was 34.2%. The ratio (44.2%) of regularly exercising participants with moderate/good diet quality was greater than that of regularly exercising participants with poor diet quality (30.6%) (P=0.016). There was no significant difference between the scores of overall diet quality according to BMI classification (P>0.05). The score (45.3±13.4) for overall diet quality of those participating in exercise in the group with normal body weight was higher than the score (41.5±12.1) for overall diet quality of those not participating in exercise (P=0.026). Those participating in exercise in the group with normal body weight consumed more greens and beans, whole grains, dairy products, seafood/vegetable proteins, and refined grains than those not participating in exercise (P

The aim of the study was to investigate age-related changes in bone mineralization indicators in the lumbar vertebrae in women with normal body weight living in the conditions of the Northern region.Material and methods. A complex somatometric examination and quantitative assessment of the bone tissue mineral density in the lumbar vertebrae were performed according to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of a group of Slavic women (n=127) with a normal body weight (BMI values from 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) aged 20 to 87 years, permanently residing in the Republic of Karelia. Statistical processing of the material was performed using the program "STATISTICA 6.0".Results. The BMI values in women increased significantly every decade of life. Direct correlations of mineral bone density (MBD) with the body length (r=0.46, pConclusion. In women with a normal BMI, body weight and muscle mass play an essential role in maintaining lumbar vertebrae bone mineral density.

Introduction: Body image is the person’s perceptions, thoughts and feelings about his/her body which is a multi-dimensional concept. Body Image Dissatisfaction can be measured using a Body Shape Questionnaire. The main aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of body image dissatisfaction among adolescent girls of a municipality in Kathmandu. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done from July 2019 to December 2019 among the female students from grade eight to twelve of the selected private schools of Budhanilkantha municipality. Stratified random sampling was done. Body Shape Questionnaire short version was used to measure the prevalence of body dissatisfaction. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was done, frequency and percentage were calculated. Results: One hundred ninety seven (75.2%) at 95% Confidence Interval (69.97-80.43) students were found to have body image dissatisfaction, among which Positive Body Image Dissatisfaction was found to be in 85 (42%) respondents which indicates that 112 (58%) respondents with healthy Body Mass Index were dissatisfied with their body shape. Conclusions: Prevalence of body image dissatisfaction was found to be high in adolescent girls though most of the girls had normal body weight and a healthy Body Mass Index.

The worldwide decline in physical activity and the increase in sedentary and obesity have been discussed in several studies. For most nations, inactivity at various ages is a serious issue. The aim of the study was to investigate the physical activity level and variances among sport science students at the university of Oromia State, Ethiopia, in relation to sex. Self administrated International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form was used by students to self-report their amount of physical activity. A total of 266 students (133 male, 133 female) with an average age of 22.88±2.41 years were participated at this study. The results of present study showed that males showed a higher percentage (54.1%) of high physical activity level than females (9.0%). Females displayed a high percentage (51.1%) of low level of physical activity compared to males (11.3%). Participants in the age range of 22-25 years indicated more percentage (44.9%) of high physical activity level. When the levels of physical activity assessment were done based on academic achievements, great distinction (≥3.6 GPA) students showed the highest percentage (72.3%) of high physical activity level. Students who were normal body weight depicted high percentage (41.9%) of high physical activity level. Moreover, students who have positive attitude towards physical activity showed the highest percentage (88.6%) of high physical activity level. It is concluded that in this group of students the physical activity level is sufficient and that there is a lower physical activity among females than males. It is essential to constantly take actions and select students based on their interest and sport skills for promoting physical activity and sports participation at colleges with the goal of improving students' health status to a higher degree.

Aim: to compare physical development in children with celiac disease (CD), depending on adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD), and in children without CD.Materials and methods: 176 children with gastrointestinal disease were examined. Group 1 consisted of 58 children with newly diagnosed CD and chronic gastritis (CG), before the appointment of a gluten-free diet (GFD), group 2–49 children with CD and CG, adhered of GFD for 1 year, the comparison group consisted of 69 children with CG and duodenitis and excluded CD. The assessment of anthropometric data was carried out using the WHO AnthroPlus software (2009), with the determination of BMI and Z-score values: WAZ, SD; WHZ, SD; HAZ, SD; BAZ, SD.Results: The groups of participants in the study were homogeneous in terms of gender and age. BMI (16,57±3,29; 1,96 ± 3,96; 18,17±,22; t1,2=0,573; t1,3=0,007; t2,3=0,009). Weight deficiency was more often observed in patients in group 1 (56,8%, 4,1%, 23,2%; P1,2=0,00; P1,3=0,00; P2,3=0,02). Obesity was detected in the groups equally (1,7%, 4,1%, 4,3%; P1,2=0,00; P1,3=0,01; P2,3=0,04). Normal body weight was most common in groups 2 (39,7%, 91,8%, 7205%; P1,2=0,00; P1,3=0,01; P2,3=0,04). HAZ, SD statistically differed in all groups (–0,3928±1,13; 0,0133±1,06; 0,4664±1,15; t1,2=0,008, t1,3=0,004, t2,3=0,031).Conclusion: normal body weight was most typical for children on GFD. HAZ, SD in children with CD increased in comparison with children with newly diagnosed CD, but it was less, than in group 3. After a one year of GFD, the improvement of weight has a more pronounced dynamics than growth.

Hypertension and obesity are important problems among adolescents. In clinical practice, these diseases are often combined and worsen the quality of life, so the study on indicators of tolerance to exercise is of great scientific and practical importance. The aim. To determine the state of tolerance to physical activity among school-age children with stable hypertension depending on body weight. Materials and methods. The study involved 95 children aged from 9 to 18 years who were divided into four groups: the first – 18 patients with normal blood pressure and body weight; the second – 39 with stable hypertension and normal body weight; the third – 20 with normal blood pressure and obesity; the fourth – 18 children with stable hypertension and obesity. Exercise tolerance was examined during cycling ergometry according to the PWC 170 protocol; the maximum myocardial oxygen uptake index – VO2peak (the “gold standard” for determining tolerance) was evaluated. Results. According to the study results, among children with a combination of primary hypertension and obesity, the clinical picture of the condition is characterized by significantly more frequent complaints of dizziness, heart pain, headache and loss of consciousness. The total score of complaints was 5.8 ± 1.9 points in the combined pathology of primary hypertension and obesity group, which is significantly higher (P

Aim of the study was to explore the gender characteristics of the circadian rhythm of carbohydrate metabolism in men and women with normal body weight. Materials and methods. 15 men and 22 women aged 18 to 56 entered the study and underwent clinical, antropometric, biochemical and hormonal examination. Standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed in the morning and in the evening. Results and discussion. During OGTT performed in morning time there were no differences in mean baseline blood glucose levels between men and women. However higher glucose levels at 120th minute of the test in men demonstrated relative deceleration of glucose utilization in the morning in this group. Higher glucose levels at 120th minute during OGTT in the evening both in men and women comparing with baseline results, and also higher glucose levels at 120th minute of the test in the evening comparing with morning test, indicate decreased glucose tolerance. Insulin to glucose ratio values in men at all timepoints during OGTT were comparable in the morning and in the evening, but in women they were found to be higher in the evening than in the morning. Conclusion. In evening time both in men and women with normal body weight reduced rate of glucose utilization in peripheral tissues reflects circadian rhythm of carbohydrate metabolism. Gender differences of the circadian rhythm of carbohydrate metabolism consist in reduced glucose tolerance in the morning in men comparing to women that is associated with higher waist to hip circumference ratio in men which in turn is related to cumulation of visceral adipose tissue. Presumably greater amount of visceral adipose tissue in men determines more pronounced manifestations of insulin resistance in the morning.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate whether self-regulation and dichotomous thinking might help to explain why some individuals maintain a normal body weight despite living in an obesogenic...

Objective The aim of the research was to study the cellular composition of the gums in children of primary school age with normal body weight and overweight for further use of this data in the early diagnostics of periodontal diseases. Patients and methods Materials and methods: We examined 81 children aged from 6 to 12 years. Cytological examination of gingival cytograms was performed in all examined children. Results Results: Based on the analysis of the quantitative content of epithelial cells in children with normal body weight, their ratio was established, which is determined by the percentage of 0: 6: 94 (parabasal, intermediate, superficial). The obtained data completely coincide with the percentage of the differentiated ratio of epitheliocytes of multilayered squamous epithelium in children with normal body weight with inflammation and without it in the periodontal tissues. Our cytological examinations of gingival scrape smears in overweight children in contrast to the results of the study of epithelial scrape smears in children with normal body weight have some differences. Thus, in the process of calculation, the degree of differentiation of various epitheliocytes determines their percentage as follows - 3: 7: 90 (parabasal, intermediate, superficial) for children with gingivitis, and 2: 5: 93 (parabasal, intermediate, superficial) for children without inflammation in the periodontal tissues. Conclusion Conclusions: The obtained results allowed us to conclude that in overweight children, in contrast to children with normal body weight, the number of parabasal cells decreases, and the number of superficial and intermediate cells increases.

The purpose of the work is to study the features of the body mass index (BMI) in schizophrenia patients (SP) who live in Chuvashia. Material and methods. 607 SP were examined (307 men and 300 women) aged 18 to 82 (average - 44.51 ± 12.3 years). The diagnosis of schizophrenia met the criteria for ICD-10 (F20-29); disease duration ranged from 0 to 52 years (mean - 18.9 ± 10.7 years). BMI was taken into account according to the Ketle index. For each SP, a survey card with clinical, therapeutic, and socio-demographic indices was filled out. The comparison group included a sample of 3417 residents of Chuvashia. Mathematical and statistical processing was carried out using descriptive statistics and χ2 distribution. Results. 9.2% of SP had underweight, 54.2% - normal body weight, 36.6% - excess body weight and obesity. Among women there were significantly more persons with increased BMI and obesity, among men - with normal BMI. In SP, BMI did not depend on the group of taken antipsychotics (typical, atypical, mixed-use) and the disease’s duration. With patients’ age, BMI increased to excess BMI (25-29.9 kg/m2). Among SP, persons with underweight were much more common (among healthy people, 2% vs 9.2% in SP). From 40 years of age and older, among the healthy population, persons with an increased BMI and obesity begin to predominate significantly compared with the SP group. Observations of BMI during inpatient treatment from 1.5 to 22 months showed multidirectional dynamics, including increased body weight in 42.2% of SP, a decrease in 30.1%, without changes in BMI in 27.7%; it was not possible to retrospectively identify any patterns of BMI fluctuations. Conclusion. The revealed paradoxes of BMI for SP in Chuvashia, especially a high proportion of SP with underweight, require refinement considering ethnic, genetic, sex and age, hormon and metabolic factors.

Calculations of societal costs of underweight, overweight and obesity have generally failed to include the value of the utility reductions, associated with deviations from normal weight. To remedy this, the monetary compensation needed to offset the welfare loss associated with being underweight, overweight, or obese, according to World Health Organizations standards, is estimated. For this purpose, the compensating income variation (CIV) method is applied to individual-level data from an Icelandic health and lifestyle survey carried out in 2007, 2009, 2012, and 2017. The results show that both males and females would on average be willing to pay a positive amount to move from obesity to normal weight, albeit a varying amount by income group. The CIV for moving from obesity to normal weight among males for the low-, medium-, and high-income groups are $18,022, $25,768, and $632,002 per year. In comparison the same results for females are $9,191, $16,239, and $95,494. However, only females show a positive willingness to pay for not being overweight. The CIV for overweight females for the three income groups is $3,608, $6,375, and $37,488 per year., The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from The Icelandic Research Fund [grant number 184975] and the University of Iceland Research Fund., Pre-print (óritrýnt handrit)

No available data exists about the relation of adropin and irisin levels and body weight in hypothyroidism. This work was designed to investigate the relationship between irisin and adropin levels and thyroid hormones. 40 male rats were divided into 2 groups: Control (C) group (10 rats) and hypothyroid group (30 rats). After induction of hypothyroidism, 18 rats increased in body weight (Hypothyroid overweight HO) and 12 rats did not show any significant weight gain (hypothyroid with normal body weight) (HNBW). Body mass index (BMI), adropin, irisin, T3, T4, and TSH were measured. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), serum HDL and LDL levels were estimated. Significant reductions were found in adropin and irisin levels in HO group compared with C and HNBW groups (p

The aim of the study was to identify motives and barriers which have the greatest influence on participation in Nordic Walking (NW) of people with normal body weight and persons who are either overweight or obese (according to their BMI). In the study, the modified Physical Activity and Leisure Motivation Scale (PALMS) was used, which was designed to measure adult physical activity (PA) motivation. PALMS measures eight motives for participation in PA, on a 5-point Likert scale. The study was conducted during a NW competition and during training sessions of its participants. Two groups of respondents were taken into account: the first group with those with normal body weight and the second group with those who were overweight or obese. Respondents with normal body weight were more frequent participants of NW sessions. Enhanced body capacity, concern for one’s health, improved body shape and lifespan extension were major motives of practicing NW. Polish people perceive PA as a means of improving the quality of life due to enhanced health and wellbeing. Subjects with normal body weight tended to mention lack of areas suitable for NW and lack of time due to professional work. Overweight or obese persons pointed to other types of PA, shyness and lack of time.

At present, there are many acceleration sensors for measuring human martial arts in the market. However, due to the inaccurate measurement of some acceleration sensors, people who love martial arts are deeply troubled and unable to find an excellent acceleration sensor specifically for energy consumption detection of human martial arts. The development of this sensor is imminent, which is of great significance for the comparative study of energy consumption measurement of human martial arts in our country. In this study, 160 students aged 11–14 years were selected, and the subjects were divided into normal body mass group and abnormal body mass group. Of the 96 male adolescents, 32 were obese body mass, which was determined as male abnormal body mass Group; 64 male adolescents were normal body weight and male normal body weight group; female 64 adolescents were normal body weight and set as female normal body mass group. Using a built-in accelerometer and a mobile phone three-dimensional accelerometer, the subjects were subjected to a 3–8 km/h human martial arts exercise load test (each speed is continuously performed for 5 min). The two acceleration sensors collectively assess the accuracy of the prediction of the use of force in human martial arts experiments. The average power consumption of human art exercises uses a frequency of 60 times/min, 90 times/min and 120 times/min compared to two acceleration sensors. Test results show that the data points for the mobile accelerator eraser are scattered, and the distance between the data varies. The data points of the three-dimensional acceleration sensor are more concentrated and present a certain trend. The use of three-dimensional acceleration sensors to measure martial arts can fully reflect the energy consumption of human activities, and achieve an energy consumption measurement accuracy of more than 94%.

Kelebihan berat badan menjadi masalah yang meningkat di Indonesia Kelebihan berat badan dikatakan sebagai faktor risiko bagi perempuan yang menstruasi menderita dysmenorrhea. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ada tidaknya hubungan antara indeks massa tubuh (IMT) terhadap dysmenorrhea pada mahasiswi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Krida Wacana (UKRIDA) angkatan 2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain korelasi analitik potong lintang. Penelitian ini dilakukan di UKRIDA dari bulan Juni hingga Desember 2018. Subjek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswi aktif Fakultas Kedokteran UKRIDA angkatan 2015 dengan cara menyebarkan kuisoner, microtoise sebagai alat ukur tinggi badan, dan timbangan injak sebagai alat ukur berat badan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata umur mahasiswi angkatan 2015 di Fakultas Kedokteran UKRIDA adalah 21 tahun. Indeks massa tubuh normal sebanyak 51 responden (48,2%). Derajat nyeri (dysmenorrhea) responden mengeluh nyeri sebanyak 63 responden (59,4%) dan didapatkan hubungan yang bermakna antara indeks massa tubuh dengan dysmenorrhea pada mahasisiwi Fakultas Kedokteran UKRIDA angkatan 2015.

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study were to assess clinical (cutaneous allodynia) and neurophysiological (R2 nBR component) markers of the nociceptive trigeminal-cervical pathway sensitization in the abdominally obese patients with episodic (EM) and chronic migraine (CM). PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: It had been recorded nBR within interictal period in 79 migraineurs with EM and CM who had abdominal obesity (AO) and normal body weight (NBW). RESULTS Results: Patients with EM and AO had significantly lower pain thresholds than patients with EM and NBW - 0,55 (0,34-0,63) μV vs 0,70 (0,59-1,03) μV. The mean latency of R2 nBR component was significantly decreased in patients who had EM and AO (36,59 (31,95-42,41) ms) compared to patients who had EM and NBW(46,75 (42,93-52,34) ms). It had been revealed significant increasing of the mean amplitude of the component R2 nBR in patients who had EM and AO (158 (115-197) μV) compared to patients who had EM and NBW (124 (76-144) μV). In patients who had CM and AO, it had been found direct positive correlation between the amplitude of R2 nBR and severity of cutaneous allodynia - τ=0,4 (p=0,03), as well as found negative correlation between the latency of R2 nBR and severity of cutaneous allodynia - τ=-0,44 (p=0,02) within the interictal period of migraine. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Neurophysiological findings may indirectly indicate faster migraine chronification in patients with EM and AO.

Gut microbiome of adolescents with obesity and different duration of breastfeeding was analyzed by metagenomic analysis of V3-V4 variable domains of the 16S rRNA gene. In subgroup with breastfeeding duration

Many studies have proved that bioactive components of Aloe vera have an anti-inflammatory effect and support lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, helping to maintain normal sugar and cholesterol levels in blood and normal body weight. When aloe is applied externally, it accelerates the regeneration of the damaged skin. Aloe contains antioxidants, which may increase the shelf-life and nutritional value of food; therefore, it is widely used in cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food industry. An antioxidant activity was shown for leaf’s skin, flowers and gel of aloe. In this work the future of A. vera as effective antioxidants is primarily discussed and expected trends are summarised. Furthermore, the bioactive components and the health-promoting effects of A. vera are investigated.

Relevance Obesity has a major impact on the health and well-being of the population, and the prevention of overweight and obesity is a public health priority in many countries around the world.Purpose: was to study the prevalence of obesity among the adult population of the Voronezh region for the period 1996 – 2017, a comparative assessment of the structure of eating behavior in people with normal weight and overweight/obesity.Methods. The research material was data the annual form No. 12 of Rosstat for 1996 through 2017. In order to study eating disorders, 150 people aged from 20 to 61 years were surveyed using the Dutch questionnaire. The main types of eating behavior among the respondents were determined. Ideal weight was calculated by Brock's field formula (1891), the upper limit of normal body weight was considered ideal weight plus 15% ideal weight. Statistical data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel 2007.Results. The study on the prevalence of obesity was conducted among the adult population of the Voronezh region for the period 1996-2017. The Prevalence of obesity over the period studied has increased by 8 times, the average annual growth rate over the last 4 years was 30,04%. The study of the types of food behavior in respondents with normal and overweight / obesity showed that in most cases the respondents observed pathological types (most often mixed and external). A comparative assessment of the types of eating behavior did not show any significant differences between the groups.Conclusions. The increase in the prevalence of obesity, the high average annual growth rate indicates the increased impact of risk factors on the formation of obesity and the ineffectiveness of the strategy and tactics of dealing with this pathology. The absence of significant differences in the structure of eating behavior does not allow us to consider it a risk factor for obesity.

Aims and objectives To examine the gender-specific lifestyles of adults with metabolic syndrome in the Taiwanese community. Background Many studies show different prevalence of metabolic syndrome in males and females; however, few studies have investigated gender-specific lifestyle risk factors, which are important for effectively reducing prevalence. Design A cross-sectional study design was used. Methods Between 2012 and 2015, a total of 1,066 individuals were recruited in northern Taiwan. Data were collected by questionnaires and analysed by descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regression. This study followed the STROBE guidelines. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 40.8% in men and 36.0% in women. Women had healthier dietary habits, a higher rate of moderate-vigorous physical activity, and a lower rate of smoking and obesity than men. Men, who were overweight or obese, lacked vigorous physical activity, often consumed excess amounts of salt and fat, and seldom consumed appropriate amounts of protein tended to have metabolic syndrome. Women with an unhealthy metabolism tended to be overweight or obese and seldom consumed dairy products. Conclusions Men, who had normal body weight, performed vigorous physical activity, seldom consumed excess amounts of salt and fat, and often consumed appropriate amounts of protein tended not to have metabolic syndrome. Women with a healthy metabolism were of normal body weight and often consumed dairy products. There exist gender differences in health habits with metabolic syndrome. Relevance to clinical practice Although the associated risk factors differed between men and women, controlling body weight and maintaining a healthy lifestyle may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.

Dieting and disinhibited eating patterns are presented in both clinical and nonclinical samples. Repetitive negative thinking (i.e., rumination) may lead to maladaptive eating behaviors. While numerous studies have focused on dieting and disinhibited eating behaviors in clinical samples, less is known about these behaviors in nonclinical samples with normal body weight. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore how dieting, uncontrolled eating and emotional eating are related to rumination in adult women with normal body weight. One hundred eighty-eight women (Mage = 29.46 ± 8.94, MBMI = 23.16 ± 4.04) were involved in the current study. The Eating Attitudes Test, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R18 and the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire were administered to the participants. The results showed that repetitive negative thinking was a partial mediator in the relationship between dieting and uncontrolled eating, as well as in the relationship between dieting and emotional eating. Targeting repetitive negative thinking may be important for reducing disinhibited eating patterns in women with normal body weight.

Objectives Biological normalcy is a framework that investigates relationship(s) between statistical norms and normative views/beliefs around particular traits. This study assessed the relationships between perceptions of average body weight, healthy body weight, and weight status among adolescents. Methods Adolescents recruited in southcentral Indiana, United States (n = 123) completed online questionnaires for demographics and body weight perceptions. Silhouettes from the Stunkard Figure Rating Scale measured perceived weight status, perceived average body weight, and perceived healthy body weight. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index-for-age percentiles. A subsample (n = 11) provided descriptions of "average," "healthy," and "normal" bodies during semi-structured interviews. Results As perceived average body weight increased, selections of "healthy" silhouettes shifted downward, with smaller female silhouettes being marked healthy more often and larger male silhouettes being marked healthy less often. Additionally, perceived weight status was positively associated with perceptions around average body weight and lowest body weight perceived to be healthy for female and male silhouettes. Qualitative data demonstrated significant overlap in adolescents' descriptions of "average," "healthy," and "normal" bodies as well as dual meanings for the term "normal" in adolescents' views of body weight. Conclusions Perceived weight status appears to play a role in adolescents' conceptualizations of average and healthy body weight. Additionally, Qualitative and quantitative data indicated that perceived body weight norms were associated with normative perceptions around what healthy bodies look like. This study demonstrates relationships between statistical norms and normative views around body weight, underscoring the duality in how body weight is understood to be "normal" among adolescents.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released by the intestinal L cell in response to nutrient intake. Recent studies identified a circadian rhythm in GLP-1 secretion that is disrupted in whole-body Bmal1 KO mice. However, the extent to which the L cell clock regulates circadian GLP-1 secretion and overall diurnal metabolic and intestinal homeostasis is unknown. Gcg-creERT2/+;Bmal1flox/flox KO mice with a disrupted clock in L cells, alpha cells and some CNS cells were thus generated. M/F- and age-matched KO mice had normal body weight and 24hr food intake patterns vs. all genetic and chemical controls. Upon oral glucose gavage at the known peak and trough timepoints of GLP-1 release, KO animals lost the rhythmic GLP-1 secretory pattern in association with impaired secretion (p Disclosure S. E. Martchenko: None. A. Martchenko: None. A. Biancolin: None. P. L. Brubaker: None. Funding Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PJT-15308)

Background: Addiction is significant health concern worldwide. Addiction is inveterate trouble which isassociated with significant morbidity and mortality.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluation of preventive behaviors of addiction among studentsin Mosul City during apply of Health Belief ModelMaterials and Method: This study is based on descriptive design and includes randomly selected studentsin Mosul University included (Political Science, Engineering, Sciences and Nursing Colleges). The samplesize was (80) students. Data were gathered in 1st of October / 2019 till 12 of May / 2020 using a questionnairemethod. The instrument consist of two parts; part I, involved, to describe the student’s socio-demographiccharacteristic such as (age, gender, grade, college ,socioeconomic status) the part II, involved the using scaleto measure students’ beliefs towards of addiction.Results: demonstrated that the results of study the overall mean age for the participants was 23.53 (SD =2.06). Concerning body mass index (BMI) most of participants were normal body weight. The overall meanBMI for participants was 21.23 (SD = 2.53).Conclusion: These researchers found that the Health Belief Model concepts toward addiction were the nosignificant improvement.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with overweight or obesity commonly underreport energy intake (EI), but it is unknown if the tendency to underreport persists in formerly obese individuals who lose significant weight and maintain their weight loss over long periods of time. OBJECTIVE: Assess the accuracy of self-reported EI in successful weight loss maintainers (WLM) compared with controls of normal body weight (NC) and controls with overweight/obesity (OC). METHODS: Participants for this case-controlled study were recruited in 3 groups: WLM [n = 26, BMI (in kg/m(2)) 24.1 ± 2.3; maintaining ≥13.6 kg weight loss for ≥1 y], NC (n = 33, BMI 22.7 ± 1.9; similar to current BMI of WLM), and OC (n = 32, BMI 34.0 ± 4.6; similar to pre–weight loss BMI of WLM). Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was measured over 7 d using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method, and self-reported EI was concurrently measured from 3-d diet diaries. DLW TDEE and self-reported EI were compared to determine accuracy of self-reported EI. RESULTS: WLM underreported EI (median, interquartile range) (–605, –915 to –314 kcal/d) to a greater degree than NC (–308, –471 to –68 kcal/d; P < 0.01) but not more than OC (–310, –970 to 18 kcal/d; P = 0.21). WLM also showed a greater degree of relative underreporting (–25.3%, –32.9% to –12.5%) compared with NC (–14.3%, –19.6% to –3.1%; P = 0.02) but not OC (–11.2%, –34.1% to –0.7%; P = 0.16). A greater proportion of WLM was classified as underreporters (30.8%) than NC (9.1%; P = 0.05) but not OC (28.1%; P = 1.00). CONCLUSIONS: WLM underreported EI in both absolute and relative terms to a greater extent than NC but not OC. These findings call into question the accuracy of self-reported EI in WLM published in previous studies and align with recent data suggesting that WLM rely less on chronic EI restriction and more on high levels of physical activity to maintain weight loss. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03422380.

Background Cumulative evidence indicates that normal weight with central obesity (NWCO) is associated with cardiovascular diseases risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia. However, the possible predictive effect of NWCO on newly onset cardiovascular diseases (CVD) including coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke has not been studied in detail. Methods Participants underwent physical examination at 2012–2013 and followed-up at 2015–2017 who previously diagnosed CVD were excluded. Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 defined obesity, waist-to-height ratio ≥ 0.5 defined central obesity. Four groups: Normal weight without (NW) or NWCO, obesity without (OB) or with central obesity (OBCO). Results In total, 9439 participants (5006 men and 4433 women). The prevalence of different types of obesity were 39.6% for NW, 16.1% for NWCO, 4.1% for OB and 40.2% for OBCO. NWCO [HR = 1.565, 95%CI = 1.195, 2.051] and OBCO [HR = 1.845, 95%CI = 1.480, 2.300] were significantly associated with increasing risk of newly onset CVD. Besides, NWCO [HR = 2.337, 95%CI = 1.257, 4.344], OB [HR = 3.22, 95%CI = 1.166, 8.905] and OBCO [HR = 2.449, 95%CI = 1.386, 4.326] were all correlated with newly onset CHD but none of them had relationship with newly onset stroke. Conclusions We found that NWCO and OBCO were associated with newly onset CVD in rural Northeast Chinese adults. This underscored the effect of central obesity on CVD and suggested that even in individual with normal BMI, it is still necessary to prevent, monitor and control of central obesity.

In hospitals and care facilities, immobile patients are typically moved using methods such as the sling lift. This method is considered to be an acceptable risk for both the patient and health care workers involved in the transfer. However, it is known that the sling method increases the pressure on a patent’s skin due to a concentration of force, especially around the thigh and posterior regions, which can lead to contusions and other skin injuries. To solve this problem, Able Innovations Inc. is creating an alternative transfer technology that has the potential to reduce the pressure on the patient. In this work, we will assess the forces that are applied to the patient’s body by both the traditional sling transfer method and the new system. This work will evaluate a novel sensor used to measure the shear and normal force applied to the skin. A comparison of the forces applied to simulated skin (leather) and low friction tin-foil showed no difference indicating minimal shear forces are applied by system. Based on the results gathered, it was determined that the sensor used was able to reproduce previously reported results for the normal forces associated with sling lifts. It was found that the normal force concentration for the sling lift was approximately 2. 67KPa, whereas the new system only showed a normal force concentration of 700Pa. The latter is a 16% increase over the natural force due to normal body weight, whereas the comparable sling increase is over 300%.

Background An important health promotion goal is to maintain a normal body weight. However, knowledge about positive mental health indicators that might be associated with normal weight is scarce. The aim is to study positive mental health indicators and normal weight in a cross-sectional national representative population sample. Methods Study participants included adults aged ≥ 18 year (n = 6643) of the Belgian Health Interview Survey (HIS) 2018. Mental health indicators were having no psychological distress (GHQ-12 Results 50.1% had a BMI≥25. In the crude models, all indicators were negatively associated with being obese, but there was no association between having a normal weight (versus overweight and obesity) and absence of psychological distress, absence of anxiety and depression, and medium to high vitality. Medium to high level of life satisfaction was associated with normal weight in the fully adjusted model (OR 1.3; 95%CI 1.0-1.6) but when stratified, medium to high life satisfaction was associated with normal weight only among high educated women (OR 1.8; 95%CI 1.1-2.9), but not among men and low educated women. Surprisingly, among low educated women, having no psychological distress was negatively associated with normal weight (OR 0.7; 95%CI 0.5-0.9). Conclusions These preliminary results showed a variable impact of gender and educational levels on the association between positive mental health indicators and normal weight. Trends and distribution in society should be further explored. Key messages Although unequivocal associations with obesity, positive mental health is not clearly associated with normal body weight in today’s obesogenic society. The effect of a shift towards a higher BMI in society on mental health needs to be further explored.

IntroductionDespite increasing life expectancy among people living with HIV (PLWHIV), anti-retroviral therapy (ART) side effects, HIV chronic inflammation and co-morbidities may limit functional abilities and reduced participation in exercises and physical activity (PA). PA improves wellbeing and overall quality of life of PLWHIV. In Malawi, there is paucity of information regarding PA levels among Malawians living with HIV and receiving ART. Therefore, this study aimed at determining PA levels among PLWHIV and receiving ART in Malawi. MethodsA quantitative cross-sectional design was employed. Eligible participants were male and female adults aged 18–45 years living with HIV receiving ART for at least 1 year. The participants were recruited from Limbe Health Center, Gateway Health Center and Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Blantyre, Malawi. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess the PA levels. A Stadiometer (HS-DBS00361, Model: 1127154) was used to measure weight (kg) and height (cm) of the participants. ResultsA total of 213 participants were recruited. There were more females than male participants (n=132 females). Overall, the mean age of all participants was 37±6.5 years and they were within normal body weight (BMI=23±4.0). Many participants (n=85, 40%) had low PA levels followed by those who were moderately physically active (n=75, 36%). A larger proportion of the female participants (51%) had low PA levels compared to males (22%). Forty-two percent of participants with 1–3 years of ART had low PA whereas 39% with >3 years ART had low PA. ConclusionMost PLWHIV and receiving ART in the sample have low PA levels. The study has also revealed that proportionally more females than males had low PA levels.

The aims of the study were to determine the socio-demographic factors that may affect body weight dissatisfaction and to analyze the relationship between eating habits and dissatisfaction with body weight among a national random sample of Polish adolescents aged 13&ndash, 19 years. Data on gender, age, level of education, body weight status, screen time, body weight satisfaction and selected nutritional behaviors were collected using a questionnaire. Body mass status was assessed based on weight and height measurements. A total of 14,044 students from 207 schools participated in the study. A significant effect of gender, age, level of education, body weight status and screen time status on the participants&rsquo, dissatisfaction with the body weight was observed. The greater prevalence of body weight satisfaction was observed among boys, younger subjects, secondary school students, adolescents with normal body weight status and those with screen time up to 2 h. Whereas girls, older study participants (17&ndash, 19 years old), overweight/obese adolescents and subjects with screen time over 4 h were more often dissatisfied with body weight. Furthermore, it has been shown that participants dissatisfied with their body weight less often met dietary recommendations. These findings can help dietitians, nutritionists and healthcare professionals to provide age-specific and gender-specific nutrition strategies to promote healthy lifestyle among school-going adolescents.

Purpose : to study the morphofunctional and motor characteristics of the organism of students with overweight and obesity. To compare these data with data of students with normal weight. Participants : it was examined students (females - n=1937; males - n=1302) of 17-21 year-olds. (Baikal region, Russia). It was performed an anthropometrical and physiometric examination of students. It was determined the content of muscle and fat mass in the component structure of a body. It was determined the motor qualities of students. Results : the indicators of anthropometrical and physiometric characteristics, results of motor action tests, the content of muscle and fat mass in a body of students with overweight and obesity are lower in comparison with the indicators of females and males with normal body weight (р

Background The aim of this study was to determine the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of overweight and obesity in children with Down syndrome. Methods The study was conducted in a group of children with Down syndrome under the care of the Genetic Clinic in Gdansk from May 2017 to December 2018. Results The study included 26 female patients and 22 male patients with Down syndrome, aged 7 to 18 years. The children were divided into two groups: group 1, with normal body weight and underweight, and group 2, with obesity and overweight. Overweight and obesity were diagnosed in 19% of children with Down syndrome. The BMI analysis of the parents showed that the fathers of children with obesity and overweight had a higher BMI (p=0.043). In the group of children with overweight and obesity, obesity was more common in siblings (p=0.029), and sucking disorders were less frequent in the infancy period (p=0.015). Childrenwith obesity and overweight were more likely to eat white bread (p=0.039), milk and other dairy products (p=0.04), and eggs (p=0.029) and ate more often between meals (p=0.022). Conclusions 1. In families of children with Down syndrome affected by overweight and obesity, nutritional disorders were more frequent in the other members of the family. 2. More frequent unhealthy dietary choices were found in children with Down syndrome affected by overweight and obesity than in children with a normal body weight and underweight. 3. It is necessary to educate families about the principles of a healthy lifestyle, as it can improve the quality of life of patients with Down syndrome and the whole family.

Exposure to chemicals produced by natural processes is ubiquitous. First, in addition to the products of normal metabolism produced in humans of normal body weight, adipose tissue produces a large number of chemicals, including estrogen, testosterone from the produced estrogen, thyroid-stimulating hormone, leptin and approximately 500 other molecules termed adipokines, and a large number of inflammatory mediators. Second, the gut biome contains approximately the same number of bacteria as cells found in the entire body and produces a large number of small molecules. Third, the overwhelming majority (99.9%) of pesticide exposure occurs during ingestion of natural plant pesticides from eating vegetables. Fourth, consumption of cooked muscles meats leads to significant exposure to mutagenic and carcinogenic heterocyclic amines, polycyclic aromatic amines, and nitropyrenes. Fifth, many common beverages, for example, beer, coffee, and tea contain organic chemicals that display mutagenic activity. As compared with man-made production levels, from 1945 to 2015, an estimated 5000-fold more organic compounds were produced by a variety of natural processes, including common wood-degrading and forest litter-degrading fungi, microorganisms in temperate and boreal forest soils, bacteria in marine sponges, marine macro-algae, volcanoes, and forest fires. Exposure to these naturally produced organic compounds occurs via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food and water, and contact with soil, freshwater, and seawater. Contact with several thousand different endogenous or exogenous chemicals per day is unavoidable. This understanding might assist in better allocating resources toward controlling exposures to agents of highest concern as determined by current concepts of chronic disease causation.