Gender differences in lifestyle and risk factors of metabolic syndrome: Do women have better health habits than men?

Aims and objectives To examine the gender-specific lifestyles of adults with metabolic syndrome in the Taiwanese community. Background Many studies show different prevalence of metabolic syndrome in males and females; however, few studies have investigated gender-specific lifestyle risk factors, which are important for effectively reducing prevalence. Design A cross-sectional study design was used. Methods Between 2012 and 2015, a total of 1,066 individuals were recruited in northern Taiwan. Data were collected by questionnaires and analysed by descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regression. This study followed the STROBE guidelines. Results The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 40.8% in men and 36.0% in women. Women had healthier dietary habits, a higher rate of moderate-vigorous physical activity, and a lower rate of smoking and obesity than men. Men, who were overweight or obese, lacked vigorous physical activity, often consumed excess amounts of salt and fat, and seldom consumed appropriate amounts of protein tended to have metabolic syndrome. Women with an unhealthy metabolism tended to be overweight or obese and seldom consumed dairy products. Conclusions Men, who had normal body weight, performed vigorous physical activity, seldom consumed excess amounts of salt and fat, and often consumed appropriate amounts of protein tended not to have metabolic syndrome. Women with a healthy metabolism were of normal body weight and often consumed dairy products. There exist gender differences in health habits with metabolic syndrome. Relevance to clinical practice Although the associated risk factors differed between men and women, controlling body weight and maintaining a healthy lifestyle may reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome.