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Background: An increase in the prevalence of lung cancer that is not smoking-related has been noticed in recent years. Unfortunately, these patients are not included in low dose computer tomography (LDCT) screening programs and are not actually considered in early diagnosis. Therefore, improved early diagnosis methods are urgently needed for non-smokers. It is necessary to establish a prediction model for non-smoking individuals at intermediate to high risk of developing lung cancer (LC) and develop a tool to address the significant gap in evaluating pulmonary nodules in non-smokers. Methods: We retrospectively investigated 1121 patients with pulmonary nodules, who underwent LDCT examinations between September 2019 and March 2023. Five artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms were used to build two kinds of models and identify which one was better at diagnosing non-smoking pulmonary nodules patients. In the first model, we assigned 554 non-smoking individuals to a training cohort and 150 non-smoking patients to an independent validation cohort. The second model included 971 patients for the training set and 150 non-smoking patients for an independent validation set. All LDCT images of participants were obtained for AI analysis. AI of LDCT scans, liquid biopsy, and clinical characteristics were collected for model building. Results: Among LC patients, 58,4% were non-smokers. Non-smoking patients had a high incidence of LC (71.4%), and women showed a significant excess risk compared with non-smoking men in terms of LC risk. Furthermore, our results indicated that the model built using random forest (RF) method, which integrates clinical characteristics (age, extra-thoracic cancer history, gender), radiological characteristics of pulmonary nodules (nodule diameter, nodule count, upper lobe location, malignant sign at the nodule edge, subsolid status), the artificial intelligence analysis of LDCT data, and liquid biopsy achieved the best diagnostic performance in the independent external non-smokers validation cohort (sensitivity 92%, specificity 97%, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.99). Conclusions: These results could significantly improve early non-smoker LC diagnosis and treatment for non-smoker patients with malignant nodules. The established multi-omics model is a noninvasive prediction tool for non-smoking malignant pulmonary nodule diagnosis. Validation revealed that these models exhibited excellent discrimination and calibration capacities, especially the first model built using the RF method, suggesting their clinical utility in the early screening and diagnosis of non-smoking LC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the concentrations of heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) in the two groups of cigarette smokers and non-smokers in five age range groups were measured. Heavy metal concentrations were collected in participants' urine samples and analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that the concentrations of these metals in the urine of smokers were higher than in non-smoker subjects. The mean concentration of Cd, Cr, and Pb for smokers were 1.188 ± 0.931, 1.929 ± 0.940, and 0.069 ± 0.023, respectively, while the mean concentration of Cd, Cr, and Pb for non-smokers were 0.151 ± 0.165, 0.203 ± 0.218, and 0.037 ± 0.030, respectively. The results revealed statistically significant differences when comparing the samples of smokers to the control group in all heavy metals in the present study. Also, the results revealed statistically significant differences in Cd, Cr, and Pb when comparing the samples of smokers to age groups. The trend of metals in urine samples in two groups (smokers and non-smokers) is as follows: Cd > Cr > Pb. The concentration of Cd, Cr, and Pb in all samples of the present study was higher than the biological limit, according to ACGIH. Therefore, Cd, Cr, and Pb were the most critical metals accumulated in the urine of cigarette smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent chronic disorder in China, impacting a significant proportion of individuals aged > 40 years. In China, the prevalence of and risk factors for COPD among non-smokers remain largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of COPD in non-smokers within the Chinese population and identify potential risk factors associated with COPD in non-smokers. Methods Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Chinese WanFang, Chinese China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Weipu databases from inception to August 5, 2024, were searched. Studies reporting the percentage of never-smokers among those diagnosed with COPD and investigations exploring the risk factors associated with COPD in never-smokers in China were examined. Summary proportions and odds ratios (OR), along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), were measured. Results In total, 112 investigations with 491,812 participants were included. The percentage of never-smokers in people with COPD was 41.1% (95% CI: 37.5–44.6%). The prevalence of never-smokers among males diagnosed with COPD was 22.3% (95% CI: 18.8–25.7%), which differed from that among women (81.3%, 95% CI: 75.3–87.2%). The results showed an association between the utilization of biomass fuel and the occurrence of COPD in never-smokers (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06–1.44). Among never-smokers, the data showed a close association between being underweight (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.78–2.00), tuberculosis history (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.53–1.88) and COPD. Never-smokers living in rural areas or those with low educational status were more susceptible to COPD. Conclusion This review confirmed the highly different proportions of never-smokers among male and female patients with COPD. Trial registration PROSPERO: CRD42023420786.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and changing trends of non-smokers with lung cancer (LC) based on data from a population-wide cancer registry in northern China. Methods The study used LC incidence and follow-up data from 2010 to 2019 from the Cancer Registry System of Tianjin city, which included 82769 cases. Trends in the incidence and proportion of non-smokers with LC were examined by joinpoint regression analysis. Life table and Cox survival analyses were used to calculate the survival rates and compare the death hazard ratios (HRs) in different groups, respectively. Results Among the 82769 new diagnosis cases of LC during 2010 to 2019, there were 34589 (41.8%) current smokers, 14913 (18.0%) ex-smokers, 28123 (34.0%) non-smokers, and 5144 (6.2%) unknowns. The proportion of non-smokers changed slightly from 2010 (35.36%) to 2019 (36.87%) (annual percentage change, APC= -0.01%, p>0.05). This proportion declined in men (2010 vs 2019; 22.06% vs 20.66%) and increased in women (2010 vs 2019; 53.02% vs 62.35%), and in the 0–44 years age group it showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2019 (APC=4.82%, 95% CI: 1.8–7.9). Compared with smokers with LC, non-smokers with LC were predominantly females (64.15% vs 27.26%), had a predominantly adenocarcinoma histological subtypes (76.71% vs 42.22%), and had a 20% lower risk of death than smokers (HR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.78–0.81). Conclusions The proportion of non-smokers with LC was relatively high in northern China, with an increasing trend in the proportion of females and younger age groups. Non-smokers with LC had different epidemiological and clinical characteristics compared with smokers with LC.

Background: The process of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation is potent stressful stimuli that cause sympathetic activation, which is transient. Some of the modalities for attenuation of laryngoscopic and intubation response have been found to be less effective in smokers than in non-smokers. In view of this, the present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine in male smoker and non-smoker patients. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine in suppressing sympathoadrenal pressor response due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation between smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based non-randomized controlled study. Sixty patients were divided into two groups: 30 patients with no history of smoking (Group NS) and 30 patients with a smoking history (Group S). Both groups were received dexmedetomidine 0.75 mcg/kg over 10 min intravenous infusion. Hemodynamic parameters and Ramsay sedation score were measured at perioperative period. Results: Group S patients showed a significant rise in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and rate pressure product (RRP) during the immediate post-intubation period, but Group NS showed a decrease in HR, SBP, DBP, MAP and RRP throughout the post-intubation period. Conclusion: Single dose of 0.75 mcg/kg IV dexmedetomidine given over a period of 10 min before the induction of anesthesia is completely effective in attenuating the hemodynamic responses associated with laryngoscopy and intubation in non-smokers, but it is not efficient in smokers.

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a prevalent chronic disorder in China, impacting a significant proportion of individuals aged > 40 years. In China, the prevalence of and risk factors for COPD among non-smokers remain largely unexplored. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of COPD in non-smokers within the Chinese population and identify potential risk factors associated with COPD in non-smokers. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, Chinese WanFang, Chinese China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Weipu databases from inception to August 5, 2024, were searched. Studies reporting the percentage of never-smokers among those diagnosed with COPD and investigations exploring the risk factors associated with COPD in never-smokers in China were examined. Summary proportions and odds ratios (OR), along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), were measured. Results: In total, 112 investigations with 491,812 participants were included. The percentage of never-smokers in people with COPD was 41.1% (95% CI: 37.5–44.6%). The prevalence of never-smokers among males diagnosed with COPD was 22.3% (95% CI: 18.8–25.7%), which differed from that among women (81.3%, 95% CI: 75.3–87.2%). The results showed an association between the utilization of biomass fuel and the occurrence of COPD in never-smokers (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06–1.44). Among never-smokers, the data showed a close association between being underweight (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.78–2.00), tuberculosis history (OR: 1.71, 95% CI: 1.53–1.88) and COPD. Never-smokers living in rural areas or those with low educational status were more susceptible to COPD. Conclusion: This review confirmed the highly different proportions of never-smokers among male and female patients with COPD. Trial registration: PROSPERO: CRD42023420786. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lung cancer in non-smokers exhibits distinct epidemiological and biological characteristics. Despite a global decline in cigarette consumption, the incidence of lung cancer in non-smokers is on the rise. Regrettably, screening programs often overlook these patients. This study seeks to explore the clinical, radiological, and pathological features, as well as survival results, among non-smoker patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The study included 74 non-smoker patients among 315 diagnosed with NSCLC between January 2013 and May 2023. Patient characteristics, survival outcomes, and factors predicting overall survival (OS) were examined. The mean age at diagnosis was 57.6±13.3 years (range: 23-82 years), and 57 patients (77%) were female. Upon diagnosis, 90% of patients were symptomatic, and 69% were at stage 3 or 4. The median follow-up time was 3.7 years (range: 0.2-8.9), and the 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and OS rates were 20.7±4.8% and 36.2±6.3%, respectively. Median PFS was 1.6 years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.04) and median OS was 4.04 years (95% CI: 3.16-4.93). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, stage 4 disease at diagnosis (hazard ratio [HR]: 3.656, p<0.001) and non-adenocarcinoma histology (HR: 2.896, p=0.019) were independent predictors of OS. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately one-quarter of NSCLC patients are non-smokers, with the majority being women diagnosed with adenocarcinoma. Individuals are commonly diagnosed after symptoms begin, usually at an advanced or locally advanced stage. Stage IV disease at diagnosis and nonadenocarcinoma histology were independent predictors of worse prognosis. Since current screening studies have primarily targeted the smoking population, there is a pressing need for research to identify additional risk factors, especially for the inclusion of non-smokers in screening programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The process of laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation is potent stressful stimuli that cause sympathetic activation, which is transient. Some of the modalities for attenuation of laryngoscopic and intubation response have been found to be less effective in smokers than in non-smokers. In view of this, the present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine in male smoker and non-smoker patients. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of dexmedetomidine in suppressing sympathoadrenal pressor response due to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation between smokers and non-smokers. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based non-randomized controlled study. Sixty patients were divided into two groups: 30 patients with no history of smoking (Group NS) and 30 patients with a smoking history (Group S). Both groups were received dexmedetomidine 0.75 mcg/kg over 10 min intravenous infusion. Hemodynamic parameters and Ramsay sedation score were measured at perioperative period. Results: Group S patients showed a significant rise in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and rate pressure product (RRP) during the immediate post-intubation period, but Group NS showed a decrease in HR, SBP, DBP, MAP and RRP throughout the post-intubation period. Conclusion: Single dose of 0.75 mcg/kg IV dexmedetomidine given over a period of 10 min before the induction of anesthesia is completely effective in attenuating the hemodynamic responses associated with laryngoscopy and intubation in non-smokers, but it is not efficient in smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and changing trends of non-smokers with lung cancer (LC) based on data from a population-wide cancer registry in northern China. METHODS The study used LC incidence and follow-up data from 2010 to 2019 from the Cancer Registry System of Tianjin city, which included 82769 cases. Trends in the incidence and proportion of non-smokers with LC were examined by joinpoint regression analysis. Life table and Cox survival analyses were used to calculate the survival rates and compare the death hazard ratios (HRs) in different groups, respectively. RESULTS Among the 82769 new diagnosis cases of LC during 2010 to 2019, there were 34589 (41.8%) current smokers, 14913 (18.0%) ex-smokers, 28123 (34.0%) non-smokers, and 5144 (6.2%) unknowns. The proportion of non-smokers changed slightly from 2010 (35.36%) to 2019 (36.87%) (annual percentage change, APC= -0.01%, p>0.05). This proportion declined in men (2010 vs 2019; 22.06% vs 20.66%) and increased in women (2010 vs 2019; 53.02% vs 62.35%), and in the 0--44 years age group it showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2019 (APC=4.82%, 95% CI: 1.8--7.9). Compared with smokers with LC, non-smokers with LC were predominantly females (64.15% vs 27.26%), had a predominantly adenocarcinoma histological subtypes (76.71% vs 42.22%), and had a 20% lower risk of death than smokers (HR=0.80; 95% CI: 0.78--0.81). CONCLUSIONS The proportion of non-smokers with LC was relatively high in northern China, with an increasing trend in the proportion of females and younger age groups. Non-smokers with LC had different epidemiological and clinical characteristics compared with smokers with LC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary blastoma (PB) is an exceedingly rare and aggressive malignant lung neoplasm that has distinct biphasic morphology. In this report, we document rare manifestations and molecular alterations in PB. A 59-year-old non-smoker female, presented with cough and hemoptysis for 4 months. The high-resolution computed tomography chest scan showed a 3.5x2.7 cm mass in the basal segment of the left lung. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography revealed a fluorodeoxyglucose avid lobulated mass in the superior segment of the lower lobe of the left lung. On core biopsy, the diagnosis of pleomorphic carcinoma in a background of adenocarcinoma was made. A definite diagnosis of pulmonary blastoma was established on the left lung lobectomy specimen based on morphological and immunohistochemical findings. Post-surgical biopsy from the scalp swelling showed metastatic deposits. On Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), in addition to conventional CTNNB1 gene mutation, new pathogenic MYCN and ATM gene mutations were detected. Post-chemotherapy, the patient was doing well after 10 months of close follow-up. PB exhibited rare associations in the form of non-smoker status, scalp metastasis, and MYCN and ATM gene mutations on NGS in addition to conventional CTNNB1 gene mutation. Large cohort studies are required to discover the incidence, significance and therapeutic implications of these co-existing pathogenic molecular alterations in PB.

Pulmonary blastoma (PB) is an exceedingly rare and aggressive malignant lung neoplasm that has distinct biphasic morphology. In this report, we document rare manifestations and molecular alterations in PB. A 59-year-old non-smoker female, presented with cough and hemoptysis for 4 months. The high-resolution computed tomography chest scan showed a 3.5x2.7 cm mass in the basal segment of the left lung. Positron emission tomography and computed tomography revealed a fluorodeoxyglucose avid lobulated mass in the superior segment of the lower lobe of the left lung. On core biopsy, the diagnosis of pleomorphic carcinoma in a background of adenocarcinoma was made. A definite diagnosis of pulmonary blastoma was established on the left lung lobectomy specimen based on morphological and immunohistochemical findings. Post-surgical biopsy from the scalp swelling showed metastatic deposits. On Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), in addition to conventional CTNNB1 gene mutation, new pathogenic MYCN and ATM gene mutations were detected. Post-chemotherapy, the patient was doing well after 10 months of close follow-up. PB exhibited rare associations in the form of non-smoker status, scalp metastasis, and MYCN and ATM gene mutations on NGS in addition to conventional CTNNB1 gene mutation. Large cohort studies are required to discover the incidence, significance and therapeutic implications of these co-existing pathogenic molecular alterations in PB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral cancer with multi-factorial causes. Chronic irritation of oral mucosa from ill-fitting dentures has often been mentioned as a contributing factor in the development of oral cancer. There is a unique category of non-smoking non-drinking (NSND) patients reported with carcinoma which usually occurs in women. In contrast to this, our report includes a male patient who is an NSND patient. This case report includes a rare occurrence of carcinoma induced by ill-fitting prosthesis.

Background: Some oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cases are unaffected by smoking or drinking. This study aimed to clarify distinctive groups among OSCC patients and examine the characteristics of multiple primary carcinomas (MPCs). Methods: We analyzed data from 970 patients. The patients were divided into three groups: all individuals <45 years (<45 y), smokers/drinkers ≥45 years (SD ≥45 y), and non‐smokers/non‐drinkers ≥45 years (NSND ≥45 y). Results: Tongue cancers were more common in the <45 y group than in the other groups (p < 0.001). The NSND ≥45 y group was significantly older and more likely to be female than the SD ≥45 y group (p < 0.001). MPCs in the upper aerodigestive tract were more common in men and smokers/drinkers, whereas women were at risk for multiple primary OSCCs (p = 0.022). Conclusions: The "young tongue" and "elderly female" subgroups and characteristics of MPCs suggest carcinogenic factors of OSCC other than smoking and drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Non‐smokers, non‐drinkers, and non‐betel quid chewers (NSNDNBs) with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) have poor survival outcomes. Tumor microenvironment based on PD‐L1/CD8+ T cell infiltrated lymphocyte (TIL) proportion is proposed as a prognostic indicator. Methods: Immunohistochemistry staining was performed on OSCC samples from 64 patients. The PD‐L1/CD8+ TILs were scored and stratified into four groups. Disease‐free survival (DFS) was analyzed using a Cox regression model. Results: OSCC in NSNDNB patients was associated with female sex, T1‐2 classification, and PD‐L1 positivity. Low CD8+ TILs correlated with perineural invasion. High CD8+ TILs correlated with improved DFS. PD‐L1 positivity was not correlated with DFS. Type IV tumor microenvironment yielded the highest DFS (85%). Conclusion: NSNDNB status relates to PD‐L1 expression regardless of CD8+ TILs infiltration. Type IV tumor microenvironment was associated with the best DFS. High CD8+ TILs resulted in better survival, while PD‐L1 positivity alone was not correlated to DFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lung cancer is one of the biggest public health issues due to its high prevalence and mortality. Currently, increasing consideration is given to the incidence of lung cancer in the individuals with no lifetime history of tobacco smoking. However, up-to-date data on the characteristics of a group of non-smokers with lung cancer are limited. The current literature also contains gaps in the differences in the clinical course of lung cancer in smokers and non-smokers. This study aimed to investigate the differences in tumor characteristics, survival rates, and comorbidities between a group of smokers and a group of non-smokers with lung cancer. The presented results may be used in clinical practice and in shaping future lung cancer prevention programs. Changes in smoking trends and changes in lifestyle, together with worldwide data regarding the incidence of lung cancer in the group of patients with no previous history of smoking, leads to consideration of the differences in the course of the disease, the time of cancer diagnosis, the survival rate, and the occurrence of comorbidities in this group of patients. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of non-smokers among patients undergoing anatomical resection of the lung tissue due to lung carcinoma and to investigate the differences between the course of lung cancer, survival, and the comorbidities in the groups of patients with lung cancer depending on the history of tobacco smoking. The study included a cohort of 923 patients who underwent radical anatomical resection of the lung tissue with lung primary adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. The Chi2 Pearson's test, the t-test, the Mann–Whitney U test, the Kaplan–Meier method, the Log-rank test with Mantel correction, and the Cox proportional hazard model were used for data analysis. We observed a significantly higher mean age of smoking patients compared to the mean age of non-smoking patients. The coexistence of former neoplastic diseases was significantly more frequent in the group of non-smokers compared to the group of smoking patients. We did not observe differences depending on smoking status in the tumor stage, grade, vascular and pleural involvement status in the diagnostic reports. We did not observe differences in the survival between smokers vs. non-smokers, however, we revealed better survival in the non-smoker women group compared to the non-smoker men group. In conclusion, 22.11% of the patients undergoing radical anatomical resection of the lung tissue due to lung cancers were non-smokers. More research on survival depending on genetic differences and postoperative treatment between smokers and non-smokers is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that may contribute to the etiology of obesity. However, it is unclear whether PAHs from environmental sources are associated with regional body fat distribution, and whether the association varies across racial/ethnic groups who may have differential PAH exposure patterns. Objectives To examine correlations between PAHs and body fat distribution, and potential racial/ethnic differences among U.S. adults. Methods Ten PAHs were measured in spot urine samples from 2691 non-smoking adults (age ≥ 20 years) in the NHANES 2001–2016. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat mass percent (FM%). Partial Pearson correlation coefficients (r) with multivariable adjustment were used to assess PAH-FM% associations. Results In the total population, 1-naphthalene, 3-fluorene, and 1-pyrene were inversely correlated with total FM% or trunk FM% (adjusted r ranged: − 0.06 to − 0.08), while 2-naphthalene, 9-fluorene, and 4-phenanthrene were positively correlated with the FM% measurements (r: 0.07–0.11). PAH levels are highest among non-Hispanic Blacks, followed by Hispanics and Whites and some of the correlations were different by these races/ethnicities. Among non-Hispanic Whites, no PAH was correlated with FM%. In contrast, 9-fluorene was positively correlated with total FM% (r = 0.20) and trunk FM% (r = 0.22) among Blacks, and 4-phenanthrene was positively correlated with total FM% (r = 0.23) and trunk FM% (r = 0.24) among Hispanics (P-interaction: 0.010–0.025). Discussion In this US adult population, certain PAHs are significantly associated with higher body fat contents among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics but not non-Hispanic Whites, suggesting that minority groups might be particularly susceptible to PAH’s obesogenic effects or the effects of other factors that determine the PAH exposure levels. Alternatively, differences in body composition may contribute to differential PAH metabolism in minority groups. Future studies are warranted to explore the racial/ethnic disparity in PAH exposures, drivers of these exposure differences, and mechanisms through which PAHs may influence body composition by races/ethnicities.

Introduction: Oral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) are mostly related to tobacco consumption eventually associated to alcohol (Smoker/Drinker patients: SD), but 25-30% of the patients have no identified risk factors (Non-Smoker/Non-Drinker patients: NSND). We hypothesized that these patients have distinguishable immune profiles that could be useful for prognosis. Materials and Methods: Cells present in immune tumor microenvironment (TME) and blood from 87 OSCC HPV-negative patients were analyzed using a multiparameter flow cytometry assay, in a prospective case-control study. Cytokine levels in tumor supernatants and blood were determined by a cytometric bead array (CBA) assay. Results: Normal gingiva and blood from healthy donors (HD) were used as controls. A significant increase of granulocytes (p<0.05 for blood), of monocytes-macrophages (p<0.01 for blood) and of CD4+ T cells expressing CD45RO and CCR6 (p<0.001 for blood; p<0.0001 for TME) as well as higher levels of IL-6 (p<0.01 for sera, p<0.05 for tumor supernatant) were observed in SD patients as compared to NSND OSCC patients and HD. High percentages of CD4+ T cells expressing CD45RO and CCR6 cells in tumor tissue (p=0.05) and blood (p=0.05) of SD OSCC patients were also associated with a poorer prognosis while a high percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) in tumor tissue was associated with a more favorable prognostic factor (p=0.05). Also, a higher percentage of blood CD8+ T lymphocytes among CD45+ cells in NSND patients was associated with a better disease-free survival (p=0.004). Conclusion: Granulocytes, monocytes-macrophages, and CD4+ T cells expressing CD45RO and CCR6 in blood and TME as well as serum IL-6 can therefore distinguish OSCC SD and NSND patients. Quantifying the proportion of CD4+ T cells expressing CD45RO and CCR6 and of Treg in SD patients and CD8+ T cells in NSND patients could help defining the prognostic of OSCC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of multiple tracheal and bronchial diverticula is a rare condition. We present a case of a 22‐years old non‐smoker male with a history of pulmonary tuberculosis, having multiple tracheal and bronchial diverticula along with other common sequelae such as stenosed and collapsed upper lobe bronchi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A meta‐analysis was performed to evaluate the preoperative smoking and smoke cessation on wound healing and infection in post‐surgery subjects. A systematic literature search up to January 2022 incorporated 11 trials involving 218 567 subjects after post‐surgery at the beginning of the study; 176 670 were smoke cessation or non‐smokers, and 41 897 were smokers. Statistical tools like the dichotomous method were used within a random or fixed‐influence model to establish the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to evaluate the influence of preoperative smoking and smoke cessation on wound healing and infection in post‐surgery subjects. Smoke cessation or non‐smokers had significantly lower postoperative wound healing problems (OR, 0.59; 95% confidence interval, 0.43‐0.82, P <.001), and surgical site wound infection (OR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.63‐0.87, P <.001) compared with smokers in post‐surgery subjects. Smoke cessation or non‐smokers had significantly lower postoperative wound healing problems, and surgical site wound infection compared with smokers in post‐surgery subjects. Furthermore, evidence is needed to confirm the outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a significant public health issue characterized by gradually worsening airflow limitation. It is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, yet research on COPD patients who have never smoked is limited. This study aims to document the demographic, symptomatic, and therapeutic characteristics of COPD patients receiving outpatient pulmonary care in Hungary, focusing on smoking history, and evaluate their distribution according to the GOLD A/B/E classification., Methods: The study recorded demographic data, symptom severity, occurrence of severe and moderate exacerbations, treatment, comorbidities, quality of life, and COVID-19 vaccination status among COPD patients from November 2021 to January 2023. A total of 6974 patients were categorized into current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers., Results: Patients had an average age of 67.2±8.9 years, with 48.2% male and 51.8% female. Of participants, 86.1% had a smoking history, while 13.9% had never smoked. COPD patients who had never smoked showed significantly better quality of life (CAT: 15.2±7.6 vs 15.8±6.9; p=0.006), oxygen saturation (SpO 2 %: 96.7±2.3 vs 95.8±2.4; p<0.001), higher body mass index (BMI: 29.4±5.9 vs 27.1±6.3; p<0.001), and better lung function (FEV 1 ref%: 67.9±20.7 vs 58.9±18.1; p<0.001) compared to smokers. However, non-smoking COPD patients had a higher frequency of comorbidities (3.5±2.2 vs 2.9±2.1; p<0.05). These differences may arise from complex genetic and environmental interactions., Conclusion: COPD patients who have never smoked exhibited better quality of life, nutritional status, and lung function compared to smokers, indicating the need for tailored treatment approaches. Further long-term studies are essential to validate these differences in quality of life and lung function between smoking and non-smoking COPD patients., Competing Interests: Dr Balazs Santa and Dr Alpar Horvath are employees of Chiesi Hungary Kft, during the conduct of the study. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Financial funding did not influence the presentation of this data., (© 2024 Fekete et al.)

IntroductionOral Squamous Cell Carcinomas (OSCC) are mostly related to tobacco consumption eventually associated to alcohol (Smoker/Drinker patients: SD), but 25-30% of the patients have no identified risk factors (Non-Smoker/Non-Drinker patients: NSND). We hypothesized that these patients have distinguishable immune profiles that could be useful for prognosis.Materials and MethodsCells present in immune tumor microenvironment (TME) and blood from 87 OSCC HPV-negative patients were analyzed using a multiparameter flow cytometry assay, in a prospective case-control study. Cytokine levels in tumor supernatants and blood were determined by a cytometric bead array (CBA) assay.ResultsNormal gingiva and blood from healthy donors (HD) were used as controls. A significant increase of granulocytes (p

Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental pollutants that may contribute to the etiology of obesity. However, it is unclear whether PAHs from environmental sources are associated with regional body fat distribution, and whether the association varies across racial/ethnic groups who may have differential PAH exposure patterns. Objectives: To examine correlations between PAHs and body fat distribution, and potential racial/ethnic differences among U.S. adults. Methods: Ten PAHs were measured in spot urine samples from 2691 non-smoking adults (age ≥ 20 years) in the NHANES 2001–2016. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat mass percent (FM%). Partial Pearson correlation coefficients (r) with multivariable adjustment were used to assess PAH-FM% associations. Results: In the total population, 1-naphthalene, 3-fluorene, and 1-pyrene were inversely correlated with total FM% or trunk FM% (adjusted r ranged: − 0.06 to − 0.08), while 2-naphthalene, 9-fluorene, and 4-phenanthrene were positively correlated with the FM% measurements (r: 0.07–0.11). PAH levels are highest among non-Hispanic Blacks, followed by Hispanics and Whites and some of the correlations were different by these races/ethnicities. Among non-Hispanic Whites, no PAH was correlated with FM%. In contrast, 9-fluorene was positively correlated with total FM% (r = 0.20) and trunk FM% (r = 0.22) among Blacks, and 4-phenanthrene was positively correlated with total FM% (r = 0.23) and trunk FM% (r = 0.24) among Hispanics (P-interaction: 0.010–0.025). Discussion: In this US adult population, certain PAHs are significantly associated with higher body fat contents among non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics but not non-Hispanic Whites, suggesting that minority groups might be particularly susceptible to PAH's obesogenic effects or the effects of other factors that determine the PAH exposure levels. Alternatively, differences in body composition may contribute to differential PAH metabolism in minority groups. Future studies are warranted to explore the racial/ethnic disparity in PAH exposures, drivers of these exposure differences, and mechanisms through which PAHs may influence body composition by races/ethnicities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, 15–25% of lung cancers occur in never smokers. Emerging evidence suggests lifestyle factors are associated with lung cancer risk, but few studies among never smokers exist. Methods: A case–control study of never smokers within the Canadian Partnership for Tomorrow's Health was conducted. At recruitment, participants provided data on lifestyle, health history and sociodemographic factors. Incident lung cancers were identified through linkage with administrative health records. Cases (n = 190) were matched to controls (n = 760) on age, sex, and follow-up time. Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for matching factors and annual income, were used to identify associations between lifestyle factors and lung cancer risk. Results: Consumption of < 5 servings of fruits and vegetables/day was associated with higher risk of lung cancer (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.03–2.17). Short or long sleep (≤ 6 or > 9 h/night) was also associated with increased risk of lung cancer (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.01–2.29). No associations were observed for obesity measures, alcohol consumption, or physical activity. Conclusion: Our findings provide evidence of a potential role between sleep, fruits and vegetable consumption, and lung cancer risk in a pan-Canadian, non-smoking population. However, the sample size is modest, and further investigation is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify the potential risk factors for small airway dysfunction (SAD) in non-smokers with chronic cough.MethodsNon-smokers with chronic cough who underwent lung function tests at Xiangya Hospital from May 2019 to May 2020 were enrolled, and divided into the derivation and validation cohorts based on their hospital admission time. SAD was determined based on the presence of at least two of the following three indicators of lung function being less than 65% of predicted: maximal mid-expiratory flow, forced expiratory flow at 50% of forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory flow at 75% of FVC. Clinical data of these patients were collected. Risk factors for SAD were identified by logistic regression analysis in the derivation cohort and further confirmed in the validation cohort.ResultsIn total, 316 patients (152 in the non-SAD group and 164 in the SAD group) were included in the derivation cohort. Compared with the non-SAD group, the SAD group had a higher proportion of female patients (82.3 vs. 59.2%, P < 0.001), was more commonly exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) (61.6 vs. 27.6%, P < 0.001), and tended to be older (median age, 45.5 vs. 40.0 years old, P = 0.004). The median FVC, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) % pred, FEV1/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow (PEF) % pred were slightly lower in the SAD group. Multivariable logistic analysis showed that exposure to SHS was an independent risk factor (OR 4.166 [95% CI 2.090–8.302], P < 0.001) for SAD in non-smokers with chronic cough after adjusting for related variables. In the validation cohort (n = 146), patients with SHS exposure had a relative risk of 1.976 (95% CI 1.246–3.135, P = 0.004) for SAD compared to those without SHS exposure. Multivariable logistic analysis consistently confirmed that exposure to SHS was an independent risk factor (OR 3.041 [95% CI 1.458–6.344], P = 0.003) for SAD in non-smokers.ConclusionsExposure to SHS is independently associated with a higher risk of SAD in non-smokers with chronic cough. Reduction in SHS exposure may ameliorate lung function, thus lowering the risk of irreversible airway obstruction.

Purpose: Metal and chemical exposure can cause acute and chronic respiratory diseases in humans. The purpose of this analysis was to analyze 14 types of urinary metals including mercury, uranium, tin, lead, antimony, barium, cadmium, cobalt, cesium, molybdenum, manganese, strontium, thallium, tungsten, six types of speciated arsenic, total arsenic and seven forms of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the link with self-reported emphysema in the US adult population. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis using the 2011–2012, 2013–2014 and 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey datasets was conducted. A specialized weighted complex survey design analysis package was used in analyzing the data. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the association between urinary metals, arsenic, and PAHs and self-reported emphysema among all participants and among non-smokers only. Models were adjusted for lifestyle and demographic factors. Results: A total of 4,181 adults were analyzed. 1-Hydroxynaphthalene, 2-hydroxynaphthalene, 3-hydroxyfluorene, 2-hydroxyfluorene, 1-hydroxypyrene, and 2 & 3-hydroxyphenanthrene were positively associated with self-reported emphysema. Positive associations were also observed in cadmium and cesium with self-reported emphysema. Among non-smokers, quantiles among 2-hydroxynaphthalene, arsenocholine, total urinary arsenic, cesium, and tin were associated with increased odds of self-reported emphysema. Quantiles among 1-hydroxyphenanthrene, cadmium, manganese, lead, antimony, thallium, and tungsten were associated with an inverse relationship with self-reported emphysema in non-smokers. Conclusion: The study determined that six types of urinary PAHs, cadmium, and cesium are positively associated with self-reported emphysema. Certain quantiles of 2-hydroxynaphthalene, arsenocholine, total urinary arsenic, cesium, and tin are positively associated with self-reported emphysema among non-smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) mainly affect smokers and drinkers. However, oral cavity squamous cell cancers (OCSCCs) are increasingly affecting patients with no identified risk factors (NIRFs). This study aimed at characterising their experience of the disease. Methods: Qualitative study based on semi‐structured interviews of 20 survivors of OCSCC with NIRF. Methods used in grounded theory approach were applied. Results: Patients with NIRF had a similar experience to that of patients with risk factors regarding treatments. The absence of identified causes led to stigma and led the patients to distance themselves, both from the stereotypic HNSCC cancer patient and the identity as a cancer patient. Furthermore, having no identified risk factors seemed to reinforce the fear of recurrence. Conclusion: This study is the first to address key gaps in knowledge regarding patients with NIRF having survived OCSCC. Their experience is similar to that of patients with orphan diseases. Owing to confrontation with other patients and the repeated questions of caregivers about tobacco/alcohol consumption, these patients felt stigmatised during their treatment. OCSCC patients with NIRF may benefit from guidance and support on how to engage in prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a major cause of mortality in most countries. Many risk factors such as high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, age, sex, obesity, smoking, and family history play a role in CAD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of Total Sialic Acid (TSA) and Lipid Profiles (LP) with the Severity of the Vessel in patients with non-smoker and diabetic CAD, so that by measuring these parameters, effective help for diagnosis and prevention for healthy people Prone to CAD, and also control the treatment of patients. Methods: In this study, 200 individual including 160 patient and 40 control group were considered. All patient groups were non-smokers and diabetic. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the results of angiography: Patients with Normal angiography (n = 40) with one eclipse (n = 40), patients with double stenosis (n = 40) and patients with eclipse Three vessels (n = 40). The control group was chosen from people who had no history of CAD and other diseases. The lipid profile was measured by standard methods and serum total sialic acid was measured by ELISA method. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in age and sex, but there was a significant difference in family history (p

According to previous studies, an impaired pulmonary function is associated with arterial stiffness (AS). The pulse pressure (PP) is an important predictor of AS, but the association of an impaired pulmonary function with the PP is unclear. Therefore, this study assessed the associations between the PP and the predicted forced vital capacity (predicted FVC) and predicted forced expiratory volume in one second (predicted FEV1) in Korean non-smoking adults. The data obtained from 6,857 adults during the 2013∼2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. After adjusting for the related variables, the ORs of restrictive pulmonary disease (RPD, the predicted FVC＜80.0% with FEV1/FVC≥70.0%) using the normal PP group (PP≤60 mmHg) as a reference group was significant for the high PP group (PP＞60 mmHg; 1.337 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.049∼1.703]). In addition, the ORs of obstructive pulmonary disease (OPD, FEV1/FVC＜70.0%) using the normal PP group as a reference group were significant for the high PP group (1.339 [95% CI, 1.093∼1.642]). In conclusion, a high PP is positively associated with both RPD and OPD in Korean non-smoking adults.

Abstract Background Kartagener syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder with a triad of chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus, is characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammation of the lung. Information on comorbidities other than infections in patients with Kartagener syndrome is currently limited. Case presentation A 39-year-old, non-smoking female was diagnosed with Kartagener syndrome and admitted to Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan. Computed tomography revealed an endobronchial massive shadow at the ostial site of the right upper lobe bronchus with atelectasis of the right upper lobe. The mass was surgically resected and pathologically diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The lesion had no vascular invasions and no metastases to the lungs or lymph nodes. The surgical margin was negative for carcinoma. Following surgery, the patient has been in good condition. Conclusions The present case showed different clinicopathological characteristics from those previously reported in cases of Kartagener syndrome complicated by carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a young, non-smoking female with comorbid Kartagener syndrome and pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma. This case report may provide a new perspective on the complications of Kartagener syndrome.

Background: Incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is increasing, especially in young adults, despite decreasing tobacco and alcohol consumption. Methods: This multicentric retrospective study of 185 young adults with OTSCC (median follow-up 43 months), investigated risk factors, tumour characteristics and oncological outcomes according to the smoking status. Results: Overall, 38% of patients were smokers (S). Non-smokers (NS) were significantly younger than S. Sex ratios were 1.1 for N and 1.8 for S. NS patients were less frequently cannabis or alcohol users than S, but were more likely to have a history of leukoplakia. Second primaries were observed in NS (4.4%) and in S (12.7%). Despite more frequent local relapse in NS (p = 0.018), there was no difference in diagnostic stage and overall survival between groups. Conclusion: OTSCC affects differently young S and NS patients suggesting the existence of a specific clinical entity of OTSCC in non-smoking young adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzed the importance of smoking in the appearance of acute coronary events (ACE) on a sample of 865 subjects. For smoking assessment, the status of smoker, duration and frequency of smoking were monitored. Compared to other risk factors, smoking does not show complete reversibility of the possibility of SCA occurrence by cessation of smoking, especially if exposure to cigarette smoke has been for a long time.

Objective: By the association of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, nicotine in the therapeutic window lowers neuronal damage and raises protective factors. These data, however, are contradicted by other findings. Here, we assessed the effects of transdermal nicotine administration on cognitive functions in healthy non‐smoker adults by systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials. Methods: We included reports of clinical trials comparing the effects of nicotine patches with placebo in healthy non‐smoking adults. The main outcome was the impact of nicotine patches on overall cognitive function with a focus on attention and memory. Standard meta‐analytic and statistical methods measured the effect of transdermal nicotine compared with placebo patches. Results: We included 31 publications involving 978 subjects. Nicotine patches boosted cognitive function in healthy adults (0.233 SMD, 95%CI, 0.111–0.355, p <.001). Overall heterogeneity of the studies was found to be modest (ϰ2 = 68.24, T2 = 0.07, I2 = 50.17%, p <.001). Also, nicotine patches improved attention (0.231 SMD, 95%CI, 0.106–0.356, p <.001). We found the inter‐study heterogeneity to be low (ϰ2 = 40.95, T2 = 0.03, I2 = 34.07%, p =.042). Further, the enhancement of memory by transdermal nicotine did not reach statistical significance in normal subjects (0.270 SMD, 95% CI, −0.293–0.833, p =.347). Also, high inter‐study heterogeneity was found among studies (ϰ2 = 27.25, T2 = 0.43, I2 = 77.98%, p <.001). Conclusion: The meta‐analysis showed that transdermal nicotine had statistically significant positive effects on attention, and non‐significant effects on memory, in healthy non‐smoking adults. The results encourage further studies of the therapeutic potential of nicotine patches in disorders of cognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The habit of smoking remains a severe public health problem. Heavy metals in cigarettes and mainstream smoke have been extensively investigated. This study has attempted to determine the essential and toxic elements in a biological sample of smokers and non-smokers. In this case-control study, 100 smokers were compared with 100 age- and gender-matched non-smoker healthy subjects. The smoker group was selected via the snowball sampling method. Serum concentrations of trace elements were determined using ICP-MS (Agilent 7900) for subsequent analysis. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using t test or Mann-Whitney U test along with chi-square test at the significant level of less than 0.05. The results of this study indicated that subjects in the smoker group compared with non-smokers had a significantly higher median of manganese (Mn) (11.5 [5.7–17.2] versus 6 [4–12.5] (μg/L), p = 0.003), copper (Cu) (40 [34–47.2] versus 34 [29–42] (μg/L), p = 0.005), arsenic (As) (39 [9–49.2] versus 12 [5–42] (μg/L), p = 0.007), thallium (Tl) (0.54 [0.27–0.68] versus 0.34 [0.11–0.66] (μg/L), p = 0.04), and lower iron (Fe) concentration (218 [156–508] versus 429 [192–573] (μg/L), p = 0.03). This study found that the concentrations of Mn, Cu, As, and TI in cigarette smokers were significantly higher than those obtained from the control group. These results can provide health policymakers with the necessary information to take public health measures towards preventive interventions in the community, though further studies are still warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The most important risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is smoking. However, more than 25% of patients do not have a history of smoking. The intent of this study is to identify characteristics of COPD patients that are non-smokers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The records of patients with COPD were retrospectively reviewed. Smoking history, comorbidities, exacerbations, biomass, and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposures were identified. Also, age, gender, pulmonary function test (PFT) values, modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scores were recorded. Non-smokers exposed to any of the COPD risk factors above were grouped and the data were analyzed to determine the specific characteristics of COPD that applied to them. RESULTS: A total of 706 COPD patients were analyzed with a mean age of 67.2 ± 9.4. Of these patients, 93 (13.2%) were female and 613 (86.8%) were male. Of the 706 patients, 128 (18.1%) were non-smokers. The percentage of male patients having COPD was significantly lower in the non-smoker group (P< .001). However, biomass, ETS exposure in childhood, and a history of previous respiratory infection were significantly higher in the non-smoker group (P < .001). The mean body mass index (BMI) was greater in non-smokers than smokers. CONCLUSION: Non-smokers with COPD have more biomass, ETS exposure, and infection history in childhood. They also have less impairment of airflow limitation, better symptom scores, and greater BMIs. Smoking history can be used to determine a different phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental caries is the scientific term for tooth decay or cavities. It is caused by specific types of bacteria. They produce acid that destroys the tooth’s enamel and the layer under it, the dentin. The bacteria turn sugar and carbohydrates (starches) in the foods we eat into acids. Smoking is also a global and national health problem and is one of the most significant health risks that impact all age groups. The Study Aims to investigate the effects of different tobacco smoking methods and their relation to dental caries in comparison to non-smoker students. Material and Method: A random sample of 336 students from Tikrit university aged 19-24 years, the sample grouped to cigar, shisha, cigar and shisha together and non-smoker groups. Dental caries was recorded according to WHO criteria (1987) were decayed, missing and filled with permanent teeth (DMFS). The data were analyzed as a descriptive statistic includes frequency, percentage, mean, and for statistical analysis of the data using T- test and one- way ANOVA test to detect the significance of the relation between various variable. Result: the result of this study showed that the severity of dental caries higher in smoking cigar and smoking shisha than in the non-smoking group with statistically highly significant. Conclusion Nicotine may be increasing the incidence and severity of dental caries. So that, nicotine might be considered as a risk factor for inducing of dental caries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract We describe the case of a 29‐year‐old female non‐smoker who was treated with steroid therapy for a subacute exacerbation of multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis (MS‐LCH) with worsening lung, skin, and oral mucosal lesions. The patient developed pneumonia, and computed tomography (CT) showed multiple thin‐walled cavities. Transbronchial lung cryobiopsy (TBLC) specimens revealed Langerhans cells, which were positive for CD1a and S‐100 expression. Similar histological findings were detected in the submandibular gland, skin, and tooth. On the basis of these findings, the patient was diagnosed with MS‐LCH and subsequently treated with steroid therapy. From the literature review, case reports of non‐smokers with pulmonary lesions that worsened and required treatment are rare. Almost all cases recurred and needed additional treatment. This case study contributes to our understanding of the potential role of steroid therapy in MS‐LCH treatment. Additionally, TBLC is a novel, potentially safer, diagnostic tool that has not been previously described for LCH.

Background: Apart from several well documented risk factors; oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. Our study has been designed to investigate the pro-oxidant status in AMI patients who have no previous history of diabetes, hypertension and habit of smoking. Aims and Objectives: To measure the level of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) to assess the extent of oxidative damage in recently diagnosed cases of AMI and to look for any correlation between this stress marker and some of the lipid profile markers. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital with 50 non-diabetic, non-hypertensive, non-smoker AMI patients of either sex as Cases and 50 age and sex matched healthy Controls. The biochemical parameters were measured by validated techniques. Results: Level of serum TBARS (4.78 ± 1.06 nmol/ml) has significantly increased (p

Background: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is a major cause of mortality in most countries. Many risk factors such as high blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, age, sex, obesity, smoking, and family history play a role in CAD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of Total Sialic Acid (TSA) and Lipid Profiles (LP) with the Severity of the Vessel in patients with non-smoker and diabetic CAD, so that by measuring these parameters, effective help for diagnosis and prevention for healthy people Prone to CAD, and also control the treatment of patients. Methods: In this study, 200 individual including 160 patient and 40 control group were considered. All patient groups were non-smokers and diabetic. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to the results of angiography: Patients with Normal angiography (n = 40) with one eclipse (n = 40), patients with double stenosis (n = 40) and patients with eclipse Three vessels (n = 40). The control group was chosen from people who had no history of CAD and other diseases. The lipid profile was measured by standard methods and serum total sialic acid was measured by ELISA method. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in age and sex, but there was a significant difference in family history (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in serum glucose level between the patient and the control group (p<0.05), Also hs-CRP serum levels were normal in two patient and control groups. Serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL in patient group were significantly higher than that of the control group but HDL serum level was adverse (p <0.05), Also TSA serum level in the patient group was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Serum Total Sialic Acid level in non-smoker and diabetic CAD patients has a significant increase compared to the control group. It seems that the above biochemical parameters contribute significantly to the development and progression of atherosclerosis and CAD, by which timely measurements of these parameters in healthy individual probably can be helpful in preventing and improving CAD and controlling the treatment of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is caused by atherosclerosis. Studies have shown that many factors are closely linked to the development and progression of CAD, which include lipid peroxidation, inflammation, lack of relaxant factors and antioxidants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the above-mentioned risk factors in diabetic and non-smoker coronary artery disease patients, by measuring these parameters, patients with atherosclerosis can be diagnosed and treated in people. Methods: In this study, 50 patients with CAD and 50 normal patients with matched age and sex and without CAD as a control were studied. Lipid Profile level were measured by standard methods. The activity of the SOD, GPX, and TAC enzymes in the samples was evaluated using a RandomX kit. Hs-CRP levels were determined by Immunoturbidometric method using Pars test kits. The concentration of MDA in serum samples was evaluated by spectrophotometric method and based on the reaction of thiobarbituric acid. Nitric oxide levels were measured in samples by Gress method. Results: Serum MDA and hs-CRP levels were significantly increased in CAD patients compared to control group. In either case, the enzymatic activities of SOD and GPX erythrocyte and TAC levels were significantly reduced in patients. In the CAD group, total cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-C levels were significantly higher and HDL-C levels were significantly lower than the control group. We found low concentrations of NO in the patient group compared with the healthy group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The risk factors such as inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in coronary artery disease diabetic and non-smoker cases can also contribute to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, and it seems that low levels of NO and antioxidant markers can be seen in these patients as Other risk factors for the progression of coronary artery disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Kartagener syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder with a triad of chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and situs inversus, is characterized by recurrent respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammation of the lung. Information on comorbidities other than infections in patients with Kartagener syndrome is currently limited.Case Presentation: A 39-year-old, non-smoking female was diagnosed with Kartagener syndrome and admitted to Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Japan. Computed tomography revealed an endobronchial massive shadow at the ostial site of the right upper lobe bronchus with atelectasis of the right upper lobe. The mass was surgically resected and pathologically diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The lesion had no vascular invasions and no metastases to the lungs or lymph nodes. The surgical margin was negative for carcinoma. Following surgery, the patient has been in good condition.Conclusions: The present case showed different clinicopathological characteristics from those previously reported in cases of Kartagener syndrome complicated by carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a young, non-smoking female with comorbid Kartagener syndrome and pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma. This case report may provide a new perspective on the complications of Kartagener syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking is the introduction of toxic substances into the body. Smokers inhaled hazardous compounds that are injurious to health. Currently, smoking is a global threat to public health, mainly in developing countries like India. The present study aimed to investigate the status and correlation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in smokers of North Indian population. In this case, a total of 60 subjects (30 smokers and 30 age-matched healthy non-smokers) were enrolled from in and around areas of Lucknow. The level of MDA and SOD activity were estimated in all subjects. For statistical analysis, student’s t-test was performed between smokers and non-smokers. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated among smokers. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean level of MDA was found significantly high in smokers as compared to non-smokers (P<0.001). The mean of SOD activity was found significantly low in smokers as compared to non-smokers (P<0.001). MDA and SOD have shown a significantly negative correlation among smokers (r= -0.47, P<0.001). Results showed that the smoking habit is the sole reasons for the oxidative stress in smokers. Raised level of MDA and declined SOD are the potential risk factors for chronic diseases. Cessation of smoking is required to reduce the burden of life-threaten chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzed the importance of smoking in the appearance of acute coronary events (ACE) on a sample of 865 subjects. For smoking assessment, the status of smoker, duration and frequency of smoking were monitored. Compared to other risk factors, smoking does not show complete reversibility of the possibility of SCA occurrence by cessation of smoking, especially if exposure to cigarette smoke has been for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yoonki Hong,1 Wonjun Ji,2 Soojeong An,3 Seon-Sook Han,1 Seung-Joon Lee,1 Woo Jin Kim1 1Department of Internal Medicine, Environmental Health Center, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, South Korea, 2Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea, 3Department of Statistics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea Background: There is growing evidence about sex-related phenotypes of COPD. However, the sex differences in COPD mainly result from smokers. This study evaluated the sex differences in nonsmoking patients with COPD, focusing on structural changes in the lungs in airway diseases and emphysema. Methods: Ninety-seven nonsmoking patients, defined as having

Background: There are several prognostic factors in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) that include Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), Body Mass Index (BMI), dyspnea severity, exercise capacity and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH). PH is one of the most important factors. PH pathogenesis in patients with COPD has not been clarified thoroughly and factors such as alveolar hypoxemia, polycythemia, acidosis and pulmonary vessels obstruction have been suggested. The authors assessed some of these contributing factors in smoker and non-smoker patients with COPD. Materials and Methods: This comparative-descriptive study included COPD patients suspected to have cor pulmonale without exacerbation in the last four weeks. Echocardiographic evaluation of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (PAP) was done and Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) was defined as systolic Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (PAP) greater than 40 mmHg. Complete Blood Count (CBC) and Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) were also studied in all patients. Results: Echocardiography was done for 142 patients who were suspected to have PH and 110 patients had measurable PAP. All of the patients were in stage II - IV of COPD according to GOLD criteria. 90 patients had PH of which 47 were smokers and 43 were non-smokers. In smoker patients, significant correlation between PAP and PaO2 was seen (r=-0.291, p-value=0.047). But in non-smoker patients, this correlation was absent. A significant correlation between PAP and FEV1 (r=-0.341, P value=0.025) was seen in non-smoker patients. This correlation was absent in smoker patients. There was no correlation between PAP and hemoglobin, hemoglobin and FEV, and also PaO2 and FEV1 in smoker and non-smoker COPD patients. Conclusion: In non-smoker patients with COPD, degree of pulmonary parenchymal lesions and bronchial obliteration plays a more important role than hypoxia in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) caused by atherosclerosis, Studies have shown that there are a number of factors which are closely related to the development and progression of CAD that include Cellular binding molecules like Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), multiple cardiac risk factors and hemostasis. In the present study we made an attempt to evaluate the association of PAI-1 4G/4G polymorphism and fibrinolysis markers example PAI-1 with CAD. Methods: In this study, 140 individual, including 70 subjects as patient group and 70 subjects in the control group were considered. Blood samples were obtained from all participants, genomic DNA was extracted and the 4G/4G polymorphism of PAI-1 was amplified using specific primers. Polymorphism in the -675 position in promoter of PAI-1 was detected by PCR-RFLP method. Serum levels of PAI-1 in the samples were measured by ELISA. Results: Level of PAI-1 serum was significantly different between the two groups. PAI-1 genotype distribution in this case is the frequency of genotype 4G/4G in the patient group compared with the control group had higher. PAI-1 in patients who had genotype 4G, have a higher level compared to homozygous 5G (p-value=0.01). Significant differences between serum level of PAI-1 and PAI-1 gene polymorphism with the risk of CAD was observed. Conclusion: The 4G/4G polymorphism of PAI-1 gene is a useful marker for fibrinolytic activity. This polymorphism due to increased in plasma level of PAI-1 which causes defects in fibrinolytic activity so increasing the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Apart from several well documented risk factors; oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. Our study has been designed to investigate the pro-oxidant status in AMI patients who have no previous history of diabetes, hypertension and habit of smoking. Aims and Objectives: To measure the level of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) to assess the extent of oxidative damage in recently diagnosed cases of AMI and to look for any correlation between this stress marker and some of the lipid profile markers. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital with 50 non-diabetic, non-hypertensive, non-smoker AMI patients of either sex as Cases and 50 age and sex matched healthy Controls. The biochemical parameters were measured by validated techniques. Results: Level of serum TBARS (4.78 ± 1.06 nmol/ml) has significantly increased (p<0.001) in cases with respect to control group(2.19±0.41 nmol/ml); a positive correlation between serum TBARS and LDL; a negative correlation between serum TBARS and HDL in cases. Conclusion: Our study indicates an increased oxidative stress in AMI patients even in absence of some high risk factors which are oxidative stress inducers by themselves. This evidence suggests that oxidative stress itself may play an important role in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction. So, the oxidative stress marker may have the importance in early diagnosis of AMI. It also suggests the potential appropriateness of antioxidant therapy in the prevention of AMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study assessed the association of metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score with the predicted forced vital capacity and predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s) values in Korean non-smoking adults. Methods: We analysed data obtained from 6684 adults during the 2013–2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Results: After adjustment for related variables, metabolic syndrome (p < 0.001) and metabolic syndrome score (p < 0.001) were found to be inversely associated with the predicted forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s values. The odds ratios of restrictive pulmonary disease (the predicted forced vital capacity < 80.0% with forced expiratory volume in 1 s/FVC ⩾ 70.0%) by metabolic syndrome score with metabolic syndrome score 0 as a reference group showed no significance for metabolic syndrome score 1 [1.061 (95% confidence interval, 0.755–1.490)] and metabolic syndrome score 2 [1.247 (95% confidence interval, 0.890–1.747)], but showed significant for metabolic syndrome score 3 [1.433 (95% confidence interval, 1.010–2.033)] and metabolic syndrome score ⩾ 4 [1.760 (95% confidence interval, 1.216–2.550)]. In addition, the odds ratio of restrictive pulmonary disease of the metabolic syndrome [1.360 (95% confidence interval, 1.118–1.655)] was significantly higher than those of non-metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score were inversely associated with the predicted forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s values in Korean non-smoking adults. In addition, metabolic syndrome and metabolic syndrome score were positively associated with the restrictive pulmonary disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]