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The article examines the praxeological aspect of the variability of proving domestic violence. The authors used a graphical method to visualize examples of variability in the combination of forms of violence, the use of sources of evidence, compliance with and violation of the non bis in idem principle, and the status of a child during domestic violence. It is concluded that domestic violence always consists of at least three episodes of violence, which may consist of physical, psychological, economic violence, or a combination of two or three of these forms at the same time. Based on the practice of the Supreme Court, it has been established that domestic violence is proved by various pieces of evidence. The preliminary facts of domestic violence may be reflected in various sources of evidence, including documents (administrative protocol, court order, restraining order, criminal proceedings, etc.) It is noted that the initiation of criminal proceedings on the fact of domestic violence under Article 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine does not have to be preceded by two cases of bringing a person to administrative liability under parts of Article 173-2 of the Code of Administrative Offenses. In cases where there are no previous appeals to law enforcement agencies or courts, audio and video recordings, screenshots and other evidence may be used to prove the systematic nature of domestic violence, which must meet the requirements of the CPC of Ukraine for evidence. The authors emphasize that simultaneously bringing a person to administrative and criminal liability for the same episode of domestic violence is a violation of the non bis in idem principle. Therefore, a person may be held criminally liable under Art. 126-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine if there is one (the last) or more episodes of violence for which the person has not previously been held administratively liable. The commission by a person of criminal offenses provided for in parts of the articles (articles) of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and domestic violence is not a violation of the non bis in idem principle. It is noted that a child who has witnessed domestic violence is always a victim of this offense. The draft law on harmonization of the provisions of the CPC of Ukraine with the Istanbul Convention on the involvement of a child as a victim from the moment of entering information into the URPTI was approved, as a child who witnessed domestic violence suffers moral damage. A child who witnessed domestic violence and is not related to the persons between whom the domestic violence occurred is not a victim of domestic violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Digital de Derecho Administrativo is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tema ovoga rada su određeni aspekti prekršajnopravne zaštite potrošača u hrvatskom pravu. Zaštita potrošača, općenito gledano, u hrvatskome pravu postiže se različitim pravnim izvorima te je predviđeno nekoliko različitih mehanizama zaštite potrošača. Analizom tih propisa i načina zaštite potrošača nastoji se zaključiti o adekvatnosti zaštite potrošača putem prekršajnopravne sankcije imajući na umu zaštićeno pravno dobro i svrhu kažnjavanja. U radu se polazi od toga da opće norme prekršajnog prava proizlaze iz Prekršajnog zakona te da je cilj istražiti posebnosti kojima se odstupa od tog postojećeg uređenja. Istraživanje pokazuje neke specifičnosti i posebna obilježja prekršajnopravnih sankcija i prekršajnog postupka koja postoje s ciljem zaštite potrošača. Prije svega, u fokusu zaštite je potrošač koji nije u svim propisima koji predviđaju prekršaje definiran na jednak način. Nadalje, analizira se dopuštenost zaštite određenih pravnih dobara (život, zdravlje) prekršajnopravnim propisima koji reguliraju zaštitu potrošača. Također, ukazuje se na nedostatke postojećeg uređenja prekršajnopravnih sankcija nastalih s ciljem implementacija raznih direktiva i drugih europskih izvora kojima se štite potrošači, a kojima je cilj u nacionalno pravo uvesti učinkovite, prikladne, proporcionalne i odvraćajuće sankcije. Dodatna harmonizacija uređenja sankcija postignuta je nedavnim transponiranjem Direktive (EU) 2019/2161 koja unosi nove kriterije za određivanje sankcija, ali dodatno upozorava i na primjenu načela non bis in idem koje je od značaja i za nacionalno pravo.Također, kao jedna od posebnosti prekršajnopravne zaštite potrošača u radu se analizira načelo oportuniteta.

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La iniciación simultánea de actuaciones disciplinarias y penales contra servidores públicos y la incidencia del principio non bis in idem sobre esta concurrencia se revela como un tema de discusión permanente desde la consolidación del derecho disciplinario como subsistema jurídico autóno­mo. La aprehensión de dicho principio en la doctrina publicista y penal, así como en la jurisprudencia, tanto en Francia como en Colombia, se inscribe en una inadmisibilidad unánime, lo cual deja espacio a la aplicación original de otros principios con el objetivo de aminorar la gravedad de la concurren­cia de sanciones disciplinarias y penales. El presente artículo constituye un estudio de derecho comparado entre los ordenamientos jurídicos de Francia y Colombia, que pone de relieve los principales retos de la acumulación de actuaciones y ofrece elementos de reflexión para reforzar las garantías de los procesos punitivos contra servidores públicos.

La jurisprudencia colombiana ha defendido una posición sólida y reiterada respecto a la aplicación de la garantía del non bis in idem en los regímenes punitivos a los que se someten los servidores públicos, que se ha mantenido prácticamente incólume desde los primeros pronunciamientos de las altas cortes en el siglo XIX. En este escrito nos preguntamos si esta postura, aun­que sólida y reiterada, es adecuada.

The paper deals with certain aspects of consumer protection under misdemeanour law in the Croatian law. In general, consumer protection in the Croatian law is achieved through different legal sources and several different consumer protection mechanisms. By analysing these regulations and methods of consumer protection, one tries to conclude on the adequacy of consumer protection through misdemeanour sanctions, bearing in mind the protected legal good and the purpose of sanctions. The paper is based on the fact that the general norms of misdemeanour law derive from the Misdemeanour Act and that the goal is to investigate the peculiarities deviating from the existing regulation. The research reveals some specificities and distinctive features of misdemeanour sanctions and misdemeanour proceedings aimed at protecting consumers. Firstly, the focus of protection is on the consumer, who is not uniformly defined in all regulations that foresee misdemeanours. Furthermore, the permissibility of protecting certain legal interests (life, health) by misdemeanour regulations that govern consumer protection is analysed. Additionally, attention is drawn to the shortcomings of the existing framework of misdemeanour sanctions, arising from the implementation of various directives and other European sources aimed at protecting consumers that aim to introduce effective, appropriate, proportional, and deterrent sanctions into national law. Further harmonisation of the sanction framework has been achieved through the recent transposition of Directive (EU) 2019/2161, which introduces new criteria for determining sanctions. It also emphasises the application of the non bis in idem principle, which is relevant to national law. Additionally, as a special feature of misdemeanour consumer protection, the principle of opportunity has been analysed in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The newly revised "Sports Law" introduces a dedicated chapter on sports arbitration, marking the commencement of the sports arbitration relief mechanism in China. Article 97 of this chapter establishes the legal framework for the principle of "non bis in idem" in sports arbitration, but the precise scope of application and procedures of this principle remain unclear up till now. Therefore, it is imperative to initially examine the intrinsic logic of the "non bis in idem" principle in sports arbitration. Subsequently, given the generality and vagueness in the regulatory language of Article 97 of the new "Sports Law", it is necessary to provide clarity on the effective date, applicability, scope, and exceptions associated with this principle. Finally, an analysis of the multiple factors contributing to the occurrence of "repeated arbitration" and "repeated litigation" in sports arbitration practice is presented. This analysis takes the unique nature of sports disputes into account and draws insights from the experiences of the international Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) and the domestic civil litigation standards concerning "repeated litigation". Consequently, the paper formulates the application approach for the "non bis in idem" principle, emphasizing adherence to the fundamental principles of the "three identity doctrine". it establishes specific standards for cases involving doping and third-party entities. It can be seen that this paper offers a multidimensional interpretation of the "non bis in idem" principle and also provides an approach for its application, effectively reducing or even mitigating the occurrence of "repeated arbitration" and "repeated litigation", and then plays a significant role in promoting the independent, fair, and efficient operation of sports arbitration in China, contributing to the ongoing process of modernizing sports law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se analiza la regulación en el Código Penal español de los delitos contra la vida que subsiguen a un crimen sexual, después de la entrada en vigor de la Ley Orgánica 1/2015, que hizo de estos delitos un crimen hiperagravado castigado con la pena de prisión permanente revisable, instaurada en el derecho español en ese mismo año. Primero, se describen los supuestos aplicados por los jueces en estos primeros ocho años de vigencia de la norma. La relación del homicidio con el objetivo de evitar que se descubra otro delito anterior —que se reintrodujo en esa misma fecha como elemento del asesinato— hizo de la compatibilidad entre ambos delitos una cuestión nada pacífica, sobre la que los jueces españoles también se han pronunciado, considerando que la aplicación de los dos delitos a un único supuesto quiebra el principio non bis in idem.

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Copyright of Revista de Administración Pública is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista do Centro Acadêmico Afonso Pena (CAAP Journal) is the property of Revista do Centro Academico Afonso Pena/CAAP Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Tehlike arz eden hayvanları sokağa terk etme fiili, 5199 sayılı Hayvanları Koruma Kanunu geçici m. 3/4’te kabahat olarak düzenlenmektedir. Bu fiil, 14 Temmuz 2021 tarihinde yürürlüğe giren 7332 sayılı Kanun ile ilk defa kabahat haline getirilmiştir. Yeni bir kabahat ihdas etmek için öncelikle buna ihtiyaç duyulması gerekir. İhtiyacın temel kaynağı, cezai veya idari yaptırım öngörülmemiş bazı fiil veya fiiller için yaptırım tehdidine gereklilik duyulmasıdır. Ancak ihdas edilecek kabahatin benzer nitelikteki diğer suç ve kabahatlerle uyumlu olması gerekir. Bu noktada suçların/kabahatlerin içtimaı ve non (ne) bis in idem ilkesi gündeme gelir. Çalışmamızda tehlike arz eden hayvanı sokağa terk etme kabahatinin gerekliliği ve yerindeliği söz konusu kurumlar bağlamında değerlendirilecektir. Bu değerlendirmeler, ihdas edilecek yeni kabahatler için de yol gösterici nitelikte olacaktır.

The subject. This article examines the dialogue between the EAEU Court and national courts, on the one hand, as the application by national courts of the court of the integration organization, on the other hand, – as a recourse by the supranational court to the legal constructions that have been developed in the case law of the Member States’ courts.The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that judicial dialogue between the court of the integration association and the courts of its Member States is the key to the effective application of supranational law.The methodological basis of the research is the doctrine of EU law, as well as the practice of Court of Justice of the European Union. The formal legal interpretation of the EAEU Court decisions and decisions of national Supreme Courts is also used.The main results, scope of application. One of the characteristics that differentiates the law of an integration organization from universal international law is its active application not only by the judicial body of such an organization, but also by the national courts. The plurality of actors in charge of the application of the law raises the question which of them have the authority of interpreting the integration law and the modalities of such an interpretation. One of the instruments that could help overcome the lack of uniformity of approaches regarding the interpretation and application of supranational law by the courts of several member states is the preliminary reference procedure. In the absence of such a procedure the burden of interpretation of supranational law rests on the national courts. Such a situation has arisen in the Eurasian Economic Union where the EAEU Court is empowered to interpret the law of the Union while settling disputes regarding the respect of EAEU law by its Member States, the challenge of the Eurasian Economic Commission's actions (failure to act) and decisions as well as delivering advisory opinions. The courts of the Member States, in turn, interpret the law of the EAEU in various fields of relations, including the ones where regulatory powers have been transferred to the supranational level. The analysis of national case law shows that in their application of EAEU law they premise their judgments on the principle of its primacy over national legislation.Conclusions. Judicial dialogue allows to prevent the non-uniform interpretation of the Union law by the court of the 5 Member States. It is a form of exchange of legal positions and concepts between the judicial bodies which, as a result, leads to a mutual enrichment of the legal orders by borrowing legal constructions and approaches.

Copyright of Süleyman Demirel Law Review / Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Hukuk Fakultesi Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O presente artigo tem como escopo verificar que, dentro da persecução disciplinar no âmbito da Assessoria Administrativa do Comandante Geral, Corregedoria Auxiliar e Assessoria Administrativa do Comando do Policiamento do Interior (CPI) da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (PMRN), não existe um total alinhamento às determinações contidas no princípio non bis in idem quando da instauração, instrução e aplicação de punições disciplinares, pois se observou que existiu duplicidade de instauração de sindicância. A pesquisa é de cunho exploratório, bibliográfico e documental, com abordagem qualitativa com o uso do método indutivo. Evidenciamos que é imprescindível que a instituição militar estadual esteja alinhada ao novo contexto normativo nacional, pois a Polícia Militar do RN é, por um lado, garantidora da aplicação da lei pelos órgãos governamentais e, por outro lado, instituição responsável por sua aplicação interna, estando a apuração das faltas disciplinares por meio da sindicância militar e a aplicação das punições sempre de acordo com aquilo que determina a CF/1988 e as demais normas infraconstitucionais.

Copyright of Scientific Annals of the "Stefan cel Mare" Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova / Revista Stiintifica a Academiei Stefan cel Mare is the property of Stefan cel Mare University, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Moldova / Ministerul Afe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is focused on the issue of the imposition of the charge for the breach of the budgetary discipline and its nature as a criminal sanction for the purposes of the application of articles 6 and 7 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental freedoms. The author familiarizes the reader with the basics of the Czech regulation, pointing out the specific issue related to the recipients of public subsidies. In this case, the Czech legislator must deal with the issue of the competed public authorities because particular breach of the budgetary discipline can be sanctioned also by a fine levied by the Office for the Protection of Competition. Otherwise, the current regulation of the charge for the breach of the budgetary does not necessarily be in accordance with the principle non bis in idem pursuant to article 4 of the Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental freedoms, if the nature of the charge and fine is criminal. Therefore, this article is also devoted to the application of the Engel criteria to the charge for the breach of the budgetary discipline to provide an answer whether this charge is a criminal sanction, and finally, it describes from the perspective of the application of the non bis in idem principle, how negatively the imposition of this charge could be affected if its nature is identified as a criminal one. The scientific methods used are the analysis, induction, deduction and description.

Copyright of Revista de Administración Pública is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

У процесі дослідження доведено, що лише реалізація суддею своїх дискреційних повноважень щодо об’єднання кримінальних проваджень в одне провадження (відповідно до вимог статті 334 КПК України) є єдиною винятковою ситуацією, яка передбачає за відсутності обвинувального вироку суду в «першому кримінальному провадженні», який для правомірності кваліфікації за ознакою повторності повинен набути законної сили, застосування при кваліфікації дій обвинуваченого в «наступному кримінальному провадженні» такої кваліфікуючої ознаки, як «повторність». В іншому ж разі варто вести мову про порушення такої конституційної засади кримінального провадження, як презумпція невинуватості та забезпечення доведеності вини, якщо дії особи кваліфіковано за кваліфікуючою ознакою «повторно» без попередньої реалізації дискреційних повноважень судді щодо об’єднання кримінальних проваджень в одне провадження (відповідно до вимог статті 334 КПК України) або без постановлення обвинувального вироку в «першому провадженні».

Este artículo tuvo como objetivo un análisis crítico sobre la administración de justicia indígena en Ecuador, desde la cosmovisión indígena. En otras palabras, interpretar cómo la esta se deriva de las costumbres, mitos y leyendas provenientes de todo un aprendizaje de sus ancestros. Por otro lado, busca contrastar cómo y cuáles son los principales problemas que se presentan entre la justicia indígena y la ordinaria. Sus penas y/o castigos, cosmogónicamente, el elemento justicia no puede ser otra cosa que el reflejo de todos estos usos y costumbres. Gracias a las enseñanzas de adultos mayores, padres y abuelos, se fue formando un paradigma de respeto de valores, principios éticos y armonía. La ley natural es ese conjunto de normas objetivas que rigen la naturaleza, independiente de la voluntad del hombre; como es la ley del día, de la lluvia, del viento, el ciclo de la vida: nacer, crecer, reproducir y volver dándose de esta forma una relación del hombre y la naturaleza, conservando el equilibrio natural. El presente trabajo aborda un ejemplo de problemática de la aplicación de justicia por parte de los pueblos indígenas ecuatorianos: non bis in ídem, que en español significa “no dos veces por lo mismo”, y que también es usada la forma ne bis in ídem.

The internationally acknowledged need for effective legal measures against illicit enrichment that is perceived as the key policy tool against organised crime and corruption triggered rapid developments in the variety of those legal measures. Lithuania may serve as a sole-standing example of a jurisdiction that enacted a great variety of legal strategies against illicit enrichment – criminal liability both for money laundering and illicit enrichment and also extended powers of confiscation, civil confiscation and tax fines for unexplained income. This diversity of measures leads to the issue of competition arising between them and also carries the risk that measures may be used repeatedly and arbitrarily against persons and their property. The paper focuses on the issue of the legitimacy of repeated investigation and assessment of suspicious assets in civil confiscation proceedings and extended powers of confiscation. The analysis is divided into two parts where fundamentally different legal situations are discussed. In the first situation, repeated assessment of the origin of the assets takes place in proceedings of similar legal nature (proceedings aiming to restore legal order). The second situation appears where reassessment takes place in proceedings of a different nature – in the restorative proceedings after failure to prove the illicit origin of the assets in the punitive proceedings. While the first situation rather clearly falls within the scope of the principle of legal certainty and the rule res judicata that prohibit repeated proceedings for the same issue in the same circumstances against the same person, the second situation is more open to debate. Punitive proceedings use the standard of proof beyond reasonable doubt and the presumption of innocence is in play. These safeguards are designed to protect defendants from unfounded conviction, but they may be considered excessive for other legal issues such as the recovery of damages or the proceeds of illicit activities. In addition, in the context of civil confiscation, public interest in effective protection from organised crime and corruption comes into play. Therefore, there are strong arguments for giving priority to public safety over the principle of legal certainty that would protect defendants from repeated assessment of their assets in other proceedings with a lower standard of proof or even the reversed presumption of the illegality of unexplained wealth. Finally, the paper addresses the question of whether extended powers of confiscation qualify for restorative or punitive proceedings. The answer to this question is the key argument of whether civil confiscation proceedings can legitimately follow criminal proceedings where the court failed to confiscate the assets on the grounds of extended powers of confiscation. The paper argues that extended powers of confiscation are of a restorative nature. Therefore, when assets have already been investigated in proceedings of civil confiscation and their origin has been assessed as lawful in the light of extended powers of confiscation, re-consideration of their origin should be deemed as infringing the principle of legal certainty, unless the decision in the criminal proceedings was barred by lack of formal grounds.

This article is focused on the issue of the imposition of the charge for the breach of the budgetary discipline and its nature as a criminal sanction for the purposes of the application of articles 6 and 7 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental freedoms. The author familiarizes the reader with the basics of the Czech regulation, pointing out the specific issue related to the recipients of public subsidies. In this case, the Czech legislator must deal with the issue of the competed public authorities because particular breach of the budgetary discipline can be sanctioned also by a fine levied by the Office for the Protection of Competition. Otherwise, the current regulation of the charge for the breach of the budgetary does not necessarily be in accordance with the principle non bis in idem pursuant to article 4 of the Protocol No. 7 to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental freedoms, if the nature of the charge and fine is criminal. Therefore, this article is also devoted to the application of the Engel criteria to the charge for the breach of the budgetary discipline to provide an answer whether this charge is a criminal sanction, and finally, it describes from the perspective of the application of the non bis in idem principle, how negatively the imposition of this charge could be affected if its nature is identified as a criminal one. The scientific methods used are the analysis, induction, deduction and description. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Técnica Tributaria is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Asesores Fiscales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The disciplinary regime of students in public Universities is established in a preconstitutional bylaw, which, for many reasons, is deficient and inadequate to the current situation. This paper analyses some of the unsuccessful attempts that have been made to replace it by a more suitable regulation. It also deals with the solutions proposed by some Universities in order to face the problems caused by the difficult application of the old bylaw. The final part of the paper is devoted to the study of the subjective (but not territorial) scope of university regimen taking into account the meaning ang general purpose of this disciplinary power and its relation with other sanctioning norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article 8 of colombian Penal Code establishes the prohibition of double jeopardy as a concretion in criminal matters of the fundamental right to non bis in idem esatblished in article 29 of the Political Constitution. According to the latter, all those sanctions in which there is identity in the subjects, the facts and the foundation are forbidden. However, it seems that there is no clarity regarding the basis of this prohibition or the meaning of the indentities enunciated. As a result, it is not clear the way the rule operates in diverse scenarios, such as the concurrence of sanctions from different sectors of the law, the repeated sanction of the same element of criminal conduct, and the exception regarding international law. Faced with this panorama, an analysis of each one of the mentioned problems is presented, and a series of interpretative proposals in order to clarify them.

Investigating the criminal laws of different countries show that nationality principle is one of the most important principles of extra-territorial criminal jurisdiction. For the first time in the history of Criminal law in Iran, the principle of nationality-based jurisdiction was accepted. The rule of No Double Jeopardy which had been rejected in the wake of Islamic Revolution (1979) came into existence once again . However, some other evolutions could also come to view in the same line with the consideration of jurisdiction based on the nationality of victim such as the application of jurisdiction is subjected to the claim of plaintiff and also the opinion of public prosecutor’s office; these two conditions were not in contrast to Shaira standard at least in the field of Tazirat.

Does the tax offense constitute prior criminal activity for the purposes of money laundering offense committed by the active same subject? From one side, both the current regulation of article 301 of the Spanish Criminal Code (which explicitly acknowledges the self­laundering), as trends of comparative law, the demands that come from the European Union and the GAFI recommendations leave no doubt, the answer "would" affirmative. Nevertheless, the issue has caused an enormous polemic due to the possible violation of the principle non bis in idem and the obvious disproportion of the penalty. In the article the basic doctrinal positions as well as the most important pronouncements of the Supreme Court are examined. This analysis maintained a restrictive thesis, according to which the question stated above is not properly formulated, it is not about whether tax offense (or any other) may constitute as such "criminal activity" antecedent for the purpose of money laundering without further clarifications, but of the relation (of crimes or of norms) that it is to establish between both norms in every case.

Copyright of Croatian Annual of Criminal Sciences & Practice / Hrvatski Ljetopis za Kaznene Znanosti i Praksu is the property of Hrvatsko Udruzenje za Kaznene Znanosti i Praksu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the continued offence from the perspective of the Decision No 368/2017 of C.C.R., presenting the history of the concept of continued offence and the elements characterizing this concept from the perspective of E.C.H.R. After an analysis of the opinions expressed, referring to the change in the legal classification of the continued offence, it is concluded that the change of the legal classification is required when one or more material acts were wrongfully included in the legal unit, although these constitute distinct offences, which are in concurrence, in intermediate plurality or in a state of recidivism with material acts that constitute continued offence. In case that, for one or more material acts, there is a case that prevents the exercise of criminal action, we consider that it is not necessary to change the legal classification, being sufficient that, by a minute, to order the acquittal or the termination of the criminal trial, and for the other material acts that continue to be a continued offence to have a solution of conviction, the postponement of application of punishment or renunciation to apply the punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Ciencia Jurídica is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Penales y Criminológicos is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Criminal proceedings upon discovery of new or exceptional circumstances should be conducted under such principles as res judicata, non bis in idem, with due regard for the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and the decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the Supreme Court. Ongoing updates to criminal procedure laws with regard to the represented extraordinary form of judicial proceedings for revision of court decisions give rise to the need for respective theoretical comprehension. The article is aimed at providing a general theoretical description of the legal nature of the proceedings upon discovery of new or exceptional circumstances in criminal process from the perspective of the European human rights standards. This article is one of the first general theoretical research papers focused on the updated criminal procedure legislation of Ukraine regulating the judicial proceedings upon discovery of new or exceptional circumstances which describes certain essential features of these proceedings using modern methods of cognition, with due regard for the latest achievements in the science of criminal process and also from the perspective of the European standards. Judicial proceedings upon discovery of new or exceptional circumstances are classified as extraordinary because the review of court decisions requires adherence to the principle of res judicata. With a view to complying with the principle of res judicata, it seems reasonable that the right to apply for the review of a court decision, which is adopted by a court of any instance and becomes fully binding and effective, upon discovery of new or exceptional circumstances should be granted only to the parties of the criminal proceedings and to the victim, his/her counsel and legal representative, and a representative of the legal entity which the proceedings affect. The civil claimant, his/her counsel and legal representative, and civil defendant and his counsel should be entitled to file the said application only with regard to the civil claim. It is noted that due process of law should be established by law of criminal procedure. This may be regarded as available if there are laws of appropriate quality and relevant case law (international and national), and provided that the imperfections of laws with inappropriate quality are, so to say, adjusted by high-quality case law. And, visa versa, due process of law should be regarded as unavailable if there are no laws of appropriate quality and relevant case law or when provisions of laws of appropriate quality are not supported by the unity and consistency of case law. For the Grand Chamber of the Supreme Court as a body intended to ensure uniform administration of law by courts, the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine should establish due process of law for reviewing of final court decisions which are adopted during pre-trial investigation and enter into force in the course of the proceedings. To mitigate the risk of non-observance of the principle non bis in idem, the legislator should incorporate into this process a number of restrictions relating not only to the scope of circumstances but also to the scope of requirements to the application for review of a court decision upon discovery of new or exceptional circumstances etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this essay is to analise the different implications of the application of the principle of double jeopardy by administrative authorities with power to impose sanctions and specially the European Commission.The power of the Commission to impose sanctions and injunctions in the field of European Competition Law has given the possibility to the European Court of Justice to pronounce interesting judgements that are analysed in a critical way in this article.