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Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Earth and life sciences are replete with portmanteau (blended) words and neologisms. Researchers at the interfaces between the traditional disciplines within the Earth and life sciences have coined dual titles for 'new' disciplines, such as geobiology/biogeology and ecohydrology/hydroecology. An upsurge in such coinage over the last few decades reflects a healthy willingness of many researchers to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries and to include the human sphere within their domains. However, some of the titles cause confusion because their meanings are not self-evident; rather, they sometimes demand extra research to reveal their meanings, thus rendering science less 'open' at a time when Open Science is being vigorously encouraged. After discussing the question of disciplinary neologisms, the paper probes the interchangeability of 15 dual 'new' discipline titles and concludes that six are more-or-less synonymous, three are nonsynonymous, and six are indeterminate for varying reasons. We question the usefulness of some, but by no means all, disciplinary neologisms, given that their meanings are not immediately apparent. Looking beyond portmanteau titles and other neologisms, the paper discusses the rise of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research, as seen in the concepts of the Critical Zone, multifunctional landscapes, and Earth System Science, the last of which supports a conceptual model of the planet as an interdependent set of spheres from global to local scales that has the advantages of combining the biotic, abiotic, and human spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the neologisms used on selected CNN TV programs during the coronavirus epidemic. Adopting a descriptive method in analyzing the corpus of the study, we collected (286) neologisms. We analyzed them according to the types of word classes, their topics, and the morphological processes involved in forming these neologisms. The study revealed that 88 percent of the neologisms were nouns and the most prevalent morphological processes were compounding, affixation, and blending, respectively. The study also pointed out that 46 percent of the new words were medical neologisms. Findings revealed that the types of word classes and morphological processes abided by English word formation rules. Besides, all neologisms belonged to English open classes of words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Изучение трансформаций словарного состава актуально для языковой ситуации Туниса, где французский язык стал территориальным вариантом из-за влияния колонизации, языковой политики и исторического контекста. Для понимания лексических единиц с культурным компонентом необходима экстралингвистическая информация, в роли которой выступают политические и общественные события. Политические и социальные изменения оказали глубокое влияние на тунисский вариант французского языка. Словарный состав языка постоянно меняется в ответ на меняющиеся социальные нормы и политические события. Кроме того, политические изменения повлияли на статус и использование языка в тунисском обществе. Находясь на пересечении социальных и языковых наук, опираясь на соответствующую литературу и используя сравнительный подход, статья освещает долгую историю языковой и политической конфронтации Туниса с момента обретения им независимости от Франции.

Background. The coronavirus pandemic that reached Lithuania in the early spring of 2020 left its mark on language as well. The emergence of neologisms and new phrases was observed during the first weeks of the quarantine, which was imposed in mid-March 2020. Methods. The authors of the article reveal the manifestations of linguistic creativity observed during the pandemic. The continuously updated Database of Lithuanian Neologisms and various online resources are used to study the words and phrases that are used in Lithuania, both orally and in writing, to describe the coronavirus pandemic, and the worldview and emotional attitude of the Lithuanian people that emerges from the neologisms of the period. The primary focus here lies on Lithuanian neologisms, and compound words and blends in particular. Some cases of individual, often occasional word formation and more popular neologisms from the Database of Lithuanian Neologisms are discussed separately. The main ways of making new formations and the most popular lexemes behind the new formations are presented as well. Linguistic methods used in this article are: 1) descriptive method; 2) semantic analysis; 3) structural analysis; 4) cultural interpretation method and 5) statistical method. Results. Analysis of the Lithuanian neologisms that appeared during the pandemic, a.k.a. coronalogisms, shows that most of them are nouns. In terms of formation, the neologisms are dominated by compounds; as far as the frequency of lexemes is concerned, most of them have the root koron- // coron-. The linguistic creativity of Lithuanian language users during the pandemic was not limited to just coining neologisms: new interpretations of the national history, language, and folklore traditions have appeared, and various elements of the national and world culture were involved in the language games. Visual content has been added to the language games and linguistic creativity as a response of caricaturists, social ad designers, and other creative people to the realities of the pandemic. Conclusions. Analysis of the examples of new formations and other cases of linguistic creativity was employed to demonstrate how unexpected changes in life spark linguistic creativity that combines contemporary experience and cultural tradition of the language community.

The linguistic innovation spurred by the pandemic was remarkable, drawing significant attention in language studies. Although this phenomenon has been studied to some extent in Estonian, the research has primarily been published in Estonian, limiting its accessibility to a broader, non-Estonian-speaking audience. To address this gap, this article identifies the most essential Estonian COVID-19 pandemic-related vocabulary of the public domain 2020–2022. Data was gathered from the Combined Dictionary of Estonian and the Estonian National Corpus 2023, analysis employed mixed methods. A total of 182 lexical items were examined, 91 identified as neologisms, and 22 classified as the ‘core lexicon’. 10 semantic categories were established to delineate the main components of Estonian corona discourse. Keyness scores were calculated to monitor changes in the relevance and shifts in thematic focus. This study illustrates how smaller language communities modify their lexicon in response to global crises, aiming to enhance the comprehension of linguistic resilience and language evolution. Kokkuvõte. Mai Raet: Leksikoloogiline vaade pandeemiale: juhtumiuuring Eesti näitel. Koroonapandeemia tõi kaasa mitmeid uusi sõnu ja väljendeid, mis loodi spetsiaalselt sellega seotud nähtuste nimetamiseks ja kirjeldamiseks. Lisaks sai üldkeeles tavapäraseks kasutada meditsiini ja viroloogia erialakeelde kuuluvaid termineid, mis olid varasemalt laiemale elanikkonnale vähetuntud. Ehkki pandeemiaga seotud sõnavara on maailmas laialdaselt uuritud, puudub eesti keele kohta põhjalikum ülevaade. Seetõttu on siinse töö eesmärk see lünk täita: artiklis identifitseeritakse ja analüüsitakse Eesti koroonadiskursuse kõige iseloomulikumad keelendid aastatel 2020–2022. Andmete kogumiseks kasutati Eesti keele ühendkorpust 2023 ja EKI ühendsõnastikku 2023. Kokku analüüsiti 182 leksikaalset elementi, neist 22 moodustasid eesti koroonaaja tuumsõnavara, 91 kategoriseeriti koroonaneologismidena. Eesti koroonadiskursuse põhikomponentide tuvastamiseks loodi 10 semantilist kategooriat ning vaatlusaluse perioodi jooksul toimunud temaatiliste nihete kaardistamiseks kasutati Sketch Engine’i esilduvusskoori (keyness score). Siinne artikkel annab ühelt poolt sissevaate Eesti koroonakogemusse, teisalt illustreerib, kuidas väiksema kõnelejate arvuga keel suudab globaalsetele muutustele adekvaatselt ja kiiresti reageerida.

This study aims to use a corpus-based analysis to examine loan translation (LT) as an Arabicization technique in Written Standard Arabic (WSA) for information technology (IT) and investigate the factors impacting LT formation. Data were collected from four corpora: four Arabic online newspapers, the Microsoft Language Portal, two user manuals, and the Arabic Corpus of King Abdul-Aziz City for Science and Technology (KACST). Four LT strategies were identified: morphosyntactic pattern alteration, literal translation, loan blending, and metaphorical extension. Literal translation occurred in three degrees: full LTs, partial LTs, and non-LTs, through calquing. Metaphors based on functional similarity played a crucial role in understanding and accepting IT terms in WSA. Paradigmatic variation prevailed in LTs, with synonymous variations more common than nonsynonymous ones, and no syntagmatic variation. The KACST analysis showed significant differences in occurrence frequency among LT variants. LT formation and variation were influenced by linguistic factors such as lexical need, semantic transparency, and lexical borrowing, as well as extralinguistic factors such as nationalism and lack of coordination among Arabic language academies. The study concludes with implications for addressing the absence of coordination between these academies and improving IT-related LT quality between English and WSA.

Advertising is constantly developing as it attempts to keep pace with the ever-changing reality. German producers of cosmetics advertise their brands in German-language online magazines, and these ads often reflect the current changes at the language level. The authors identified and described the current naming methods and patterns in online advertising of German cosmetic brands. The naming strategies followed the rapid global changes and adapted to the constantly emerging new cosmetic products. The most recent nominations proved to be structurally and semantically diverse. Along with the typical German word-formation, they demonstrated some novel methods, which indicated the most recent transformations in the language. The modern German cosmetic advertising is subject to the process of neologization. While each neoplasm adds to the linguistic expressiveness of the language in general, it increases the reader’s involvement in each particular ad. The neologisms were coined in line with German as well as English patterns while some were combinations of them both.

The study is devoted to the topic of Arabic generic derivatives formed from nouns аccording to Masdar models of four-letter bases from names of states, organizations, their abbreviations, which is little represented in the academic literature. The authors set a goal to analyze and generalize the features and methods of secondary root formation in the Arabic on the material of the lexical corpus of derivatives grouped by semantic and word-formation identity. The data source was the texts of modern Arabic-language media. Sixty-six lexemes-neologisms with the general semantics of the process or state and formed according to the Masdar models of the fourletter basis were selected by the continuous sampling method. The selected lexemes were examined in asynchronous aspect and were subjected to lexico-morphological analysis. It was concluded that all the studied neologisms were formed on a morphological basis. The leading method is lexical derivation, which can proceed with the participation of word-forming formants, phonetic expanders, gemination of the root element, and without suffixation. All lexical derivatives were formed along the traditional path known and described by historians of the Arabic. The process examined in the article turned out to be analogous to the hypothesis of the formation of three-letter bases based on two root consonants accepted in Arabic studies. This allowed the authors suggest that new fourletter bases appear from existing three-letter roots, which over time can potentially become the base of four-letter roots, which will lead to the expansion of Arabic roots and the formation of new word-formation nests.

This paper analyzes the core vocabulary of English computer lexis, examining the criteria for identifying central terms and describing their structure and characteristics. The core units represent the most relevant concepts in computer terminology, characterized by high frequency, ambiguity, stylistic neutrality and significant word-formation potential. The study distinguishes “first-level core units” like “user”, “computer” and “internet” that denote the most important notions; “second-level core units” like “smart” and “digital” that originated as synonyms but became independent; and “core elements” like cyber, tele and e- that started as abbreviations. Core units generate numerous morphological and syntactic innovations, often expanding or narrowing in meaning. The core lexeme “electronic” is especially productive, forming phrases representing computer trends and systems. Core elements undergo lexicalization into independent prefixes and word-forming components. While artificial intelligence is currently popular, related linguistic innovation remains limited. The core vocabulary has a complex structure with central concepts spawning many new terms through derivation and compounding. The paper examines the phenomena of synonymous attraction, functional homonymy in core elements, and the dualistic nature of computer lexis development. It provides a systematic analysis of the core English computer terminology and its word-formation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radical social, political, and economic changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic are clearly reflected in language use through the appearance of numerous neologisms, most of which can be considered borrowings from English. In this article, we take a contrastive linguistic approach and focus on the emergence of new lexemes in the press language of four Romance languages (European Spanish, Brazilian Portuguese, Italian and European French) with a special focus on language contact. Since no press corpora were available with specific data on the COVID-19 pandemic, we created our own corpora for the entire year 2020 using Python in order to compare how lexical innovation is dealt with in the four languages. Our results show that conceptual innovation, especially when it occurs abruptly, can lead to equivalent, often phonotactically adapted neologisms in the case of neighbouring languages. However, the integration of foreign words and the formation of neologisms also show language-specific peculiarities which are not only related to structural characteristics of the respective languages, but also to sociolinguistic and sociocultural factors. Our study elaborates on the relationship between these factors and shows the potential of contrastive and computational approaches for the study of lexical repercussions of language contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2019 to 2023, a large number of neologisms related to the COVID-19 pandemic appeared in Chinese society, which has become a major linguistic phenomenon. Studying these neologisms can help to create new neologisms and use them more scientifically and rationally in times of major emergencies, avoid ambiguity and increase social influence and recognition. The authors identified 316 neologisms from the content published on Chinese government websites and media and networks that were collected as the research texts. First, we clarify the ways that neologisms are created and the neologism types from the perspective of lexicology. Leech's Seven Types of Meaning was used to analyse the basic composition of these neologisms. Combining this with the lexical pragmatics theory of the seven attributes of Lexicon proposed by Hou from a dynamic and three-dimensional perspective, the semantic situation of the neologisms in the context of the pandemic was analysed. The results show that most of the anti-pandemic neologisms conform to the seven types of meanings and seven attributes. A part of the neologisms has the deficiencies of unscientific word formation, discriminatory semantics, and infantilisation. In addition, there are two significant discoveries, the first of which is the four-level distribution of neologisms: cyber language, general spoken language, general written language, and elegant language. Secondly, it was found that there are two kinds of relationships between the parody words and the original words: lexical superposition and lexical distancing. Summarising and analysing these neologisms in the post-pandemic era has theoretical and practical value for contemporary language application and can provide linguistic insight into how agencies can respond to emergencies in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poet Robert Priest presents a selection of what he calls 'meme-splices', or micro poems, which he composes through free association originating in brief phrases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores a dataset of Covid-related terms drawn from the Coronavirus Corpus (2020) in order to examine the impact of the crisis on language development in terms of novel words employed in popularisation discourse, namely online newspapers and magazines. The primary goals of the study are (1) to establish the stability, recognition and reusability of Covid-19 novel words (i.e. whether they are proper neologisms or nonce words), and (2) to investigate their main functions and effects. Results from a discourse-based analysis show that, on the one hand, new compounds (e.g. Covid-free) and regularly derived words (e.g. post-Covid) are used to disseminate information about the Covid-19 crisis to laymen and non-specialists. On the other hand, novel blends and similar creative words (e.g. coronapocalypse from ‘coronavirus’ and ‘apocalypse’) often have the function of breaking the tensions created by a difficult, even catastrophic scenario, but may also be used in the context of hate speech, to criticise or attack others, such as people ignoring stay-at-home orders and public health measures.

A community is known by the language it keeps (Algeo 1991: 1). Abstract: The extraordinary COVID-19 pandemic took the world by surprise. Changes brought about by the pandemic were momentous and radical, resulting in an influx of medical terminology into the everyday vernacular. The medicalization of the language led to the emergence of pandemic-themed neologisms, with the employment of different morphological processes. The accessibility of the subject of neologisms, their collection and categorisation were facilitated through the means of the internet. The internet enabled interactivity between its users and swift dissemination of neologisms. The aim of this paper is to establish what new lexical units were created during the COVID-19 pandemic and determine whether they predominantly belong to the category of compounds as the most productive of all morphological processes, according to Plag (2002: 64). The corpus consists of tweets containing COVID-19 inspired neologisms collected from the social network formerly known as Twitter, now X. The analysis of the corpus has shown that the most productive of all morphological processes was compounding, followed by derivation, blending, analogy, conversion, clipping and abbreviation.

This paper examines recent lexical expansion in New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) in the context of change in the status of the language and ongoing contact with other (spoken and signed) languages. We categorised 917 new signs documented in the past five years according to their source, semantic field, and sign formation mechanism(s), both language-internal and language-external (contact induced). Lexical expansion in NZSL uses known sign formation mechanisms with a high proportion of (iconic) depicting constructions but also a large number of contact-induced signs including loans, calques and bimodal loan-shifts. Differences were found between planned (curriculum-related) terminology and community generated neologisms both in semantic field and prevalence of sign formation mechanisms. Variation in neologisms and non-lexical paraphrases were common, suggesting that while the semiotic repertoires of signers are diversifying, acceptance and standardisation of neologisms are uncertain. Our findings indicate that lexical expansion reflects new contexts of NZSL use (including pressure to disseminate information through interpreting and translation, and use in education) and interaction with the culture of wider society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relational adjectives in Spanish constitute a subset of adjectives distinct from qualifying adjectives in both their syntax and semantics. A key difference between relational and qualifying adjectives is that the former can only be created by means of suffixation. From an onomasiological approach, suffixes forming relational adjectives are all conceptually similar, given that they perform the same function. These suffixes create a rivalry between schemes because they compete in the categorization of a lexeme. The choice of a given suffix is dictated by structural and contextual factors. This paper aims to describe the structural factors involved in the use of the -al, -ario, -ero, -esco, -´ico, -il, -ivo, and -torio suffixes, and give an account of their productivity in Mexican Spanish, using data from the Morfolex corpus. The results show that the main suffix forming relational adjectives is -ero, but it is used more in colloquial contexts, so that the diaphasic factor is key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore and analyze neologisms in English, German, French, Spanish and Polish that arise in the context of technological advancements, especially in the field of emerging sexual technologies; and to check their codification in dictionaries. Moroever, the research aims to verify whether students know the terms “digisexuality”, “technosexuality” and “robosexuality”and understand the differences between them. Design/methodology/approach: This article comprises two main sections: the first section conducts a linguistic analysis of three neologisms related to sex robotics in multiple languages to explore their structure, spelling variations, and codification. The second section presents the results of a survey conducted among 134 students aged 20-24, aiming to assess their awareness and opinions on emerging sexual technologies and their ability to distinguish between similar terms. Findings: The article examines three blend neologisms, digisexuality, technosexuality, and robosexuality, in five languages, formed by combining prefixes with "sexuality". While these terms lack codification in dictionaries, their adjective forms are defined in English due to frequent usage. The survey of 134 students aged 20-24 revealed their unfamiliarity with these concepts and difficulty in distinguishing them, along with gender-related disparities in comfort levels when discussing sex robots. Practical implications: These findings emphasize the need for educational initiatives and awareness campaigns to familiarize individuals, particularly young adults, with these evolving concepts. Social implications: The evolving nature of these neologisms and their potential impact on human experiences and relationships highlight the need for continued research in the fields of communication, technology, and human sexuality. Originality/value: The terms “digisexuality”, “technosexuality” and “robosexuality” were not analysed and compared in five languages including their codification. Moreover, the study depicts the students’ awareness and understanding of those concepts and differences between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse the new form of pseudo-language that has been proliferated due to the burgeoning use of Instagram. The scope of this paper is limited to neologisms of culinary domain or the nascent language of food traditions. The study is descriptive qualitative. Data comprises of 20 culinary neologisms taken from Instagram pages. The theoretical framework of the study is based upon An Onomasiological Theory of Word-Formation in English by Pavol Štekauer (1998). A detailed morphological and pragmatic analysis of selected items is done by keeping in view the postulates of onomasiology. The findings of the study affirm that fluidity is in the nature of language. Moreover, speech communities create new terms to satisfy their conversational needs. The study is significant in a way that it can contribute new coinages to English lexicon. Studying about neology enhances mastery over vocabulary. Furthermore, linguistic ingenuity is a vital skill that needs to be mastered by advertisers and marketers to augment the interest of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid scientific and technological progress has enriched the lexical stores of languages. The aim of the present study is to present some changes that occur in the Bulgarian lexicon caused by the scientific or technological achievements. One of the tendencies characteristic of contemporary Bulgarian is the abundance of neologisms, more specifically, neologisms borrowed from English or created due to the impact of the English language. The assimilation of loans differs from language to language. The richer and more varied the word-forming potential of a language, the stronger the assimilation processes. A good example of this are the newly borrowed words in modern Bulgarian adopted from English. Conversion is a way of word-formation widely used in coining neologisms, in which they shift from one part of speech into another, most frequently a borrowed noun turns into a verb as in лайк (noun) ‘like’ – лайквам (verb) ‘like’. This process involves not only grammatical but also semantic change. For the purpose of assimilation of the loans, the language applies other means of word-formation like affixation and compounding. Some neologisms obtained from English give rise to whole word families, e.g., from the abbreviation PR were formed пиараджийски, пиарменски, пиарменство, пиаролог, пиарология, пиарщина, пиаря/пиаря се, etc. We use several methods for the research, namely, the descriptive method, the method of analytical comparison and the method of immediate constituents. The article analyses neologisms of the modern Bulgarian language according to the way of coinage and semantic characteristics. New words are discussed which have arisen during the last ten years. Due to the research we clarify that in the newest tendencies of modern Bulgarian the influence of neologisms is clearly revealed. The study is based on two corpora compiled from online and printed dictionaries. The English corpus contains 370 new words, while the Bulgarian corpus comprises 320 new words. The greatest share among the investigated neologisms is taken by nouns that denote entities and phenomena important for the present-day society. Word building patterns with one or two English constituents are frequent and certain neologisms are borrowed from English without any changes. In terms of frequency, the next most frequent are adjectives, and verbs are the ones that occur least frequently. In the course of time, the newly-coined words either become part of the lexical stock of the language and stop being considered as neologism or are no longer used and gradually forgotten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Настоящая статья посвящена изучению неологизмов, появившихся во французском языке в период пандемии Covid-19. Период пандемии запомнится активным словотворчеством, появлением неологизмов и многочисленных заимствований. Цель настоящей статьи заключается в анализе структурно-семантических особенностей неологизмов, появившихся в результате распространения коронавирусной инфекции. Авторами проанализировано свыше ста неологизмов, появившихся в результате распространения коронавирусной инфекции Covid-19 и пандемии. Авторами исследования определены основные способы образования неологизмов периода пандемии и определены сферы употребления данных неологизмов, которые включают в себя не только профессиональную медицинскую сферу, но и иные профессиональные сферы. Не менее значимыми по частоте употребления являются неологизмы, возникшие как реакция общества на пандемию.

The article examines the phenomenon of globalization and its impact on the language policy of Spain. The processes of neologization underlying the Spanish language policy are analyzed. It is shown how, in the conditions of the dominant role of the English language, the national languages of Spain resist external pressure in the form of Anglicisms. Purpose. The purpose of the study is a theoretical and practical study of the influence of factors of linguistic globalization on the official languages of Spain. Materials and methods. The texts of modern periodicals of Spain (El País, El Mundo, El ABC, LA Vanguardia) and the data of the explanatory dictionary of the Spanish Academy (Diccionario Real Academia Española) served as practical material for the study. To achieve the purpose of the study, the following methods were applied: analysis of scientific literature, continuous sampling method, method dictionary definitions, descriptive method. Results. As a result of the study, it was revealed that Spanish national languages, influenced by the factors of linguistic globalization and the English language dominating in the international arena, are changing the familiar picture of the world in all spheres of life of modern Spanish society. The analysis of the data obtained showed that the Spanish language policy is not effective enough in the context of the current processes of linguistic globalization. Despite the active resistance to foreign-language borrowings and neologisms of foreign origin, Spanish language policy institutes do not have time to develop appropriate traditional equivalents. Practical implications. The results of the study can be used in lecture courses on lexicology, lexicography, and linguistics, as well as in practical classes on the lexicology of the Spanish language.

The process of redistribution between the active and passive vocabulary of modern Yakut language is being examined. The reasons for the archaization of vocabulary are identified, outdated words are classified by type and lexical-semantic groups, and a layer of lexical innovations is also identified. The material for the study consisted of lexical units from literary works, periodicals, and Yakut language dictionaries. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive examination and classification of layers of outdated vocabulary, neologisms, and de-archaized Yakut language vocabulary. The distribution of Yakut language archaisms into 14 lexical-semantic groups has been carried out. It has been proven that neologisms arise in the Yakut language through changes in the meaning of existing words, through the infusion of other language stocks, and through the activation of derivation processes based on their own means. It has been revealed that the process of de-archaization in the Yakut language is associated with the revival of traditional foundations of material and spiritual culture of the Yakuts. The results of the study confirm the systemic nature of changes in the lexical composition of the language, as well as their interrelation between phenomena of archaization, de-archaization, and neologization.

This article examines the concept of “newspeak,” created by J. Orwell in his novel “1984,” which functions as one of the means of manipulating the political consciousness of people. The article focuses on the linguistic manifestation of newspeak in the speech behavior of modern German politicians. It reveals two main functions of newspeak in the speech of modern German politicians: confusion and reinterpretation of established concepts. The article explores the corpus of lexical means of German political newspeak, which are realized in the form of framing, empty phrases, paradoxical word constructions, borrowings, neologisms, clericalisms, lexemes with ambiguous meaning, and words with multiple meanings. Among the grammatical means peculiar to newspeak in German political discourse, the article describes the inclusive pronoun “wir,” passive voice, and the conjunctive irrealis in combination with the adverbial modifier of manner. The pragmatic means of realizing newspeak in German political discourse include the imposition of presuppositions, weak efforts to fulfill the intentions, and hyperbolization. The conclusion is drawn that, unlike in totalitarian societies, politicians in democratic countries use newspeak to compensate for the failures of their party, which turns out to be unable to fully implement its declared intentions, mainly through linguistic manipulations.

Among the many ways in which Shakespeare has been considered a ‘father’ of English culture, the idea that he contributed a vast number of neologisms and idiomatic expressions to the language is one of the hardest to debunk. Challenged by a number of specialists in recent years, this notion is still alive and well in the digital age, appearing time and time again online and in some important scholarly sources. The aim of this review article is to discuss the specific cultural purposes which the idea seems to serve, such as lending authority to narrative accounts of the development of English as a language.

This paper deals with theoretical and, especially, practical aspects of exploring the English vocabulary, including neologisms, with the aid of resources made available by AI chatbots, viewed and used as multitalented superdictionaries. The exposition is divided into four parts, thus: Section 1 offers some general, scene-setting remarks; Section 2 brings a discussion of the whys, whats and hows of exploring properties of, and relations between, individual English words by exploiting AI chatbots; Section 3 brings a discussion of the theory and practice of exploring English neologisms by exploiting AI chatbots; and Section 4 provides an overview of the applied aspects of other important areas of exploration of the English vocabulary, including neologisms, with AI chatbots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses the political reasons behind the introduction of neologisms and new toponyms by the two most powerful Albanian rulers during the twentieth centuries, Ahmet Zogu and Enver Hoxha. The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach which combines linguistic, political and historical analysis, with selected reference to anthropological and folkloristic research. The analysis is based on a thorough review of scientific literature and official documents and periodic publications related to new toponyms and new words in the twentieth century. Zogu imposed his will for the use of new words and toponyms in all official correspondence and publications. By the end of his rule, he requested the change of more than 50% of toponyms. Hoxha followed suit after Zogu, however, most of the neologisms introduced by them with a topdown approach did not survive their rule. The toponyms introduced by Zogu were rescinded after he fled Albania, whereas the toponyms introduced by Enver Hoxha are still officially in use, but common people use most of the old toponyms in their daily parlance. Language is almost like a living thing, that grows and changes organically by the interactions of millions of cells – the people that speak and write it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neological processes in the lexico-semantic subsystem of collective “labels” reflect the changing social reality and the patterns of its language development. The results of the analysis of new socionyms of the German language, functioning in modern Internet communication is presented in the article. Derivative, semantic-motivational, syntagmatic, functional signs of socionyms-neologisms belonging to the semantic groups POOR - RICH, LOCAL - ALIEN are characterized. It is shown that the material and territorial parameters at the present stage of development of the German society are significant grounds for the segregation of social space. The conclusion is made about the uneven neologization of the considered semantic areas. It has been established that the actualization of collective names in the German-speaking Internet communication is realized mainly on the basis of the language’s own resources, through the usual and non-usual word formation. Compounding and suffixing are referred to the frequency usual ways of word formation; non-usual - lexicalization of abbreviations, juxtaposition, substitution. New socionyms demonstrate a predominantly limited functional potential, they are used most often for a generalized designation of a subject or a social group. The ability of new socio-nyms to function in contexts with different tonality is characterized. The signs associated with the designated social groups, which are regularly verbalized in the contexts of the use of the studied socionyms-neologisms, are singled out.

The description of the facts of the lexical dynamics of the coronavirus period focuses on identifying similarities and differences in the linguistic practice of neologization of Greek and Russian languages. The features of the incorporation of loanwords and the subsequent adaptation of new lexical items in the modern socio-cultural context of these languages are considered through the prism of the impact of global processes. The research is conducted at the lexical-semantic, word-formation, and partially morphological levels. The material of the research was taken from lexicographic sources of modern Greek and Russian languages. The comparative analysis revealed processes common to both languages, such as vocabulary replenishment by borrowing from the same source donor language, and processes specific to each language, such as reborrowing in Greek in a different form or with a different meaning. Based on this analysis, we can conclude that most of the neologisms in these languages come from English, the donor language of the coronavirus lexicon in other languages. At the same time, despite certain similarities in the processes of penetration of new elements into Greek and Russian, the further assimilation of lexical units in each language has an individual character and features that often activate their own mechanisms of neologization.

The article tackles the shaping of the relationship between nature and civilisation in the poetry of Štefan Moravčík (b. 1943). It focuses on urban and natural (particularly animal) motifs in the poet’s collections from the 1980s – Moravčík’s second creative period. The article notes the qualities that have characterised Moravčík’s poetry since his collections Erosnička ([Treerotic frog] 1981) and Tichá domácnosť ([Silent household] 1981) in terms of the conception of man and the world as outlined in Moravčík’s first collections of poetry from the 1960s. The reasons why Moravčík’s vitalism was problematized are linked to the opening of his poetry to the urban life: the nature of the relationship between nature and the city is an antagonistic one in his poetry. The analysis of the poem “Holutkan a potkábica [Pigeorat and she-ratgeon]” from the collection of poems Idiotikon ([Idioticon] 1989) focuses on the role animal motifs play in the shaping of the poem’s genre, the unfolding of its meaning, and also looks at what functions neologisms perform in the text. The article reflects on the poem’s parodic relationship to the fable and myth, notes the link between the poem’s ecological theme and its civic-protest focus with an existential undertone.

В статье анализируются английские неологизмы периода пандемии коронавирусной инфекции Covid-19 (2020-2021г.г.) (на примере лексики онлайн-словаря Urban Dictionary). Цель исследования – определить и выявить наиболее продуктивные словообразовательные модели «коронавирусных» неологизмов. Научная новизна работы определяется критериями отбора неолексем: были изучены и проанализированы сложные слова с первым компонентом “corona-”, а также слова с основой “corona”. В результате проведенного исследования выделены следующие модели словообразования, отличающиеся высокой производностью: безаффиксная (словосложение), аффиксальная; смешанная (контаминация) и контракционная (аббревиация). В работе также представлены факторы и условия, повлиявшие на интенсивное развитие новой окказиональной лексики в английском языке.

How do new words arise in a sign language? We present an empirical study of newly formed words in Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT). Five signers were asked to create new forms for known concepts for which word forms exist in NGT. Participants used sequential strategies for word formation, also found in spoken languages. More frequently, however, they used simultaneous strategies, some of which are unique for the visual-manual modality. We describe and discuss each strategy and focus on the most prominent of these, namely the simultaneous combination of meaningful form elements (Form-Meaning Units or FMUs). The abundance of simultaneous combinations of FMUs in our data cannot be explained in terms of concatenative morphology. We propose an account for word formation phenomena in NGT that uses the phonological segment as the template for simultaneous combinations of FMUs. This study shows that the FMUs function as basic building blocks for words and accordingly can be considered morphemes. Given the large set of FMUs in NGT and their frequent occurrence in the newly formed lexical words in our data, we argue for the acknowledgement of more morphological complexity within the lexicon of sign languages and for a re-evaluation of the relation between sign language phonology, morphology, and syntax. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Diyalog Interkulturelle Zeitschrift für Germanistik is the property of Diyalog Interkulturelle Zeitschrift fur Germanistik and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abbreviations form a large part of current social media communication, where messages are conditioned by time and space, allowing for fast communication in a limited space. Many abbreviations do not have an impact on language data, since they are just an alternative form of their corresponding non-abbreviated expression. However, they are a productive source of neologisms. This article presents an analysis of the trendy abbreviations used in social media by Portuguese youth and the associated neology phenomena. The lexicographic treatment of these abbreviations in the context of planning a dictionary designed to help people cope with these new trends is discussed, with a particular emphasis on neologisms. In considering the target audience and the main focus of users' needs and profiles in modern lexicography, the decisions presented cover general options for data selection, and for the definition and design of the microstructure and macrostructure of the dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks into lexicographic adaptation to media change. Instant messengers in Korea function as the most popular communication medium. According to the latest survey by Gallup Korea, instant messengers are used by 92% of the population overall. It means that the instant messenger corpus provides an ideal resource for accessing the language of the masses from a corpus linguistic point of view. In this contribution, we analyze an instant messenger corpus of 1.4 million words, and look into the prevalent unregistered words in the corpus to propose a microstructural model for them. Section 2 introduces the normalized parallel corpus of Messenger used in this study, and discusses the extraction methodology for unregistered words. We discuss the operational definition of unregistered words for dictionary inclusion and their extraction process. Section 3 examines the prevalence of unregistered words in the defined Messenger corpus and categorizes them based on the characteristics of messenger language. These characteristics encompass deviations from the pre-existing writing system, deviations from linguistic norms, deviations from socio-ethical criteria, incidental omissions, and non-verbal expressions. Section 4 proposes an optimal lexicographical structure incorporating unregistered words and their characteristics identified in the previous sections. Additionally, we discuss the extension and modification of microstructures in existing dictionaries, which could be made to effectively represent this new medium's language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“False friends” or bilingual homophones/homographs are words existing in two or more languages, sounding alike but differing significantly in meaning. They present a language learning challenge due to the inevitable confusion resulting from word migrations and similarities in sound and meaning. Coined in 1928, the term continues to fuel linguistic research, addressing comprehension confusions in the process of language acquisition. The reciprocal influences of languages, especially through neological borrowings, lead to divergent meanings in the target language. Inexperienced users may misuse these words due to homonymy. In economics, initially influenced by French borrowings, there is a substantial influx of terms from British or American English, driven by the need for precise terminology for new extralinguistic realities. This paper, drawing from teaching practice, provides brief examples and suggests strategies to navigate confusions related to translating „false friends,” emphasizing specific learning techniques and the use of online bilingual dictionaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]