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RESUMEN Las infecciones de las vías urinarias son a veces consideradas de poco interés médico, fácil de diagnosticar y tratar. Sin embargo, las mismas representan ingentes gastos para la Salud Pública, debido a su alta frecuencia, por los estudios de laboratorio necesarios para el adecuado manejo y de imágenes que son solicitados. Por otra parte los antibióticos utilizados en general, y en particular para los gérmenes que presentan resistencia a los mismos. En el presente artículo de revisión se exponen informaciones respecto a datos estadísticos de la frecuencia de las principales infecciones de vías urinarias en ambos sexos, el costo que representan los mismos, tasas de mortalidad, tasas de recurrencia y algunas perspectivas desde el punto de vista de la Salud Pública general y el de nuestro país en particular. ABSTRACT Urinary tract infections are sometimes considered of little medical interest, easy to diagnose and treat. However, they represent huge expenses for public health, due to their frequency, laboratory studies and images that are also requested by the antibiotics used in general and in particular for the germs that are resistant to them. In this review article we present information regarding statistical data on the frequency of the main urinary tract infections in both sexes, their cost, mortality rates, recurrence rates and some perspectives from the point of view of general Public Health and that of our country in particular.

V diplomski nalogi obravnavamo nasilje nad ženskami kot posledico nasilja v družini oziroma v partnerskem odnosu. Bistvo naloge je raziskati razkorak med obstoječo zakonodajo in prakso ter ugotoviti, kako je ženska kot žrtev zaščitena. Porajajo se nam vprašanja: ali je zakonodaja zasnovana tako, da nas lahko popolnoma zaščiti pred povzročitelji nasilja, ali je ustvarjena za beneficijo žrtve in ali obstajajo napake v postopkih, zaradi katerih lahko žrtev konča tragično. Obstaja veliko število aktov, katerih namen je zaščititi ženske pred nasiljem. V nalogi smo utemeljili najobsežnejši obstoječi mednarodni akt, ki določa oz. nalaga državam pogodbenicam obveznosti za preprečevanje nasilja nad ženskami, Istanbulsko konvencijo. Ta dokument si med drugim prizadeva spremeniti tako razmišljanje moških kot tudi žensk, ki še niso presegli močno zakoreninjenega prepričanja o neenakovrednem položaju spolov v družbi. Konvencija označuje nasilje nad ženskami kot kršitev človekovih pravic in predstavlja nov mejnik evropskih in zato tudi slovenskih standardov na področju nasilja nad ženskami. Da bi potrdili naše teoretične ugotovitve, smo v praktičnem delu naloge intervjuvala subjekta, ki sta neposredno povezana z nasiljem nad ženskami. Tako smo intervjuja opravili z žrtvijo nasilja, ki ima izkušnje tako s samim dejanjem nasilja kot tudi s celotnim pravnim postopkom, ki mu je sledil, ter z regijsko koordinatorko za obravnavo nasilja na centru za socialno delo. Zanimalo nas je, ali je medinstitucionalni pristop državnih organov in nevladnih institucij ključen za zmanjšanje nasilja, ali sodelovanje med organi deluje v praksi, ali je zakonodaja na področju nasilja nad ženskami v Sloveniji tako dorečena, da zagotavlja uspešno in urgentno reševanje postopkov, in ali je ženska kot žrtev nasilja v predkazenskem in kazenskem postopku popolnoma varna pred povzročiteljem. Vsak od sodelujočih ima v postopku ključno vlogo pri izidu in nenazadnje varnosti žrtve nasilja, pa naj bo to sama žrtev, policist, delavka centra za socialno delo, tožilec ali sodnik, saj ima lahko vsaka napaka, do katere pride v postopku, za žrtev tragične poledice. In this bachelor thesis we're going to discuss violence against women as a consequence of violence in a family or in a relationship. The main goal of this thesis is to research the gap between existing legislation and practice. We aim to answer questions such as: is the legislation created in a way that completely protects us from the perpetrators of violence is it created in a way that benefits the weaker side-the victim and are there errors in the system which can lead to a tragical end of the victims. There is a considerable number of acts and laws, which are created with the intention of protecting women from violence. In this thesis we discussed- to this day- the most sizable international act, which determines or imposes obligations on state parties, to prevent violence against women. That act is called the Istanbul Convention. One of the main aims of this act is to change the mindset of men and also women, who have a strongly rooted opinion on the unequal position of genders in society. This convention denotes violence against women as a violation of human rights and represents a new milestone of European and- consequently- Slovenian standards in this area. With the intention of confirming our theoretical conclusions, we dedicated the second part of the thesis to the practical findings. To get a realistic picture of the legal system and its effectiveness, we conducted interviews with the subjects who are an active part of the system. Therefore, we conducted interviews with: the victim of violence, who has experience with the workings of the legal system the police officer, who works in the field of domestic violence and abuse and the regional coordinator for dealing with violence at the center for social work. We wanted to know whether the interinstitutional approach of state authorities and non-governmental institutions is important for reducing violence and we wanted to clarify whether the cooperation between authorities actually works in practice. We also wanted to explore the efficiency of Slovenian legislation in the field of violence against woman: how successfully and urgently can they solve the procedures. The last thing we wanted to find out is if the victim is completely safe from the perpetrator during the pre-trial and criminal proceedings. Each subject in the system has a crucial role in the turn-out of the legal proceedings and consequently also the safety of the victim of violence. That is why it is important for everyone involved to avoid making mistakes in the procedures, since the alternative could result in a tragic end for the victim.

The structure of the Gabonese economy in 2014 reveals a strong dominance of services which account for 57.8 percent of real gross domestic product (GDP), followed by oil industry (20.6 per cent), other industries (15.4 per cent), and agriculture (6.3 per cent). Following lower oil revenues, from reduced prices and production, and lower non-oil revenue, the government reduced public expenditure from 26.7 percent of GDP in 2013 to 23.6 percent in 2014. Despite this, both government wages and salaries and goods and salaries increased leaving public investment to bear much of the brunt of the expenditure cuts resulting in only half of planned public investment being realized. In response to declining oil prices, the government adjusted the initial 2015 budget and revised the revenue assumptions. To cope with the financing gap, the government successfully issued a Eurobond of United States (U.S.) 500 million dollars in June 2015 with a maturity of ten years at a rate of 6.95 percent. Gabon has stated its intention to introduce a modern social protection system, however it has not yet reached the objectives set by the government. It still faces five major challenges to be addressed: (i) a lack of data; (ii) coordination of the system; (iii) ensuring fiscal sustainability; (iv) effective targeting of beneficiaries; and (v) building lesson-learning into policy. To meet these challenges the authors recommend focusing on the following: (a) deepen the analysis of poverty and vulnerability; (b) conduct an institutional audit; (c) formulate a deployment plan; and (d) simulate roll-out options.

In mid-2014, the Government of Ukraine (GoU) requested technical assistance and financial support from the inter¬national community to assess and plan priority recovery and peacebuilding efforts in the conflict-affected regions of eastern Ukraine. Following these requests, and within the framework of the 2008 Joint Declaration on Post-Crisis Assessments and Recovery Planning, the EU, UN, and WBG agreed to support the government in undertaking a Recovery and Peacebuilding Assessment (RPA). This assessment follows the Post-Conflict Needs Assessment (PCNA) methodology. In view of the continuing conflict in eastern Ukraine, it was decided to undertake an initial rapid assess¬ment as a first phase of activity, which would provide an analytical and programmatic baseline for recovery efforts to inform urgent interventions and provide a basis for scaling up recovery plan¬ning and responses as the situation and needs evolve on the ground. This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of the first phase of the RPA, which was undertaken in the period November 2014 to February 2015. In light of the dynamic and fluid nature of the situation in eastern Ukraine, these findings should be considered as a snapshot in time. In particular, the assessment of infrastructure damage is limited to the damage that occurred on or before November 2014. Furthermore, the number of registered internally displaced persons (IDPs), utilized as a reference to estimate the needs of this affected population, corresponds to the official government estimates as of February 2015.

At the end of 2013, there were about 3.3 million people who remained forcibly displaced within the Great Lakes Region (GLR) of Africa. Of these, 82 percent were internally displaced persons (IDPs) and 18 percent refugees; 64 percent were under 18 years old. This Report analyzes the extent, causes, and character of this forced displacement, with particular attention to certain situations.

In the last decades, NGOs have become an important participant in the work of political organizations (e.g., national authorities, the EU or the UN). This development brings many opportunities and also some challenges, including discourse failure which is one of the topics discussed in this paper. We present a case study that illustrates the interdependence of discourse failure and regulations failure. We conclude that discourse failure is frequently not merely an accidental by-product, but rather, a non-intended consequence of deliberate NGOs’ campaigns. We make particular note of probable discourse failure when campaigns attempt to deal with complex issues in an environment rife with wide-spread prejudices and where the NGO’s work is transparent. In this situation, regulation failure may be consequent upon discourse failure. We present collectively binding commitments for NGOs and binding services enforced by political organizations to prevent discourse failure. In conclusion, we argue that the field of political economy can benefit from this challenging environment if it systematically researches the interdependencies between discourses and regulations. In den letzten Jahrzehnten kamen NGOs als wichtige Akteure im politischen Regelsetzungsprozess hinzu (z. B. in der EU, der UN und auch auf den nationalen Ebenen). Aus dieser Entwicklung ergeben sich für die Zivilgesellschaft vielfältige Chancen, allerdings auch einige Herausforderungen. Zu den Herausforderungen zählt unter anderem Diskursversagen, woraus häufig Regulierungsversagen resultiert. Der Beitrag präsentiert eine Fallstudie, die das Zusammenspiel aus Diskurs- und Regulierungsversagen aufzeigt. Das Beispiel illustriert, dass Diskursversagen nicht nur ein zufälliger Nebeneffekt von öffentlichen Diskursen ist, sondern eine nicht-intendierte Folge zielgerichteter Kampagnen von NGOs sein kann. Insbesondere Kampagnen, die sich mit komplexen Themen auseinandersetzen, über die es in der Öffentlichkeit weitverbreitete Vorurteile gibt, neigen zu Diskursversagen. Durch transparente Kampagnen seitens der NGOs wird dies sogar begünstigt. Zur Überwindung dieser Defizite stellt der Beitrag verschiedene Bindungsmechanismen für NGOs und Bindungsservices durch Behörden und Politik vor. Abschließend zeigt der Beitrag auf, dass die Politische Ökonomik davon profitieren kann, wenn sie systematisch das Zusammenspiel zwischen Diskurs und Regulierung erforscht.

In 2009 the Gabonese authorities defined a new vision whose strategic guidelines are detailed in an operational plan, the strategic plan for an emerging Gabon (PSGE) whose goal is to turn Gabon into an emerging country within one generation. PSGE includes an ambitious public investment program to develop basic infrastructure and to create the necessary economic environment for the emergence of a diversified economy. The major challenge for PSGE, and how it can be different from previous development plans, will be to become a growth model that is both sustainable and inclusive, leading to a significant improvement in the revenue and living conditions of all Gabonese people. This report is a contribution to the debate on how to achieve this goal. It was developed as part of the implementation of a new World Bank intervention strategy in Gabon wherein competitiveness and employment is the first pillar. It identifies the main obstacles to the low impact of economic growth on employment in Gabon and makes recommendations that will foster dialogue between the World Bank and the Gabonese authorities on the subject. The report is divided into three parts: (i) an analysis of Gabons economic performance since the independence and its effect on employment, (ii) an analysis of the main characteristics of the labor market, and (iii) a review of the main obstacles to job creation. The conclusion recommends some options for reforming the labor market as well as the legal and institutional framework for employment promotion in Gabon.

This section describes the priority nutrition interventions and cross-cutting approaches that are essential to promote and protect the nutritional status of mothers and children as well as a country's human capital in the short-, medium-, and long-terms. The main thrust of the guidance is that: (1) policies give special attention to the critical 'window of opportunity' represented by the first 1,000 days of life; (2) policies are aligned with the latest international recommendations in nutrition; (3) policies and interventions of key sectors are coordinated to provide synergy of action; and (4) resources allocated for disaster prevention and emergency management are invested in the most cost-effective way. Monitoring is a continuous process of collecting and analyzing information to better understand how well a program is operating against expected outputs and to allow remedial intervention to correct failures. Situation monitoring measures the change or lack of change, in a condition or a set of conditions and includes monitoring of the wider context. Performance monitoring, on the other hand, measures progress in achieving specific results in relation to an implementation plan. Evaluation is a systematic and objective assessment that attempts to determine the worth or significance of an intervention, strategy, or policy. It is used to appraise the effectiveness of an intervention to determine if it meets its goals, to estimate its results or impact, and to identify its costs vs. its benefits. Promote optimal breastfeeding practices. Provide all pregnant women with daily iron-folic acid supplements for at least six months. Provide deforming treatment to pregnant women, preschool-aged children, and school-aged children in areas where hookworms or soil-transmitted helminthes are prevalent. Establish strong links between agricultural, food security, social protection and nutrition policies that can be used to inform a robust communication program regarding maternal diet and critical infant and young child feeding practices. Support diversified agricultural production to increase availability of nutrient-dense foods, particularly those of animal sources.

The plan nacer program was designed by the Argentine ministry of health to provide health coverage to uninsured women during their pregnancies and for an additional 45 days after giving birth, as well as to children under the age of six. In doing so, it focuses on the most vulnerable populations, addressing a basic inequity in health care. In addition, the program includes three main distinctive features: an explicit menu of health benefits, disbursements linked to achieving agreed-upon targets of enrollment and health results, and audits conducted by an independent external firm to corroborate service delivery and quality. The plan is an innovative way to strengthen health systems. Rather than simply funding more facilities and inputs or adjusting existing insurance mechanisms neither of which have been successful in dealing with the health problems of the poor, the Argentine ministry of health realized that improvements to quality and coverage of health services for the uninsured would require drastic operational changes. To do so, it decided to introduce performance incentives at all levels and to focus on results.

The eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is poised on the edge of a machete blade. Despite the achievement of considerable peace-building successes throughout much of this central African state in recent years, the current activities of armed groups and the Congolese armed forces in North Kivu, South Kivu, and Ituri, have the potential to further destabilize the eastern provinces, and possibly even neighboring countries. Former combatants are prominent in the security and stability equation in the eastern DRC. The reason is that if this section of society has not been effectively disarmed, demobilized and reintegrated into civilian life, then they have the potential to return to arms. In this region, over 100,000 ex-combatants have been demobilized over the past decade in successive waves of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) interventions. Assessments and speculation about the reintegration of ex-combatants in North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri have suggested that these individuals have become marginalized, and their reintegration into civilian society is precarious, thus making them vulnerable to further recruitment by armed groups. Some reports have even suggested that numerous former fighters have remilitarized in the mining areas in order to access mineral wealth. Consequently, research on the socio-economic reintegration of ex-combatants in the eastern DRC was undertaken by the Institute for Security Studies (ISS), and funded by the Transitional Demobilization and Reintegration Program (TDRP) of the World Bank. North Kivu, South Kivu and Ituri were the three geographical areas of focus, given the volatility and potential pivotal role of these areas in promoting and consolidating peace in the eastern DRC. The specific objectives of the research were to: 1) assess the processes of the socio-economic reintegration of former combatants into civilian life; 2) analyze the causes and dynamics of the current security situation (or lack thereof) in the three areas, and the implications for current and future DDR processes; and 3) evaluate the extent to which demobilized former combatants have been re-recruited into armed groups, including motivating and resilience factors. The research took place between February and September 2011, with the findings and analysis being presented in this report.

This report presents the results of the World Bank funded project on Costing Adaptation through Local Institutions (CALI). The objectives of the CALI project are to: (1) identify the costs of adaptation through local institutions, and (2) investigate which institutions support households in adapting to climate variability, what efforts and costs are needed to realize the adaptation options, and how they facilitate adaptation to climate variability. The study has been carried out in Mali, Ethiopia, and Yemen. This report discusses the results for Mali.

The objectives of the Costing Adaptation through Local Institutions (CALI) study were (a) to identify the costs of adaptation through local institutions, and (b) to investigate which institutions help households adapt to climate variability, which efforts and costs are needed to realize the adaptation options, and how they facilitate adaptation to climate variability. The study was carried out in Ethiopia, Mali, and Yemen. This report discusses the results for Yemen. In Yemen, village surveys were conducted in six villages and two expert workshops were organized to discuss the main framework of the study and to evaluate the draft results. The study assessed household vulnerability, analyzed the strategies households adopt to reduce the impacts of climate hazards, and evaluated the assistance households receive from different institutions. The analysis was based on household surveys, focus group discussions, and institutional stakeholder interviews. Vulnerability profiles, developed on the basis of field survey results, show that household vulnerability differs substantially between and within villages. The results show that the vulnerability and agro ecological potential in Yemen are related to rainfall, which is related to altitude. This study is a reflection of the insights that (a) poor, rural households are facing most of the climate variability- related hazards; (b) adaptation also has socioeconomic aspects; (c) understanding local adaptation processes is important for informing macro-policies; and (d) for prioritizing future adaptation, it is crucial to analyze historical adaptation strategies. The study involves an assessment of the adaptation options rural household pursue. The study also considers the differential access of various vulnerability groups, as well as the drivers for adopting particular strategies or constraints for not adopting other strategies. For this, households and institutional stakeholders were interviewed in six villages in Yemen, focus group discussions were organized, and experts were consulted.

Nicaragua's state domination of productive capacity from the late 1970s to 1990, coupled with the civil war of the 1980s, left the economy with hyperinflation, large fiscal and current account deficits, and an external debt that was six times gross domestic product. As a result, economic activity declined at a sharp rate. By 1993, per capita income had fallen by a full 60 percent from the 1977 level. By the early 1990s the country was receiving aid equivalent to more than 70 percent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Subsequent administrations tried to address the country's economic problems through fiscal and monetary discipline and market-oriented reforms to redefine the role of the state. There were some successes, for example, decisive government action reduced inflation to around 10 percent by 1995, but many reforms failed due to their slow pace and to continued political volatility. The Bank supported the reform agenda with two economic recovery credit operations in the early 1990s. The results were less positive than expected, as the government's capacity to privatize state-owned enterprises and otherwise reform the public sector wavered in the face of political instability. The lack of political consensus prompted the Bank to withdraw from structural adjustment lending for several years. An opening for re-engagement was provided in 2002 when, after several failed attempts, Nicaragua successfully implemented the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). This allowed the Bank to respond to the government's request for assistance to close a financing gap through fast disbursing budget support in the form of a programmatic structural adjustment credit. While technically a structural adjustment loan, the credit supported objectives based on budget-based goals already attained in implementing a Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), which had been prepared by the government in 2001. In this sense, the credit was the last structural adjustment loan and the precursor to the Poverty Reduction Support Credits (PRSCs).

This note discusses the development challenge of finding durable solutions for refugees and Internally Displaced Peoples (IDPs), and the relevance of this challenge for the World Development Report (WDR) on securing development in fragile and conflict affected settings. The note will describe (i) the scale, trends, and impact of forced displacement; (ii) the development challenge of finding durable solutions for those displaced; (iii) current practice on addressing this development challenge; (iv) the connections between the political, security and developmental aspects of forced displacement including regional spillover and impacts; and (v) suggestions as to what governments and the international development community can do in order to move beyond humanitarian emergency assistance and contribute to durable solutions for refugees and IDPs in return or displacement situations.

This paper uses a case study of Costa Rica to identify the reasons why democracy is conducive for development. By the mid-twentieth century, Costa Rica had begun to depart from the all-too-common mixture of political instability and economic stagnation characteristic of much of the developing world. This paper claims that this country has benefited from better-than-average public policies, a conclusion based upon an original assessment of policy effectiveness and a major comparative ranking of state policies. It largely rejects the interpretation that uncommon development performance stems from institutions created during the colonial period and instead emphasizes how unending political stalemates gradually made the struggle for power more democratic. A central conclusion of this paper is that political competition-as well as steady economic growth rates and development, more generally-interact with and reinforce each other so that the exercise of power foments rather than retards economic growth.

This article seeks to explore the reasons why sanctions for international humanitarian law (IHL) violations are so difficult to put into effect. Beyond the lack of willingness of states to do so for political reasons, some more technical aspects should be emphasized. The implementation of sanctions is too often seen solely through the prism of international law, without enough attention being paid to the complexity and diversity of municipal legal systems. The author puts forward the idea that efficiency starts with a clear sharing of competencies. Three main issues are discussed: first, the influence of the sharing of competencies within the state (between the judiciary, the executive and the legislature) on the implementation of sanctions; second, the broad interpretation of their powers by regional or international bodies in charge of monitoring and reviewing human rights protection; and, third, the creation of new or specific bodies in charge of dealing with and if necessary punishing gross violations of humanitarian law.

The operations policy on Development Policy Lending (DPL), approved by the Board in August 2004, requires that the Bank systematically analyze whether specific country policies supported by an operation are likely to have "significant effects" on the country's environment, forests, and other natural resources. The implicit objective behind this requirement is to ensure that there is adequate capacity in the country to deal with adverse effects on the environment, forests, and other natural resources that the policies could trigger, even at the program design stage. DPL operations are associated with a whole array of policies such as macro policy reforms, fiscal policies, and specific sectoral policies, particularly in key sectors such as agriculture, health and education, energy, etc. In some cases, the operation may deal directly with reforms in certain environmentally sensitive sectors such as energy, transport, water and sanitation, agriculture, and forestry. In these cases, there is an obvious need for careful analysis of environmental, natural resource, and forestry impacts. In other cases, such as public sector reform and governance, there is less potential for likely significant impacts on the natural environment and natural resources. The toolkit is designed to be concise and user-friendly. It consists of three specific modules. The first module identifies relevant transmission channels through which the proposed reform would have a likely effect on the identified environmental, forest, and other natural resource priorities. The second module provides assistance in identifying key environmental issues in the country, regions, or sectors likely to be influenced by the DPL program. The third module presents different tools and methodologies for rapid assessment of the likely significant effects of each reform.