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Adsorption method is one of the effective technologies for treating VOCs. Compared with activated carbon, silicon‐based materials have well‐ordered pore structure, good thermal stability and non‐flammability. In this paper, CYCU‐3/MCM‐41 composites were prepared by hydrothermal method through mixing MCM‐41 powder in situ. The nitrogen adsorption isotherms, saturation adsorption and cyclic adsorption/desorption curves of n‐hexane on CYCU‐3/MCM‐41 composites were experimentally measured. The results displayed that the CYCU‐3/MCM‐41 (3) exhibited the largest BET specific surface area (1631 m2/g). And its n‐hexane adsorption capacity was 776 mg/g, which was 19.4 % higher than that of MCM‐41, 1.42 times that of activated carbon, and 2.64 times that of molecular sieve. The kinetic fitting results showed that the pseudo‐first order kinetic model can more precisely embody the n‐hexane adsorption process on CYCU‐3/MCM‐41 composites, and the W‐M intraparticle diffusion model confirmed that intraparticle diffusion was not the only control step for the adsorption rate of n‐hexane on CYCU‐3/MCM‐41 composites. In addition, the regenerative rate of CYCU‐3/MCM‐41 (3) was over 98.9 % after ten adsorption and desorption cycles of n‐hexane, showing good desorption performance and excellent structural stability, and proving its broad application prospect in the field of VOCs treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes contain ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate as a major secondary metabolite compound and biomarker. Various extraction methods with different solvents can isolate ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate with potential bioactivities. This paper reported the isolation of ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate from two varieties of K. galanga L. rhizomes by maceration in n-hexane. The small and large varieties of K. galanga samples produced ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate in 1.43% and 1.84% yields, higher than other methods and polar solvents of previous research. Structural elucidation of the obtained ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate was performed by FTIR, MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopies.

BackgroundN-hexane has been a widely used solvent in industrial production, but it is volatile at room temperature and can be accumulated in the body, and its prolonged occupational exposure may lead to serious chronic diseases in workers. ObjectiveTo use four risk assessment models to evaluate the health risk levels of n-hexane-exposed workers, discuss the applicability of the four models in the health risk assessment of n-hexane exposure, and make an important supplement to the health risk assessment of n-hexane in China. MethodsIn 2022, a total of 167 jobs (1724 workers) exposed to n-hexane in 85 manufacturing enterprises in Jiangsu Province were selected, and a cross-sectional study was conducted and included questionnaire surveys and evaluation of on-site air n-hexane of each job. Subsequently, the China’s classification standards of occupational hazards at workplaces (China model), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model, Singapore semi-quantitative risk assessment model (Singapore model), and the International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM) model were applied to the quantitative, semi-quantitative, and qualitative assessments of the occupational health risk level of n-hexane-exposed workers. ResultsAll job’s 8-h time-weighted average concentrations (CTWA) of n-hexane were within the national occupational exposure limits (OELs). The results of the China model graded all jobs as relatively harmless. The Singapore model graded all jobs as low risk, except that two monitoring sites of adhesive jobs were assessed as medium risk. The ICMM quantitative model evaluated all jobs as intolerable for n-hexane airborne exposure, while the matrix method evaluated all jobs as low risk. The U.S. EPA model identified five sites involving painting, printing, and adhesive jobs as high risk and the other jobs as low risk. ConclusionInconsistent grading results are observed by using the four models for the occupational health risk assessment of n-hexane exposure, that is, harmless for all jobs by China model, while medium and high risks by Singapore model and U.S. EPA model. Therefore, we recommend to combine the Singapore model and the U.S. EPA model with the China model to assess the occupational risk of n-hexane-exposed workers by considering actual concentrations of exposure.

A liquid–liquid extraction pretreatment method using n-hexane as the extractant was developed for the analysis of volatile aroma substances in three flavors (six cola samples, six lemon samples, and six orange samples) of carbonated beverages by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative analysis was conducted using the external standard method. The spiked recovery rate of α-terpineol was used as the evaluation criterion. Single-factor and response surface experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, and solvent-to-sample ratio. The results indicated that the maximum spiked recovery rate of α-terpineol, 81.00%, was achieved at an extraction temperature of 45 °C, extraction time of 30 min, and a solvent-to-sample ratio of 1 mL:15 mL. Thirty-four components were identified by GC-MS on the pretreated samples via the internal standard method. 1,4-Cineole, fenchyl alcohol, borneol, and α-terpineol are covered aroma substances in cola beverages. Two aromatic substances, D-limonene and α-terpineol, were detected in orange juices. α-Terpineol was detected in each lemon-flavor carbonated beverage sample. Going a step further, α-terpineol was detected in all 18 carbonated beverage samples and had high response values. The principal component analysis by functional group classification led to the conclusion that acids, phenols, hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ethers played a major contribution to the aroma of these 18 beverages. Increased separation of target compounds was found using the new pre-treatment methods, resulting in improved analytical resolution and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic misuse has led to the development and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts of the marine sponge Amphimidon chloros. The antibacterial activity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts was evaluated using broth microdilution and disc diffusion. The chemical composition of the extracts was analysed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The antibacterial potency of the extracts was in the following order: aqueous > n-hexane > ethyl acetate extracts. The most significant inhibitory activity of the aqueous extract was against Shigella flexneri, with an inhibition zone of 20.6 mm. Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Listeria monocytogenes were utterly resistant to ampicillin and chloramphenicol; however, the aqueous extract efficiently inhibited these bacteria. The extract MIC ranged from 0.0195-2.5 mg/mL. With maximal inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (0.0195 mg/mL), Bacillus cereus (0.0390 mg/mL), Shigella flexneri (0.0390 mg/mL), and Salmonella enterica (0.0781 mg/mL). While L. monocytogenes (0.3125 mg/mL) and S. aureus (0.625 mg/mL) were the only Gram-positive bacteria inhibited, the ethyl acetate extract was equally effective (MIC of 0.3125 mg/mL) against Gram-negative bacteria, including K. pneumonia, S. typhi, S. enterica, Enterobacter aerogenes, and E. coli. The n-hexane extract inhibited S. aureus, S. flexneri, and S. enterica with a MIC value of 0.1562/mL. The most prevalent phytochemicals in the aqueous and n-hexane extracts from the LC-MS study were nakinadine and kermaphidine. The study revealed that the aqueous extract of A. chloros possesses both Gram-positive and Gram-negative antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deactivation mechanism of HZSM-5 zeolite in the co-cracking of n-hexane and alcohols was studied. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms, NH3-TPD, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 13C MAS NMR, and H2-TPR. The results showed that the internal coke is preferentially formed in the zeolite micropores in the initial reaction stage, leading to the partial deactivation of catalyst. The addition of alcohols to n-hexane significantly promoted the formation of external coke, which hardly had effect on the cracking activity. H2 treatment to the spent catalyst at 800 °C could effectively remove the internal coke of the catalyst, while the external coke with a graphite-like structure still kept stable. Methylated aromatics were considered coke precursors. It was reasonably proposed that methylated aromatics condense to polyaromatic structures as internal coke in the presence of acid sites, but their growth is limited by the catalyst channel structure. This work demonstrated that zeolite deactivation behavior was affected by the location, amount, and type of coke. The formation mechanism of internal and external coke as well as the H2 decoking to generate deactivated catalyst were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offered, developed and experimentally tested in this work is the multilayer element highly sensitive to n-hexane vapors. This element is aimed to be used in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor with a plasmon-carrying gold layer covered with a sorption layer of zinc oxide (ZnO).The bandgap width for the films obtained by the sol–gel method was Eg = 3.198…3.3 eV depending on the thickness of the oxide film. The bulk porosity of the layers was 15.5 up to 69.5 vol.%, also in dependency on the oxide layer thickness. The surface micro-roughness of ZnO layer with the optimal thickness close to 20 nm was increased by 4.4 times as compared with that of pure gold surface without ZnO layer. Sensory properties of sensitive elements were studied relatively to vapors of the following solvents in air: isopropanol, acetone and n-hexane. The highest sensitivity of the sensor was determined towards n-hexane. The response of SPR sensor, when using the additional ZnO layer of the optimal thickness 20 nm, was fourfold increased from 247 up to 952 ang.sec., if comparing with the sensor without ZnO layer. The selectivity to hexane as compared with that for isopropanol and acetone in the case of the of ZnO-modified sensorwas enhanced practically twofold from 3.1 up to 5.6 times. The obtained results can be applied to monitor n-hexane vapors in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Naphtha, as the primary raw material in the production of light olefins, could well accommodate their increasing demand through the energy-efficient process of catalytic cracking with ZSM-5. In the current work, different amounts of lanthanum and phosphorous were loaded on ZSM-5 using the wet impregnation method to tune the acidic properties of ZSM-5 for selective catalytic cracking of n-hexane to produce light olefins. Various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 (NH3-TPD), Py-Fourier transform infra-red (Py-FTIR), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy were adopted to investigate the modified zeolites. It was found that adding La to ZSM-5 (0.25 wt% to 1 wt%) improved the catalytic life and increased the n-hexane conversion (to 99.7%), while the further addition had a negative impact, reducing the conversion rate and deviating the product selectivity towards a substantial, undesired benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) fraction (33%). On the other hand, a 64% selectivity for light olefins was achieved on phosphorous-doped ZSM-5 (at a loading amount of 1 wt%) while reducing the BTX fraction (2.3%) and converting 69% of the n-hexane. A dual metal-modified ZSM-5 with optimal loading amount, 1P0.25LaZ5 (phosphorus 1wt% and La 0.25 wt%), helped boost the light olefin selectivity to 62% in the tuned Lewis acid sites at an n-hexane conversion of about 77% while decreasing the undesired BTX selectivity to 3% by reducing the number of Br0nsted sites. Thus, the current study reveals that tuning the acidic sites of ZMS-5 by dual metal augmentation with P.La is an effective way of controlling the amount of undesirable BTX produced at a stable n-hexane conversion rate and substantial olefin selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaempferia galanga L. rhizomes contain ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate as a major secondary metabolite compound and biomarker. Various extraction methods with different solvents can isolate ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate with potential bioactivities. This paper reported the isolation of ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate from two varieties of K. galanga L. rhizomes by maceration in n-hexane. The small and large varieties of K. galanga samples produced ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate in 1.43% and 1.84% yields, higher than other methods and polar solvents of previous research. Structural elucidation of the obtained ethyl trans-p-methoxycinnamate was performed by FTIR, MS, and 1H NMR spectroscopies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indigofera gerardiana (IG) is traditionally used for its medicinal properties, but scientific validation is limited. This study aimed to evaluate its pharmacological effects, specifically anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities, using established animal models. Methods: This experimental study was conducted at the Pharmacology Department of Khyber Medical College and University, Peshawar between Feb 2022 and Aug 2023. The n-hexane fraction of IG was tested at concentrations of 100mg/kg, 150mg/kg, and 200mg/kg in in-vivo animal models. Anti-inflammatory effects were assessed with paw edema models in 30 rats, analgesic effects in 30 mice using writhing and hot plate tests, and antipyretic activity in 30 rabbits with yeast-induced fever. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test. Results: The n-hexane fraction of IG showed a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect, reducing carrageenan-induced edema by 12.5% and histamine-induced edema by under 15% at 200 mg/kg i.p. after 3 hours. Analgesic activity was also dose-dependent, with pain inhibition in the acetic acid-induced writhing model of 16.9% at 100 mg/kg, 20.76% at 150 mg/kg, and 26.13% at 200 mg/kg. In the hot plate test, maximum pain inhibition occurred at 200 mg/kg after 90 minutes (p < 0.001). However, IG extract did not show significant antipyretic effects compared to paracetamol, which effectively reduced fever at all doses (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study findings suggest that the n-hexane portion of IG exhibits significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities across various animal models while showing no substantial impact on yeast-induced pyrexia.

We developed an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict mole fractions in the extractive distillation of an n-hexane and ethyl acetate mixture, which are common organic solvents in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The ANN was trained on 250 data pairs from simulations in DWSIM software. The training dataset consisted of four inputs: Feed flow inlet (T1-F), Feed Stream Mass Flow temperature pressure (FM1-F), Make-up stream mass flow (FM2-MU), and ERC tower reflux ratio (RR-ERC). The ANN demonstrated the ability to forecast four output variables (neurons): Mole fraction of n-hexane in the distillate of EDC (XHE-EDC), Mole fraction of N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone in the bottom of EDC (XNMP-EDC), Mole fraction of ethyl acetate in the distillate of ERC (XEA-ERC), and Mole fraction of N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone in the bottom of ERC (XNMP-ERC).The ANN architecture contained 80 hidden neurons. Bayesian regularization training yielded high prediction accuracy (MSE = 2.56 × 10–7, R = 0.9999). ANOVA statistical validation indicated that ANN could reliably forecast mole fractions. By integrating this ANN into process control systems, manufacturers could enhance product quality, decrease operating expenses, and mitigate composition variability risks. This data-driven modeling approach may also optimize energy consumption when combined with genetic algorithms. Further research will validate predictions onsite and explore hybrid energy optimization technologies.

This research was aimed at providing an accurate low-dose benzene exposure assessment method, prospectively suitable to exposure limit values in the low ppb range, such as in the present-day chemical, petrochemical, foundry and pharmaceutical industry. The project addresses the need for a robust and fully validated method of personal exposure measurements considering that the Occupational Exposure Limit Value for benzene will be significantly lowered in the next few years. Diffusive sampling offers a reliable alternative to pumped sampling methods, intrinsic safety in potentially explosive atmospheres, lightness and ease of use. The tested diffusive sampler is radiello® with the RAD145 adsorption substrate. This configuration is packed with graphitised charcoal suitable for thermal desorption and analysis by HRGC-FID or HRGC-MS.The experiments have been conducted following the ISO 23320 standard in the range from 0.005 to 0.1 ppm (16 to 320 µg/m3), yielding a full validation of the sampling and analytical method. The sampler performances have fulfilled all requisites of the ISO 23320 standard, in particular: bias due to the selection of a non-ideal sorbent is lower than 10 % (no significant back diffusion of benzene due to concentration change in the atmosphere); bias due to storage of samples for up to 2 months is lower than 10 %; nominal uptake rate for benzene on RAD145 is 32.3 mL/min; expanded uncertainty of the sampling and analytical method is 22.1 % in the concentration range from 80 to 320 µg/m³. The sampling and analytical method is therefore fit-for-purpose for the personal exposure measurements aimed at testing compliance with lowered occupational exposure limit values for benzene. The method is also fit for short duration exposure monitoring related to specific tasks, and other volatile organic compounds, usually found in the same workplaces, such as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and some oxygenated compounds, have been also studied. In particular, n-hexane and isopropyl benzene (also known as cumene), whose classification is currently under revision, can be efficiently monitored by this technique.

Herein, high activity/selectivity isomerization nanocatalysts composed of Pt/PWA-Nb2O5 have been synthesized for the first time for n-hexane isomerization. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), filed emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, and thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The n-hexane isomerization experiments were conducted over synthesized catalyst at different reaction temperatures (Tem. = 120−200 °C), liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV = 1–3 h−1), and H2:n-hexane mixture with a molar ratio (H2/HC = 0.5–1.5). The response surface methodology (RSM) designed by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used to optimize the catalytic isomerization. Statistical Analysis of experimental data was accomplished to generate the second-order polynomial model. The optimum reaction parameters were TEM = 160 °C, H2/HC = 1, and LHSV = 2 h−1, in which 51 % isomerization has been obtained. The high isomerization conversion and selectivity were achieved chiefly due to the highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles, appropriate acidity provided by Keggin PWA heteropolyacid with a balanced Brønsted/Lewis acid sites ratio, and highly ordered large mesopores.

Polybutylene-1 (PB-1) consisting of form II and I in different ratio was achieved by solvent vapor annealing pure form II polybutylene-1 for different time. X-ray diffractometer was used to observe the phase transition of the residue form II at room temperature after solvent vapor annealing. The results show that the phase transition speed is faster than that of the natural phase transition and changed from fast to slow. By FTIR, the volatilization process of n-hexane in PB-1 was observed. After PB-1 sample was treated with solvent vapor annealing for several minutes, n-hexane in PB-1 was saturated. In the following phase transition at room temperature, the time required for n-hexane to volatilize from PB-1 is the same which demonstrates that it is independent of the time of solvent vapor annealing. This phenomenon indicates that residue n-hexane still promoted the phase transition of the residue form II at room temperature. With the volatilization of n-hexane, the promotion gradually decreased until it disappeared. Therefore, it is not necessary to treat Form II PB-1 sample in solvent vapor annealing until completely phase transition to Form I in actual application because more than 75% transition is enough and the residue solvent will also accelerate phase transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing demand for energy, there is a need to find sources of additional types of fuel. A possible solution to this problem is the use of mixtures of diesel fuel with light gas oil, which requires compliance with cetane number standards. The process of ring opening of cyclic hydrocarbons seems promising for solving this problem. In this work, rhodium-based catalysts with zirconium supports doped with additives of other oxides that stabilize the surface of zirconia (SiO2, TiO2, WO3,Y2O3, La2O3) are synthesized and characterized by nitrogen low-temperature adsorption-desorption, X-ray phase analysis, energy dispersive scanning electron microscopy, and diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy with CD3CN as a test molecule, and catalytic studies are carried out in the reaction of cyclohexane ring opening. Catalyst Rh/ZrO2-TiO2 is most selective for n-hexane (77%) at a temperature of 300°C. Rh/ZrO2-SiO2 has the greatest productivity for n‑hexane: the achieved yield is 6.6 mmoln-hexane g h−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict mole fractions in the extractive distillation of an n-hexane and ethyl acetate mixture, which are common organic solvents in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing. The ANN was trained on 250 data pairs from simulations in DWSIM software. The training dataset consisted of four inputs: Feed flow inlet (T1-F), Feed Stream Mass Flow temperature pressure (FM1-F), Make-up stream mass flow (FM2-MU), and ERC tower reflux ratio (RR-ERC). The ANN demonstrated the ability to forecast four output variables (neurons): Mole fraction of n-hexane in the distillate of EDC (XHE-EDC), Mole fraction of N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone in the bottom of EDC (XNMP-EDC), Mole fraction of ethyl acetate in the distillate of ERC (XEA-ERC), and Mole fraction of N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone in the bottom of ERC (XNMP-ERC).The ANN architecture contained 80 hidden neurons. Bayesian regularization training yielded high prediction accuracy (MSE = 2.56 × 10–7, R = 0.9999). ANOVA statistical validation indicated that ANN could reliably forecast mole fractions. By integrating this ANN into process control systems, manufacturers could enhance product quality, decrease operating expenses, and mitigate composition variability risks. This data-driven modeling approach may also optimize energy consumption when combined with genetic algorithms. Further research will validate predictions onsite and explore hybrid energy optimization technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundChronic n-Hexane poisoning is prevalent among workers in small and micro printing industries in China. Despite this, there is limited research on occupational health risk assessment in these sectors. Conducting comprehensive risk assessments at key positions and proposing effective countermeasures are essential.MethodsData were collected from 84 key positions across 32 small and micro-sized printing enterprises. Air samples were tested for n-Hexane exposure levels in accordance with Chinese standards. Five risk assessment models were employed: COSHH, EPA, MOM, ICMM, and Technical Guide GBZ/T 289-2017 of China. The consistency of results across these models was analyzed.ResultsWorkers in 84 job positions were categorized into four exposure groups, with exposure to n-Hexane for 8–10 h daily, 5–6 days weekly. Most positions operated with low automation levels (96.9% in printing, 5.9% in oil blending, and 42.9% in pasting), while others were manual. Localized ventilation rates were notably low in oil blending (23.5%), cleaning (14.3%), and pasting (9.5%) groups. n-Hexane concentrations exceeded Chinese occupational limits in 15.6% of printing, 17.7% of oil blending, and 21.4% of cleaning groups. Risk assessment models identified over 60% of work groups as high risk. Significant differences (p

In this work, a completely green method was applied for the extraction of lycopene from tomato skins waste. The combination of the ultrasound-assisted technique (UAE) and the use of volatile natural deep eutectic solvent (VNADES) menthol: thymol 1:1 allowed to obtain a green extraction process. Lycopene content was assessed by HPLC-DAD and compared with the lycopene extraction yields obtained using α-pinene and n-hexane as extraction solvents. The evaporation of the DES menthol:thymol was conducted using a Vacuum Vortex Evaporator. The highest concentration of extracted lycopene was obtained with n-hexane (735.9 mg/g of dried extract (DE)) compared to terpene-based solvents; 468.1 mg/g and 358.7-484.2 mg/g DE were recovered from α-pinene and DES menthol/thymol as azeotropic mixture and as such, respectively.

The regeneration of Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysts plays a crucial role in sustaining their catalytic activity and longevity in sustainable production processes. This research investigates the effectiveness of various solvents, including n-hexane, n-heptane, toluene, xylene, and the liquid fraction of FT products (LF-FT), for catalyst regeneration and extracting wax from the 15 wt%Co/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. Toluene, with a unique combination of key parameters such as polarity, solubility, boiling point, aromatic structure, and chemical interactions, exhibited the highest wax removal efficiency of 90.6%. However, due to its 41 °C lower boiling point compared to toluene and very similar wax removal efficiency, n-hexane appears as a more energy-efficient and cost-effective option for this process. The regenerated catalysts showed comparable characteristics, including the textural properties (surface area, pore size, and pore volume), crystallinity, and reducibility, to fresh catalysts. The slightly lower reduction temperature in the regenerated catalyst indicates a higher possibility for the formation of cobalt active sites during the catalyst reduction process with hydrogen, leading to an increased potential for higher catalytic activity. The LF-FT, comprising paraffins, iso-paraffins, olefins, napthenes, and aromatics, provided a unique combination of aliphatic and aromatic moieties, enhancing the solubility of both polar and nonpolar components in FT wax and improving the wax removal efficiency to 91.5%. The higher boiling point and operating temperature of the LF-FT also contributed to its better performance. Efficient separation of hydrocarbons from solvents allowed for solvent reusability in subsequent FT wax removal cycles, making it advantageous for large-scale applications. [Display omitted] • Different solvents (n-hexane, toluene, n-heptane, xylene, LF-FT) assessed for FT catalyst regeneration. • Toluene displayed the highest wax removal efficiency, followed by n-hexane, n-heptane, and xylene. • N-hexane emerges as optimal solvent with low boiling point, cost-effective, and energy-efficient for wax extraction.. • Regenerated catalysts matched fresh ones, indicating restored surface properties and accessible cobalt active sites. • LF-FT solvent, with aliphatic and aromatic components, shows promise for FT catalyst regeneration with enhanced solubility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Densities of pure furan, toluene, 1-octanol, n-hexane and of binary liquid mixtures containing furan, have been measured from 303.15 to 383.15 K at pressures up to 1.6 MPa, using a vibrating tube densimeter. Excess molar volumes have been calculated from the densities with an average standard uncertainty 0.02 cm3⋅mol−1. Excess molar enthalpies of the binary mixtures were measured at temperatures ranging from 313.15 to 383.15 K at 0.5 MPa and/or 1.0 MPa, using flow mixing calorimeter. The average standard uncertainty on the whole measurements is less than 1%. The excess molar properties derived from experimental data were correlated using Redlich–Kister polynomial functions and NRTL activity coefficient model and Prigogine–Flory–Patterson modelling is described and used to correlate the data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintaining a constant drying rate during the drying process is difficult in organic solvents with high evaporation rates. The liquid supply method was adopted in this study to evaluate the drying characteristics during a constant drying rate period. Accordingly, the effect of the absolute humidity of water vapor on the drying characteristics was examined. With an aqueous ethanol solution, the water vapor in the drying gas dissolves in the liquid phase on the material surface, and the gas-liquid equilibrium governs the drying characteristics. With n-hexane, the water vapor in the drying gas condenses on the surface of the drying material. Although water does not dissolve in the liquid phase, it affects the drying characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PCN/Bi0-BWO/Zn(CH3COO)2-ACF composite was compounded for the removal of n-hexane in this paper. Characterization results show that the composite was successfully prepared and the light response ability of the catalyst was improved. The photocatalytic properties of the composite were also tested; the removal rate of PCN/Bi0-BWO/Zn(CH3COO)2-ACF composite can reach more than 85% in 360 min. The main reason for the improvement of the performance of the composites was that the addition of phosphorus and the formation of Z-scheme heterojunction increased the efficiency of electron–hole separation on the surface of the catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naphtha, as the primary raw material in the production of light olefins, could well accommodate their increasing demand through the energy-efficient process of catalytic cracking with ZSM-5. In the current work, different amounts of lanthanum and phosphorous were loaded on ZSM-5 using the wet impregnation method to tune the acidic properties of ZSM-5 for selective catalytic cracking of n-hexane to produce light olefins. Various characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), temperature-programmed desorption of NH3 (NH3-TPD), Py-Fourier transform infra-red (Py-FTIR), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), N2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy were adopted to investigate the modified zeolites. It was found that adding La to ZSM-5 (0.25 wt% to 1 wt%) improved the catalytic life and increased the n-hexane conversion (to 99.7%), while the further addition had a negative impact, reducing the conversion rate and deviating the product selectivity towards a substantial, undesired benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) fraction (33%). On the other hand, a 64% selectivity for light olefins was achieved on phosphorous-doped ZSM-5 (at a loading amount of 1 wt%) while reducing the BTX fraction (2.3%) and converting 69% of the n-hexane. A dual metal-modified ZSM-5 with optimal loading amount, 1P0.25LaZ5 (phosphorus 1 wt% and La 0.25 wt%), helped boost the light olefin selectivity to 62% in the tuned Lewis acid sites at an n-hexane conversion of about 77% while decreasing the undesired BTX selectivity to 3% by reducing the number of Brønsted sites. Thus, the current study reveals that tuning the acidic sites of ZMS-5 by dual metal augmentation with P.La is an effective way of controlling the amount of undesirable BTX produced at a stable n-hexane conversion rate and substantial olefin selectivity.

Introduction: Several extraction techniques have been developed in recent years to determine the concentration of volatile metabolites in a biological sample. This study conducted with the aim of using the needle trap device- molecularly imprinted polymer (NTD-MIP) for the co-extraction of n-hexane and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) in the urine matrix. Material and Methods: Characterization of MIP was investigated by fourier-transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and brunauer–emmett–teller (BET). The response surface methodology - central composite design (RSM-CCD) was used to optimize the extraction conditions of n-hexane and MEK with the input variables of absorption temperature, absorption time, salt percent, and stirring speed. Method validation was performed with determination of the precision, accuracy, the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and dynamic linear range. Results: The optimum conditions were an extraction time of 60 min, an absorption temperature of 65 °C, 22% of salt, and a stirring speed of 250 rpm. The linear ranges of n-hexane and MEK were determined in ranges of 30-500 and 30-4000 µg/L, respectively. The intra-day and enter-day relative standard deviation were evaluated in the range of 3 to 10 and 1 to 7, respectively. The average recovery of n-hexane and MEK were estimated 99.3 ± 0.8 and 99 ± 0.9, respectively. Conclusion: The HS-NTD method is suggested as a suitable method for determining very low amounts of MEK in urine along with n-hexane.

The production of various motor fuels is carried out by processing light fractions of oil with an initial temperature of boiling to 350°С. The current trend shows that oil in new fi elds has more weight than before. New oil reservoirs are deeper with a greater proportion of dark fraction with a boiling point of 350°С. This situation stimulates to fi nd new ways of increasing the processing depth light fractions for synthesis target product. One of the main solution path for the problem is creation of new catalytic systems or modernization of existing ones. Motor fuels must meet the necessary operational and environmental characteristics, which is determined by their chemical composition. This article is devoted to the study of bifunctional catalyzers for the conversion of n-hexane. High molecular zeolite CVM (ZSM-5) was used as a carrier, which has functionality due to the presence of various active centers. Platinum (Pt/CVM), praseodymium (Pr/CVM) were also applied to the carrier, and praseodymium and platinum (Pt,Pr/CVM) were successively applied by impregnation. Normal hexane was used as a raw material. The choice of this raw material is associated with the ability to aromatization reaction, as well as the presence of n-hexane in the raw materials of the process of obtaining motor fuels-catalytic reforming. As a result of the transformation of raw materials, liquid fuel of multicomponent composition with the number of carbon atoms in the chain from 3 to 14, as well as gases containing C1 – C5 hydrocarbons, was obtained. When n-hexane is converted on the catalyzers under study, both the octane number and the content of aromatic hydrocarbons increase with increasing temperature. It has been found that when the process is carried out at a temperature of 450°C, the highest yield of the catalysate is (33.8% by weight.) on a Pt,Pr/CVM catalyzer. With an increase in temperature, the yield of benzene increases. Minimum benzene yield (0.6 wt. %) is achieved at 450°C marked by a bimetallic catalyzer, which corresponds to the EURO-5 gasoline standard. The highest degree of conversion was observed during the conversion of n-hexane on the Pt,Pr/CMC catalytic system at a temperature of 450° C, which was (97%).

The radiation-chemical decomposition of n-hexane in the nano-ZrO2 +n-hexane system under the action of gamma radiation at room temperature is studied by the method of Fourier-IR spectroscopy. The molecular and dissociative form of adsorption of n-hexane in zirconium nanodioxide was revealed. The intermediate products of the radiation-heterogeneous decomposition of n-hexane were analyzed.

A liquid–liquid extraction pretreatment method using n-hexane as the extractant was developed for the analysis of volatile aroma substances in three flavors (six cola samples, six lemon samples, and six orange samples) of carbonated beverages by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative analysis was conducted using the external standard method. The spiked recovery rate of α-terpineol was used as the evaluation criterion. Single-factor and response surface experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of extraction temperature, extraction time, and solvent-to-sample ratio. The results indicated that the maximum spiked recovery rate of α-terpineol, 81.00%, was achieved at an extraction temperature of 45 °C, extraction time of 30 min, and a solvent-to-sample ratio of 1 mL:15 mL. Thirty-four components were identified by GC-MS on the pretreated samples via the internal standard method. 1,4-Cineole, fenchyl alcohol, borneol, and α-terpineol are covered aroma substances in cola beverages. Two aromatic substances, D-limonene and α-terpineol, were detected in orange juices. α-Terpineol was detected in each lemon-flavor carbonated beverage sample. Going a step further, α-terpineol was detected in all 18 carbonated beverage samples and had high response values. The principal component analysis by functional group classification led to the conclusion that acids, phenols, hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ethers played a major contribution to the aroma of these 18 beverages. Increased separation of target compounds was found using the new pre-treatment methods, resulting in improved analytical resolution and selectivity.

Alkanes such as n‐hexane have been used as co‐solvents in the production of functionalized semiconductor nanoparticles from alkenes and alkynes using Reactive High Energy Ball Milling (RHEBM) under the assumption that they are non‐reactive under typical milling conditions. In this paper, a comparative study with two hydrocarbon solvents of comparable chain length, 1‐hexyne, and n‐hexane, and their milling products using three different commercially available silicon precursors, namely single crystal silicon wafers and polycrystalline particles having a nominal size of 4 µm and 1 mm, is reported. It is found that nanoparticle formation and surface functionalization in all the three silicon systems occurs only with 1‐hexyne; n‐hexane is non‐reactive and does not lead to appreciable functionalized nanoparticle formation under the conditions studied. Nanoparticles (where formed) and microparticle byproducts of appropriate samples are characterized by Transmission electronic microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Photoluminiscence spectroscopy (PL), Nuclear magnetic resonance 1H/13C NMR, and thermogravimetry TGA to separately confirm nanoparticle formation and surface functionalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study evaluates the antibacterial properties of alkaloids and the crude extracts (ethanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate) from seaweed Sargassum fusiforme against coral pathogens (Photobacterium galatheae, Vibrio harveyi, Bordetella trematum, and Ochrobactrum pseudogrignonese) isolated from coral Porites lutea. To our knowledge, this is the first in vitro assay for such extracts on Porites lutea coral pathogens. Bacterial pathogens have been identified using 16S RNA and BankIt into gene bank and given the accession numbers (OR401000; OR401001; OR401336, and OR400998 respectively). GC-Mass profiling conducted for n-hexane compounds confirmed the presence of thirty-eight molecules, twelve of which have been previously reported for their bioactivity. The results revealed that alkaloids and n-hexane extract demonstrated eminent antibacterial activity compared to the other extracts against the tested coral pathogenic bacteria. Molecular docking was conducted to evaluate the twelve previously mentioned bioactive molecules to get a full understanding of the interaction of those bioactive molecules on vital bacterial proteins (Hemolysin protein (PDB ID: 1XEZ) and Cytoplasmic proteins (PDB ID: 3TZC)). Docked twelve molecules against hemolysin protein (PDB ID: 1XEZ) came exactly in line with the docked result of the same molecules with cytoplasmic proteins (PDB ID: 3TZC), proving the bioactivity of 6-O-Palmitoyl-L-ascorbic acid, 3TMS derivative; Glycerol monostearate, 2TMS derivative and Eicosanoic acid complexes in antibacterial activity action and score higher than reference ligand. Those three compounds will be investigated separately in future in vitro assay soon. Our conclusions align with the study's antibacterial in vitro assay results. The present study reports the novelty of different extracts of S. fusiforme as an antibacterial agent against coral pathogenic bacteria that trigger diseases in Porites lutea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective To explore the feasibility of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) in human serum exosomes as an early biomarker of n -hexane -induced neurotoxicity. Methods A total of 28 cases of occupational chronic n -hexane poisoning were selected as the case group. They were matched by age and gender, and 56 workers who were occupationally exposed to n-hexane without peripheral neurotoxicity symptoms were selected as the exposure group. And 56 workers who were not exposed to organic solvents such as n -hexane and did not have peripheral neurological damage symptoms were selected as the control group. Elbow venous blood was collected, and PEDF levels in serum exosomes were measured. Neuromyography was performed on the case group. Differences of PEDF levels in the case,the exposure and the control groups were analyzed by ANOVA, and Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlation between PEDF and neuromyography-related indices in the case group. Results The differences of PEDF levels in serum exosomes among the case, the exposure, and the control groups were statistically significant (P < 0.05), and the PEDF levels in serum exosomes in the case group were higher than those in the exposure group (P < 0.05), and the PEDF levels in the exposure group were higher than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, the correlation analysis showed that PEDF levels in serum exosomes in the case group were positively correlated with the distal lower limb motor latency of the common peroneal nerve (r = 0.62, P < 0.01), and negatively correlated with the motor nerve conduction velocity of the common peroneal nerve (r = - 0.70, P < 0.01), the action potential amplitude of the sensory nerves of the lower limb (r = - 0.61, P = 0.001), the sensory nerve conduction velocity (r = - 0.61, P = 0.001), and sensory nerve conduction velocity in the median nerve (r = - 0.53, P = 0.004). Conclusions PEDF in serum exosomes may serve as a potential early biomarker of n-Hexane-induced neurotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of an assessment of the combustion process of blends of n-hexane and canola oil. Tests were conducted for pure canola oil and its blends with n-hexane, with a max. n-hexane content of 20% by volume. The tests were carried out using the constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) method as well as a diesel engine. For comparison purposes, the results for typical diesel fuel are also presented. Tests on the self-ignition properties of the n-hexane–canola oil blend, conducted in a CVCC according to the normative method for diesel fuel, showed little effect on the combustion process. However, previous tests conducted on a diesel engine of a passenger car showed a favorable effect of the n-hexane addition to canola oil on the combustion process in the engine, the performance and environmental parameters obtained. This shows that for some fuels, the evaluation of self-ignition and combustion properties in a constant volume combustion chamber, under conditions corresponding to diesel fuel tests, is not sufficient. The findings of this research may be beneficial in optimizing the diesel engine combustion systems fueled by renewable fuels. As the results of the tests have shown, the standardized method for determining the combustion process of the CVCC method does not always fully reflect the results obtained in engine tests. The results obtained by the CVCC method can be successfully used when comparing fuels, but when considering the selection of fuel for the engine, the results obtained in engine tests should be relied on first and foremost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a study on the microencapsulation of hemp oil using gelatin and gum arabic polymers. The study explores the effects of stirring speed, temperature, and surfactant concentration on the encapsulation efficiency. The release characteristics of the microcapsules in n-hexane at different time intervals are also examined. The results indicate that the microcapsules have a rapid initial release followed by a constant release over time. The microcapsules are observed to have a smooth and round shape under optical and scanning electron microscopes. The study provides valuable insights for further research in this field. [Extracted from the article]

We tested Ageratum conyzoides L. n-hexane leaf extract fractions for their ability to inhibit the growth of Amaranthus spinosus L. The column chromatography was used to separate the n-hexane extract into its three subfractions, A, B and C. In pot culture, these subfractions were applied to A. spinosus at 2 %, 4 %, 6 %, 8 % and 10 % concentrations. The herbicide (2,4-D at 0.686 kg a.i. ha-1) and distilled water were positive and negative controls, respectively. The subfractions showed phytotoxic activity 7-days after application. All subfraction had promising herbicidal effects on A. spinosus i.e. suppressed its growth. Seven day after aplication (DAA) subfraction A supressed growth at 8 % concentrations or higher, subfraction B suppressed at 2 % concentration or higher and subfraction C at 4 % concentration or higher. The subfraction B, had the fastest effect on A. conyzoides at 2 % concentration followed by subfraction C at 4 % and subfraction A at 8 %. GC-MS detected the presence of compounds in Subfraction A: 2h-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl (13.85 %), caryophyllene oxide (12.69 %), caryophyllene (12.20 %), precocene I (9.15 %), phytol (3.57 %), squalene (3.04 %). Subfraction B: 2h-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl (25.60 %), caryophyllene (11.13 %), caryophyllene oxide (6.19 %), precocene I (5.93 %), squalen (5.77 %) and subfraction C: 2h-1-benzopyran, 6,7-dimethoxy-2,2-dimethyl (36.48 %), precocene I (2.27 %), caryophyllene (2.20 %), caryophyllene oxide (2.14 %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cases of schistosomiasis have assumed global public health significance, especially in Africa and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA); ranking second to malaria as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). Control of this disease is majorly by the use of synthetic molluscicides, which are known to cause ecotoxicity, with a long-term effect on human health. Besides, most synthetic molluscicides are often unaffordable by the locals. Many of them do not have the technical knowledge of application, yet are continuously involved in activities that prone them to re-infection by schistosomes. This study aimed to ascertain the molluscicidal effects of Entada africana (E. africana) stems bark solvent extracts on Bulinus globosus. The stem bark of E. africana was obtained by successive cold extraction, using non-polar and polar solvents. After running the phytochemical analysis, B. globosus adult snails were challenged with serialized concentrations of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, comparable to negative and positive controls. Data were analysed by use of GraphPad® Prism version 8.4. Molluscicidal activities showed that methanol extract had the highest bioactivity (86.67±11.55 - 100.00±0.00), followed by n-hexane (56.67±5.77 - 100.00±0.00) and the least, ethyl acetate (46.67±5.77 - 80.00±10.00). There was a significant difference at p = 0.05, (LSD 8.38), of molluscicidal activities. The LC and LC values were (46.88/128.57; 9.38/93.10; and 50 90 7.89/38.58) for ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and methanol respectively, at 24h post-exposure (PE). Methanol extract had 100% mortality at 50-100mg/L, 95% (CI -20.24 to 0.24), and compared favourably to the positive control, which had 100% mortality. The study concludes that E. africana stem bark methanolic extract had the most bioactive properties and can be used as a molluscicidal agent in combating B. globosus intermediate host of S. haematobium schistosome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different types of solvents and adhesives are used in a shoe factory. The toxic chemicals can cause acute and chronic effects on the central and peripheral nervous system. Here, we report a case of a 25-year-old young man working as a coloring and gluing worker in a shoe factory, who presented with progressive quadriparesis following exposure of six months. Some of his coworkers also developed a similar illness. Nerve conduction velocity studies of the patient showed combined sensory and motor demyelinating and axonal polyneuropathy. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was normal. With conservative management and physiotherapy, there is a gradual improvement of the condition in the patient who can ambulate independently now. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to develop an effective method for detecting semivolatile earthy-musty odors without using the conventional sample processing equipment used for volatile compounds. The concurrent isolation of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), trans-1,10-dimethyl-trans-9-decalol (geosmin, GSM), 2-isopropyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IPMP), and 2-isobutyl-3-methoxy pyrazine (IBMP) in tap water was successfully achieved by employing a combination of n-hexane liquid‒liquid extraction (LLE) and silica solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized for the identification of these targets, with the inclusion of borneol (BN) as an internal reference. This robust method was optimized and validated. It was found that the method showed good linearity in the range of 0.5–100 ng/mL and produced good recoveries (84.6 %–103 %) with satisfactory relative standard deviations (1.50 %–10.1 %). The determined limits of detection (LODs) for the group of four substances were found to vary from 0.3 to 0.9 ng/L, whereas the limits of quantitation (LOQs) exhibited variations between 1 and 3 ng/L. The subsequent implementation of this methodology to evaluate the four previously described off-flavor chemicals in tap water resulted in satisfactory results.

The thermal decomposition mechanism of n-hexane is investigated by using density functional theory and ReaxFF force field. The initial decomposition reactions, the effect of temperature on thermal decomposition and first-order kinetics are analyzed. The results show that the C-C bonds in n-hexane molecule are more easily decomposed than that of C-H bonds, and the breakage of C3-C4 bond is the main initial decomposition reaction. The main decomposition products of n-hexane are H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, and C3H6. The decomposition rate of n-hexane is accelerated by temperature. The apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor of n-hexane thermal decomposition are 209.8 kJ mol−1 and 1.1 × 1013 s−1, respectively.

In present work, the role of hydrogen in n-hexane isomerization was studied by poisoning the catalytic sites and prolonging the distance of hydrogen spillover. The results suggested the continuous consumption and regeneration of acid sites via hydrogen spillover was the core step in isomerization. In addition, the spillover of hydrogen would occur below 150 °C and the energy barrier of hydrogen spillover on the catalyst without surface water was less than 20.728 kJ/mol. Therefore, if the PtSZ catalyst has been almost dried, the subsequent reduction process could be eliminated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, zeolite catalysts having different porosity in nano range were synthesized. For this, a zeolite-containing rock with a mordenite content of 72 wt% was treated with hydrochloric acid solutions of various concentrations. Impregnation of acid-modified samples with nickel in an amount of 1–2.5 wt% was aimed at obtaining different isomerization activity of the catalysts. The catalysts were characterized using XRD, low-temperature N2 ad(de)sorption, TEM, and tested in micro pulse isomerization of linear hexane to estimate their selectivity in the formation of dimethyl-branched isomers. It has been shown that the low-concentrated acid increases the micropore volume by removing impurities from the zeolite micropores while the more concentrated acid also develops mesoporosity, especially the nanoscale pores ø ~ 2.3 nm. The upper limit of the Ni content (2 wt%) was found in the investigated catalysts providing the maximum efficiency of isomerization and formation of dimethylbutanes, and existence of the limit has been explained. It has been shown that upon isomerization of n-hexane on the acid-modified mordenite-containing rock, the formation of dimethylbutanes is not regulated by shape selectivity despite the larger kinetic diameter of the molecules as compared to mono-branched isomers. On the contrary, dimethylbutanes are more selectively formed inside zeolite micropores than in mesopores. The role of mesopores, mainly the regular system of nanoscale pores ø ~ 2.3 nm, is limited to providing transport routes for the reagents and reaction products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fibrous silica (KCC-1) was impregnated with cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) oxides which are denoted as Co/KCC-1, Fe/KCC-1 and Zn/KCC-1 for hydroisomerization of n -hexane. The characterization analysis revealed that the introduction of Co, Fe, and Zn into KCC-1 significantly altered the physicochemical properties of KCC-1 including reduced surface area, pore volume as well as crystallinity. Pyridine adsorbed IR showed that higher amount of the Lewis acid sites (LAS) and Brønsted acid sites (BAS) when introduced the Co, Fe, and Zn into KCC-1. Interestingly, a new band at 1610 cm−1 of Zn/KCC-1, corresponds to the presence of LAS by the formation of binuclear species of Zn in the form of [ZnOZn]2+. The formation of [ZnOZn]2+ was further confirmed by the presence of a band at 350 nm and higher intensity of the binding energy at 1022.8 eV from UV-DRS and XPS analysis, respectively. From temperature-programmed reduction analysis, these binuclear species were formed at a higher temperature, which has a stronger interaction with the KCC-1. The proposed formation of [ZnOZn]2+ was also discussed in this work. Based on the n -hexane hydroisomerization , the Zn/KCC-1 possessed the most excellent catalytic performance amongst the catalysts owing to the existence of the binuclear species of [ZnOZn]2+, which acts as a new acidic center in the stabilization of generated protonic acid sites by trapping of electrons, resulting in increased isomers yield of n -hexane as well as no cracking products. Zn/KCC-1 showed the lowest activation energy compared to other catalysts within 423–673 K. [Display omitted] • Metal oxides (CoO, Fe 2 O 3 , ZnO) were loaded on KCC-1 by impregnation method. • The binuclear of zinc in the form [ZnOZn]2+ were formed at higher temperature. • The [ZnOZn]2+ species widened the strength distribution of Lewis acid sites. • The [ZnOZn]2+ species acts as new acidic center in the n -hexane hydroisomerization. • Zn/KCC-1 had the highest yield of isomers (66.97%) and no cracking products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peripheral nerve injuries are one of those complex medical conditions for which a highly effective first‐line treatment is currently missing. The use of natural compound as medicines to treat various disorders has a long history. Our previous research explored that crude Cannabis sativa L. accelerated the recovery of sensorimotor functions following nerve injury. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of n‐Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of C. sativa L. leaves on the muscle function restoration in a mouse model after sciatic nerve injury. For this purpose, albino mice (n = 18) were equally divided into control and two treatment groups. The control group was fed on a plain diet while treatment groups were given a diet having n‐Hexane (treatment 1) and ethyl acetate (treatment 2) extracts of C. sativa L. (10 mg/kg body weight), respectively. The hot plate test (M = 15.61, SD = 2.61, p =.001), grip strength (M = 68.32, SD = 3.22, p <.001), and sciatic functional index (SFI) (M = 11.59, SD = 6.54, p =.012) assessment indicated significant amelioration in treatment 1 as compared to treatment 2 group. Furthermore, muscle fiber cross‐sectional area revealed a noticeable improvement (M = 182,319, SD = 35.80, p =.013) in treatment 1 while muscle mass ratio of Gastrocnemius (M = 0.64, SD = 0.08, p =.427) and Tibialis anterior (M = 0.57, SD = 0.04, p =.209) indicated nonsignificant change. A prominent increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (M = 3.76, SD = 0.38, p <.001) and momentous decrease in total oxidant status (TOS) (M = 11.28, SD = 5.71, p <.001) along with blood glucose level indicated significant difference (M = 105.5, SD = 9.12, p < 0.001) in treatment 1 group. These results suggest that treatment 1 has the ability to speed up functional recovery after a peripheral nerve lesion. Further research is necessary, nevertheless, to better understand the extract's actual curative properties and the mechanisms that improve functional restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]