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In recent years, blockchain technology has emerged as a topic of increasing interest within the field of computer science research. Due to its characteristics of decentralisation, information traceability, and tamper-resistance, it has been widely applied in data sharing research. Nevertheless, a number of outstanding issues remain to be resolved. Firstly, in the current stage of research on blockchain-based data sharing, there is a tendency to focus on the case of a single chain, with relatively little consideration given to multi-chain (i.e., multiple blockchains or multiple blockchain-based data sharing systems) together for data sharing. This can lead to the problem of data silos. Secondly, some studies utilise public chains as the underlying framework for data sharing frameworks or systems. However, the mining mechanism of public chains can result in a significant waste of resources. Furthermore, query optimisation on blockchain is a significant area of research in the field of blockchain. In light of the aforementioned issues, we proposed a multi-chain data sharing framework based on consortium blockchain, wherein the metadata of data on multiple blockchains can be aggregated and reorganised. In order to enhance the query efficiency of our proposed multi-chain data sharing framework, we have constructed an off-chain query service. Concurrently, in order to guarantee the consistency of the data on the off-chain query service with the blockchain data and to authenticate the data, we have proposed an effective data consistency mechanism by improving the database fingerprint generation algorithm. Furthermore, an asymmetric encryption transmission method is employed to guarantee the security of data transmission. Finally, comparative experiments and various analyses show that our proposed data sharing framework contains various features. It can efficiently aggregate metadata and securely transfer data, significantly improve the efficiency in terms of data querying and database fingerprint generate rate and improve the throughput of database fingerprint generate algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing importance of collaboration in achieving cost-related advantages for companies, existing studies lack a systematic framework for determining how multiple supply chains can collectively facilitate strategic decision-making. In this study, we propose a multi-network collaborative mixed integer programming model and a reinforcement learning enhanced evolutionary algorithm to optimize cross-enterprise supply chains. The model facilitates collaborative decisionmaking among supply chains of different enterprises by incorporating collaborative cost management, partner sharing, collaborative transportation, and horizontal logistics. Our algorithm integrates an adaptive reinforcement learning process and an evolutionary structure with multi-branch tree encoding, allowing for the effective accumulation of solving experiences in different states to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of the solving process. We conducted extensive experiments using real data collected from electric automotive manufacturing supply chains. The experimental results show that the obtained solution quality is close to optimal with negligible margin for both small- and large-scale instances. Overall, our proposed approach enables the joint optimization of cross-enterprise collaborative supply chains and holds the potential for improving supply chain management in various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering that the problems of low efficiency and credibility in traditional honey traceability, this study constructed a solution that combines blockchain technology and InterPlanetary File System technology to establish a highly reliable honey traceability system after analyzing the honey traceability standards. Firstly, this study introduced a hierarchical storage strategy to enhance the efficiency of on-chain information and traceability; Subsequently, this approach employs a multi-chain architecture to isolate data. It utilizes a proxy re-encryption scheme based on external random oracles, whereby ciphertext re-encryption is executed through smart contracts. Simultaneously, message authentication codes are integrated to effectively address challenges such as low information credibility, forgery, and potential privacy data leaks. Lastly, this paper proposed a pre-commit mechanism to prevent inconsistencies in data caused by sudden loads, that is, the scheme of "high-traffic package pre-commit, low-traffic supplementary on-chain".To assess the feasibility of the proposed solution, simulations and tests were conducted using Apache Bench tools. The results demonstrate that the scheme effectively achieves the chaining of basic data, controllable supervision, and credible traceability. Furthermore, it fulfills the multi-level requirements of enterprises, regulatory authorities, and users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As the main food source of the world's population, grain quality safety is of great significance to the healthy development of human beings. The grain food supply chain is characterized by its long life cycle, numerous and complex business data, difficulty defining private information, and difficult managing and sharing. In order to strengthen the ability of information application processing and coordination of the grain food supply chain under many risk factors, an information management model suitable for the grain food supply chain is studied based on the blockchain multi-chain technology. First, the information on key links in the grain food supply chain is analyzed to obtain privacy data classifications. Second, a multi-chain network model of the grain food supply chain is constructed, and based on this model, the hierarchical encryption and storage mode of private data as well as the relay cross-chain communication mode, are designed. In addition, a complete consensus process, including CPBFT, ZKP, and KZKP algorithms, is designed for the global information collaborative consensus under the multi-chain architecture. Finally, the model is verified through performance simulation, theory analysis, and prototype system verification in terms of its correctness, security, scalability, and consensus efficiency. The results show that this research model effectively reduces the storage redundancy and deals with problems of data differential sharing in traditional single-chain research, as well as provides a secure data protection mechanism, a credible data interaction mechanism, and an efficient multi-chain collaborative consensus mechanism. By attempting to apply blockchain multi-chain technology to the grain food supply chain, this study provides new research ideas for the trusted protection of data and information collaborative consensus in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the main food source of the world’s population, grain quality safety is of great significance to the healthy development of human beings. The grain food supply chain is characterized by its long life cycle, numerous and complex business data, difficulty defining private information, and difficult managing and sharing. In order to strengthen the ability of information application processing and coordination of the grain food supply chain under many risk factors, an information management model suitable for the grain food supply chain is studied based on the blockchain multi-chain technology. First, the information on key links in the grain food supply chain is analyzed to obtain privacy data classifications. Second, a multi-chain network model of the grain food supply chain is constructed, and based on this model, the hierarchical encryption and storage mode of private data as well as the relay cross-chain communication mode, are designed. In addition, a complete consensus process, including CPBFT, ZKP, and KZKP algorithms, is designed for the global information collaborative consensus under the multi-chain architecture. Finally, the model is verified through performance simulation, theory analysis, and prototype system verification in terms of its correctness, security, scalability, and consensus efficiency. The results show that this research model effectively reduces the storage redundancy and deals with problems of data differential sharing in traditional single-chain research, as well as provides a secure data protection mechanism, a credible data interaction mechanism, and an efficient multi-chain collaborative consensus mechanism. By attempting to apply blockchain multi-chain technology to the grain food supply chain, this study provides new research ideas for the trusted protection of data and information collaborative consensus in this field.

Abstract This paper proposes a new algorithm for the blockchain system based on multi-chain storage for CPS under edge cloud computing, in which the nodes of the system are divided according to the relationship of communication tightness.The experimental results show that the algorithm based on the multi-chain storage structure for nodes divided can reduce the data synchronization time and space, and improve the expansion ability of the system. Besides, the data in the system can be isolated from each other with the multi-chain structure, thus preventing the leakage of sensitive data and improving the information security of the system.

A coarse cereal is one of the most important crops rich in nutrients. However, the frequently-occurred issues on food quality and safety have seriously endangered the trust in recent years, for example, the abuse of chemicals, heavy metals exceeding the standard, and harmful germs. Therefore, a traceability system is an urgent need for coarse cereals, in order to bridge the trust between farms and consumers, where the source of agricultural coarse foods can be rapidly traced through multi-party efficient collaboration. Most current traceability systems focus on recording data using bar or QR codes, radio frequency identification, and wireless sensor networks. But the tracing information is broken easily between upstream and downstream, leading to the blur transferred data, particularly on the long and scattered supply-chain of agricultural foods, including cultivation, processing, logistics, storage, and sales. Furthermore, the traditional traceability system cannot efficiently supervise the data records of each company, when quality and safety issues occur. As such, it is impossible to recall the problematic foods in time, much less to accurately locate the responsible party. Fortunately, blockchain technology can be utilized to integrate the distributed architecture, storage, and verification in the block, peer-to-peer network protocols, encryption, consensus mechanisms, identity authentication, and smart contracts. The data disclosure can also be used to enhance trust with fewer intermediate links. Therefore, this study aims to deal with the long supply-chain of coarse cereals, many trace entities, the differentiate share of data ledger, and the real-time monitoring of on-chain data. A novel traceability system was designed to implement the supervisable food products using the multi-chain architecture of blockchain and supply chain in coarse cereal. The forward and reverse traceability data was also collected ranging from the planting, processing, warehousing, transportation, and sales, using cameras, sensors, Beidou positioning devices, and IoT devices in real-time. Moreover, a systematic investigation was made on the business process and supervision characteristics of the supply-chain, as well as the full life cycle of coarse cereal. In addition, a new architecture of supervision-oriented multi-chain data storage was proposed for the actual production of coarse cereal. Specifically, the off-chain CouchDB state database was selected to store the key-value traceability data, particularly on the key-index instead of traversal query to improve the query efficiency. More importantly, a network access mechanism was designed using the regulatory authority, further to realize the collaborative supervision on- and off-chain through smart contracts. Correspondingly, blockchain technology was used to ensure the deep connection of various production factor resources with the real economy of coarse cereal. Anyway, the supply chain of coarse cereal integrated with the blockchain was utilized to strengthen the multi-party collaboration through mutual identity authentication, especially on data expansion, data sharing, and supervision. In terms of security, the average change rate of ciphertext in the enterprise network authorization diffusivity test was 82.53%, the average change rate of ciphertext in the enterprise network authorization correlation test was 82.39%, indicating higher security and less confusion. In terms of efficiency, the average time for consumers to query public traceability data was 0.415 s, and the average time for regulators to call cross-link port to query enterprise sensitive traceability data was 0.871 s. Furthermore, an actual traceability system was implemented to verify the model using Hyperledger Fabric for data privacy protection, data differentiation sharing, and the penetration supervision of traceability data, together with the real-time management, and control of traceability nodes. The in-depth mining was realized for the value of coarse cereal traceability big data, and sustainable development of the traced network. As such, farmers can receive professional or industrial policy guidance, whereas, companies can obtain the market trends and price conditions in real-time, and regulatory authorities can accurately control traceability data and transaction behavior. The finding can greatly improve the quality and safety of coarse cereal, production efficiency, and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a new algorithm for the blockchain system based on multi-chain storage for CPS under edge cloud computing, in which the nodes of the system are divided according to the relationship of communication tightness.The experimental results show that the algorithm based on the multi-chain storage structure for nodes divided can reduce the data synchronization time and space, and improve the expansion ability of the system. Besides, the data in the system can be isolated from each other with the multi-chain structure, thus preventing the leakage of sensitive data and improving the information security of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on interoperability between blockchain networks, whether existing or new. The issue of inter-operability is a very current topic and is the subject of research by many articles or institutions. The current trend in the articles is to address interoperability only between homogeneous networks, i.e. the so-called Sharding, and not at all dealing with interoperability between different networks. The second trend is to focus on two specific blockchain networks and interconnect them as efficiently as possible. However, both of these trends are flawed, as a large number of new heterogeneous networks have recently emerged, which are incompatible with each other, so that all processes take place in isolation. If they want to communicate with another network, this is almost impossible because there is no standard for interlock blockchain communication. The only option is to exchange assets within the exchange, but this is only a scenario for cryptocurrencies and not for other use cases. Based on the research, an architecture is proposed that uses an API to connect existing blockchain networks and allows communication between any blockchain. From this blockchain it is possible to derive other blockchains that are scalable. The architecture has been implemented and experimental verification has shown scalability up to 18,000 transactions per second. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we present a multi-chain based hierarchical topology control algorithm (MCHTC) for wireless sensor networks. In this algorithm, the topology control process using static clustering is divided into sensing layer that is composed by sensor nodes and multi-hop data forwarding layer that is composed by leader nodes. The communication cost and residual energy of nodes are considered to organize nodes into a chain in each cluster, and leader nodes form a tree topology. Leader nodes are elected based on the residual energy and distance between themselves and the base station. Analysis and simulation results show that MCHTC outperforms LEACH, PEGASIS and IEEPB in terms of network lifetime, energy consumption and network energy balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, by the novel idea of integrating multiple-proposal algorithm and multiple-chain algorithm by parallel computing, we develop a highly efficient sampler for approximating statistical distributions: parallel Multi-proposal and Multi-chain Markov Chain Monte Carlo (pMPMC3), and we illustrate the high performance of this sampler by calculating P-value (odds ratio significance) for Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS). Computational results show that, by setting the convergence condition as the standard deviation of P-value is less than 10−3, pMPMC3 with 4 proposals and 4 chains obtains a convergent P-value within 106 iterations, while the conventional method Monte Carlo simulation does not obtain convergent P-values even in 107 iterations. We also test pMPMC3 by changing the number of chains, the number of proposals and the size of the dataset on a cluster with maximum 600 processes, the algorithm scales well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourism industry can significantly benefit from the blockchain since its implementation can build trust among stakeholders and improve customer satisfaction. However, most of the existing tourism-specified blockchain platforms are single-chains that provide business support for enterprises without guaranteeing transaction information privacy. Besides, these platforms are specified to a single use case and lack interoperability with other platforms to support heterogenous tourism services. This paper aims to address this issue by introducing a multi-chain architecture that utilizes multiple blockchains to enhance processing capability and provide various business services for the tourism industry. The proposed multi-chain architecture improves the interoperability between the activities in different chains by providing functional requirements in practical applications and supports the inter-ledger application. In addition, the private blockchain will be made available to allow users to access the network through central authorization. It also increases the transaction processing capability by distributing multiple tasks across the chains for large-scale applications. To demonstrate the usability and efficiency of the developed approach, a case study on hotel booking is conducted using the blockchain frameworks Winding Tree and Hyperledger Fabric. A comprehensive evaluation experiment is conducted, and the results show the significance of the proposed system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]