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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming an increasingly important health concern due to a rapidly ageing global population. The fastest growing NCD, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is responsible for over 2 million deaths annually. Lifestyle changes, including dietary changes to low glycemic response (GR) foods, have been shown to reduce the risk of developing T2DM. The aim of this study was to investigate whether three different doses of Reducose®, a mulberry leaf extract, could lower the GR and insulinemic responses (IR) to a full meal challenge in healthy individuals. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, repeat-measure, crossover design trial was conducted by the Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health; 37 healthy individuals completed the study. Participants consumed capsules containing either 200 mg, 225 mg, 250 mg Reducose® or placebo before a test meal consisting of 150 g white bread and egg mayo filler. Capillary blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals in the first hour and at 30-min intervals over the second and third hours to determine glucose and plasma insulin levels. The consumption of all three doses of Reducose® resulted in significantly lower blood glucose and plasma insulin levels compared to placebo. All three doses of Reducose® (200 mg, 225 mg, 250 mg) significantly lowered glucose iAUC 120 by 30% (p = 0.003), 33% (p = 0.001) and 32% (p = 0.002), respectively, compared with placebo. All three doses of Reducose® (200 mg, 225 mg, 250 mg) significantly lowered the plasma insulin iAUC 120 by 31% (p = 0.024), 34% (p = 0.004) and 38% (p < 0.001), respectively. The study demonstrates that the recommended dose (250 mg) and two lower doses (200 mg, 225 mg) of Reducose® can be used to help lower the GR and IR of a full meal containing carbohydrates, fats and proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in laying hens. The 576 Jing Fen laying hens of 56 weeks of age with good health and similar weights (1.76 ± 0.17 kg) were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 8 replicates in each group and 12 chickens in each replicate. The experiment lasted 56 d. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal diet. The FLHS group was fed a high energy-low protein (HELP) diet, and the other four experimental groups were fed HELP diets supplemented with 0.04, 0.40, 0.80, and 1.20% MLE, respectively. The results showed that HELP treatment significantly induced liver injury, which indicated that the FLHS model was successfully established. MLE supplementation could alleviate the FLHS by reducing the liver index, abdominal fat percentage, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the serum (P < 0.05), and subsequently increase the egg production rate (P < 0.05). The laying hens fed 0.8% MLE exhibited the greatest production performance (P < 0.05) and could improve serum lipid levels. In addition, the genes associated with fatty acid synthesis (ACC, HMGR and SREBP-1C) were downregulated (P < 0.05), and genes related to fatty acid oxidation (CPT1A, AMPK, and ATGL) were found to be upregulated (P < 0.05). Supplementation with 1.2% MLE significantly reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Desulfurized Bacillus (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the relative abundance of Fecal Bacillus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MLE may regulate the mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes through the AMPK signaling pathway and improve cecal microbiota balance and serum lipid levels to alleviate FLHS in laying hens and subsequently improve egg production performance.

Jicama and mulberry leaves are well-known to exhibit various health benefits due to their high phytochemicals content. In this study, hypoglycemic potential of jicama (JE) and mulberry leaf (MLE) extracts was investigated. Compound profile of both JE and MLE were determined using UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Then, the effect of simulated in-vitro digestion on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total reducing sugar content (TRS) and α-amylase inhibition activity (AIA) of JE and MLE were determined. Next, JE and MLE were mixed with cooked white and brown rice, respectively at a ratio of 1:5 (extract: rice). Lastly, the mixture was subjected to simulated in-vitro digestion. TPC, TFC and TRS released from the rice after digestion were measured. Results of the study suggested that TPC, TFC and AIA of MLE were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than JE. AIA of both extracts was reduced significantly after intestinal digestion. Results of Pearson correlation analysis suggested that AIA of JE was correlated to its TPC (r = 0.875, p < 0.01), whereas AIA of MLE was correlated to both TPC (r = 0.693, p < 0.01) and TFC (r = 0.885, p < 0.05). However, TRS of JE was increased by 2.6 folds after intestinal digestion. TRS of JE after intestinal digestion was 11 folds higher than MLE. Compared to JE, MLE was more efficient in reducing TRS released upon rice digestion. Besides, TRS released after brown rice digestion was significantly lower than white rice (p < 0.05). Although JE did not effectively reduce TRS released upon rice digestion, combination of JE with white rice significantly increased TPC and TFC after digestion. This study suggests that combined MLE in a brown rice diet potentially prevents postprandial blood glucose spike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming an increasingly important health concern due to a rapidly ageing global population. The fastest growing NCD, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is responsible for over 2 million deaths annually. Lifestyle changes, including dietary changes to low glycemic response (GR) foods, have been shown to reduce the risk of developing T2DM. The aim of this study was to investigate whether three different doses of Reducose®, a mulberry leaf extract, could lower the GR and insulinemic responses (IR) to a full meal challenge in healthy individuals. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, repeat-measure, crossover design trial was conducted by the Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health; 37 healthy individuals completed the study. Participants consumed capsules containing either 200 mg, 225 mg, 250 mg Reducose® or placebo before a test meal consisting of 150 g white bread and egg mayo filler. Capillary blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals in the first hour and at 30-min intervals over the second and third hours to determine glucose and plasma insulin levels. The consumption of all three doses of Reducose® resulted in significantly lower blood glucose and plasma insulin levels compared to placebo. All three doses of Reducose® (200 mg, 225 mg, 250 mg) significantly lowered glucose iAUC 120 by 30% (p = 0.003), 33% (p = 0.001) and 32% (p = 0.002), respectively, compared with placebo. All three doses of Reducose® (200 mg, 225 mg, 250 mg) significantly lowered the plasma insulin iAUC 120 by 31% (p = 0.024), 34% (p = 0.004) and 38% (p < 0.001), respectively. The study demonstrates that the recommended dose (250 mg) and two lower doses (200 mg, 225 mg) of Reducose® can be used to help lower the GR and IR of a full meal containing carbohydrates, fats and proteins.

This study investigated the pharmacological and pathological effects of aqueous mulberry leaf extract on type 1 diabetes mellitus mice induced with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic mice were randomized into six groups: control (normal group), model, metformin-treated mice, and high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose mulberry. The mulberry-treated mice were divided into high-, medium-, and low-dose groups based on the various doses of aqueous mulberry leaf extract during gavage. The efficacy of the six-week intervention was evaluated by measuring levels of fasting plasma glucose, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and recording body weight. Results revealed that mulberry leaf extract exhibited an ideal hypoglycemic effect, and the high-dose group was the most affected. Histology analysis, glycogen staining and apoptosis detection were used to study the extract’s effects on the liver, kidney, and pancreatic cells of diabetic mice, enabling the assessment of its effectiveness and complications on a clinical and theoretical basis. It was shown that a certain concentration of aqueous mulberry leaf extract repaired the islet cells of type 1 diabetes mellitus mice, promoting normal insulin secretion. Herein, it was confirmed that mulberry leaf could be used to develop new hypoglycemic drugs or functional health food with broad applicability.

Introduction: Chemerin and pentraxin 3 are involved in age-related metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of combined exercises (aerobic and resistance) along with the consumption of mulberry leaf extract supplement on the serum levels of chemerin and pentraxin 3 in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In a clinical trial with a single-blind design, 40 elderly men with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to five groups: control, placebo, extract, exercise, and extract + exercise (8 people in each group). The exercises were done for eight weeks and three sessions for 90 minutes. 3000 ml of mulberry leaf extract per day was prescribed along with three main meals. Camerin and pentraxin 3 values were measured before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session. Results: In the exercise, extract and exercise+extract groups, a significant decrease in the levels of chemerin (4/33%) and glucose (12/9%) and a significant increase in pentraxin 3 (4/12%) were observed (P<0/05). The results between groups showed a significant difference in the level of glucose (P=0/001), Chemerin (P=0/001) and Pentraxin 3 (P=0/001) and these changes in the extract + training group compared to the training groups And the extract isbigger. Conclusion: It seems that the administration of a combined program along with the consumption of mulberry leaf extract in diabetic elderly can have a positive effect on the improvement of cardiovascular inflammatory indicators affecting type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reducing postprandial (PP) hyperglycemia and PP glucose excursions is important for overall glycemic management. Although most therapeutic lifestyle interventions that reduce caloric intake would affect this, there is no particular nutritional intervention favored. Methods: We evaluated the effects of a novel natural food adjuvant combining mulberry leaf extract (MLE) with other bioactive ingredients, in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) originating from Asia, on improving PP glucometabolic response in a randomized controlled exploratory crossover, two-center study (USA, Singapore). A 2-g blend of 250 mg MLE [containing 12.5 mg of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)], fiber (1.75 g), vitamin D3 (0.75 μg), and chromium (75 μg), compared with a similar blend without the MLE, was sprinkled over a 350-kcal breakfast meal (55.4 g carbs) and PP blood glucose (primary exploratory endpoint), insulin, and incretin hormones (GLP-1, GIP) were evaluated in blood samples over 3 h. Changes in incremental areas under the concentration curve (iAUC) and maximum concentrations (Cmax) were compared. Results: Thirty individuals (12 women, mean age 59 years, HbA1c 7.1%, BMI 26.5 kg/m2) were enrolled and the MLE-based blend relative to the blend without MLE significantly reduced glucose iAUC at 1 h (− 20%, p < 0.0001), 2 h (− 17%, p = 0.0001), and 3 h (− 15%, p = 0.0032) and Cmax [mean (95% CI) difference − 0.8 (− 1.2, − 0.3) mmol/L, p = 0.0006]. A statistically significant reduction in 1 h insulin iAUC (− 24%, p = 0.0236) was observed, but this reduction was no longer present at either 2 h or 3 h. No difference in GLP-1 was seen, but GIP response (iAUC and Cmax) was less with the MLE-based blend. Conclusions: The observation of a significant glucose reduction paralleled with a significant lower insulin response supports a reduced gastrointestinal glucose absorption. These results support the use of a 2-g natural blend of MLE, fiber, vitamin D, and chromium in T2D as a convenient dietary adjuvant to improve PP glucometabolic response. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04877366. Plain Language Summary: It is generally accepted that addressing lifestyle factors represents the initial step for treatment of type 2 diabetes. This includes an evaluation of how to optimize physical exercise and diet. However, although most diets that reduce caloric intake would affect sugar levels, there is no particular nutritional intervention favored, and choices depend on factors such as cost, preference, availabilities, and scientific evidence. A multiingredient food adjuvant blend for support of blood sugar levels combined mulberry leaf extract with fiber, vitamin D, and chromium, and was developed with the intended use to be sprinkled on and consumed with a meal. In this study involving 30 people with type 2 diabetes (mean age 59 years, glycated hemoglobin 7.1%, body mass index 26.5 kg/m2) originating from Asia, a 2-g blend of these ingredients was sprinkled over a 350-kcal breakfast meal rich in carbohydrates (55.4 g) and compared to a similar blend without the MLE. Blood sugar spikes following the meal were reduced by 15–20% over an observation period of 3 h. Thus, such a mulberry leaf extract-based blend, which also is a source of fiber, vitamin D, and chromium, may represent a convenient dietary support to improve sugar levels after a meal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the anti-adenoviral activity of stilbene derivatives from mulberry leaves. Materials & methods: The anti-adenoviral activity was tested against adenoviruses -3 and -7 on human airway epithelial cell models. Cytotoxicity was assessed by LDH assay. Adenoviral DNA was quantified by qPCR. Results: All five tested stilbene derivatives from mulberry leaves exhibited anti-adenoviral activity, with Kuwanon X showing the highest inhibitory effect. Kuwanon X showed no apparent cytotoxicity for a wide range of concentrations. The mechanistic study revealed that Kuwanon X did not affect viral entry and nuclear translocation of the adenoviral genome but reduced viral DNA production. Conclusion: Stilbene derivatives like Kuwanon X from mulberry leaves are good candidates for antiviral treatment against AdV. Compound from mulberry leaves shows highly inhibitory effect against human AdV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mulberry leaf extract (MLE) extracted from mulberry leaves is rich in a variety of bioactive ingredients and can be used as feed additives of weaned piglets. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary MLE supplementation on intestinal barrier function, colon microbial numbers and microbial metabolites of weaned piglets. RESULTS: MLE supplementation increased the villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05), increased the mRNA expression of ZO-1, Claudin-1 and MUC-2 in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05), and decreased the serum level of lipopolysaccharide (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, MLE reduced the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β (P < 0.05) and increased secretory immunoglobulin A level in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). In addition, MLE increased the numbers of beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) and decreased the number of potential pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) in the colon. Correspondingly, MLE supplementation reduced the pH value of colonic digesta (P < 0.05) and altered the microbial fermentation pattern of the colon by increasing the concentrations of microbial metabolites derived from carbohydrates fermentation such as lactate, acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.05), and decreasing the concentrations of microbial metabolites derived from amino acid fermentation such as p-cresol, skatole, spermine, histamine and tryptamine (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MLE supplementation improved intestinal barrier function and displayed beneficial effects on colon microbes and microbial metabolism in weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: This experiment was carried out to investigate the mechanism of action of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in reducing abdominal fat accumulation in female broilers. A total of 192 one-day-old female Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were divided into 4 diet groups, with each group consisting of 8 replicates with 6 birds per replicate. The diets contained a basal diet and 3 test diets with supplementation of 400, 800, or 1,200 MLE mg/kg, respectively. The trial had 2 phases that lasted from 1 to 21 d and from 22 to 56 d, respectively. The growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, fatty acid composition, serum biochemistry and mRNA expression of genes related to fat metabolism in liver were determined. The results showed that, 1) dietary supplementation with MLE had no significant impact on broilers final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), or feed to gain ration (F/G) (P > 0.05), but linearly reduced abdominal fat accumulation in both experimental phases (P < 0.05); 2) the total contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosadienoic acid, were increased quadratically as a result of dietary supplements of 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg MLE (P < 0.01), while the total contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA), such as teracosanoic acid were decreased (P < 0.01); 3) the addition of 800 or 1,200 MLE mg/kg to the diet linearly reduced total cholesterol (TC) in the serum and liver (P < 0.05). Adenosine-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mRNA expression in the liver was quadratically increased by the addition of 800 or 1,200 MLE mg/kg to the diet (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and acetyl-CoA carboxylate), fatty acid synthase (FAS) were linearly decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MLE can be employed as a viable fat loss feed supplement in fast-growing broiler diets since it reduces abdominal fat deposition in female AA broilers via the AMPK/SREBP-1c/ACC signaling pathway. MLE can also be utilized to modify the fatty acid profile in female broilers (AA) at varied inclusion levels.

Mulberry leaf extract (ELM) has the functions of promoting growth, antioxidant, improving intestinal microbial composition, thus providing a potential solution the occurrence of fish intestinal diseases. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to explore the effects of ELM on intestinal health of spotted sea bass Lateolabrax maculatus. A total of 360 spotted sea bass (9.00 ± 0.02 g) were selected and randomly divided into 6 groups. Fish in each group were given feed with varying ELM concentration (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 g/kg) for 52 days, respectively. Results show, dietary intake of 9 g/kg ELM increased the weight gain, specific growth ratio and feed intake of the spotted sea bass (P0.05). ELM improved the morphology of fish intestine, as manifested in significant improvement in the length of intestinal villi, thereby increasing the surface area of the intestinal tract (P

Biocomposites have gained tremendous advantages over synthetic composites due to their biocompatibility, sustainable degradation, and ability to easily combine with other substances. In the present study, we have prepared silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel, mulberry leaf extract (MLE), tasar pupal oil (TPO), and their composites, such as TPO-loaded SF hydrogel and MLE-loaded SF hydrogel, and characterized them by using a phase contrast microscope (PCM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) SEM- EDX, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, 1H-NMR was used for profiling of mulberry leaf extract and GC–MS was used to find tasar pupal oil composition. Further, the disc diffusion method evaluated their antimicrobial activities against S. aureus, E. coli, A. flavus, and A. brassicae. PCM, SEM, and FTIR results validated the conjugation of MLE and SF hydrogel composite; 1H-NMR confirmed the 41 metabolites in MLE, and GC–MS established the composition of tasar pupal oil. Since both composites, such as TPO-loaded SF hydrogel and MLE-loaded SF hydrogel, reduced the S. aureus and E. coli activities at all tested concentrations, the antibacterial results were unambiguous in their conclusion. S. aureus could only be inhibited by SF hydrogel at a high concentration (300 g/ml), despite suppressing E. coli growth at all tested concentrations. At 300 g/ml, MLE demonstrated antibacterial action against S. aureus. Furthermore, at a dosage of 300 g/ml, TPO inhibited both S. aureus and E. coli. Both mulberry leaf extract (at 200 and 300 g/ml) and the MLE-loaded SF hydrogel composite displayed antifungal activity against A. flavus at all tested concentrations (100, 200, and 300 g/ml). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) is used as a traditional medicine and potential health food to treat various metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. However, we sought the mechanisms by which functional components of mulberry leaves mediate diabetic steatohepatitis. We applied an in vitro model of HepG2 cells induced by glucolipotoxicity and evaluated the effects of MLE and its major components nCGA, Crp, and CGA. The results showed that MLE and nCGA reduced liver fat accumulation by inhibiting SREBP-1/FASN, SREBP-2/HMG-CoAR, and activating PPARα/CPT-1. Additionally, MLE and nCGA decreased inflammatory responses associated with NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 to alleviate steatohepatitis. Furthermore, we showed that MLE and nCGA exerted anti-glucolipotoxicity effects by downregulating miR-34a, thus activating SIRT1/AMPK signaling, and subsequently suppressing hepatic lipid accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on alleviating fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome (FLHS) in laying hens. The 576 Jing Fen laying hens of 56 weeks of age with good health and similar weights (1.76 ± 0.17 kg) were randomly divided into 6 groups, with 8 replicates in each group and 12 chickens in each replicate. The experiment lasted 56 d. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal diet. The FLHS group was fed a high energy-low protein (HELP) diet, and the other four experimental groups were fed HELP diets supplemented with 0.04, 0.40, 0.80, and 1.20% MLE, respectively. The results showed that HELP treatment significantly induced liver injury, which indicated that the FLHS model was successfully established. MLE supplementation could alleviate the FLHS by reducing the liver index, abdominal fat percentage, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in the serum (P < 0.05), and subsequently increase the egg production rate (P < 0.05). The laying hens fed 0.8% MLE exhibited the greatest production performance (P < 0.05) and could improve serum lipid levels. In addition, the genes associated with fatty acid synthesis (ACC, HMGR and SREBP-1C) were downregulated (P < 0.05), and genes related to fatty acid oxidation (CPT1A, AMPK, and ATGL) were found to be upregulated (P < 0.05). Supplementation with 1.2% MLE significantly reduced the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Desulfurized Bacillus (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the relative abundance of Fecal Bacillus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MLE may regulate the mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related genes through the AMPK signaling pathway and improve cecal microbiota balance and serum lipid levels to alleviate FLHS in laying hens and subsequently improve egg production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 70-day experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on growth, proximate compositions, antioxidant and plasma biochemical parameters, and indices of non-specific immunity of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) fed a high-starch diet. Two hundred eighty largemouth bass (initial body weight, 68.00 ± 0.19 g) were randomly fed seven diets: basal-starch diet (BSD; 8.88% starch), high-starch diet (HSD; 11.42% starch), and HSD diets supplemented with 0.05%, 0.10%, 0.20%, 0.50%, and 1.00% MLE (MLE1, MLE2, MLE3, MLE4, and MLE5, respectively). The results indicated that HSD and MLE did not significantly affect the growth performance of largemouth bass during the experimental period compared with that of the BSD, but the supplementation with more than 0.20% (MLE3, MLE4, and MLE5) MLE significantly decreased the hepatosomatic index (HSI) values, and 1.00% (MLE5) MLE significantly decreased the viscerosomatic index (VSI) values. The whole-body moisture of fish fed an HSD decreased significantly, while the whole-body lipid content increased significantly in the HSD group compared with the BSD group. Compared with HSD, MLE supplementation significantly decreased the moisture and lipid contents in the whole body. Supplementation with more than 0.20% MLE (MLE3, MLE4, and MLE5) significantly decreased the moisture content in the muscle. Supplementation with 1.00% MLE significantly decreased the content of hepatic and muscle glycogen. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the HSD group was significantly increased compared to that of the BSD group, whereas more than 0.10% (MLE2, MLE3, MLE4, and MLE5) MLE significantly decreased the MDA content. Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities of MLE5 were significantly higher than those of the HSD group. The complement-3 (C3) content and globulin (GLB) in the plasma of the HSD group were significantly lower than those of the BSD group. Plasma C3 levels in the MLE3, MLE4, and MLE5 groups were significantly higher than those in the HSD group. In addition, glucose (GLU) levels in the MLE3, MLE4, and MLE5 groups were significantly lower than those in the HSD group. Supplementation with 0.50% (MLE4) MLE significantly increased the lysozyme (LYZ) content and decreased the activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). Supplementation with 1.00% MLE significantly increased complement-4 (C4) and GLB contents and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Overall, these findings suggest that MLE could improve antioxidant capacity, immune function, and glycolipid metabolism, thereby alleviating the negative effects of a high-starch diet in M. salmoides.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a metabolic disease with multiple complications. Mulberry leaf extract (MLE) is rich in flavonoids and has great potential in alleviating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. This study evaluated the effect and mechanism of MLE on the alleviation of MS. The components of the MLE were analyzed, and then the regulation of lipid metabolism by MLE in vitro and in vivo was determined. In a hepatocyte model of oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation, it was found that MLE alleviated lipid accumulation and decreased the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis. Furthermore, MLE improved obesity, insulin resistance, plasma lipid profile, and liver function in MS mice after a 15-week intervention. MLE decreased the expression of SREBP1, ACC, and FAS through the AMPK signaling pathway to inhibit lipid synthesis and increase the level of CPT1A to promote lipid decomposition to achieve its hypolipidemic effect. Meanwhile, MLE was also shown to affect the composition of the gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids, which contributed to the alleviation of lipid accumulation. Our results suggest that MLE can improve MS by improving lipid metabolism through multiple mechanisms and can be developed into dietary supplements for the improvement of MS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaves have high nutritional and economic value, which are rich in flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, polysaccharides, various amino acids and other bioactive substances. Mulberry leaves have the functions of anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, immunity enhancement and glucose-lipid metabolism regulation, so it can be used as a source of high-quality livestock and poultry feed. The paper reviews the research progress and biological functions of mulberry leaf active components, and expounds the application of mulberry leaf extracts in animal production, to provide reference for the rational development and utilization of mulberry leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) has been used as a health food and in traditional medicine to treat several metabolic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. However, the mechanism by which mulberry leaf and its functional components mediate atherosclerosis remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and its major component, neochlorogenic acid (nCGA), on the proliferation and migration of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs, A7r5 cell line) under diabetic cultured conditions (oleic acid and high glucose, OH). Our findings showed that MLE and nCGA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration in A7r5 cells as determined by a scratch wound assay and a Transwell assay. Furthermore, we observed MLE and nCGA inhibited cell proliferation and migration, such as reducing the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and small GTPase proteins using Western blot analysis. In conclusion, we confirmed the anti-atherosclerotic effects of MLE and nCGA in reducing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation under diabetic cultured conditions via inhibition of FAK/small GTPase proteins, PI3K/Akt, and Ras-related signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-obesity, antidiabetic, antiatherosclerotic, and anticancer properties. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced conjunctivitis (5 × 109 colony-forming units, 0.5 mL/eye) in a rabbit model. Methods: Rabbits were treated with MLE (5 mL/kg·d−1 and 10 mL/kg·d−1), 0.9% saline, pearl bright eye (PBE) drops, or erythromycin eye ointment (EEO) group for 5 days. The ocular infection symptoms, bacterial negative conversion rate, and conjunctival histopathological changes of rabbits in each group were observed. The expression of caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain, NOD-like receptor leucine-rich pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), interleukin (IL)-18, IL-6, IL-1β, TNFα, Keap1, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in conjunctival tissue of rabbits were detected by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR and/or Western blot analysis. Results: The results showed that MLE treatment significantly reduced the clinical sign scores of conjunctivitis, alleviated clinical signs, and decreased bacterial load, and histological damage in a time- and dose-dependent manner was compared to that in the control group. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of MLE (10 mL/kg·d−1) were similar to those of the positive control drug PBE and EEO. In addition, MLE significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, downregulated the NLRP3 inflammasome, and upregulated the Nrf2 system. Conclusions: MLE is effective in alleviating S. aureus-induced conjunctivitis in rabbits, and this mechanism is associated with the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome and activation of the Nrf2 system to regulate pro-inflammatory signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) contains multiple bioactive ingredients and has been used in the treatment of obesity, diabetes, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing has been developed for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plants. However, the hypocholesterolemic effect of the HHP extract from mulberry leaves and its underlying mechanism have never been investigated. Objective: The specific aim of the present study was to investigate the hypocholesterolemic property of a novel extract obtained from mulberry leaves under HHP in rats. Design: Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups and fed either a normal diet (NOR), a high cholesterol diet containing 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid (HC), an HC diet containing 0.5% mulberry leaf extract (ML), or a 1% mulberry leaf extract (MH) for 4 weeks. Results: High hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry leaves significantly reduced the HC-increased serum levels of triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and hepatic contents of TG and TC. The HHP extraction from mulberry leaves also increased the HC-decreased fecal TC and bile acid levels without changing body weight, food intake, liver weight, and serum activities of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (P < 0.05). The mulberry leaf extract significantly enhanced the expression of hepatic genes such as cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), liver X receptor alpha (LXRα), and ATP-binding cassette transporters, ABCG5/ABCG8, involved in hepatic bile acid synthesis and cholesterol efflux (P < 0.05). In addition, the HHP extraction of mulberry leaves significantly suppressed hepatic microRNA(miR)-33 expression and increased adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity. Conclusion: These results suggest that the HHP extract of mulberry leaves lowers serum cholesterol levels by partially increasing hepatic bile acid synthesis and fecal cholesterol excretion through the modulation of miR-33 expression and AMPK activation in the liver.

Abstract Background There are many benefits of maintaining healthy blood glucose levels, and studies have shown that lifestyle changes such as changes to diet can successfully restore normoglycaemia in participants with dysglycaemia. Significant health-related lifestyle changes are often difficult to implement and functional ingredients that can reduce glycaemic and insulaemic responses may help at risk populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a mulberry leaf extract could lower the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to 75 g sucrose in healthy individuals. Methods A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover design trial was conducted by the Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health. Thirty-eight participants were recruited into the trial and, after an overnight fast, were given 75 g sucrose + white mulberry leaf extract, or 75 g sucrose alone. Capillary blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals in the first hour and at 30-min intervals over the second hour to determine glucose and plasma insulin levels. Data analysis was conducted using a paired samples T test or a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results The addition of mulberry leaf extract to sucrose resulted in a significantly lower glycaemic response and insulinaemic response compared to a matched placebo (sucrose alone). The change in blood glucose measurements were significantly lower at 15 min (p

Mulberry leaf extract (MLE) has known as inhibits elevated postprandial blood glucose level in human. Then, we conducted a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group trial to evaluate safety when a green tea containing MLE is consumed 3 times a day, every day for 4 weeks. The participants (n = 48) were randomly allocated into 2 groups, an MLE beverage group and a control beverage group. The subjects were instructed to drink either a 500 mL green tea containing 550 mg MLE or a 500 mL green tea not containing MLE, 3 times a day, every day, for 4 weeks. No adverse reactions were observed over the 4 weeks trial, and no difference in the incidence of adverse events between the groups. These findings demonstrate that the consumption of a green tea containing 550 mg MLE 3 times a day for 4 weeks is safe for healthy adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-grade inflammation might be a link between obesity and obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction, including diabetes, hepatic steatosis, and other health complications. This study investigated whether the supplementation of high hydrostatic pressure extract of mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves (HML) to obese rats could counteract obesity-related inflammation. Three-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were separated into three groups as follows: (a) a normal diet, (b) 45% high-fat (HF) diet, and HF diet containing 0.4% HML (c) or 0.8% HML (d) (IACUC No. 17-033). After 14 weeks of HML supplementation, adipose tissue mass, mRNA expression of adipogenic genes, such as aP2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c), and macrophage recruitment were significantly decreased in HF-fed obese rats. Serum concentrations of nitric oxide and mRNA levels of arginase1 (Arg1), CD11c, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) involved in adipose tissue macrophage M1 polarization were also significantly reduced by HML. Moreover, HML alleviated the serum and hepatic lipid profiles and reduced hepatic lipogenic gene expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), CPT1, fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1), and SREBP1c, and inflammation-associated genes, including IL1β, interleukin 6 (IL6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Serum IL6 and TNFα levels were remarkedly suppressed in the 0.8% HML group. These results suggested that the favorable effect of HML on obesity-associated inflammation might be related in part to the decrease in adipose tissue and hepatic fat deposition and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) is used as a traditional medicine and potential health food to treat various metabolic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. However, we sought the mechanisms by which functional components of mulberry leaves mediate diabetic steatohepatitis. We applied an in vitro model of HepG2 cells induced by glucolipotoxicity and evaluated the effects of MLE and its major components nCGA, Crp, and CGA. The results showed that MLE and nCGA reduced liver fat accumulation by inhibiting SREBP-1/FASN, SREBP-2/HMG-CoAR, and activating PPARα/CPT-1. Additionally, MLE and nCGA decreased inflammatory responses associated with NF-κB, TNF-α, and IL-6 to alleviate steatohepatitis. Furthermore, we showed that MLE and nCGA exerted anti-glucolipotoxicity effects by downregulating miR-34a, thus activating SIRT1/AMPK signaling, and subsequently suppressing hepatic lipid accumulation.

Aims: Probiotics and plant extracts have been used to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The study aimed to explore the effect of the interaction between potential probiotics and bitter gourd extract (BGE) or mulberry leaf extract (MLE) on T2DM. Methods and Results: Potential probiotics were tested for their gastrointestinal tract viability and growth situation combined with BGE and MLE in vitro. The diabetes model was constructed in C57BL/6 mice, and the potential effect and mechanism of regulating blood glucose were verified. Hematoxylin‐eosin staining (HE), gas chromatography (GC), ELISA, and RT‐PCR were also used for analysis. The results showed that Lactobacillus casei K11 had outstanding gastrointestinal tract viability and growth situation with plant extracts. Administration of L. casei K11 combined with BGE and MLE significantly reduced blood glucose levels and ameliorated insulin resistance in diabetic mice than the administration of Lactobacillus paracasei J5 combined with BGE and MLE. Moreover, in L. casei K11 combined with BGE and MLE groups, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory cytokine levels were regulated. Furthermore, the results indicated that L. casei K11 combined with BGE and MLE improved free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) upregulation, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) secretion, and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels. Conclusions: These findings showed that L. casei K11 combined with BGE and MLE modified the SCFA–FFAR2–GLP‐1 pathway to improve T2DM. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study identified a new modality for evaluating interactions between potential probiotics and plant extracts. Our findings revealed that L. casei K11 combined with BGE and MLE significantly promoted the SCFA–FFAR2–GLP‐1 pathway to inhibit T2DM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaves are used in Chinese traditional medicine to prevent diabetes and the preventive and therapeutic effects of MLE have been seen in preclinical models. Herein, mulberry leaf extract (MLE) was analyzed to identify its active components. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed that MLE contained 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ, 5.47%), chlorogenic acid (CA, 1.21%), resveratrol (RESV, 0.39%), scopoletin (Sco, 0.09%), and astragaloside (AS, 0.04%). Mice with induced diabetic cardiomyopathy were treated with MLE or each of its main components for 12 weeks. MLE and 1-DNJ significantly improved cardiac function, body weight, and glucose and lipid metabolism, while reducing myocardial fibrosis. Moreover, 1-DNJ reduced the levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress, inhibited the TGF-β pathway, prevented the expression of α-SMA and Smad2/3, as well as collagen 1 and 3. Collectively, these findings suggest that1-DNJ is the main active component of MLE that protects the diabetic myocardium and regulates the TGF β–Smad2/3 pathway.

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a metabolic disease with multiple complications. Mulberry leaf extract (MLE) is rich in flavonoids and has great potential in alleviating glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. This study evaluated the effect and mechanism of MLE on the alleviation of MS. The components of the MLE were analyzed, and then the regulation of lipid metabolism by MLE in vitro and in vivo was determined. In a hepatocyte model of oleic acid-induced lipid accumulation, it was found that MLE alleviated lipid accumulation and decreased the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis. Furthermore, MLE improved obesity, insulin resistance, plasma lipid profile, and liver function in MS mice after a 15-week intervention. MLE decreased the expression of SREBP1, ACC, and FAS through the AMPK signaling pathway to inhibit lipid synthesis and increase the level of CPT1A to promote lipid decomposition to achieve its hypolipidemic effect. Meanwhile, MLE was also shown to affect the composition of the gut microbiota and the production of short-chain fatty acids, which contributed to the alleviation of lipid accumulation. Our results suggest that MLE can improve MS by improving lipid metabolism through multiple mechanisms and can be developed into dietary supplements for the improvement of MS.

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Abstract Background Mulberry is a Korean medicinal herb that shows effective prevention and treatment of obesity and diabetes. Bioconversion is the process of producing active ingredients from natural products using microorganisms or enzymes. Methods In this study, we prepared bioconverted mulberry leaf extract (BMLE) with Viscozyme L, which we tested in insulin-sensitive cells (i.e., skeletal muscle cells and adipocytes) and insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells, as well as obese diabetic mice induced by co-administration of streptozotocin (100 mg/kg, IP) and nicotinamide (240 mg/kg, IP) and feeding high-fat diet, as compared to unaltered mulberry leaf extract (MLE). Results BMLE increased the glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes and 3 T3-L1 adipocytes and increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in HIT-T15 pancreatic β-cells. The fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic mice treated with BMLE or MLE (300 and 600 mg/kg, PO, 7 weeks) were significantly lower than those of the vehicle-treated group. At the same concentration, BMLE-treated mice showed better glucose tolerance than MLE-treated mice. Moreover, the blood concentration of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) in mice treated with BMLE was lower than that in the MLE group at the same concentration. Plasma insulin levels in mice treated with BMLE or MLE tended to increase compared to the vehicle-treated group. Treatment with BMLE yielded significant improvements in insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity. Conclusion These results indicate that in the management of diabetic condition, BMLE is superior to unaltered MLE due to at least, in part, high concentrations of maker compounds (trans-caffeic acid and syringaldehyde) in BMLE.

Mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) has been used as a health food and in traditional medicine to treat several metabolic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. However, the mechanism by which mulberry leaf and its functional components mediate atherosclerosis remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effect of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) and its major component, neochlorogenic acid (nCGA), on the proliferation and migration of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs, A7r5 cell line) under diabetic cultured conditions (oleic acid and high glucose, OH). Our findings showed that MLE and nCGA significantly inhibited cell proliferation and migration in A7r5 cells as determined by a scratch wound assay and a Transwell assay. Furthermore, we observed MLE and nCGA inhibited cell proliferation and migration, such as reducing the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and small GTPase proteins using Western blot analysis. In conclusion, we confirmed the anti-atherosclerotic effects of MLE and nCGA in reducing vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation under diabetic cultured conditions via inhibition of FAK/small GTPase proteins, PI3K/Akt, and Ras-related signaling.

Background: There are many benefits of maintaining healthy blood glucose levels, and studies have shown that lifestyle changes such as changes to diet can successfully restore normoglycaemia in participants with dysglycaemia. Significant health-related lifestyle changes are often difficult to implement and functional ingredients that can reduce glycaemic and insulaemic responses may help at risk populations. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a mulberry leaf extract could lower the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to 75 g sucrose in healthy individuals. Methods: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, crossover design trial was conducted by the Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health. Thirty-eight participants were recruited into the trial and, after an overnight fast, were given 75 g sucrose + white mulberry leaf extract, or 75 g sucrose alone. Capillary blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals in the first hour and at 30-min intervals over the second hour to determine glucose and plasma insulin levels. Data analysis was conducted using a paired samples T test or a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results: The addition of mulberry leaf extract to sucrose resulted in a significantly lower glycaemic response and insulinaemic response compared to a matched placebo (sucrose alone). The change in blood glucose measurements were significantly lower at 15 min (p < 0.001), 30 min (p < 0.001), 45 min (p = 0.008), and 120 min (p < 0.001) and plasma insulin measurements were significantly lower at 15 min (p < 0.001), 30 min (p < 0.001), 45 min (p < 0.001), 60 min (p = 0.001) and 120 min (p < 0.001). The glucose iAUC (− 42%, p = 0.001), insulin iAUC (− 40%, p < 0.001), peak glucose (− 40.0%, p < 0.001) and peak insulin (− 41%, p < 0.001) from baseline were significantly lower for white mulberry leaf extract compared with the placebo. White mulberry leaf extract was well tolerated and there were no reported adverse events. Conclusions: Mulberry leaf extract can be used as part of lifestyle changes that may lead to healthy blood glucose levels. Trial registration: ISRCTN99601810 (23 October 2020, retrospectively registered) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) causes malnutrition in children in low-resource settings. Stable-isotope breath tests have been proposed as noninvasive tests of altered nutrient metabolism and absorption in EED, but uncertainty over interpreting the breath curves has limited their use. The activity of sucrose-isomaltase, the glucosidase enzyme responsible for sucrose hydrolysis, may be reduced in EED. We previously developed a mechanistic model describing the dynamics of the 13 C-sucrose breath test ( 13 C-SBT) as a function of underlying metabolic processes., Objectives: This study aimed to determine which breath test curve dynamics are associated with sucrose hydrolysis and with the transport and metabolism of the fructose and glucose moieties and to propose and evaluate a model-based diagnostic for the loss of activity of sucrase-isomaltase., Methods: We applied the mechanistic model to 2 sets of exploratory 13 C-SBT experiments in healthy adult participants. First, 19 participants received differently labeled sucrose tracers (U- 13 C fructose, U- 13 C glucose, and U- 13 C sucrose) in a crossover study. Second, 16 participants received a sucrose tracer accompanied by 0, 100, and 750 mg of Reducose, a sucrase-isomaltase inhibitor. We evaluated a model-based diagnostic distinguishing between inhibitor concentrations using receiver operator curves, comparing with conventional statistics., Results: Sucrose hydrolysis and the transport and metabolism of the fructose and glucose moieties were reflected in the same mechanistic process. The model distinguishes these processes from the fraction of tracer exhaled and an exponential metabolic process. The model-based diagnostic performed as well as the conventional summary statistics in distinguishing between no and low inhibition [area under the curve (AUC): 0.77 vs. 0.66-0.79] and for low vs. high inhibition (AUC 0.92 vs. 0.91-0.99)., Conclusions: Current summary approaches to interpreting 13 C breath test curves may be limited to identifying only gross gut dysfunction. A mechanistic model-based approach improved interpretation of breath test curves characterizing sucrose metabolism., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest The authors report no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Since ancient times, mulberry leaf has a prominent intestinal regulatory effect, and the close relationship between intestinal diseases and other diseases has attracted more and more attention. This article reviewed the relevant articles on the mulberry leaf in recent years and summarized the research progress of mulberry leaf's biological activities and their effects on human intestinal regulation and the corresponding mechanisms. Multiple components in the mulberry leaf can individually or synergistically affect the human intestine, directly and indirectly promote the digestion, absorption, and transport function of the small intestine, adjust the balance of the flora, enhance the barrier function of the intestinal mucosa, improve the immunity of the part, and facilitate the intestine recovery from illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sodium alginate film incorporated with mulberry leaf extract [0-4% (v/v)] were evaluated in terms of its physicochemical properties. Results showed that with the increase of mulberry leaf extract concentration, the thickness of the film increased (from 0.07 mm to 0.11 mm), while the color of film produced increased in its green and yellow intensity. In terms of mechanical properties, with the increase of mulberry leaf extract concentration, a significant increase in the tensile strength but a significant decrease in the elongation at break of the film were observed, while no significant effect (p>0.05) on the puncture force was observed. Similarly, no significant effect (p>0.05) on moisture content, water solubility, and water activity of sodium alginate films were found, with the increase of mulberry leaf extract. An increase in the total phenolic content from 8.92 mg GAE/100 g to 41.88 mg GAE/100 g was observed when 4% (v/v) of mulberry leaf extract was added. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaf extract (MLE), an active substance extracted from mulberry leaves, is known to have a positive effect on several physiological functions. The current study examined the effects of dietary MLE in feed at concentrations 0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12.0 and 15.0 g/kg on the growth performance and gastrointestinal and hepatic functions of Andrias davidianus for 12 weeks. Results indicated that the final body weight, weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate and feed intake (FI) of A. davidianus increased with the increase in the dietary MLE up to 9.0 g/kg and declined thereafter, while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) exhibited an opposite trend. Meanwhile, A. davidianus with a dietary intake of 9.0 g/kg MLE showed higher levels of crude protein in muscles and lower levels of moisture and crude lipid levels in the liver and muscles when compared with the control. In addition, dietary MLE increased the density and length of the villi and decreased the cavity rate in the foregut, enhancing the activities of carbonic anhydrase, H+‐K+‐ATPase, pepsin, intestinal trypsin, lipase and Na+‐K+‐ATPase (p <.05) in the stomach. Furthermore, dietary MLE increased the intestinal and hepatic superoxide dismutase activities and total antioxidative capacities but decreased their malondialdehyde contents in A. davidianus. Dietary MLE also significantly increased the immune parameters, and the plasma total protein, albumin and immunoglobulin M contents but significantly decreased the aspartate aminotr‐ansferase, alanine aminotransferase and diamine oxidase activities, and the total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride and endotoxin contents (p <.05). In conclusion, a quadratic regression analysis of WGR and FCR indicated that the optimum level of MLE for A. davidianus was between 8.21 and 8.30 g/kg of the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) leaves are of broad popular use for food or remedy purposes due to their bioactive properties, especially antidiabetic activity and antioxidative activity. The present study aimed to assess the toxicological profile of mulberry leaf extract (MLE), through acute, subacute toxicity and genotoxicity tests. Male and female rats received by gavage 15.0 g/kg bw of MLE in the acute toxicity test, and 0, 1.88, 3.75 and 7.50 g/kg bw/d of MLE for subacute toxicity test. In the acute toxicity study, no mortality or behavioral changes were observed, indicating the LD 50 is higher than 15.0 g/kg bw. In the subacute toxicity test, no significant changes were observed in hematological, biochemical or histopathological parameters in the animals exposed. The no-observed-adverse-effect level in the subacute toxicity study was considered to be 7.50 g/kg bw/d, the highest dose tested. In the genotoxicity study, MLE showed no mutagenic activity in the Ames assay and no evidence of potential to induce chromosome aberrations or sperm abnormalities in mice exposed to 10 g/kg bw. Collectively, aqueous extract of mulberry leaves could be considered safe, and the results support the application of MLE as novel food ingredient or product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, rapid and eco-friendly technique for the preparation of small-sized silver nanoparticles with narrow distribution from 5 nm to 15 nm was developed. Using silver nitrate as silver precursor, and mulberry leaves extract as both capping and reducing agent, silver nanoparticles were obtained at room temperature, without employing any other reducing and capping agents. The formation of silver nanoparticles was observed by the change of color from pale yellow to brown and the UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The effects of reaction time, temperature, silver nitrate concentration and mulberry leaves extract amount were studied. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The results demonstrate that the obtained metallic nanoparticles are highly crystalline silver nanoparticles with a spherical shape and capped with extract. A possible formation mechanism was proposed. The method in this paper may be extended to synthesize other noble metal nanoparticles using renewable materials as capping and reducing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry leaves contain many bioactive compounds and have been widely used in traditional medicines and functional foods for prevention and treatment of age-related diseases, such as diabetes, cognitive impairment and obesity-mediated liver cancer. Aging has an irreversible negative impact on human health for many years, even decades, before death, which is a social and economic burden on society. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-aging effects of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in vivo and in vitro. The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model organism to observe the effects of different concentrations of MLE (1, 2, 4, 8 mg/mL) on nematodes' healthy lifespan, reproductive capacity, locomotion, stress resistance, and antioxidation. In addition, D-galactose (D-gal) induced liver aging in mice and L-02 cells were established. The antioxidant and anti-aging effects of MLE were evaluated by body weight, organ indexes, malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), aspartate and alanine aminotransferases (AST and ALT), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal). Besides, the expressions of AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α and Nrf2-Keap1 were detected by Western blotting. MLE could significantly prolonged nematodes' average life span and improved most physiological indicators related to aging of C. elegans. Moreover, Treatment with MLE ameliorated the decreased body weight and organ index (weight of organ/body weight) in model mice, and protected against oxidative stress in mice and liver cells, in a dose-dependent manner, up-regulating T-SOD and T-AOC, while reducing ROS and MDA levels. MLE decreased both liver and cell levels of AST and ALT, and enhanced the mitochondrial membrane potential. MLE activated the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α pathways, participated in mitochondrial biosynthesis and oxidative metabolism and delayed D-gal-induced aging. MLE promoted the accumulation of Nrf2 in the nucleus, indicating that the improved oxidative stress response was mediated by the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in vivo and in vitro. MLE appeared to have great potential for stimulating the oxidative stress response and attenuating the aging process of in vivo and in vitro , and provide a novel health-promoting resource against aging and aging-related diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experiment was carried out to investigate the mechanism of action of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in reducing abdominal fat accumulation in female broilers. A total of 192 one-day-old female Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were divided into 4 diet groups, with each group consisting of 8 replicates with 6 birds per replicate. The diets contained a basal diet and 3 test diets with supplementation of 400, 800, or 1,200 MLE mg/kg, respectively. The trial had 2 phases that lasted from 1 to 21 d and from 22 to 56 d, respectively. The growth performance, abdominal fat deposition, fatty acid composition, serum biochemistry and mRNA expression of genes related to fat metabolism in liver were determined. The results showed that, 1) dietary supplementation with MLE had no significant impact on broilers final body weight, average daily gain (ADG), or feed to gain ration (F/G) (P > 0.05), but linearly reduced abdominal fat accumulation in both experimental phases (P < 0.05); 2) the total contents of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), such as palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, and eicosadienoic acid, were increased quadratically as a result of dietary supplements of 400, 800, and 1,200 mg/kg MLE (P < 0.01), while the total contents of saturated fatty acids (SFA), such as teracosanoic acid were decreased (P < 0.01); 3) the addition of 800 or 1,200 MLE mg/kg to the diet linearly reduced total cholesterol (TC) in the serum and liver (P < 0.05). Adenosine-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mRNA expression in the liver was quadratically increased by the addition of 800 or 1,200 MLE mg/kg to the diet (P < 0.05), and the mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and acetyl-CoA carboxylate), fatty acid synthase (FAS) were linearly decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, MLE can be employed as a viable fat loss feed supplement in fast-growing broiler diets since it reduces abdominal fat deposition in female AA broilers via the AMPK/SREBP-1c/ACC signaling pathway. MLE can also be utilized to modify the fatty acid profile in female broilers (AA) at varied inclusion levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of mulberry leaf extract (ME) fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus A4 (A4) on intestinal mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in a rat model. Male Wistar rats were gavaged with A4, ME, fermented mulberry leaf extract FME) or lafutidine (LAF) for 10 days and injected intraperitoneally with 5-FU (150 mg kg−1) or saline (normal control) on day 7 to induce mucositis. After euthanizing the animals, their small and large intestines were removed for evaluation of histopathologic parameters, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, mucin content, and mRNA expression of the mucin gene and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1β. 5-FU induced significant weight loss, shortened villi height, and increased histological severity, IL-1β expression, and MPO activity compared to the normal control group. These pathological changes were markedly ameliorated by treatment with A4, ME and FME. These treatments also stimulated MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expression and mucin production, and reduced IL-1β expression and MPO level. Interestingly, FME had the greatest protective effect on 5-FU-induced mucositis in rats. Significance and Impact of the Study Our results suggest that fermented mulberry leaf extract (ME) may provide synergistic therapeutic benefits of both probiotics and natural plant extracts in prevention of 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis. These impacts are particularly significant given the induction of MUC2 and MUC5AC gene expressions for production of mucins and the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β in gut environments. Therefore, we proposed that enhanced functionality of ME by fermentation of Lactobacillus acidophilus A4 can be applied as food-grade adjuncts for mucositis therapy and prevention in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Mulberry leaves have been used anecdotally in Asia to treat many disease states, including glucose abnormalities. Animal and human studies illustrate potential benefit of mulberry leaf extract (MLE) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the glycemic and safety effects of MLE in patients with DM2.Materials& Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study evaluated MLE (1000mg standardized) versus matching placebo given three times daily with meals. Patients (n=24) were included if they had DM2 on single or combination oral therapy with a stable hemoglobin A1C (A1C). A 2-week placebo run-in (baseline) was followed by initiation of randomized medication for 3 months. Primary endpoints were change in A1C and self-monitoring blood glucoses (SMBG). Safety was also evaluated.Results: Of 24 patients enrolled, 17 patients completed the study. Post-prandial SMBG was significantly decreased at 3 months in the MLE group versus baseline (16.1%; p<0.05). This improvement in post-prandial SMBG persisted when compared to placebo (18.2%; p<0.05). A1C decreased from 7.30% at baseline to 6.94% in the MLE group but did not reach statistical significance (p=0.079). There was no difference in A1C between MLE and placebo. A significant 15% increase occurred in serum creatinine when the MLE group was compared to baseline or placebo (p<0.05 for both). There was no significant effect on weight, fasting SMBG, blood pressure, hypoglycemia, or other safety evaluation markers.Conclusions: These results suggest that mulberry leaf extract may be a useful complementary mealtime glucose option for patients with DM2. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT00795704. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of different levels (0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.10%) of mulberry leaf (Morus alba L.) extract (MLE) on the formation of free and bound heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in pan-fried muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) patties were investigated for the first time. Precursors of HCAs, oxidant index of patties and phenolic composition of MLE were measured. The total free and bound HCAs levels in control samples were 28.37 ng/g and 1935.65 ng/g, and the inhibition rates were 6.71–68.92% and 6.71–14.05% in MLE treatment groups, respectively, and 0.03% showed the strongest inhibitory effect. OPLS-DA result indicated that MeIQ, 8-MeIQx and Norharman were crucial differential compounds in total HCAs. Furthermore, the addition of MLE significantly inhibited the lipid and protein oxidation of patties (P < 0.05). Fifteen phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, were identified by LC-MS. The mitigation of HCAs and oxidation may be attributed to them. Correlation analysis indicated that the total HCAs content was negatively correlated with precursors but positively correlated with oxidation. In conclusion, MLE helped mitigate HCAs formation during muscovy duck processing and appeared to be a viable natural additive for producing healthier processed meat products. [Display omitted] • Free and bound HCAs in pan-fried muscovy duck patties were determined. • Fifteen phenolic compounds, mainly flavonoids, were identified by LC-MS. • MLE is a viable natural additive in mitigating HCAs through anti-oxidation. • The strongest HCAs inhibitory effect was noted in patties with 0.03% MLE. • Characteristic differential HCAs were identified based on multivariate analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the pharmacological and pathological effects of aqueous mulberry leaf extract on type 1 diabetes mellitus mice induced with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Diabetic mice were randomized into six groups: control (normal group), model, metformin-treated mice, and high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose mulberry. The mulberry-treated mice were divided into high-, medium-, and low-dose groups based on the various doses of aqueous mulberry leaf extract during gavage. The efficacy of the six-week intervention was evaluated by measuring levels of fasting plasma glucose, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, gamma-glutamyl transferase, glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and recording body weight. Results revealed that mulberry leaf extract exhibited an ideal hypoglycemic effect, and the high-dose group was the most affected. Histology analysis, glycogen staining and apoptosis detection were used to study the extract's effects on the liver, kidney, and pancreatic cells of diabetic mice, enabling the assessment of its effectiveness and complications on a clinical and theoretical basis. It was shown that a certain concentration of aqueous mulberry leaf extract repaired the islet cells of type 1 diabetes mellitus mice, promoting normal insulin secretion. Herein, it was confirmed that mulberry leaf could be used to develop new hypoglycemic drugs or functional health food with broad applicability.

Background: Mulberry leaf extract (MLE) extracted from mulberry leaves is rich in a variety of bioactive ingredients and can be used as feed additives of weaned piglets. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary MLE supplementation on intestinal barrier function, colon microbial numbers and microbial metabolites of weaned piglets., Results: MLE supplementation increased the villus height and the villus height/crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05), increased the mRNA expression of ZO-1, Claudin-1 and MUC-2 in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05), and decreased the serum level of lipopolysaccharide (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, MLE reduced the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β (P < 0.05) and increased secretory immunoglobulin A level in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). In addition, MLE increased the numbers of beneficial bacteria Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) and decreased the number of potential pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (P < 0.05) in the colon. Correspondingly, MLE supplementation reduced the pH value of colonic digesta (P < 0.05) and altered the microbial fermentation pattern of the colon by increasing the concentrations of microbial metabolites derived from carbohydrates fermentation such as lactate, acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids (P < 0.05), and decreasing the concentrations of microbial metabolites derived from amino acid fermentation such as p-cresol, skatole, spermine, histamine and tryptamine (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: MLE supplementation improved intestinal barrier function and displayed beneficial effects on colon microbes and microbial metabolism in weaned piglets. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry., (© 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.)

Owing to the problems associated with clay swelling, the implementation of surfactant flooding, a well-advised chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technique for sandstone reservoirs, should be implemented with more sensitivity. This paper conducts for the first time a comprehensive study for assessing the performance of a novel natural surfactant, Mulberry leaf extract, on oil recovery from montmorillonite (MMT, as swelling clay) rich reservoirs. From batch equilibrium tests, it was found that MMT appears to have a high potential for attracting the surfactant. In addition, Freunlich isotherm suited the equilibrium adsorption data very well. Based on linear swelling and plugging tests, the adsorption of surfactant restrained the hydration and swelling potential of MMT effectively, thereby no concern about surfactant loss. Micromodel observations exhibited that the proposed surfactant improved the sweep efficiency of water flooding about 11.73%. It was concluded that interfacial tension reduction and swelling inhibitive feature are responsible for excellent performance of the proposed surfactant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug-induced liver injury is a major health problem that challenges not only health care professionals but also the pharmaceutical industry and drug regulatory agencies. The possible hepatoprotective effect of the administration of mulberry ethanolic extract (MUL) leaves against hepatotoxic effect of the anti-rheumatic drug, methotrexate (MTX) was evaluated in this study both vivo (using animal models) and in vitro (human hepatoma HepG2 cells). Methods: In the in-vivo study, 20 male albino rats were equally assigned into four groups; control group received distilled water orally; MUL treated-group received 500 mg/kg/day of MUL extract; MTX treated-group was injected with a single dose of 20 mg/kg MTX intraperitoneally on the 4th day; MUL-MTX treated-group received the previously mentioned doses of MUL and MTX (both control and MUL treated groups were administered a single dose of a physiological saline i.p.). At the end of the experimental period (14 days) activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as well as total serum protein (TP) and albumin (ALB) levels were evaluated to assess liver function. Results: A marked reduction in the viability of HepG2 cells was observed after 48 h with IC50 equal to 14.5 ug/mL of MUL administration. Treating the animals with MUL in combination with MTX mitigated liver injury, causing a significant reduction in activities of AST, ALT, ALP and LDH as compared to the MTX-group. The liver architecture revealed more or less normal appearance with the combined treatment when compared with MTX treatment alone. Conclusions: This study recommends that the co-administration of MUL with MTX that may have therapeutic benefits against MTX-hepato-cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]