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The concept of planetary well-being, which stresses the persistence of lineages in ecosystems, is intimately linked to species extinction risk. Avoiding extinctions is a moral issue, as wiping out the outcomes of eons of evolutionary history and their future potential is clearly unconscionable. The concept of planetary well-being is also systemic: It is understood that species, as integral parts of ecosystems, are vital for the well-being of all systems on Earth. Yet, despite international agreements to protect biodiversity, global biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation has continued unimpeded over the past decades. We review the role of goals and targets in the UN Convention on Biological Diversity, stressing the importance of accountability. We suggest that extinction risk assessments of the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List, and associated country-level Red List Indices, provide valuable tools for guiding conservation action and for monitoring the state of planetary well-being. peerReviewed

Here we demonstrate, using pulsed femtosecond laser-induced two-photon oxidation (2PO), a novel method of locally tuning the sensitivity of solution gated graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) without sacrificing the integrity of the carbon network of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown graphene. The achieved sensitivity with 2PO was (25 ± 2) mV pH−1 in BIS-TRIS propane HCl (BTPH) buffer solution, when the oxidation level corresponded to the Raman peak intensity ratio I(D)/I(G) of 3.58. Sensitivity of non-oxidized, residual PMMA contaminated GFETs was 20–22 mV pH−1. The sensitivity decreased initially by 2PO to (19 ± 2) mV pH−1 (I(D)/I(G) = 0.64), presumably due to PMMA residue removal by laser irradiation. 2PO results in local control of functionalization of the CVD-grown graphene with oxygen-containing chemical groups enhancing the performance of the GFET devices. The GFET devices were made HDMI compatible to enable easy coupling with external devices for enhancing their applicability. peerReviewed

Background Cognitive load (CL) management is essential in safety-critical fields so that professionals can monitor and control their cognitive resources efficiently to perform and solve scenarios in a timely and safe manner, even in complex and unexpected circumstances. Thus, cognitive load theory (CLT) can be used to design virtual reality (VR) training programmes for professional learning in these fields. Objectives We studied CL management performance through behavioural indicators in authentic VR flight training and explored if and to what extent physiological data was associated with CL management performance. Methods The expert (n = 8) and novice pilots (n = 6) performed three approach and landing scenarios with increasing element interactivity. We used video recordings of the training to assess CL management performance based on the behavioural indicators. Then, we used the heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) data to study the associations between the physiological data and CL management performance. Results and Conclusions The pilots performed effectively in CL management. The experience of the pilots did not remarkably explain the variation in CL management performance. The scenario with the highest element interactivity and an increase in the very low-frequency band of HRV were associated with decreased performance in CL management. Takeaways Our study sheds light on the association between physiological indicators and CL management performance, which has traditionally been assessed with behavioural indicators in professional learning in safety-critical fields. Thus, physiological measurements can be used to supplement the assessment of CL management performance, as relying solely on behavioural indicators can be time consuming. peerReviewed

Oxygen uptake (V˙O2) is an important metric in any exercise test including walking and running. It can be measured using portable spirometers or metabolic analyzers. Those devices are, however, not suitable for constant use by consumers due to their costs, difficulty of operation and their intervening in the physical integrity of their users. Therefore, it is important to develop approaches for the indirect estimation of V˙O2-based measurements of motion parameters, heart rate data and application-specific measurements from consumer-grade sensors. Typically, these approaches are based on linear regression models or neural networks. This study investigates how motion data contribute to V˙O2 estimation accuracy during unconstrained running and walking. The results suggest that a long short term memory (LSTM) neural network can predict oxygen consumption with an accuracy of 2.49 mL/min/kg (95% limits of agreement) based only on speed, speed change, cadence and vertical oscillation measurements from an inertial navigation system combined with a Global Positioning System (INS/GPS) device developed by our group, worn on the torso. Combining motion data and heart rate data can significantly improve the V˙O2 estimation resulting in approximately 1.7-1.9 times smaller prediction errors than using only motion or heart rate data. publishedVersion

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Background Intrinsic capacity (IC) defined by the WHO refers to the composite of five domains of capacities. So far, developing and validating a standardized overall score of the concept have been challenging partly because its conceptual framework has been unclear. We consider that a person’s IC is determined by its domain-specific indicators suggesting a formative measurement model. Aims To develop an IC score applying a formative approach and assess its validity. Methods The study sample (n = 1908) consisted of 57–88-year-old participants from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). We used logistic regression models to select the indicators to the IC score with 6-year functional decline as an outcome. An IC score (range 0–100) was constructed for each participant. We examined the known-groups’ validity of the IC score by comparing groups based on age and number of chronic diseases. The criterion validity of the IC score was assessed with 6-year functional decline and 10-year mortality as outcomes. Results The constructed IC score included seven indicators covering all five domains of the construct. The mean IC score was 66.7 (SD 10.3). The scores were higher among younger participants and those who had lower number of chronic diseases. After adjustment for sociodemographic indicators, chronic diseases, and BMI, a one-point higher IC score was associated with a 7% decreased risk for 6-year functional decline and a 2% decreased risk for 10-year mortality. Conclusions The developed IC score demonstrated discriminative ability according to age and health status and is associated with subsequent functional decline and mortality.

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Emotional eating or the tendency to eat in response to emotional states can be assessed using self-report measures. The Emotional Eating Scale-II is a commonly used and reliable instrument that measures the desire to eat in response to a range of unpleasant and pleasant emotions. The current study aimed to corroborate the validity of the EES-II and expand its utility by investigating its dimensionality and testing its measurement invariance in samples from English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries. Convergent and predictive validity in respect of food craving, eating, and health indicators were also examined. This cross-national study included a total of 2485 adult participants recruited from Finland, North America, Philippines, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Spain, and South Korea, who completed the EES-II in six different languages. Factor analyses supported a four-factor structure including valence (pleasant, unpleasant) and activation (high, low) for a 12-item English version and slightly modified non-English adaptations. The model exhibited good fit in all samples, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Full invariance of factor loadings and partial invariance of factor loading, intercepts, and error variances was established across samples for the English-language version. Structural equation models revealed that high activation (pleasant and unpleasant) states predicted food cravings and reported eating. Overall findings across multiple samples and countries supported the factorial structure, reliability, invariance, and validity of the resulting Brief Emotional Eating Scale (BEES). peerReviewed

Toivon on todettu olevan ydinarvo hoitamisessa ja se on kytkeytynyt käsitteenä vahvasti mielenterveystyöhön. Toivo on tärkeä tekijä selviytyessä mielenterveyden häiriöistä, niiden aiheuttamista vaikutuksista ja sopeutuessa elämään sairauden kanssa. Vielä ei ole yhtäkään toivoa mittaavaa mittaria käännetty suomen kielelle, vaikka toivoa on tutkittu pitkään terveystieteissä ja muilla tieteenaloilla sekä kehitetty psykometrisesti päteviä toivoa mittaavia mittareita. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kuvata mielenterveyden häiriötä sairastavien ihmisten läheisten toivoa Suomessa sekä validoida toivon tasoa mittaavaa HHI-FI-mittaria (Herth Hope Index). Tutkimustehtävinä oli 1) kuvata mielenterveyden häiriötä sairastavien ihmisten läheisten toivon tasoa ja siihen yhteydessä olevia tekijöitä ja 2) validoida suomen kielelle käännettyä HHI-FI-mittaria. Tutkimuksen avulla tuotettua tietoa voidaan hyödyntää mielenterveystyön ja toivomittarin kehittämisessä. HHI-FI-mittari tulee validoida, jotta mittari voidaan tulevaisuudessa ottaa Suomessa käyttöön kliinisessä hoitotyössä. Toivon tason mittaamisen avulla kyetään arvioimaan läheisten toivon tasoa sekä havainnoimaan mahdolliset muutokset toivon tasossa. Tutkimus toteutettiin tilastollisella tutkimusmenetelmällä ja tutkimus oli osa dosentti Jari Kylmän johtamaa HHI-FI-mittarin validointi Suomessa eri väestöryhmillä -hanketta. Aineisto (N=121) kerättiin mielenterveyden häiriötä sairastavien ihmisten läheisiltä paperisen ja sähköisen kyselylomakkeen avulla. Aineisto analysoitiin tilastollisin menetelmin. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan iällä, sukupuolella, koulutuksella, suhteella sairastuneeseen läheiseen, läheisen sairastamisajalla tai samassa taloudessa asumisella sairastavan läheisen kanssa ei ollut tilastollisesti merkitsevää yhteyttä toivoon. Sen sijaan kokemuksella sairastavan läheisen omaishoitajana toimimisesta havaittiin olevan tilastollisesti merkitsevä yhteys. Ne läheiset kokivat olevansa toiveikkaampia, jotka eivät kokeneet toimivansa sairaan läheisen omaishoitajina. HHI-FI-mittaria validoitaessa konfirmatorisen faktorianalyysin avulla todettiin, että yhden faktorin malli sopi paremmin tähän aineistoon kuin alkuperäinen HHI-mittarin kolmen faktorin malli. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta mielenterveyden häiriötä sairastavien ihmisten läheisten toivon olevan Suomessa samalla tasolla tai heikompi kuin aiempien kansainvälisten tutkimusten tuloksissa esitetty vastaava toivon taso. HHI-FI-mittarin validoinnin johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että yhden faktorin malli oli sopivampi kuin HHI-mittarin alkuperäinen kolmen faktorin malli, joka tuki HHI-FI-mittarin yksiselitteisyyttä yhden summapistemäärän muodostamisessa. HHI-FI-mittarin psykometrisiä ominaisuuksia on tutkittava tulevaisuudessa laajemmin, jotta mittari voidaan saada Suomessa kliiniseen käyttöön.

We investigated the association of parental physical activity (PA) trajectories with offspring's youth and adult PA. Self-reported PA data were extracted from the Young Finns Study with three follow-ups for parents between 1980 and 1986 and nine follow-ups for their offspring in youth between 1980 and 2011 (aged 9-39 years, n = 2402) and in adulthood in 2018. Accelerometer-derived PA was quantified in 2018-2020 (aged 43-58 years, n = 1134). Data were analyzed using mixture models and conducted in 2022. We identified three trajectories for fathers and mothers (high-stable activity, 20.2%/16.6%; moderate-stable activity, 50.5%/49.6%; and low-stable activity, 29.4%/33.7%) and four for youth male and female offspring (persistently active, 13.4%/5.1%; increasingly active, 32.1%/43.1%; decreasingly active, 14.4%/12.6%; and persistently low-active, 40.1%/39.1%). Compared to low-stable active parents, high-stable active fathers had a higher probability of having their sons and daughters classified as persistently active, increasingly active, and decreasingly active in youth (Brange = 0.50-1.79, all p

Background The Symptom Checklist (SCL) developed by the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study is a non-clinical measure of psychosomatic complaints (e.g., headache and feeling low) that has been used in numerous studies. Several studies have investigated the psychometric characteristics of this scale; however, some psychometric properties remain unclear, among them especially a) dimensionality, b) adequacy of the Graded Response Model (GRM), and c) measurement invariance across countries. Methods Data from 229,906 adolescents aged 11, 13 and 15 from 46 countries that participated in the 2018 HBSC survey were analyzed. Adolescents were selected using representative sampling and surveyed by questionnaire in the classroom. Dimensionality was investigated using exploratory graph analysis. In addition, we investigated whether the GRM provided an adequate description of the data. Reliability over the latent variable continuum and differential test functioning across countries were also examined. Results Exploratory graph analyses showed that SCL can be considered as one-dimensional in 16 countries. However, a comparison of the unidimensional with a post-hoc bifactor GRM showed that deviation from a hypothesized one-dimensional structure was negligible in most countries. Multigroup invariance analyses supported configural and metric invariance, but not scalar invariance across 32 countries. Alignment analysis showed non-invariance especially for the items irritability, feeling nervous/bad temper and feeling low. Conclusion HBSC-SCL appears to represent a consistent and reliable unidimensional instrument across most countries. This bodes well for population health analyses that rely on this scale as an early indicator of mental health status.

Commercially wrist-worn devices often present inaccurate estimations of energy expenditure (EE), with large between-device differences. We aimed to assess the validity of the Apple Watch Series 6 (AW), Garmin FENIX 6 (GF) and Huawei Watch GT 2e (HW) in estimating EE during outdoor walking and running. Twenty young normal-weight Chinese adults concurrently wore three index devices randomly positioned at both wrists during walking at 6 km/h and running at 10 km/h for 2 km on a 400- meter track. As a criterion, EE was assessed by indirect calorimetry (COSMED K5). For walking, EE from AW and GF was significantly higher than that obtained by the K5 (p < 0.001 and 0.002, respectively), but not for HW (p = 0.491). The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was 19.8% for AW, 32.0% for GF, and 9.9% for HW, respectively. The limits of agreement (LoA) were 44.1, 150.1 and 48.6 kcal for AW, GF, and HW respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.821, 0.216 and 0.760 for AW, GF, and HW, respectively. For running, EE from AW and GF were significantly higher than the K5 (p < 0.001 and 0.001, respectively), but not for HW (p = 0.946). The MAPE was 24.4%, 21.8% and 11.9% for AW, GF and HW, respectively. LoA were 62.8, 89.4 and 65.6 kcal for AW, GF and HW, respectively. The ICC was 0.741, 0.594, and 0.698 for AW, GF and HW, respectively. The results indicate that the tested smartwatches show a moderate validity in EE estimations for outdoor walking and running.

Despite intensive research on agency in education and work environments, the topic remains underexplored through the lens of emotions. This study conducted the development and validation of a quantitative measure to explore emotional agency in working life. Empirical data (N = 240) were collected via a web-based survey within the professional domains of healthcare and real estate services. The participants’ age, educational level, and gender corresponded to the domain-specific and general employee distribution in Finland. The questionnaire items were based on a theoretical construct of emotional agency at work. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that emotional agency includes two dimensions: Emotional Competence at Work and Influencing Emotions at Work. Exploratory structural equation modeling showed these dimensions to be equivalent across the studied professional domains. Furthermore, the convergent and discriminant validity of the measure was confirmed in relation to the emotional climate at work and work engagement. The study enriches the current theory of agency and emotions at work by exploring their connection. It also proposes a novel measure of emotional agency at work (the E-Ag measure), offered as a useful tool for researching and developing working life and organizational behavior. publishedVersion

Cross-country (XC) ski races involve a variety of formats, two different techniques and tracks with highly variable topography and environmental conditions. In addition, XC skiing is a major component of both Nordic combined and biathlon competitions. Research in this area, both in the laboratory and field, encounters certain difficulties that may reduce the reliability and validity of the data obtained, as well as complicate comparisons between studies. Here, 13 international experts propose specific guidelines designed to enhance the quality of research and publications on XC skiing, as well as on the biathlon and Nordic combined skiing. We consider biomechanical (kinematic, kinetic and neuromuscular) and physiological methodology (at the systemic and/or muscle level), providing recommendations for standardization/control of the experimental setup. We describe the types of measuring equipment and technology that are most suitable in this context. Moreover, we also deal with certain aspects of nomenclature of the classical and skating sub-techniques. In addition to enhancing the quality of studies on XC skiing, Nordic combined and biathlon, our guidelines should also be of value for sport scientists and coaches in other disciplines where physiological and/or biomechanical measurements are performed in the laboratory and/or outdoors.

There is a lack of validated instruments measuring motivation for physical activity (RM4-FM) in the Finnish language. The study examined the translated RM4-FM instrument’s psychometric properties in a sample of healthy, older Finnish adults. RM4-FM was translated and linguistically validated adhering to published guidelines. 65–75-year olds (n=102), completed the RM4-FM, the physical activity acceptance questionnaire (PAAQ) and sociodemographic characteristics questionnaires electronically. The RM4-FM was readministered one month after the initial assessment. RM4-FM translated well into Finnish. Motivation dimension scores were skewed towards high internal and low external motivation. A floor effect was confirmed in the external regulation dimension and a ceiling effect was confirmed in the identified regulation dimension. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated inadequacy of the four-dimension model. Separate assessment of each of the four motivation dimensions with Exploratory factor analysis showed unidimensionality for all dimensions. Exploratory factor analysis provided a best-fit model of three factors (influence of other people, intention of well-being and emotional aspect of motivation). Readministration of the instruments showed good test-retest reliability in all motivation dimensions. Female gender, higher education, and higher PAAQ score were associated with higher internal motivation and lower external motivation scores. The Finnish version of the RM4-FM instrument provides valid and reliable scores in assessing motivation for physical activity in healthy, older Finnish adults. The score distributions suggested shortages in the scale when evaluating internal motivation. The three-factor model of the RM4-FM provided more favorable structural validity compared to the original version. peerReviewed

This qualitative study investigated the various linguistic, contextual, and experiential equivalence issues embedded in a performance-based instrument aimed at assessing generic skills in higher education. A rigorous translation and adaptation process (American English to Finnish) was conducted on one instrument, namely Collegiate Learning Assessment (CLA+) International. The data were obtained from cognitive laboratories (n = 13), with think-alouds and follow-up interviews conducted among Finnish undergraduate students. Content logs were created, and the data were analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that linguistic and contextual equivalence issues were more prominent than experiential ones. The findings underline how important – and potentially problematic – it is for a test to measure the same construct in a different language and culture. To achieve adequate measurement equivalence, a detailed qualitative analysis of linguistic, contextual, and experiential equivalence should be conducted as part of test adaptation.

Study Design Cross-sectional study. Introduction There is a lack of information on the measurement properties of patient-reported upper extremity instruments and their association to health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Purpose of the Study This study aimed to examine and compare the measurement properties and construct validity of the Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Instrument and the Michigan Hand Questionnaire (MHQ) using a heterogeneous sample of patients with hand and wrist problems. Methods Two hundred fifty consecutive patients visiting a general orthopedic outpatient clinic due to various hand/wrist problems were invited to participate in the study. A total of 193 (77%) participants provided sufficient patient-reported outcome data and were included in the analysis. Participants completed the DASH, the MHQ, the EQ-5D-3L, and pain on a visual analog scale instruments. Grip and key pinch forces were measured. Scale targeting, relatedness of demographics, and construct validity of the DASH and the MHQ were assessed. Results Both the DASH and the MHQ had good targeting, but the DASH had wider coverage. The convergence between the DASH and the MHQ was high. The DASH was more closely related to HRQoL than the MHQ in terms of EQ-5D scores. Discussion The DASH instrument appeared to measure hand function and disability from a perspective of HRQoL superior to the MHQ among patients with heterogeneous hand and wrist complaints. Conclusion The DASH performs well in measuring the HRQoL-related hand outcomes while the MHQ might be more specific for the affected hand.

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Datasta on tullut yrityksille liiketoiminnan kannalta erityisen tärkeää. Data auttaa organisaatioita tekemään aiempaa tarkempia päätöksiä. Moniulotteisten syy-seuraussuhteiden ymmärtämisessä kone on ihmistä valovuosia edellä. Datan määrällä ei kuitenkaan ole merkitystä, mikäli datan laadussa on puutteita. Mikäli datan laadussa on ongelmia, saattaa datan pohjalta tehdyt päätökset johtaa pahimmassa tapauksessa vääriin johtopäätöksiin. Jotta datan laadusta voidaan tehdä johtopäätöksiä, tulee organisaation olla tietoinen laadun nykytilasta. Tätä varten on kehitelty datan laadun ulottuvuuksia mittaavia mittareita, joiden avulla saadaan numeraalisia arvoja datan laadun nykytilasta. Mittauksista saatujen tulosten avulla voidaan arvioida datan laatua ja määritellä datan laadun kehityskohteet. Jotta datan laatua voidaan tutkia, tulee ensin määritellä data, laadun, datan laadun, datan mittausten sekä datan arvioimisen käsitteet. Tässä työssä lähestytään datan laadun mittauksia edellä mainitussa järjestyksessä. Lisäksi työssä käydään kokonaisuuden ymmärtämiseksi läpi myös datan laadun kustannukset sekä kehitystoimien prosessit. Viimeiseksi työssä käydään läpi datan laadun arviointimenetelmät. Työn teorian avulla pyritään saamaan mahdollisimman laaja käsitys datan laadusta. Teoria muodostaa datan laadun varmistamiselle laajan akatemiaisesti pätevän pohjan. Teoriaa hyödynnetään työn empiirisessä tutkimuksessa. Tämä työ toteutettiin finanssialan yritykselle ja tarkemmin tämän yrityksen viranomaisraportoinnin rajapintaan. Tässä työssä pyrittiin selvittämään miten datan laatua kannattaa mitata, miten laadun arviointia voidaan suorittaa sekä miten saatuja tuloksia voidaan analysoida. Tässä diplomityössä suoritettiin ensin laaja kirjallisuuskatsaus aiheesta, jonka jälkeen tehtiin kirjallisuuden pohjalta pilottimainen tutkimus kohdeyrityksen rajattuun dataan. Tässä työssä tehdyt mittaukset rajattiin koskemaan tarkkaan valittua asiakasdataa. Työn filosofinen lähestymistapa oli pragmatismi, jossa on mahdollista hyödyntää eri näkökulmien yhdistämistä tietojen keräämisessä ja tulkinnassa. Työn empiirisessä osassa hyödynnettiin sekä määrällistä että laadullista aineistoa. Työssä selvitettiin erinäisiä laadun arviointimenetelmiä. Menetelmistä koottiin kohdeyritykselle sopiva laadun mittaus ja arviointitapa. Tätä menetelmää kutsutaan tässä työssä Hybridimenetelmäksi. Tutkimuksessa suoritettiin subjektiivisia käyttäjäkyselyitä sekä objektiivisia mittauksia suoraan datasta. Tässä työssä tutkittuja laadun ulottuvuuksia oli ainutlaatuisuus, johdonmukaisuus, maine, datan sopiva määrä, täydellisyys, uskottavuus sekä virheettömyys. Mittausten tuloksia vertailtiin keskenään ja luotiin kattava yleiskuvaus valitun datan laadun tilasta. Diplomityön tuloksissa käytiin myös läpi, miten datan laatua voidaan tulevaisuudessa kehittää ja miten tässä työssä kehitettyjä datan laadun mittauksia voidaan kehittää.

Objective: Adults with degenerative spinal deformity (ASD) have lower health-related quality of life (HRQL) compared to the general population. Applying Rasch Measurement Theory (RMT), this study tested the revised Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22r) HRQL instrument among symptomatic adult patients with degenerative spinal disorders and varying degrees of ASD. Methods: SRS-22r data from 637 outpatient spine clinic patients with degenerative spine conditions were investigated for unidimensionality, item/scale fit, differential item functioning (DIF), scale coverage/targeting, and person separation index (PSI) using RMT. Results: Unidimensionality of the SRS-22r was not supported for either the total score or for three of its five domains. Item fit was acceptable for 11/22 items. The individual domains showed good coverage despite the degree of structural disorders. Ordered thresholds were achieved by merging response categories in some of the items. DIF towards age or sex was found in 11/22 items and in some domain items. The PSI exceeded 0.7 for the SRS-22r total score. Conclusion: The individual domain scores of the SRS-22r perform better than the total score providing good coverage and targeting among patients with ASD. Refinements of items and domains may improve the structural validity of the instrument to meet the criteria for measuring ASD patients, even when multidimensionality persists. peerReviewed

Abstract. Health literacy can help explain health inequalities in childhood and adolescence. However, suitable instruments for assessing health literacy in this age group are rare, especially in the German-speaking countries. One economical measure is the 10-item Health Literacy in School-Aged Children (HLSAC) scale, developed and reviewed as part of the WHO Child and Adolescent Health Study (HBSC, Health Behavior in School-Aged Children). In the present study, we tested dimensionality, measurement invariance, and associations with health-related measures of the German version of the scale (HLSAC–German), using data from the 2018 national German HBSC study ( N = 4,347 students aged 11, 13, and 15 years). We also tested HLSAC–German with 11-year-olds, representing an expansion of the original scale. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses consistently demonstrated the unidimensionality of the scale (α = .88). Complete scalar measurement invariance was found for sex and partial scalar measurement invariance for age groups and school type, allowing for the comparison of means. Associations with indicators of health and health behavior further demonstrate the construct validity of the scale. The analyses show that the scale is suitable for the economic measurement of a general factor of health literacy in 11- as well as in 13- and 15-year-olds.

Physical activity (PA) tracker applications have been proposed as one potential solution to the increasingly prevalent physical inactivity problem among elderly people, but their long-term potential is limited by the frequent lapses in their use. In this study, our objective is to promote the understanding of the lapsing behaviour of PA tracker applications among elderly people. More specifically, we are interested in how gender, age, and household type as well as initial PA level and technology readiness (TR) affect the risk of lapsing. As the data for the study, we use actual PA tracker application usage data as well as survey data, which were both collected in our ongoing research program and are analysed by using survival analysis. We find lapsing behaviour to be affected mainly by initial PA level as well as to some degree by TR and gender but not by age and household type. peerReviewed

Low health literacy (HL) is associated with adverse health behaviors and poor health, and brief, high-quality instruments for measuring HL in children are scarce. The Health Literacy for School-Aged Children (HLSAC) instrument is a 10-item theory-based and internationally validated tool for measuring HL. The purpose of this study was to translate and validate the HLSAC instrument among Danish school-aged children. The instrument was translated into Danish by a standardized forward-backward translation process, and then pre-tested for face validity with 61 pupils from four schools. Thereafter, the instrument was tested among 805 pupils in grades 6 to 7 (age 11–14 years) from 15 schools. When HL was modeled as one latent factor with all 10 items loading on this factor, the confirmative factor analysis showed standardized factor loadings from 0.52 to 0.75 ( p < .001) and an excellent model fit. The association between HL and food intake as a health behavior example ( p < .001, r 2 = .027) indicates the predictive validity of the instrument. The internal consistency was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.86). Thus, a valid and reliable version of the HLSAC instrument is available in Danish for future surveys to monitor HL and guide health promotion targeting children and adolescents. [ HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice . 2022;6(1):e25–e29.]

Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors A B S T R A C T Background: The Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) is one of the most frequently used patient reported outcome measures for foot and ankle conditions. The aim is to test the structural validity of the Finnish version of the FAOS using Rasch Measurement Theory. Methods: FAOS scores were obtained from 218 consecutive patients who received operative treatment for foot and ankle conditions. The FAOS data were fitted into the Rasch model and person separation index (PSI) calculated. Results: All the five subscales provided good coverage and targeting. Three subscales presented unidimensional structure. Thirty-eight of the 42 items had ordered response category thresholds. Three of the 42 items had differential item functioning towards gender. All subscales showed sufficient fit to the Rasch model. PSI ranged from 0.73 to 0.94 for the subscales. Conclusions: The Finnish version of the FAOS shows acceptable structural validity for assessing complaints in orthopaedic foot and ankle patients. (c) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of European Foot and Ankle Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Tässä pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan avoimen dialogin periaatteiden kanssa yhteensopivan mielenterveyshoidon laatumittariston käyttökelpoisuutta mielenterveyshoidon laadun arviointiin mielenterveyspalvelujen käyttäjien, mielenterveyspalvelujen käyttäjien omaisten sekä avoimen dialogin hoitomallin asiantuntijoiden näkökulmasta. Tarkoituksena on selvittää, muodostaisiko tutkielmassa esitettävä mielenterveyshoidon laatumittaristo hyväksyttävän pohjan mielenterveyshoidon laadun arviointiin tutkimukseen vastanneiden näkökulmasta. Lisäksi tutkitaan, eroavatko mielenterveyspalvelujen palvelujen käyttäjien, omaisten ja avoimen dialogin hoitomallin asiantuntijoiden näkemykset toisistaan mittariston käyttökelpoisuuden suhteen ja sitä, miten laatumittaristoa tulisi vastaajien näkökulmasta jatkossa kehittää. Toissijaisesti tutkitaan kyselylomakkeiden reliabiliteettia ja rakenteen validiteettia, jotta varsinaisten tutkimustulosten luotettavuutta pystytään arvioimaan. Tutkielman aineisto on kerätty kolmella kyselylomakkeella. Kyselyyn toivottiin vastauksia täysi-ikäisiltä henkilöiltä, jotka tulkitsivat kuuluvansa opinnäytetutkimuksen kohderyhmään. Lopullinen aineisto muodostuu 66 mielenterveyspalvelujen käyttäjän, 29 omaisen sekä 14 avoimen dialogin hoitomallin asiantuntijan vastauksista. Määrällisen aineiston analyysissä käytettiin tilastollisia menetelmiä ja tekstiaineiston analyysimenetelmä oli laadullinen sisällönanalyysi. Opinnäytetutkimuksen teoriaosuuden ensimmäisessä pääluvussa esitellään avoimen dialogin hoitomallia osana tarpeenmukaisen hoidon perinnettä sekä avoimen dialogin hoitomallin edistämisen teoreettisia ja empiirisiä perusteluita. Toisessa pääluvussa yhdistetään teoria terveydenhuollon laadusta avoimen dialogin hoitomallin periaatteisiin, mikä luo pohjan tutkimuslomakkeiden laatumittareiden operationalisoinnille. Aineiston analyysin perusteella selvä enemmistö mielenterveyspalvelujen käyttäjistä, mielenterveyspalvelujen käyttäjien omaisista sekä avoimen dialogin hoitomallin asiantuntijoista piti tutkimuslomakkeiden laatumittaristoa käyttökelpoisena mielenterveyshoidon laadun arviointiin. Käyttökelpoisimpana laatumittaristoa pitivät avoimen dialogin hoitomallin asiantuntijat ja vähiten käyttökelpoisena mielenterveyspalvelujen käyttäjät. Sisällönanalyysin tulokset tukivat tilastollisen analyysin tuloksia ja tuottivat tietoa mittariston jatkokehittämisen tarpeisiin. Tutkimuslomakkeet muodostivat tulosten perusteella reliaabelin ja rakenteeltaan validin työkalun tutkimusaineiston keräämiseksi. Tuloksista voidaan päätellä, että tässä opinnäytetutkielmassa muodostettu mielenterveyshoidon laatumittaristo saattaisi olla käyttökelpoinen kehittämisen ja jatkotutkimuksen kohde. Mittariston jatkokehittämisen myötä mielenterveyspalvelujen käyttäjille ja heidän omaisilleen voitaisiin mahdollisesti kehittää entistä paremmin heidän tarpeisiinsa vastaavaa hoitoa. Jatkotutkimuksessa mittariston teoriapohjaa tulisi täsmentää ja implementoinnin edellytyksiä tutkia. Lisäksi tietoa mittariston psykometrisistä ominaisuuksista tarvittaisiin lisää, jotta mittaristo voitaisiin ottaa käyttöön mielenterveyshoidon laadun arvioinnissa.

Procurement is a key part of almost every manufacturing business. Successful supply chain management ensures that the required products or services arrive at the right time. To manage procurement effectively it requires implementing and following corporate strategies and procedures. Effective procurement performance measurement is needed to implement and monitor corporate strategies and targets. The thesis studies procurement performance measurement in a project business environment. The objective of the thesis is to develop a harmonized and coherent performance measurement system for one of the case company’s business lines. Additionally, the objective is to align operational and strategical procurement targets and activities. The research strategy for the thesis was the case study. With the case study approach, research can focus in-depth on the case and maintain a holistic and real-life viewpoint. Data for the research was gathered from qualitative and quantitative sources. Thus, the mixed method was chosen as a methodological choice. Qualitative data was gathered from semi-structured interviews and workshops. Quantitative data was gathered from the company’s data cube. Induction was chosen as an approach for theory development. At first, the thesis analyzed the current state of the case company’s procurement performance measurement. The needs of the procurement stakeholders were gathered via interviews, workshops, and by examining previous performance measures. Draft dashboards were created based on the feedback from the interviews, corporate material, and literature. Created performance metrics were based on corporate strategies and objectives. The thesis uses a modified performance measurement system design process framework and implementation process framework in the implementation process. Visualization framework was used to determine the right visualization. These frameworks were used to create the dashboards. The draft dashboards were presented in several workshops, where stakeholders had an opportunity to propose changes and ask questions about the logic behind the measures. The current status of the company’s procurement performance measurement was overall in a good shape based on procurement coverage. Based on feedback from the interviews, the coverage of current measures was good. Only a few additional measures were requested. The major problems that occurred were, that a lot of manual work was required to obtain the measures. The second concern was the lack of harmonization between performance measurement systems between business units. The lack of harmonization restricted the cross-referencing and generated misunderstandings to the measuring logic between business units. After the workshops, the draft dashboards were developed according to the requests given in the workshops. Several propositions were presented, which were evaluated according to the modified performance measurement system design framework. Finally, a total of three harmonized dashboards were created for the business unit management, category management, and team management. Transparency and harmonization were ensured by using the same dataset that was used for the organizational level. Literature frameworks conveyed the same message that was observed during the development process. The organization's strategy, objectives, and activities should be derived into the performance measurement. Thus, it can be used to monitor the strategy implementation, challenge the corporate strategy, and redirect focus on the critical areas. Hankinta on keskeinen osa jokaista yritystä, joka toimii valmistavassa teollisuudessa. Onnistunut toimitusketjun hallinta varmistaa, että tarvittavat tuotteet ja palvelut saapuvat oikeaan aikaan. Hankintojen tehokas hallinta edellyttää yrityksen strategioiden ja menettelytapojen toteuttamista ja noudattamista. Yrityksen strategian ja tavoitteen toteutumisen seurantaan tarvitaan toimivaa hankinnan suorituskyvyn mittaamista. Diplomityössä tutkitaan hankinnan suorituskyvyn mittaamista projektiliiketoimintaympäristössä. Diplomityön ensimmäisenä tavoitteena on kehittää yhtenäinen ja harmoninen suorituskyvyn mittausjärjestelmä kohdeyrityksen liiketoimintalinjalle. Toinen tavoite on yhtenäistää operatiivisen ja strategisen hankinnan tavoitteet ja toiminnot. Diplomityön tutkimusstrategiana oli tapaustutkimus. Tapaustutkimuslähestymistavan avulla tutkimus voi keskittyä tapaukseen syvällisesti ja silti säilyttää kokonaisvaltaisen ja tosielämän lähestymistavan. Tutkimusaineistot kerättiin laadullisista ja kvantitatiivisista lähteistä. Siksi sekamenetelmä valittiin metodologiaksi. Laadullista dataa kerättiin puolistrukturoiduista haastatteluista sekä työpajoista. Määrällinen data kerättiin yrityksen datakuutiosta. Opinnäytetyössä käytettiin pragmatismifilosofiaa. Induktiivinen päättely valittiin lähestymistavaksi teorian kehittämiseen. Aluksi diplomityössä analysoitiin kohdeyrityksen hankinnan suorituskyvyn mittaamisen nykytilaa. Hankinnan sidosryhmien tarpeet kerättiin haastatteluiden, työpajojen ja kohde yrityksen aikaisempia suorituskyvyn mittareita analysoimalla. Haastatteluiden, työpajojen, yrityksen materiaalien ja kirjallisuuden pohjalta luotiin luonnosmittaristot. Luodut suorituskyvyn mittarit perustuivat yritykseen strategiaan ja objektiiveihin. Viitekehyksinä diplomityössä käytettiin muokattuja suorituskyvyn mittaamisen suunnitteluprosessin viitekehystä ja implementointi prosessin viitekehystä. Visuaalista viitekehitystä käytettiin visualisuuden tarkastelemiseen. Kyseisiä viitekehyksiä käytettiin mittaristojen tekemiseen sekä niiden kehittämiseen. Luonnosmittaristot esiteltiin useissa työpajoissa, joissa sidosryhmillä oli mahdollisuus ehdottaa muutoksia ja esittää kysymyksiä mittarien taustalla toimivasta logiikasta. Yhtiön hankinnan suorituskyvyn mittaamisen nykytila oli kattavuuden osalta hyvässä kunnossa. Haastatteluiden perusteella nykyiset mittarit kattoivat hyvin hankinnan tarpeet. Haastateltavat pyysivät vain muutamia lisämittareita olemassa olevien lisäksi. Haastatteluiden ja työpajojen pohjalta suurimmat ongelmat olivat, että mittaustiedon kerääminen vaati paljon manuaalista työtä. Toinen ongelma oli suorituskykymittauksen harmonisoinnin puute liiketoimintayksiköiden välillä. Harmonisoinnin puute rajoitti yksiköiden vertailua ja aiheutti väärinkäsityksiä oikeasta mittauslogiikasta eri liiketoimintayksiköissä. Työpajojen jälkeen luonnosmittaristoja kehitettiin työpajoissa esitettyjen toiveiden mukaisesti. Esitettyjä ehdotuksia arvioitiin muokatun suorituskyvyn mittaamisen suunnitteluprosessin viitekehyksen pohjalta. Lopulta yhteensä kolme harmonisoitua mittaristoa luotiin liiketoimintayksiköiden johtamiseen, kategorian hallintaan ja tiiminhallintaan. Läpinäkyvyys ja harmonisointi varmistettiin käyttämällä samaa tietolähdettä, jota käytettiin myös organisaatiotasolla. Kirjallisuuden viitekehykset olivat linjassa tutkimuksen käytännön havaintojen kanssa. Organisaation strategia, tavoitteet ja toiminnot tulee johtaa suorituksen mittaamiseen. Siten voidaan seurata strategian toteutusta, haastaa yrityksen strategiaa ja ohjata huomiota kriittisille alueille.

Tieteellistä tutkimusta suorituskyvyn mittaamisen ja johtamisen aihealueeseen liittyen on tehty jo vuosikymmeniä. Modernit yhteiskunnalliset muutokset ennen kaikkea globalisaatiossa, digitalisaatiossa, vastuullisuudessa sekä poliittisessa että taloudellisessa toimintaympäristössä ovat kuitenkin vaikuttaneet lähes jokaisen organisaation toimintaedellytyksiin. Nämä muutokset ovat ennen kaikkea havaittavissa kaupan alalla, jonka voidaan todeta olevan keskellä murrosta. Menestyäkseen dynaamisesti muuttuvassa liiketoimintaympäristössä organisaatiot tarvitsevat yhä nopeampaa ja luotettavampaa informaatiota muun muassa liiketoimintojensa avaintekijöistä. Tuottamansa informaation avulla organisaatiot pyrkivät tukemaan päätöksentekoprosessejaan sekä ohjaamaan organisaatiota kohti sille asetettuja taloudellisia tavoitteita. Juuri tähän informaatiotarpeen tyydyttämiseen suorituskyvyn mittaamisella ja johtamisella pyritään vastaaman. Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan taloudellisen suorituskyvyn mittaamisen ja johtamisen kehittämismahdollisuuksia suomalaisen kaupan alan konsernin näkökulmasta. Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää case-organisaationa toimivan kaupan alan konsernin taloudellisen suorituskyvyn mittaamisen ja johtamisen nykytilaa sekä tekijöitä, jotka haastavat näiden käytäntöjen toteuttamista. Tämän lisäksi tutkielman avulla pyritään löytämään, miten näitä käytäntöjä olisi mahdollista kehittää, jotta ne palvelisivat entistä kattavammin case-organisaation sille asettamia vaatimuksia. Tutkielma on laadullinen tapaustutkimus, joka on toteutettu puolistrukturoitujen teemahaastatteluiden avulla. Haastatteluihin valittiin yhteensä seitsemän kokemuksiltaan erilaista case-organisaatiossa työskentelevää asiantuntijaa, jotka ovat vahvasti työnkuvansa puolesta tekemisissä suorituskyvyn mittaamisen ja johtamisen käytäntöjen kanssa. Aiemmat tutkimukset ovat tunnistaneet suorituskyvyn mittaamiselle useita erilaisia käyttötarkoituksia, jotka luonnollisesti vaihtelevat muun muassa organisaation toimialan, liiketoiminnan, koon ja tavoitteiden mukaan. Näistä edellä mainituista tekijöistä huolimatta organisaation lähtökohtaisena tavoitteena voidaan kuitenkin pitää taloudellisen menestymisen saavuttamista ja ylläpitämistä tietyin ehdoin. Tämän seurauksena taloudellisten tunnuslukujen seuranta on kriittistä organisaatiosta riippumatta. Tutkimuksen keskeisinä tuloksina havaittiin, että case-organisaatiossa toteutetaan taloudellisen suorituskyvyn mittaamisen ja johtamisen käytäntöjä varsin onnistuneesti nimenomaan sen diagnostisessa käyttötarkoituksessa. Keskeisimmät suorituskyvyn mittaamisen ja johtamisen haasteet ja sitä kautta myös eri käytäntöjen kehittämismahdollisuudet liittyvät puolestaan vahvasti suorituskyvyn mittaamisen interaktiiviseen hyödyntämiseen. Lisäksi tutkimustulosten avulla saatiin selville, että taloudellisiin tunnuslukuihin liittyvällä vuoropuhelulla on esimerkiksi vaikutus ymmärryksen, konkreettisuuden sekä vaikuttamismahdollisuuksien parantamiseen henkilöstön keskuudessa.

Supply base management has become increasingly more interesting subject in supply chain research lately. Both theory and practice have identified that efficient management of the supplier base incorporates a lot of potential for cost savings. Consolidated order vol-umes, supplier development and supplier consolidation are ways to achieve strategic objec-tives which aim for cost efficiency. By measuring suppliers and analyzing the measurement data, we can compare suppliers’ performance against each other. The goal of this study is to identify relevant supplier characteristics that purchasing com-pany could use to measure, analyze and develop its suppliers. As a concrete solution, a supplier scorecard is developed in this study. As a part of this study, a literature review was conducted. Focus was on supplier portfolio management and representing industrial spare part business dimensions. It became obvi-ous, that there is clear lack of studies that would thoroughly focus on companies providing spare parts and on supplier management in those companies. As a result from the review, a list of relevant supplier characteristics was obtained, and they were divided according to dif-ferent features of the spare part business. Results highlighted the strong role of communi-cation in easing the uncertainty, importance of commitment in understanding the logic of spare part business and making the traditional measurement systems more versatile to lessen the role of cost. In the empirical part, ten people were interviewed to collect the empirical data. Interview themes were connected to supplier characteristics and metrics. Interviews were discussive and the subject was lead with open-ended questions, case examples and pair-wise comparison. Answers highlighted the importance of delivery performance and problems caused by it. Also, the role of communication in dealing with everyday issues and in enabling more strategic development projects was stressed out. Elements that were connected to price and delivery performance turned out to be the most important metrics. From the empirical data, supplier characteristics were combined with suitable metrics and support for develop-ing the metrics was sought from theory findings as well. Result of the study indicated that the supplier characteristics in spare part business have a dominating emphasis on communication. Due to large amount of uncertainty, communicative actions were seen to have the greatest impact on maintaining good levels of delivery performance, informing the supplier about the features of the spare part business and enabling supplier flexibility. Still, traditional characteristics, cost and delivery performance, were heavily stressed in metrics and different dimensions of those two were majorly measured and analyzed. Through this emphasis, a supplier scorecard was built. The scorecard was built from the metrics defined in the empirical study and yet again supported by a rating system that was weighted according to the findings and managerial preferences.

Sensoriteknologia on jo melko laajasti käytössä valmennuksessa. Lopullinen läpimurto on kuitenkin vasta tulossa. nonPeerReviewed

This systematic review aimed to summarize the characteristics and the measurement properties of functional numeracy measures developed for use by teachers among 9–12-year-old children with or without mathematical learning difficulties. A systematic search from five databases was conducted based on pre-defined criteria. PRISMA guidelines were followed for reporting the results. The terminology and classification of measurement properties adopted by the COSMIN taxonomy was used. Twenty-one studies of 18 measures met the inclusion criteria. Most of the identified measures did not report on several measurement properties due to incomplete or missing psychometric data. Knowledge of Mathematical Equivalence, BNPT, and MCS showed most promise based on the completeness of reporting measurement properties. Further validation is needed for all the included measures. peerReviewed

Heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) can be monitored with wearable devices throughout the day. Resting HRV in particular, reflecting cardiac parasympathetic activity, has been proposed to be a useful marker in the monitoring of health and recovery from training. This study examined the validity of the wrist-based photoplethysmography (PPG) method to measure HR and HRV at rest. Recreationally endurance-trained participants recorded pulse-to-pulse (PP) and RR intervals simultaneously with a PPG-based watch and reference heart rate sensor (HRS) at a laboratory in a supine position (n = 39; 5-min recording) and at home during sleep (n = 29; 4-h recording). In addition, analyses were performed from pooled laboratory data (n = 11344 PP and RR intervals). Differences and correlations were analyzed between the HRS- and PPG-derived HR and LnRMSSD (the natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences). A very good agreement was found between pooled PP and RR intervals with a mean bias of 0.17 ms and a correlation coefficient of 0.993 (p < 0.001). In the laboratory, HR did not differ between the devices (mean bias 0.0 bpm), but PPG slightly underestimated the nocturnal recordings (mean bias −0.7 bpm, p < 0.001). PPG overestimated LnRMSSD both in the laboratory (mean bias 0.20 ms, p < 0.001) and nocturnal recordings (mean bias 0.17 ms, p < 0.001). However, very strong intraclass correlations in the nocturnal recordings were found between the devices (HR: 0.998, p < 0.001; LnRMSSD: 0.931, p < 0.001). In conclusion, PPG was able to measure HR and HRV with adequate accuracy in recreational athletes. However, when strict absolute values are of importance, systematic overestimation, which seemed to especially concern participants with low LnRMSSD, should be acknowledged.

Dog owners’ understanding of the daily behaviour of their dogs may be enhanced by movement measurements that can detect repeatable dog behaviour, such as levels of daily activity and rest as well as their changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of supervised machine learning methods utilising accelerometer and gyroscope data provided by wearable movement sensors in classification of seven typical dog activities in a semi-controlled test situation. Forty-five middle to large sized dogs participated in the study. Two sensor devices were attached to each dog, one on the back of the dog in a harness and one on the neck collar. Altogether 54 features were extracted from the acceleration and gyroscope signals divided in two-second segments. The performance of four classifiers were compared using features derived from both sensor modalities. and from the acceleration data only. The results were promising; the movement sensor at the back yielded up to 91 % accuracy in classifying the dog activities and the sensor placed at the collar yielded 75 % accuracy at best. Including the gyroscope features improved the classification accuracy by 0.7–2.6 %, depending on the classifier and the sensor location. The most distinct activity was sniffing, whereas the static postures (lying on chest, sitting and standing) were the most challenging behaviours to classify, especially from the data of the neck collar sensor. The data used in this article as well as the signal processing scripts are openly available in Mendeley Data, https://doi.org/10.17632/vxhx934tbn.1. publishedVersion

BackgroundThis study was designed to investigate the validity of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) estimation through the Firstbeat fitness test (FFT) method when using submaximal rowing and running programs for well-trained athletes.MethodsWell-trained flatwater rowers (n = 45, 19.8 ± 3.0 years, 184 ± 8.7 cm, 76 ± 12.9 kg, and 58.7 ± 6.0 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1) and paddlers (n = 45, 19.0 ± 2.5 years, 180 ± 7.7 cm, 74 ± 9.4 kg, and 59.9 ± 4.8 mL⋅kg–1⋅min–1) completed the FFT and maximal graded exercise test (GXT) programs of rowing and running, respectively. The estimated VO2max was calculated using the FFT system, and the measured VO2max was obtained from the GXT programs. Differences between the estimated and measured VO2max values were analyzed to assess the accuracy and agreement of the predictions. Equations from the previous study were also used to predict the VO2max in the submaximal programs to compare the accuracy of prediction with the FFT method.ResultsThe FFT method was in good agreement with the measured VO2max in both groups based on the intraclass correlation coefficients (>0.8). Additionally, the FFT method had considerable accuracy in VO2max estimation as the mean absolute percentage error (≤5.0%) and mean absolute error (–1⋅min–1) were fairly low. Furthermore, the FFT method seemed more accurate in the estimation of VO2max than previously reported equations, especially in the rowing test program.ConclusionThis study revealed that the FFT method provides a considerably accurate estimation of VO2max in well-trained athletes.

WHO has defined intrinsic capacity (IC) as the composite of all physical and mental capacities of an individual covering five subdomains: cognition, locomotion, sensory, vitality, and psychological. Despite this well accepted definition, the conceptual and measurement model of IC remains unclear, which hampers a standardized operationalization of the construct. We performed a scoping review to give a comprehensive overview of the extent to which the current literature of IC addresses and assumes the conceptual framework and measurement model of IC as reflective or formative. For inclusion, we considered all types of articles that were published in peer-reviewed journals except for protocol articles. A systematic search of 6 databases from different disciplines led to the inclusion of 31 papers. We found inconsistency and gaps in the descriptions of IC. Most of the papers did not define the measurement model. In the conceptual background and validation articles, we identified descriptions of both reflective and formative measurement models while in empirical studies applying IC measurements the underlying assumptions remained mainly unclear. Defining a measurement model is not merely a theoretical matter but influences the operationalization and validation processes of the construct. This study raised questions about the most fundamental features of the IC construct and discusses whether IC should be considered as an underlying latent trait of all capacities (reflective construct) or an aggregate summary measure of the subdomain capacities (formative construct). peerReviewed

Suorituskyvyn mittaaminen ja oikean tiedon merkitys on tunnustettu tärkeiksi osatekijöiksi organisaation menestyksekkään johtamisen kannalta. Korkeakouluorganisaatiot eivät tee tästä poikkeusta, vaikka niihin kohdistettua tutkimusta suorituskyvyn mittaamisesta onkin vielä verraten vähän. Myös korkeakouluorganisaatiot joutuvat kilpailemaan menestyksestä, jolloin toiminta vaatii jatkuvaa kehittämistä. Toiminnan kehittämisen ja päätöksenteon tueksi tarvitaan tietoa organisaation prosesseista. Näihin tietotarpeisiin pystytään vastaamaan vain hyvällä suorituskykymittaristolla. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää millainen mittaaminen tukisi kohdeorganisaation strategisten tavoitteiden saavuttamista. Tutkimus toteutettiin konstruktiivisena tapaustutkimuksena, jossa tiedonkeruumenetelmänä toimi pääasiassa haastattelut. Haastatteluilla kerättiin tietoa organisaation strategisista tavoitteista, niiden aiheuttamista toimenpiteistä sekä mittariston nykytilasta. Tutkimuksen teoriaosassa perehdyttiin tiedon ja mittaamisen merkitykseen johtamisessa, erilaisten mittareiden luokitteluun, sekä tuloksellisuuden mittaamiseen. Näiden lisäksi tutustuttiin myös erilaisiin mittausjärjestelmiin, hyvän mittariston ominaisuuksiin ja mittaristojen rakentamisen teoriaan. Työn lopputuloksena rakennettiin kohdeorganisaatiolle konstruktio ulkoisen rahoituksen hankintaan liittyvän toiminnan mittaamiseen. Konstruktio rakentuu organisaation operatiiviselta tasolta aina strategiselle tasolle asti, jolloin mittariston avulla on mahdollista porautua organisaation eri tasoille. uuden mittariston suunnittelussa huomioitiin organisaation strategiset tavoitteet ja esiin nousseet kehitystoiveet mittariston osalta. Näiden toiveiden sekä organisaation tietojärjestelmien ja toimintatapojen muodostamien reunaehtojen sisällä saatiin aikaan mittaristo, joka pystytään käyttöönottamaan nopeasti ja jatkokehittämään tarpeiden mukaan jatkossa. Korkeakouluorganisaatiot poikkeavat monilta osin tyypillisistä liike-elämän yrityksistä. Mittaristoja käsittelevä tutkimus ja valmiit mittausjärjestelmät sijoittuvat pääasiassa yritysmaailmaan. Tutkimus osoitti, että se miten suorituskykyä olisi järkevää mitata, on jokseenkin kontekstisidonnaista. Siihen vaikuttavat organisaation toimintaympäristö ja -kulttuuri, aivan kuten organisaation tietojärjestelmät ja mittaamiseen käytettävissä olevat resurssit. Suorituskyvyn mittaamista korkeakouluorganisaatioissa tulisi jatkossakin tutkia enemmän, jolloin pystyttäisiin muodostamaan paremmin korkeakouluympäristöön kohdennettuja mittaristoja. Performance measurement and the importance of reliable information have been recognized as important components of successful management in organizations. Higher education organizations make no exception to this, although there is still relatively scarce amount of research on performance measurement in higher education. Higher education organizations also must compete for success, which requires continuous development. Information on organizational processes is needed to support operational development and decision-making. These information needs can only be met with a good performance measurement system. The aim of this study was to determine what kind of measurement would support the target organization on its pursuit of strategic goals. The study was carried out as a constructive case study, in which the data was collected mainly by doing interviews. In the interviews, information was collected on the organization's strategic goals, the actions they caused and the current state of the measurement system. The theoretical part of the study focused on the importance of information and measurement in management, the classification of various indicators, and the measurement of performance. In addition to these, various measurement systems, the properties of a good measurement system and the theory of constructing a measurement system were also introduced. As a result, a construction was built for the case-organization of this study to measure the activities related to the acquisition of external financing. The structure is built from the operational level of the organization to the strategic level, which makes it possible to drill down to different levels of the organization with the help of measurement system. The design of the new measurement system considered the organizations strategic goals and mentioned development aspirations for the measurement system. Within the boundary conditions formed by these aspirations, the organization's data-systems and operating methods, a set of indicators was created that can be implemented quickly and then further developed, according to the possible needs in the future. Higher education organizations differ in many respects from typical business enterprises. Research on measurement systems is mainly focused in the corporate world. The study showed that the way performance should be measured in organizations, is somewhat context sensitive. It is influenced by the organization's operating environment and culture, just like the organization's information systems and the amount of resources used for performance measurement. Measuring performance in higher education organizations should be studied more, in order to be able to form better measurement systems targeted to the higher education environment.

Importance Personal activity intelligence (PAI) is a novel activity metric that can be integrated into self-assessment heart rate devices, and translates heart rate variations during exercise into a weekly score. Previous studies relating to PAI have been conducted in the same populations from Norway where the PAI metric has been derived, limiting generalizability of the results. Objective To test whether PAI is associated with total and cause-specific mortality in a large cohort from the United States. Design Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study (ACLS) - a prospective cohort between January 1974 and December 2002 with a mean follow-up of 14.5 years. Setting Population-based. Participants 56,175 relatively healthy participants (26.5% women) who underwent extensive preventive medical examinations at Cooper Clinic (Dallas, TX). Exposure Personal activity intelligence (PAI) score per week was estimated and divided into 4 groups (PAI scores of 0, ≤50, 51-99, and ≥100). Main outcomes and measures Total and cause-specific mortality. Results During a median follow-up time of 14.9 (interquartile range, 6.7-21.4) years, there were 3434 total deaths including 1258 cardiovascular (CVD) deaths. Compared with the inactive (0 PAI) group, participants with a baseline weekly ≥100 PAI had lower risk of mortality: adjusted hazard ratio (AHR), 0.79: 95% CI, 0.71-0.87 for all-cause mortality, and AHR, 0.72: 95% CI, 0.60-0.87 for CVD mortality among men; AHR, 0.85: 95% CI, 0.64-1.12 for all-cause mortality, and AHR, 0.48: 95% CI, 0.26-0.91 for CVD mortality among women. For deaths from ischemic heart disease (IHD), PAI score ≥100 was associated with lower risk in both men and women (AHR, 0.70: 95% CI, 0.55-0.88). Obtaining ≥100 weekly PAI was also associated with significantly lower risk of CVD mortality in pre-specified age groups, and in participants with known CVD risk factors. Participants with ≥100 weekly PAI gained 4.2 (95% CI, 3.5-4.6) years of life when compared with those who were inactive at baseline. Conclusions and relevance PAI is associated with long-term all-cause, CVD, and IHD, mortality. Clinicians and the general population can incorporate PAI recommendations and thresholds in their physical activity prescriptions and weekly physical activity assessments, respectively, to maximize health outcomes. Key points Question: What is the association between personal activity intelligence (PAI), a novel activity metric, and mortality in a large cohort from the United States? Findings In this prospective study of 56,175 healthy participants at baseline, followed-up for a mean of 14.5 years, ≥100 PAI score/week was associated with significant 21% lower risk of all-cause and 30% lower risk of CVD mortality in comparison with inactive people. Participants with ≥100 PAI/week lived on average 4.2 years longer compared with inactive. Meaning: PAI is associated with long-term all-cause and CVD mortality. Clinicians and general population may incorporate PAI recommendations into weekly physical activity assessments to maximize CVD prevention.

Strength training exercises are essential for rehabilitation, improving our health as well as in sports. For optimal and safe training, educators and trainers in the industry should comprehend exercise form or technique. Currently, there is a lack of tools measuring in-depth skills of strength training experts. In this study, we investigate how data mining methods can be used to identify novel and useful skill patterns from a binary multiple choice questionnaire test designed to measure the knowledge level of strength training experts. A skill test assessing exercise technique expertise and comprehension was answered by 507 fitness professionals with varying backgrounds. A triangulated approach of clustering and non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) was used to discover skill patterns among participants and patterns in test questions. Four distinct participant subgroups were identified in data with clustering and further question patterns with NMF. The results can be used to, for example, identify missing skills and knowledge in participants and subgroups of participants and form general and personalized or background specific guidelines for future education. In addition, the test can be optimized based on, for example, if some questions can be answered correct even without the required skill or if they seem to be measuring overlapping skills. Finally, this approach can be utilized with other multiple choice test data in future educational research. peerReviewed

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kehittää ja pilotoida uusi sairaanhoitajien perehdytyskokemusta kartoittava mittari, jonka avulla voidaan jatkossa kartoittaa sairaanhoitajien kokemuksia saamastaan perehdytyksestä. Mittarin teoreettinen tausta perustuu kirjallisuuskatsaukseen, jossa tutkittiin sairaanhoitajien kokemuksia hyvästä perehdytyksestä. Lisäksi kysymysten kehittämisessä on huomioitu yhteistyöorganisaatiossa käytössä oleva perehdytysohjelma. Pilottitutkimuksessa käytetty tutkimusmittari sisälsi sekä varsinaisia perehdytyskokemusta kartoittavia kysymyksiä että mittarin ymmärrettävyyttä, selkeyttä ja toimivuutta arvioivia kysymyksiä. Tutkimuksen aineistona toimi sähköisestä LimeSurvey kyselystä saadut vastauslomakkeet (n=23). Kyselyn vastausprosentiksi muodostui 30,7 %. Aineistonkeruu toteutettiin tammi- ja helmikuun 2021 aikana Tampereen yliopistollisen sairaalaan somaattisia aikuispotilaita hoitavilla vuodeosastoilla toimialueella 1. Tutkimuksen sisäänottokriteereinä olivat: perehdytyksestä sai olla kulunut aikaa 0–5 vuotta ja työsuhteen keston tuli olla yli kolme kuukautta. Aineiston analyysi toteutettiin IBM SPSS Statistics 27- ohjelmiston avulla. Tutkimustulokset osoittivat, että mittarin reliabiliteetti oli kohtuullinen. Cronbachin alfan vaihteluväli oli mittarin kahdentoista summamuuttujan välillä 0,404–0,965. Summamuuttujista neljä, jäi tavoitellun 0,7 alfa arvon alapuolelle. Lisäksi mittarin reliabiliteettia arvioitiin korjatun korrelaation (Corrected Item- Total Correlation), avulla sekä tarkastelemalla kysymysten välisiä korrelaatioita ja vastausten jakautumista eri vastausvaihtoehtoihin. Korjatut korrelaatioarvot osoittivat, että seitsemässä summamuuttujassa voitiin havaita korjattuja korrelaatioarvoja, jotka jäivät alle tavoitetason 0,3, ja kahdessa summamuuttujassa korjattuja korrelaatioarvoja, jotka nousivat yli 0,8. Kysymysten välisissä korrelaatioissa viidessä summamuuttujassa nähtiin negatiivisia korrelaatioita, ja heikkoa (alle 0,3) korrelaatiota tavattiin kahdeksassa summamuuttujassa. Vastausten jakaumaa tarkasteltaessa voitiin havaita, että neljässä summamuuttujassa oli kysymys, jonka yksi vastausvaihtoehto sai enemmän kuin 80 % annetuista vastauksista. Kysymysten ymmärrettävyyttä kartoitettaessa vastaajat pitivät kysymyksiä pääsääntöisesti joko erittäin hyvin ymmärrettävinä tai hyvin ymmärrettävinä. Tulokset osoittivat myös, että suurin osa vastaajista piti kyselyyn vastaamista helppona, teknisesti ongelmattomana ja mittaria loogisesti etenevänä. Lähes puolet vastaajista vastasi olevansa valmiita vastaamaan vastaavanlaiseen kyselyyn uudestaan. Mittarin pituutta arvioitaessa yli puolet vastaajista piti mittaria liian pitkänä. Lisäksi mittarin pituus nousi esiin avoimissa kysymyksissä, lähinnä vastaamista hankaloittavana asiana, vastaamisen ajoittuessa työajalle. Mittarin kehittämiseen liittyen muokkausta ehdotettiin sähköisen kyselyn ulkoasuun. Lisäksi vastauksista nousi esiin muutama lisäkysymysehdotus. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että kehitetty mittari toimi kohtuullisen hyvin. Edellä kuvatut tulokset osoittavat, että mittarin summamuuttujissa ja mittarin kysymyksissä on kehitettävää. Näiden saatujen tulosten tarkastelussa tulee ottaa kuitenkin huomioon aineiston pieni koko, jolla on vaikutusta niin saatuihin tuloksiin kuin valittuihin analyysimenetelmiinkin. Pienen aineiston vuoksi mittarin tilastollinen testaus, ja varsinainen reliabiliteetin arviointi, tulee tehdä varsinaisen tutkimuksen yhteydessä isommalla aineistolla. Tämän pilottitutkimuksen avulla saatiin arvokasta tietoa siitä, kuinka uusi kehitetty mittari toimii, mitkä osa-alueet kaipaavat vielä kehittämistä, ja millaiseksi vastaajat kokivat kysymysten ymmärrettävyyden, selkeyden ja mittarin toimivuuden. Lisäksi tulosten perusteella saatiin käsitys avointen kysymysten tarpeellisuudesta sekä kyselyn vastaamiseen käytetystä ajasta. Mittarin kehittäminen ja pilotointi mahdollistaa mittarin käytön tulevaisuudessa varsinaisessa tutkimuksessa, ja perehdytyksen kehittämisen sairaanhoitajien omaan kokemukseen pohjautuen. The purpose of this study was to develop and pilot a new measuring scale of nurses orientation experience, which can be used to map nurses' experiences of orientation. The theoretical background of the scale is based on a literature review that examined nurses ’experiences of good orientation. In addition, the orientation program used in the co-operation organization has been considered in the development of the questions. The research measuring scale developed in the pilot study included both actual questions mapping the orientation experience and questions assessing the comprehensibility, clarity, and functionality of the measure. The survey material was the response forms obtained from the electronic LimeSurvey survey (n = 23). The response rate to the survey was 30.7%. Data collection carried out during January-February 2021 at Tampere University Hospital in wards treating somatic adult patients in Domain 1. The admission criteria for the study were: 0–5 years had elapsed since the orientation and the duration of employment had to be more than three months. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 27 software. The survey results showed that the reliability of the new measuring scale was reasonable. The Cronbach’s alpha range ranged from 0.440 to 0.965 for the twelve sum variables of the scale. Four of the sum variables were below the target of 0.7 alpha. In addition, the reliability of the measure was assessed using Corrected Item-Total Correlation, as well as by looking at the correlations between the questions and the distribution of answers to the different answer options. The correlated correlation values showed that corrected correlation values below the target level of 0.3 could be detected in seven sum variables and correlated correlations above 0.8 in two sum variables. In the correlations between the questions, negative correlations were seen in the five sum variables, and a weak (less than 0.3) correlation was found in the eight sum variables. Examining the distributions of responses, it was found that there was a question in the four sum variables for which one answer option received more than 80% of the answers given. When mapping the comprehensibility of the questions, the respondents generally considered the questions to be either very well understood or very understandable. The results also showed that most respondents found answering the questionnaire easy, technically unproblematic, and the scale logically progressing. Nearly half of the respondents said they were ready to answer a similar survey again. When estimating the length of the scale, more than half of the respondents considered the scale to be too long. In addition, the length of the metric emerged in open-ended questions, mainly as a difficulty in answering, when responding to working hours. In connection with the development of the scale, a modification was proposed to the layout of the electronic survey. In addition, a few additional questions emerged from the responses. In conclusion, the developed indicator worked reasonably well. The results described above show that there is room for improvement in scale sum variables and scale questions. However, the review of these results should consider the small size of the data, which has an impact on both the results obtained and the analytical methods chosen. Due to the small data, the statistical testing of the scale and the actual assessment of reliability should be done in connection with the actual study, with larger data. This pilot study provided valuable information on how the new developed indicator works, which areas still need to be developed, and how the respondents felt about the comprehensibility, clarity, and functionality of the questions. In addition, the results provided insight into the need for open-ended questions and the time taken to respond to the survey. The development and piloting of the scale will enable the use of the scale in future actual research and the development of induction based on the nurses' own experience.

Background Personality reflects relatively stable and pervasive tendencies in feeling, thinking and behaving. While previous studies have found higher extraversion and lower neuroticism to be linked to higher self-reported physical activity levels, larger studies using accelerometer-measured physical activity are lacking. This study investigated the cross-sectional associations of extraversion and neuroticism with both accelerometer-measured and self-reported physical activity and the role of these personality traits in possible discrepancies between these two measures of physical activity among Finnish adults. Methods Two community-dwelling samples were used in this study: a) 47–55-yr-old women (n = 1098) and b) 70–85-yr-old women and men (n = 314). In both samples, extraversion and neuroticism were assessed by the 19-item short form of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Physical activity was assessed with hip-worn tri-axial accelerometers and self-reported questions. Regression analyses were adjusted by age, BMI and education. Results In the middle-aged women, neuroticism was negatively associated with accelerometer-measured leisure time moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (β = −.07, p = .036) and with self-reported physical activity (β = −.08, p = .021), while extraversion was positively associated with self-reported physical activity (β = .10, p = .005). No associations of extraversion or neuroticism with physical activity were found in the older men and women. Older adults who scored high in neuroticism reported less physical activity than what was measured by accelerometers (β = −.12, p = .039). Extraversion was not associated with discrepancy between self-reported and accelerometer-measured leisure time physical activity in either sample. Conclusions Neuroticism was associated with lower leisure-time physical activity levels and extraversion with higher self-reported physical activity among middle-aged women. Neuroticism and extraversion were unrelated to physical activity among older adults, but older adults with high neuroticism seemed to underreport their physical activity level. The role of personality in the discrepancy between self-reported and device-based physical activity warrants further research. peerReviewed

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Better therapeutic alliances are known to predict better treatment outcomes, but little knowledge still exists on the patient characteristics that lead to better alliances. In a sample of 128 outpatients assigned to long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and suffering from mood and/or anxiety disorder, this study evaluated how the alliance, measured using the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI), is predicted by three different measures for assessing psychological resources and vulnerabilities: the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (WAIS–R), the Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ), and the Rorschach-based Ego Impairment Index (EII-2). All the three measures showed some ability to predict the development of the alliance during long-term therapy. The WAIS–R was found to be the strongest independent predictor, with higher intelligence scores predicting favorable development of both the patient- and therapist-rated alliance. Lower DSQ values, indicating less use of immature defenses, predicted greater improvement in the patient- but not the therapist-rated alliance. Higher EII-2 values, indicating more problematic ego functioning, predicted likewise greater patient-rated alliance improvement over the course of treatment. These findings support the value of pretreatment multimethod psychological assessment when tailoring treatment to the individual needs of patients. peerReviewed

Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan operatiivisen työn mittaamista case-organisaatiossa. Case- organisaatio on kirjoittajan työnantaja. Työtä on case-organisaation puolelta ohjannut organisaation tuottavuuspäällikkö. Case-organisaatiossa on todella paljon erilaisia mittareita. Näistä suurin osa liittyy myyntityötä tekeviin työntekijöihin ja näiden osastoihin. Case- organisaation tuottavuuspäälliköllä on kuitenkin vahva tahtotila saada mitattua myös operatiivista työtä tekeviä työntekijöitä ja osastoja tehokkaammin ja tarkemmin. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena onkin luoda pohjaa uuden mittariston luomiselle. Tässä diplomityössä pyritään esittelemään mittareiden yleisesti hyväksi todettuja ominaisuuksia. Lisäksi case-organisaation tuottavuuspäällikkö haluaa osallistaa työntekijöitä tähän prosessiin, joten heille teetettiin kysely, jonka avulla he voivat vaikuttaa tämän pohjan luomisessa. Tässä diplomityössä tehdään melko kattava kirjallisuuskatsaus akateemiseen kirjallisuuteen, jossa käsitellään mittaamista ja operatiivista työtä. Tähän teoriaan osittain pohjaten tähän diplomityöhön on teetetty kysely case-organisaation työntekijöillä, jotka tekevät organisaation eri toimipisteissä operatiivista työtä. Lisäksi kyselyn tuloksia täydentämään tehtiin joitain puolistrukturoituja eli teemahaastatteluja case-organisaation sisällä sekä joitain haastatteluita case-organisaation ulkopuolisille henkilöille. Suurin painoarvo kuitenkin annetaan kyselytutkimukselle, johon oli mahdollisuus vastata kaikilla case-organisaatiossa työskentelevillä operatiivista työtä tekevillä työntekijöillä. Tässä diplomityössä huomattiin, että suurin osa operatiivista työtä tekevistä case- organisaation työntekijöistä on sitä mieltä, että heitä ja heidän osastojaan mitataan heikosti. Tämän lisäksi suurin osa heistä toivoi heitä ja heidän osastojaan mitattavan. Työssä huomattiin myös, että kokeneemmat työntekijät olivat mittaamista kohtaan myönteisempiä kuin vähemmän aikaa case-organisaatiossa työskennelleet. Kirjallisuuskatsauksessa kävi selvästi ilmi, että mittaaminen on tärkeää organisaation kehityksen kannalta. Kuitenkaan kaikki mittaaminen ei välttämättä johda organisaation kilpailukyvyn parantumiseen. Mittaamisen tulisi perustua pohjimmiltaan yrityksen strategiaan. Mittaamisen lisäksi päälliköiden tulisi aktiivisesti seurata mittaustuloksia ja tehdä näiden pohjalta kehityssuunnitelmia ja -päätöksiä – yrityksen strategian mukaisesti. Mittaamisen tulisi olla linkitetty mitattavan organisaation strategiaan. Mittaamisen pitäisi myös pyrkiä aina organisaation kilpailukyvyn kehittymiseen. Työntekijöille tulisi jo perehdytysvaiheessa selkeästi kommunikoida organisaation arvot, strategia ja yksittäisen työntekijän sekä osaston tavoitteet. Organisaatiolle tulee päättää tärkeimmät mittarit ja näiden tärkeysjärjestys. Osaoptimointia tulisi välttää ja mittaamisella pitäisi pyrkiä mittaamaan ainakin lähes koko systeemiä. Lisäksi organisaation johto sekä keskijohto tulee kouluttaa mittaustulosten analysointiin, jotta nämä voivat tehdä organisaation kilpailukyvyn kannalta parhaat johtopäätökset kehitystoimenpiteistä. Tämä tulee myös tehdä organisaation strategian mukaisesti.

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Background: Health and social care education is highly important for preparing future professionals for their future roles in sustainable health and social care. However, previous studies have emphasized that health and social care educators’ competence is complex and poorly defined. Thus, there is a clear need for a psychometrically validated instrument to enable clarification and assessment of the required skills. Objective: To develop and psychometrically validate an instrument (the HeSoEduCo) for assessing health and social care educators’ competence in higher and professional education. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: A HeSoEduCo instrument, with items inviting 1–4 Likert scale responses, was developed, based on one systematic review and one qualitative study, then validated in terms of face, content and construct validity and internal consistency (Cronbach′s alpha values). All health and social care educators based in all 21 universities of applied sciences in Finland and seven vocational colleges were subsequently invited to participate in a large-scale application of the instrument in fall 2018. In total, responses of 390 of these educators are analyzed here. Results: The face and content validity of 71 newly developed items were assessed by experts in two evaluation rounds. The final content validity showed high scores for the instrument’s relevance and clarity. Confirmatory factor analysis (to test construct validity) yielded eight factors (43-items remaining), defining the following competence areas of educators: evidence-based practice, digital collaborative learning, student-centered pedagogy, collaboration & societal, leadership & management, cultural & linguistic diversity, mentoring student into professional competence development and subject & curriculum. Cronbach’s alpha values for the factors ranged from 0.70 to 0.89. Conclusion: The instrument can be used to obtain self-evaluations of educators’ competence when assessing their general competence levels and help human resources departments and managers to identify suitable continuous education programs for their staff.

Metrics can be used by firms to make more objective decisions based on data. Software startups in particular are characterized by the uncertain or even chaotic nature of the contexts in which they operate. Using data in the form of metrics can help software startups to make the right decisions amid uncertainty and limited resources. However, whereas conventional business metrics and software metrics have been studied in the past, metrics in the specific context of software startups have not been studied. In this chapter, we present the results of a multivocal literature review to offer you 118 metrics practitioner experts think software startups should measure. These metrics can give you ideas for what your startup should measure. peerReviewed

The aim of the present study was to validate the Finnish version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA) using data from 1,688 Finnish parents (91\% mothers) living in Finland with at least one child living at home. Confirmatory factor analyses supported the theoretical four-factor structure of the PBA – emotional exhaustion in one’s parental role, contrast with previous parental self, feelings of being fed up with one’s parental role, and emotional distancing from one’s children. Internal consistency for the total scale was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.90) and for the subscales from acceptable (alpha ≥ 0.70) to excellent. The results further demonstrated strict factorial invariance of PBA across genders and educational status groups. Finally, the PBA and its four subscales correlated as expected with the three criteria variables (depressive symptoms, sleep disruptions, and self-esteem), the latent factors of all three criteria variables being still clearly unique and separate constructions from parental burnout factors. peerReviewed