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Emergency nursing in Gaza's war zone presents innumerable challenges when caring for female patients in a depleted health care system. Negative health outcomes specifically impact women of all ages due to lack of access to menstrual products, prenatal and primary care, private bathrooms, medication, essential nutrition, and clean water. The massive destruction of infrastructure and consequent internal displacement of millions has led to a rise in infectious diseases. The few remaining functional hospitals depend heavily on foreign medical delegations for supplies, which results in a lack of standardized treatment for women's health complaints. Emergency departments must also navigate overcrowding, lack of basic supplies and specialists, and prioritization of daily mass casualty incidents from nearby explosions. These obstacles make treatment, discharge teaching, and follow-up care for women's health difficult to implement. Despite these arduous circumstances, Gazan health care professionals find innovative solutions to improve outcomes and reduce harm while honoring the cultural and religious preferences of their female patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrent pregnancy loss is considered as two or more miscarriages. Clinical investigation may be initiated after two pregnancy losses. The occurrence of spontaneous miscarriage in India is reported to be around 6.37%, recurrent miscarriage is around 1 to 2%. The risk of miscarriage in subsequent pregnancy is 30% after 2 losses compared to 33% after 3 losses. The prevalence of Hyperhomocysteinemia in recurrent pregnancy loss in India is 38%. Objective: to study the levels of maternal serum homocysteine in pregnant women with 2 or more consecutive miscarriages and compare with control group and to determine if hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with RPL Methods: 100 patients with history of 2 or more consecutive pregnancy losses are taken as cases and 100 pregnancy lady with alteration one previous live mother are taken as controls. In the study both cases and controls had not taken folic acid in the last 3 months was confirmed by history. Both cases and control group previous records were examined for laboratory investigation to rule out associated co-morbidities like uterine anomaly on ultrasound, complete blood count for platelets, coagulation profile, thyroid profile, blood glucose, renal and liver function test, urine albumin, urine routine and microscopy and serology test for Human immune virus, Hepatitis B, syphilis, TORCH infection. Results: Out of 100 cases, 17 patients show increased homocysteine levels. Homocysteine group shows P value of 0.001, which is significant at 1% levels. Homocysteine levels more than 10.5 µmol/dl is a risk factor for pregnancy loss. This shows positive correlation between RPL and hyperhomocysteinemia. Conclusions: This study shows there is positive correlation of socioeconomic class with hyperhomocysteinemia. Pregnant women belonging to Lower class of Kuppuswamy class had higher serum homocysteine level indirectly indicating poor nutrition among this pregnant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The primary objective of this prospective cohort study was to assess the usefulness of a predefined multidisciplinary care pathway-based management on pregnancy outcome(s) in women with SLE who already had at least one adverse obstetric outcome(s). Methods: Between March 2010 and March 2023, all consecutive, consenting women with SLE who already had at least one previous adverse obstetric outcome (preterm labour, pre-eclampsia, termination of pregnancy, miscarriage, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), preterm birth, low birth weight (LBW), intrauterine death (IUD) or stillbirth] were prospectively screened and counselled. The protocol comprised preconception and post-natal drug and disease status review, periodic ante-natal visits for the monitoring of pregnancy and drug and disease status review and post-natal drug and disease status review and contraception advice. Therapeutic changes were made as necessary at each visit. Results: A total of 213 women were screened and 197 women (age, 28 ± 6.34 years) were enrolled who had 226 pregnancies. Previous poor obstetric outcomes were miscarriage(s), 186; termination of pregnancy, 4; preterm labour, 51; IUGR, 36; IUD or stillbirth, 16; low birth weight (LBW), 44 and pre-eclampsia, 4. Seventy-seven (39%) women had secondary APS and 37 (19%) had a history of lupus nephritis. There were 194/226 (86%) live births [40 LBW (18%); caesarean section in 101 (45%)]. Thirty pregnancies culminated in miscarriages and 2 in IUDs (14%). Sixty-eight patients (30%) experienced lupus flare during pregnancy (36 mild, 20 moderate and 8 severe). Conclusion: Our experience underscores the usefulness of a predefined multidisciplinary care pathway-based management for improving pregnancy outcomes in women with SLE who had previous adverse outcomes. Key Points • In women with SLE who had previous adverse obstetric outcome(s) a risk of poor outcome in subsequent pregnancy remains. • Good pregnancy outcomes in these women could be achieved by predefined multidisciplinary care pathways focussed on addressing all relevant issues. • Improved access to rheumatology services and collaboration between rheumatologists and obstetricians is key to improving outcomes in SLE pregnancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although recurrence risk is a major concern for women having had an ischemic stroke (IS) and who are planning a pregnancy, studies on recurrence risk and pregnancy outcomes are scarce and heterogeneous. Methods: This retrospective study assessed women aged 15–44 years with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke admitted in the Lyon Stroke Centre, France, between January 2009 and December 2013. The primary outcome was stroke recurrence during pregnancy or the post-partum period. Secondary outcomes were pregnancy complications. Results: Overall, 104 women with a prior ischemic stroke were included. Mean age at the time of the stroke was 36 ± 6.7 years old. Stroke etiology was large-artery atherosclerosis for 1 woman, cardioembolism for 23 women, and undetermined for 55 women. No antiphospholipid syndrome was found. Among them, 29 women had 58 subsequent pregnancies. Overall, there were three IS recurrence (2.9%), but none occurred during pregnancy. There were 27 miscarriages (47% of pregnancies), two pre-eclampsia (3%), and one stillbirth (1.7%). Conclusions: We observed no recurrence of IS during pregnancy. The study also highlighted that the risk of miscarriages was higher than general population and that of stillbirth should be further studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mosaicism for autosomal trisomy is uncommon in clinical practice. However, despite its rarity among both prenatally and postnatally diagnoses, there are a large number of characterized and published cases. Surprisingly, in contrast to regular trisomies, no attempts at systematic analyses of mosaic carriers' demographics were undertaken. This is the first study aimed to address this gap. For that, we have screened more than eight hundred publications on mosaic trisomies, reviewing data including gender and clinical status of mosaic carriers, maternal age and reproductive history. In total, 596 publications were eligible for analysis, containing data on 948 prenatal diagnoses, including true fetal mosaicism (TFM) and confined placental mosaicism (CPM), and on 318 cases of postnatally detected mosaicism (PNM). No difference was found in maternal age between normal pregnancy outcomes with appropriate birth weight and those with intrauterine growth restriction. Unexpectedly, a higher proportion of advanced maternal ages (AMA) was found in normal outcomes compared to abnormal ones (abnormal fetus or newborn) and fetal losses, 73% vs. 56% and 50%, p = 0.0015 and p = 0.0011, correspondingly. Another intriguing finding was a higher AMA proportion in mosaic carriers with concomitant uniparental disomy (UPD) for chromosomes 7, 14, 15, and 16 compared to carriers with biparental disomy (BPD) (72% vs. 58%, 92% vs. 55%, 87% vs. 78%, and 65% vs. 24%, correspondingly); overall figures were 78% vs. 48%, p = 0.0026. Analysis of reproductive histories showed a very poor reporting but almost two-fold higher rate of mothers reporting a previous fetal loss from PNM cohort (in which almost all patients were clinically abnormal) compared to mothers from the TFM and CPM cohorts (with a large proportion of normal outcomes), 30% vs. 16%, p = 0.0072. The occurrence of a previous pregnancy with a chromosome abnormality was 1 in 13 in the prenatal cohort and 1 in 16 in the postnatal cohort, which are five-fold higher compared to published studies on non-mosaic trisomies. We consider the data obtained in this study to be preliminary despite the magnitude of the literature reviewed since reporting of detailed data was mostly poor, and therefore, the studied cohorts do not represent "big data". Nevertheless, the information obtained is useful both for clinical genetic counseling and for modeling further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and Objective. The significance of MTHFR gene polymorphisms in the course of pregnancy has not been definitively resolved. Variants c.665C>T and c.1286A>C in the MTHFR gene leads to increased concentration of homocysteine. The aim of the study was to evaluate homocysteine serum concentrations in Polish women with recurrent pregnancy loss, depending on the presence of the MTHFR gene variants c.665C>T and c.1286A>C in the MTHFR gene. Materials and Method. 137 women with recurrent miscarriages, normal karyotype and normal molecular tests results for the variants c.1691G>A of F5 gene and c.97*G>A of F2 gene were qualified for the study. The relationship between the presence of the MTHFR gene polymorphisms c.665C>T and c.1286A>C in gene MTHFR and homocysteine serum concentration was stadied. Results. There were no significant differences found in homocysteine levels in the study group of women with recurrent miscarriages. There were no differences in homocysteine concentration in patients with MTHFR gene c.655C>T polymorphism (heterozygous nor homozygous), compared to patients without the MTHFR gene polymorphism (CC wild type). Similarly, no differences were noted between patients with AA-wild type and patients with the MTHFR variant c.1286A>C (heterozygous nor homozygous). There was no also correlation between homocysteine concentration and women's age, regardless of the patients' group (control vs. study groups). Conclusions. The c.655C>T and c.1286A>C variants of the MTHFR remain without significant impact on homocysteine concentration in Polish women with recurrent pregnancy loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibodies against phospholipid (aPL)-binding proteins, in particular, beta 2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI), are diagnostic/classification and pathogenic antibodies in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). β2GPI-aPL recognize their target on endothelium and trigger a pro-thrombotic phenotype which is amplified by circulating monocytes, platelets and neutrophils. Complement activation is required as supported by the lack of aPL-mediated effects in animal models when the complement cascade is blocked. The final result is a localized clot. A strong generalized inflammatory response is associated with catastrophic APS, the clinical variant characterized by systemic thrombotic microangiopathy. A two-hit hypothesis was suggested to explain why persistent aPL are associated with acute events only when a second hit allows antibody/complement binding by modulating β2GPI tissue presentation. β2GPI/β2GPI-aPL are also responsible for obstetric APS, being the molecule physiologically present in placental/decidual tissues. Additional mechanisms mediated by aPL with different characteristics have been reported, but their diagnostic/prognostic value is still a matter of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine correlation between elevated levels of thyrotropin with the frequency of miscarriages. A cross-sectional study was conducted on the 380 respondents and it investigated TSH (thyrotropin), thyroid peroxidase antibody(anti-TPO) and free thyroxine (FT4) in pregnant women who had a miscarriage (N = 179) and pregnant women with normal pregnancies (N = 201). The incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism in the miscarriages group was higher than in control group (61.4% vrs 15.79% (p < 0.001). In the miscarriages group with hypothyroidism (first trimester) mean value of TSH was significantly higher 4.31 ± 2.55 mIU/L compared to the control group 1.95 ± 0.86mIU/L (p < 0.001). Logistic multivariate regression revealed that TSH and body mass index (BMI) have a significant influence on the miscarriage; TSH level has a higher odds ratio (OR) 1.47 CI (95% 1.22–1.78) than BMI (OR) 1.14 CI (95% 1.06–1.23)) (p < 0.001). The combination of thyroid autoimmunity and TSH > 2.5mIU/L increase the risk of miscarriage (65.75%) compared to positive anti-TPO antibodies and TSH < 2.5mIU/L(14.15%)(p < 0.001). Higher TSH levels correspond with obesity during early pregnancy and may be a sign of maternal thyroid dysfunction. Physiological thyroid function in the first trimester of pregnancy is important for perinatal outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Miscarriage is the most common complication of pregnancy. Infections are well-known causes of pregnancy loss. It has been suggested that infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus may also have an adverse effect on the course of early pregnancy, causing miscarriage. Aim: To assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy loss during the first half of pregnancy. Material and methods: The clinical records of patients hospitalized at the Department of Fetal Medicine and Gynecology; Medical University of Lodz were retrospectively reviewed. The study was done during the pandemic (March 2020 to the end of March 2022) and the previous 2 years due to missed abortion, indicated by no fetal heartbeat and spontaneous (complete or incomplete) abortion with vaginal bleeding. Results: While 682 women were hospitalized due to miscarriage in the first half of pregnancy in the period 2018-2020, there were 516 hospitalized during the pandemic. No differences in the proportion of missed and spontaneous abortions with bleeding were found between the group of patients before and during the epidemic SARS CoV-2. COVID-19 exposure appears to have an impact on earlier pregnancy loss. Conclusions: There is no evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic predisposes to the abnormal course of pregnancy in its first half. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constitutional chromosomal abnormalities play a significant role in causing reproductive anomalies in individuals of reproductive age. With the rapid advancement of genome engineering techniques, it has now become possible to cure different genetic disorders. However, very limited data is available regarding the prevalence of such aberrations in the Pakistani population. Considering this factor, this retrospective analysis was undertaken to elucidate the type and prevalence rate of such abnormalities in our population. A total of 241 individuals, who were referred to the Liaquat National Hospital, from January 2017 to December 2021, with a history of infertility or miscarriages, were evaluated using the standard GTG banding technique. The results revealed a notably high percentage 44(18.2%) of chromosomal abnormalities in our population. Surprisingly, the frequency of these anomalies was observed to be higher in males than in females. ---Continue

Miscarriage remains an important global problem: 23 million miscarriages are registered annually in the world, i.e. 44 pregnancy losses every minute, and the total risk of miscarriage is 15.3% of all pregnancies. Effective methods of pregnancy preservation (in case of idiopathic miscarriage and threatened miscarriage) include lifestyle modification and progestagen therapy. Progesterone is the main hormone necessary to maintain pregnancy. The effectiveness of progestogens among medical methods that increase the chances of pregnancy preservation has been proven by numerous studies. Effectiveness and safety of various types of progestogens during pregnancy have been studied. As a result, progesterone and dydrogesterone became the only progestogens approved for use in obstetrics – micronized progesterone and dydrogesterone reduce the frequency of miscarriage in women with clinical diagnoses of threatened miscarriage and idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. In addition, the progestogens safety has been carefully studied in modern randomized studies, prospective trials and meta-analyses and the same safety profile of dydrogesterone and micronized progesterone for pregnant women and the fetus has been proven. Studies have shown that oral dydrogesterone has relatively low antagonistic activity at glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors compared to progesterone and therefore well tolerated. Oral dydrogesterone due to the peculiarities of structure has improved bioavailability compared to progesterone, which allows a woman to avoid the inconvenience and discomfort associated with the intravaginal or intramuscular use of progesterone. In addition, dydrogesterone has a 1.5 times higher affinity for progesterone receptors compared to micronized progesterone and a pronounced anti-inflammatory and immunomodulation effect, which provides certain clinical advantages for patients after recurrent pregnancy losses. Thus, progestogens are indicated for all patients with recurrent pregnancy losses from the moment of receiving a positive pregnancy test, as they reduce the risk of miscarriage. It is important that the use of progestagen drugs during the first and second trimester of pregnancy is not associated with side effects

Objectives: To determine the frequency of subclinical Hypothyroidism in women with first-trimester pregnancy loss. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Gynaecology & Obstetrics Department, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Dec 2018. Methodology: The study included 130 women aged 18-40 years who had first-trimester pregnancy loss. Patients with chronic renal failure, known thyroid disorders and taking medication that can affect thyroid functions were excluded. Venous blood samples were taken to analyse thyroid function tests, and subclinical Hypothyroidism was noted. Results: The mean age of the women was 28.68±4.80 years. Most patients 77(59.23%), were between 18 and 30 years old. The mean BMI was 29.42±2.50 kg/m2. 16(12.31%) women with first-trimester miscarriage had subclinical Hypothyroidism. Conclusion: This study concluded that the frequency of subclinical Hypothyroidism in women with first-trimester pregnancy loss was significant. Proper management protocol for early recognition and management of subclinical Hypothyroidism in women can improve pregnancy outcomes.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of chromosomal polymorphisms in reproductive outcomes following IVF or ICSI. Literature in CENTRAL, CINAHL, EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched from 1974 to March 2020 with no language restrictions. Ten published cohort studies were chosen for analysis. Studies included females, males and couples undergoing assisted reproductive treatments with the presence or absence of chromosomal polymorphisms. Reproductive outcomes were reported and their quality assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. Meta-analysis of five cohort studies (9,659 participants) indicated that female carriers with chromosomal polymorphisms had a higher miscarriage rate compared to non-carriers (risk ratio (RR) 1.54 (95% CI 1.19–1.98), whereas no significant association was found for males (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.64–1.43) and couples (RR 1.93, 95% CI 0.32–11.83) indicating that this effect appeared to be gender-dependent. There was no association between chromosomal polymorphisms and a higher rate of biochemical, clinical, ongoing pregnancy, and preterm and live birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is irregular menstrual bleeding which has great impact on female health and life style. Various genetic factors are involved in etiology and pathology of AUB. Present study was designed to explore the association of PTGFR, MMP9, MMP2, TGFB3 and VEGFB with AUB. Methods Blood samples of 212 females with AUB were collected along with age-matched healthy control. Expression variation of targeted genes was evaluated using qPCR. Present study cohort was divided into different groups based on demographic parameters and all targeted genes were correlated with study demographics. Results Expression of targeted genes was significantly (P 9 days bleeding compared to AUB patient had 60 kg body weigh compared to AUB patient with

Background: Infertility and fecundability problems have been linked with lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, but studies conducted with small, heterogenous or selected populations have shown inconsistent results. Methods: This study included women at age 31 from prospective population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were evaluated between women with or without previous infertility examinations or treatments (infertility group, n = 375, reference group, n = 2051) and time to pregnancy (TTP) of over 12 months (decreased fecundability group, n = 338) with a wide range of confounders. Furthermore, 25(OH)D concentrations were also compared among reproductive outcomes. Results: The mean 25(OH)D concentration was lower and 25(OH)D < 30 nmol/L was more frequent in women with a history of infertility compared to reference group. Moreover, 25(OH)D > 75 nmol/L was more frequent in the reference group. The mean 25(OH)D concentration was lower in women who had had multiple miscarriages. Both history of infertility (β = −2.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) −4.6, −0.7) and decreased fecundability associated with lower 25(OH)D concentration (β = −4.1, 95% CI −7.4, −0.8) after adjustments. In conclusion, this population-based study demonstrated that previous infertility and decreased fecundability were associated with lower 25(OH)D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Snake bite is a rare event during pregnancy. Extensive coagulation abnormalities and fibrinolytic dysfunction is observed following snakebite. Snake bite leads to miscarriages, preterm birth, antepartum haemorrhage, intrauterine foetal death (IUFD), coagulation failure which progress to postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) and early neonatal death. We present a 27-year-old unbooked G4P3L2 woman at 30 weeks gestation with snake bite and IUFD. Systemic coagulopathy leads to massive PPH after delivery. Until blood and blood products were available, the mother was managed by a multidisciplinary team and treated with high dose of tranexamic acid. In resource constrained setting, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) arising from systemic envenomation due to snake bite in pregnancy could be challenging. Obstetric outcome depends on the degree of envenomation, gestational age at presentation, timing, duration, and quality of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by recurrent pregnancy morbidity and/or vascular thrombosis associated with the persistent presence of antibodies against anionic phospholipid-binding proteins. Beta 2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) and prothrombin (PT) are the major antigens for antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) detectable by functional coagulation [lupus anticoagulant (LA)] or solid-phase assays [anti-β2GPI-dependent cardiolipin (aCL) and anti-β2GPI]. β2GPI-dependent aPL are responsible for the positivity of the three classification laboratory criteria. While medium/high titers of antibodies against β2GPI are risk factors for both the vascular and the obstetric manifestations of APS, persistent low titers are also associated with pregnancy complications. There is evidence from animal models of aPL-dependent fetal loss and from in vitro systems that β2GPI-dependent aPL can be pathogenic. β2GPI is physiologically found in large quantities at the placental level being available for the specific antibodies circulating in the maternal blood. Once bound to the protein, the antibodies trigger a local inflammation via the activation of the complement cascade and affect trophoblast and decidual function. The final result is represented by defective placentation, while thrombotic events are apparently less important. β2GPI is a pleiotropic molecule with scavenging properties towards several molecules including apoptotic material and displays anti-oxidant activity. These functions may explain the β2GPI placental localization in an area of intensive tissue remodeling and low oxygen tension. Since β2GPI interacts also with the complement and the coagulation cascade, its binding with specific antibodies may affect the physiology of placentation in several ways.

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder occurring in pregnancy. Maternal and fetal complications are present in these patients. Timely identification and treatment help in the prevention of complications. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of hypothyroidism among pregnant women attending the Outpatient Department of Obstetrics in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care centre after taking ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 08/2021). Data from 1 January 2016 to 31 December 2020 were collected between 1 November 2021 to 31 November 2021. All pregnant women who had undergone thyroid level assessment in each trimester (first, second and third) and had delivered in the same centre were included in the study. However, pregnant women with comorbidities like hypertension, overt diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, renal disease, cardiac disease, and neurological disorder were excluded. Convenience sampling method was used. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 216 pregnant patients, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was 74 (34.25%) (27.92-40.57, 95% Confidence Interval). Maternal complications were seen in 33 (44.59%). The commonest complication was oligohydramnios 10 (13.51%) followed by preterm delivery 8 (10.81%). Conclusions: The prevalence of hypothyroidism among pregnant women was found to be higher than other studies done in similar settings.

Background: Chromosomal abnormalities are the main cause of early miscarriages. Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional cohort study was to investigate the chromosomal abnormalities in first trimester spontaneous miscarriages in a Greek population. Methods: Spontaneous abortion samples from a single genetic center in Greece were analyzed via conventional karyotype analysis and quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR). All samples were accompanied by maternal blood samples to exclude contamination. Results: The results of the present study showed that 83 out of the 198 available samples (41.9%) had an abnormal karyotype. The majority of embryos suffered from numerical chromosomal abnormalities (90.4%). Autosomal trisomy (54.2%) was the most frequent chromosomal abnormality, while trisomies 16 and 22 (seven cases) were the commonest karyotype anomalies. Nine fetuses (10.8%) suffered numerical abnormalities of sex chromosomes (all cases with 45, X), while 12 of fetuses (14.5%) were diagnosed with triploidy (five males with 69, XXY and seven females with 69, XXX). All miscarriages following IVF and presenting with abnormal karyotype were diagnosed with numerical abnormalities. Finally, a fetus with double trisomy (14 and 21) and a rare case of coexistence of Klinefelter (XXY) and Edwards (trisomy 18) syndromes were observed. Conclusion: Cytogenetic analysis of products of conception is an important step involved in investigating the causes of miscarriages. In this study of spontaneous miscarriages, the incidence and types of chromosome aberrations are presented for the first time in a Greek population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pregnancy following heart transplant (HT) surgery poses a high risk to the patient, and limited data are available on practices for post-HT pregnant patients. We report a case of a 34-year-old female patient in her 20th week of pregnancy, diagnosed with restrictive cardiomyopathy at 20 years of age. An HT procedure was performed 5 years ago on the patient. The patient had multiple miscarriages and in-vitro fertilization in 2021. The patient presented in the 20th week of gestation with shortness of breath and delivered prematurely via cesarean section. The procedure was successfully performed under spinal anesthesia with no complications, and the patient was stable. Implementing a multidisciplinary team in managing such challenging cases would further improve anesthesia management in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing epidemiological evidence demonstrates the correlation between toxic contamination and miscarriages, and the disproportionate exposure of marginalised and racialised groups to environmental burdens. Yet, the debate on environmental reproductive health is still largely underpinned by a reductionist biomedical understanding of the health-place relationship that overlooks the interplay between social identities and places. In this article, I argue that understanding the role that places play in shaping reproductive inequalities, beyond the simplistic recognition of the environment as a factor of risk, is important to design a more inclusive reproductive health agenda that addresses the multiple scales across which reproductive inequalities unfold. These scales span from everyday experiences of reproduction to state-level models of reproductive governance. Drawing on 13 months of fieldwork in coca-farming territories in the Bajo Cauca region (Colombia), the aim of this paper is to conceptualise the reproductive geographies of miscarriages related to toxic contamination. This article contributes to debates on reproductive inequalities by discussing the complex and dynamic relationship between social identities and places, and theorising the spatiality of miscarriages. • Social identities need to be understood in their relation with places. • Reproductive health inequalities unfold across a multiplicity of scales. • Reproductive agency is not limited to individual decision-making. • Miscarriages are a neglected priority in the reproductive health agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is irregular menstrual bleeding which has great impact on female health and life style. Various genetic factors are involved in etiology and pathology of AUB. Present study was designed to explore the association of PTGFR, MMP9, MMP2, TGFB3 and VEGFB with AUB. Methods: Blood samples of 212 females with AUB were collected along with age-matched healthy control. Expression variation of targeted genes was evaluated using qPCR. Present study cohort was divided into different groups based on demographic parameters and all targeted genes were correlated with study demographics. Results: Expression of targeted genes was significantly (P < 0.001) downregulated in females with AUB compared to control. Reduced (P < 0.01) expression of targeted genes was observed in all age groups (21–30, 31–40, 41–50 year) of AUB patients compared to respective control. Expression of VEGFB increased (P < 0.05) in AUB females with > 9 days bleeding compared to AUB patient had < 9 days bleeding. AUB women with miscarriage history showed upregulation in MMP2, TGFB3 (P < 0.05), and downregulation in MMP9 and VEGFB (P < 0.05) expression compared to AUB group with no miscarriage history. Expression of MMP2 increased (P < 0.05) in AUB females with > 60 kg body weigh compared to AUB patient with < 60 kg weight. Conclusion: Present study open a new window for diagnosis of AUB at early stages and suggested a possible involvement of PTGFR, MMP9, MMP2, TGFB3 and VEGFB as candidate biomarkers in AUB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a complex disorder affecting thousands of women around the world. The etiopathogenesis of RPL is not yet fully known and is considered to be multifactorial. Among the various causes, scientific research has identified the key role of thrombophilia. In this scenario, the H1299R variant in FV also seems to be involved; however, the relative data is often discordant. This study provides empirical evidence disproving the correlation between the FV H1299R variant and RPL, thus constituting a valid support for medical care during pregnancy and genetic counseling, in particular for gynecologists, obstetricians, and genetic counselors. This study evaluated the association between the H1299R factor V (FV) variant (rs1800595) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Pubmed (MEDLINE) and Embase (OVID) bibliographic databases were searched from the inception to 31 May 2022 to identify suitable articles according to PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. We included observational studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and cohort studies reporting a numerical and well-distinguished Het or Hom status of the H1299R variant obtained through PCR or other biochemical techniques and comparing RPL patients with a healthy control group. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022330077). Two authors independently screened studies, extracted data, and carried out the risk of bias assessment using the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS). A meta-analysis was performed with RevMan software Version 5.4 using an odds ratio (OR) with an M-H, random effect, and 95% CI. We included 13 clinical studies for a total of 1669 RPL patients and 1466 healthy women as a control group. H1299R variant was slightly associated with RPL albeit without significance (OR 1.18, 95% CI: 0.78–1.80, p = 0.44). Subgroup analyses considering H1299R in heterozygosity (OR 1.13, 95% CI: 0.76–1.67, p = 0.56) and in homozygosity (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 0.74–6.01, p = 0.16) revealed a similar trend. Lastly, we evaluated the association between H1299R and RPL based on the number of previous miscarriages (≥2 or ≥3). This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis sheds light on the specific influence of the H1299R variant in the F5 gene on RPL, constituting valid support for medical care during pregnancy and genetic counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate whether intervening miscarriages and induced abortions impact the associations between interpregnancy interval after a live birth and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Design: Population‐based cohort study. Setting: Norway. Participants: A total of 165 617 births to 143 916 women between 2008 and 2016. Main outcome measures: We estimated adjusted relative risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes using log‐binomial regression, first ignoring miscarriages and induced abortions in the interpregnancy interval estimation (conventional interpregnancy interval estimates) and subsequently accounting for intervening miscarriages or induced abortions (correct interpregnancy interval estimates). We then calculated the ratio of the two relative risks (ratio of ratios, RoR) as a measure of the difference. Results: The proportion of short interpregnancy interval (<6 months) was 4.0% in the conventional interpregnancy interval estimate and slightly increased to 4.6% in the correct interpregnancy interval estimate. For interpregnancy interval <6 months, compared with 18–23 months, the RoR was 0.97 for preterm birth (PTB) (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83–1.13), 0.97 for spontaneous PTB (95% CI 0.80–1.19), 1.00 for small‐for‐gestational age (95% CI 0.86–1.14), 1.00 for large‐for‐gestational age (95% CI 0.90–1.10) and 0.99 for pre‐eclampsia (95% CI 0.71–1.37). Similarly, conventional and correct interpregnancy intervals yielded associations of similar magnitude between long interpregnancy interval (≥60 months) and the pregnancy outcomes evaluated. Conclusion: Not considering intervening pregnancy loss due to miscarriages or induced abortions, results in negligible difference in the associations between short and long interpregnancy intervals and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Not considering pregnancy loss in interpregnancy interval estimation resulted no meaningful differences in observed risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Not considering pregnancy loss in interpregnancy interval estimation resulted no meaningful differences in observed risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is defined as the loss of two or more pregnancies, affecting approximately 1 to 3% of women worldwide. Scientific data highlight a possible correlation between thrombophilic genetic variants and RPL. H1299R variant in the factor V gene would lead to an increased thrombotic risk associated with frequent miscarriages. However, the data are often conflicting, making this an interesting question for further investigations by evaluating genotype-phenotype correlations to improve the clinical management and genetic counseling of couples. A systematic review and meta-analysis will follow the preferred reporting elements for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P). The Pubmed (MEDLINE) and Embase (OVID) databases will be explored to identify suitable articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion criteria are: (a) H1299R genotyping with clear data reported, referred to as Heterozygous (Het) and/or Homozygous (Hom); (b) articles written in English; (c) analyses of only RPL female patients having at least two or more previous pregnancy losses and compared with a control group. This analysis will present selected scientific evidence, addressing the questions concerning the association between the H1299R variant and RPL, hoping to clarify this still unresolved issue. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022330077. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both CMV and Rubella virus infections are associated with the risk of vertical transmission, fetal death or congenital malformations. In Angola, there are no reports of CMV and Rubella studies. Therefore, our objectives were to study the seroprevalence of anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies in pregnant women of Luanda (Angola), identify the risk of primary infection during pregnancy and evaluate the socio-demographic risk factors associated with both infections.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2016 to May 2017. Specific anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies were quantified by electrochemiluminescence and demographic and clinical data were collected using standardized questionnaire. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to quantify the effect of clinical and obstetric risk factors on virus seroprevalence.Results: We recruited 396 pregnant women aged from 15 to 47. Among them, 335 (84.6%) were immune to both CMV and Rubella virus infections, while 8 (2.0%) had active CMV infection and 4 (1.0%) active RV infection but none had an active dual infection. Five women (1.2%) were susceptible to only CMV infection, 43 (10.9%) to only RV infection, and 1 (0.3) to both infections. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association between Rubella virus infection and number of previous births and suffering spontaneous abortion.Conclusions: Overall, this study showed that there is a high prevalence of anti-CMV and anti-Rubella antibodies in pregnant women in Luanda. It also showed that a small but important proportion of pregnant women, about 11%, are at risk of primary infection with rubella during pregnancy. This emphasizes the need for vaccination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Alkuraya-Kučinskas syndrome is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by brain abnormalities associated with cerebral parenchymal underdevelopment, arthrogryposis, club foot and global developmental delay. KIAA1109, a functionally uncharacterized gene is identified as the molecular cause for Alkuraya-Kučinskas syndrome. Most of the reported mutations in KIAA1109 gene result in premature termination of pregnancies or neonatal deaths while a few mutations have been reported in surviving patients with global developmental delay and intellectual disability. To our knowledge, only three surviving patients from two families have been reported with missense variants in KIAA1109. In this study, we describe four surviving patients from two related families (a multiplex family) with global developmental delay and mild to severe intellectual disability with no other systemic manifestations. There were no miscarriages or neonatal deaths reported in these families. Methods X-chromosome exome panel sequencing was carried out in one patient and whole exome sequencing was carried out on the remaining three affected individuals and the unaffected father of the index family. Data analysis was carried out followed by variant filtering and segregation analysis. Sanger sequencing was carried out to validate the segregation of mutation in all four affected siblings and unaffected parents from both families. Results A novel homozygous missense mutation in a conserved region of KIAA1109 protein was identified. Sanger sequencing confirmed the segregation of mutation in both families in an autosomal recessive fashion. Conclusion Our study is the second study reporting a KIAA1109 variant in surviving patients with Alkuraya-Kučinskas syndrome. Our study expands the spectrum of phenotypic features and mutations associated with Alkuraya-Kučinskas syndrome.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all aspects of people's lives, with many tasks and services now being delivered online in the aim of reducing contact and preventing further transmission of the disease. This has resulted in the increase in the use of portable electronic devices (i.e., mobile phones, smartphones, laptops), which emit different frequencies of electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation. However, the evidence on the harmful impacts of EMF radiation exposure on the human body, particularly on the abdomen of the female body during pregnancy, is scarce. Further, the related studies in the literature have yet to be systematically reviewed. If unmanaged, the absorption of EMF radiation by the maternal abdomen during pregnancy is associated with serious birth and infant outcomes. Purpose: This study aimed to systematically review the published studies on the direct effects of EMF radiation emitted from mobile phones on pregnancy, birth, and infant outcomes. Methods: After a systematic search using the PRISMA guidelines, a total of 18 articles were retrieved from 5 databases. Studies which addressed the negative outcomes of EMF radiation exposure on mothers, adults, and children's health were included. The research articles were then sorted based on whether their findings were related to the impacts of EMF on physiological or pregnancy outcomes. Results: The findings of this review showed that EMF radiation exposure is associated with hormonal, thermal, and cardiovascular changes among adults. However, the reviewed studies did not consider the impacts of EMF radiation exposure on pregnancy outcomes specifically, which makes it difficult to draw conclusions from this review. Only four of the reviewed studies were conducted among pregnant women. These studies reported that EMF radiation exposure during pregnancy is associated with miscarriages and fluctuations in the fetal temperature and heart rate variability, as well as infant anthropometric measures. Conclusions: More research should be conducted to identify the specific impacts of EMF radiation exposure on pregnancy, birth, and infant outcomes. Healthcare providers and researchers are recommended to collaborate to improve public health through public education and updated organizational policies to limit these environmental risks by encouraging the use of safe technologies.

Background: Hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) or pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (pseudo-HypoPT) during pregnancy may cause maternal and fetal/neonatal complications. In this regard, only a few case reports or case series of pregnant or lactating women have been published. The purpose of this study was to describe clinical and biochemical course, pharmacological management, and potential adverse events during pregnancy and post-partum in pregnant women with HypoPT or pseudo-HypoPT. This was a retrospective, observational, multicenter, study involving nine Italian referral centers for endocrine diseases affiliated with the Italian Society of Endocrinology and involved in "Hypoparathyroidism Working Group".Results: This study identified a cohort of 28 women (followed between 2005 and 2018) with HypoPT (n = 25, 84% postsurgical, 16% idiopathic/autoimmune) and pseudo-HypoPT (n = 3). In HypoPT women, the mean calcium carbonate dose tended to increase gradually from the first to third trimester (+ 12.6%) in pregnancy. This average increase in the third trimester was significantly greater compared to the pre-pregnancy period (p value = 0.03). However, analyzing the individual cases, in 44% the mean calcium dosage remained unchanged throughout gestation. Mean calcitriol doses tended to increase during pregnancy, with a statistically significant increase between the third trimester and the pre-pregnancy period (p value = 0.02). Nevertheless, analyzing the individual cases, in the third trimester most women with HypoPT (64%) maintained the same dosage of calcitriol compared to the first trimester. Both mean calcium carbonate and calcitriol doses tended to decrease from the third trimester to the post-partum six months. Most identified women (~ 70%) did not display maternal complications and (~ 90%) maintained mean serum albumin-corrected total calcium levels within the low-to-mid normal reference range (8.5 ± 0.8 mg/dl) during pregnancy. The main complications related to pregnancy period included: preterm birth (n = 3 HypoPT women), and history of miscarriages (n = 6 HypoPT women and n = 2 pseudo-HypoPT women).Conclusion: This study shows that mean serum albumin-corrected total calcium levels were carefully monitored during pregnancy and post-pregnancy, with limited evaluation of other biochemical parameters, such as serum phosphate, 24 h urinary calcium, 25-OH vitamin D, and creatinine clearance. To avoid complications in mothers affected by (HypoPT) or (pseudo-HypoPT) and offspring, intense biochemical, clinical and pharmacological monitoring during pregnancy and breastfeeding is highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the association between the H1299R factor V (FV) variant (rs1800595) and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). Pubmed (MEDLINE) and Embase (OVID) bibliographic databases were searched from the inception to 31 May 2022 to identify suitable articles according to PRISMA and MOOSE guidelines. We included observational studies, case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and cohort studies reporting a numerical and well-distinguished Het or Hom status of the H1299R variant obtained through PCR or other biochemical techniques and comparing RPL patients with a healthy control group. The review protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022330077). Two authors independently screened studies, extracted data, and carried out the risk of bias assessment using the Newcastle Ottawa scale (NOS). A meta-analysis was performed with RevMan software Version 5.4 using an odds ratio (OR) with an M-H, random effect, and 95% CI. We included 13 clinical studies for a total of 1669 RPL patients and 1466 healthy women as a control group. H1299R variant was slightly associated with RPL albeit without significance (OR 1.18, 95% CI: 0.78–1.80, p = 0.44). Subgroup analyses considering H1299R in heterozygosity (OR 1.13, 95% CI: 0.76–1.67, p = 0.56) and in homozygosity (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 0.74–6.01, p = 0.16) revealed a similar trend. Lastly, we evaluated the association between H1299R and RPL based on the number of previous miscarriages (≥2 or ≥3). This comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis sheds light on the specific influence of the H1299R variant in the F5 gene on RPL, constituting valid support for medical care during pregnancy and genetic counseling.

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are mandatory for the diagnosis but are also a risk factor for the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) clinical manifestations. Lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin (aCL), and anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) assays are the formal laboratory classification/diagnostic criteria. Additional nonclassification assays have been suggested; among them, antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin (aPS/PT) and antidomain 1 β2GPI antibodies are the most promising ones although not yet formally accepted. aPL represent the example of a laboratory test that moved from dichotomous to quantitative results consistent with the idea that reporting quantitative data offers more diagnostic/prognostic information for both vascular and obstetric manifestations. Although the general rule is that the higher the aPL titer, the higher the test likelihood ratio, there is growing evidence that this is not the case for persistent low titers and obstetric events. LA displays the highest diagnostic/prognostic power, although some isolated LAs are apparently not associated with APS manifestations. Moreover, isotype characterization is also critical since IgG aPL are more diagnostic/prognostic than IgA or IgM. aPL are directed against two main autoantigens: β2GPI and PT. However, anti-β2GPI antibodies are more associated with the APS clinical spectrum. In addition, there is evidence that anti-β2GPI domain 1 antibodies display a stronger diagnostic/prognostic value. This finding supports the view that antigen and even epitope characterization represents a further step for improving the assay value. The strategy to improve aPL laboratory characterization is a lesson that can be translated to other autoantibody assays in order to improve our diagnostic and prognostic power.

Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are mandatory for the diagnosis but are also a risk factor for the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) clinical manifestations. Lupus anticoagulant (LA), anticardiolipin (aCL), and anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) assays are the formal laboratory classification/diagnostic criteria. Additional nonclassification assays have been suggested; among them, antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin (aPS/PT) and antidomain 1 β2GPI antibodies are the most promising ones although not yet formally accepted. aPL represent the example of a laboratory test that moved from dichotomous to quantitative results consistent with the idea that reporting quantitative data offers more diagnostic/prognostic information for both vascular and obstetric manifestations. Although the general rule is that the higher the aPL titer, the higher the test likelihood ratio, there is growing evidence that this is not the case for persistent low titers and obstetric events. LA displays the highest diagnostic/prognostic power, although some isolated LAs are apparently not associated with APS manifestations. Moreover, isotype characterization is also critical since IgG aPL are more diagnostic/prognostic than IgA or IgM. aPL are directed against two main autoantigens: β2GPI and PT. However, anti-β2GPI antibodies are more associated with the APS clinical spectrum. In addition, there is evidence that anti-β2GPI domain 1 antibodies display a stronger diagnostic/prognostic value. This finding supports the view that antigen and even epitope characterization represents a further step for improving the assay value. The strategy to improve aPL laboratory characterization is a lesson that can be translated to other autoantibody assays in order to improve our diagnostic and prognostic power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Vesicovaginal fistula is one of the common gynecological problems faced by ladies in developing countries on account of certain significant lacunas in the healthcare delivery system and lack of awareness. The purpose of this study is to highlight our experience of primary vesicovaginal fistula repair. METHODOLOGY: It is a cross-sectional experimental study from February 2019 to February 2020. Nineteen consecutive patients having vesicovaginal fistulas up to 3 cm in size, single in number were included in the study while those having fistulas more than 3 cm, involving urethra, bladder neck, and ureteric orifice were excluded. After a detailed history, physical examination, laboratory workup, and cystoscopic examination under anesthesia, the fistulas were repaired. All information was noted on the pre-planned questionnaire for this purpose. RESULTS: There are around 63% of patients having fistula infratrigonal and the rest percentage on the supratrigonal area of the urinary bladder. The risk factor found hysterectomy in 32% of patients, unsupervised home delivery in 16% of patients, C-Section in 12% of patients, delivery by an untrained person in 26% of patients, induced miscarriages in 5% of patients, and other risk factors found in 12% patients. The 68% of patients managed through transabdominal and the rest 32% patients operated through the transvaginal approach. The surgery, either transabdominal or transvaginal, was successfully done in 84% of patients and failed in the rest of 16% of patients. CONCLUSION: Fistulas due to obstetric trauma were mostly preventable. The success of surgical repair was due to health professionals' expertise, the suitable decision about approach, method of repair, proper preoperative evaluation, and careful postoperative management.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Vesicovaginal fistula is one of the common gynecological problems faced by ladies in developing countries on account of certain significant lacunas in the healthcare delivery system and lack of awareness. The purpose of this study is to highlight our experience of primary vesicovaginal fistula repair. METHODOLOGY: It is a cross-sectional experimental study from February 2019 to February 2020. Nineteen consecutive patients having vesicovaginal fistulas upto3 cm in size, single in numberwere included in the study while those having fistulas more than 3 cm, involving urethra, bladder neck, and ureteric orifice were excluded. After a detailed history, physical examination, laboratory workup, and cystoscopic examination under anesthesia, the fistulas were repaired. All information was noted on the pre-planned questionnaire for this purpose. RESULTS: There are around 63% of patients having fistula infratrigonal and the rest percentage on the supratrigonal area of the urinary bladder. The risk factor found hysterectomy in 32% of patients, unsupervised home delivery in 16% of patients, C-Section in 12% of patients, delivery by an untrained person in 26% of patients, induced miscarriages in 5% of patients, and other risk factors found in 12% patients. The 68% of patients managed through transabdominal and the rest 32% patients operated through the transvaginal approach. The surgery, either transabdominal or transvaginal, was successfully done in 84% of patients and failed in the rest of 16% of patients. CONCLUSION: Fistulas due to obstetric trauma were mostly preventable. The success of surgical repair was due to health professionals'expertise, the suitable decision about approach, method of repair, proper preoperative evaluation, and careful postoperative management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organisation (WHO) has highlighted a marked trend for worse pregnancy-related indicators in migrants, such as maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, poor mental health and suboptimal care. The aim of this study was to determine whether such adverse outcomes occurred in refugees who moved to high income countries by comparing their antenatal and perinatal outcomes to those of non-immigrant women. A literature search was undertaken. Embase and Medline databases were searched using Ovid. Search terms included "refugee", "pregnan*" or "neonat*", and "outcome". The search yielded 194 papers, 23 were included in the final analysis. All the papers included were either retrospective cohort or cross-sectional studies. The refugees studied originated from a wide variety of source countries, including Eritrea, Somalia, Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. Refugee women were more likely to be socially disadvantaged, but less likely to smoke or take illegal drugs during pregnancy. Refugee women were more likely to have poor, late, or no attendance at antenatal care. Miscarriages and stillbirth were more common amongst refugee women than non-refugees. Perinatal mortality was higher among refugees. Despite better health care services in high income countries, refugee mothers still had worse outcomes. This may be explained by their late or lack of attendance to antenatal care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundMiscarriage is a common complication of early pregnancy, mostly occurring in the first trimester. However, the etiological factors and prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers are not well known. Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) is a receptor of tachykinin peptide substance P (SP) and has a role in various pathological conditions, cancers, but its association with miscarriages and significance as a clinicopathological parameter are not studied. Accordingly, the present study aimed to clarify the localization and expression for NK-1R in human retained products of conception (POC). The role of NK-1R is not known in miscarriages.Materials and MethodsNK-1R expression was assessed in POC and normal placental tissues by immunohistochemistry. Three- to four-micrometer-thin sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues were used for this purpose. Tissues were processed and then immunohistochemically stained with NK-1R antibody. Brain tissue was used as control for antibody. Protein expression was evaluated using the nuclear labeling index (%). Tissues were counterstained with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB), and microscopy was performed at 10×, 20×, and 40× magnifications.ResultsTen human POC tissues and 10 normal placental tissues were studied by immunohistochemistry to demonstrate the localization of NK-1R. The expression of NK-1R protein was high in all the cases of both groups. NK-1R expression showed no notable differences among different cases of miscarriages as well as normal deliveries at full term regardless of the mother’s age and gestational age at which the event occurred. Statistically, no difference was found in both groups, which is in agreement with our hypothesis and previous findings.ConclusionThe expression of NK-1R was similar in all the cases, and it was intense. It shows that dysregulation of NK-1R along with its ligand SP might be involved in miscarriages and also involved in normal delivery. Our results provide fundamental data regarding this anti-NK-1R strategy. Thus, the present study recommends that SP/NK-1R system might, therefore, be considered as an emerging and promising diagnostic and therapeutic strategy against miscarriages. Hence, we report for the first time the expression and localization of NK-1R in POC. We suggest NK-1R antagonist in addition to the immunoglobulins and human chorionic gonadotropin to diagnose and treat spontaneous miscarriages.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Quality of life describes the way of perception of an individual’s position in life. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of miscarriages on quality of life and depression in women with or without miscarriages. METHODOLOGY: Descriptive Cross sectional study was conducted at different hospitals of Hyderabad, Sindh in six months among 200 participants (100 without miscarriage & 100 with miscarriages). The age range of the participants was 18–40 years. Demographic information was taken to get information about the participants like age, family system, education. Two validated, structured questionnaire namely; Quality of Life (QOL) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 23.0, independent sample t-test was applied to observe difference of depression and quality of life among women with or without miscarriages. RESULTS: In the sample among women with miscarriages 42 % were in the age range of 18-30 years and 58 % were of age 31-40 years. Among females without miscarriages 63% were aged 18-30 years and 37% were 31-40 years. Females without miscarriages have education up to masters (20%) and graduation (23%) and most females with miscarriages have primary education (38%). The independent sample mean differences revealed females with miscarriages more depressive (t = 24.407, p

Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) is the first specific molecule synthesized by the embryo. hCG RNA is transcribed as early as the eight-cell stage, and the blastocyst produces the protein before its implantation. hCG in the uterine microenvironment binds with its cognate receptor, luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor (LHCGR), on the endometrial surface. This binding stimulates leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) production and inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6) production by epithelial cells of the endometrium. These effects ensure essential help in the preparation of the endometrium for initial embryo implantation. hCG also effects angiogenic and immunomodulatory actions as reported in many articles by our laboratories and other ones. By stimulating angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, hCG provides the placenta with an adequate maternal blood supply and optimal embryo nutrition during the invasion of the uterine endometrium. The immunomodulatory properties of hCG are numerous and important for programming maternal immune tolerance toward the embryo. The reported effects of hCG on uterine NK, Treg, and B cells, three major cell populations for the maintenance of pregnancy, demonstrate the role of this embryonic signal as a crucial immune regulator in the course of pregnancy. Human embryo rejection for hCG-related immunological reasons has been studied in different ways, and a sufficient dose of hCG seems to be necessary to maintain maternal tolerance. Different teams have studied the addition of hCG in patients suffering from recurrent miscarriages or implantation failures. hCG could also have a beneficial or a negative impact on autoimmune diseases during pregnancy. In this review, we will discuss the immunological impacts of hCG during pregnancy and if this hormone might be used therapeutically.

Background A single atrium is a very rare heart condition, in which the inter atrial septum is missing. These congenital heart defects usually are surgically corrected after birth. Case Presentation We present a successful surgical repair of a single atrium (SA) in a 27-year-old woman, who has a complete missing of the atrial septum, without coexisting valvular pathology. The SA diameter was 9.97 × 6.18 cm and the Systemic blood flow/pulmonary blood flow (Qp/Qs) was 4.1 due to the single atrium. Surgical correction consisted of creating a new atrial septum, using a double-velor patch. At first- and second-year follow up, the patient was in a very good condition and without any symptoms present. We consider that the diagnoses of single atrium, especially in child bearing women, should be done in appropriate time, to avoid miscarriages, preterm births and other complications associated. Conclusion There are many case reports that show good surgical repair of single atrium and without late complications. In our case, we have obtained a very good surgical repair, without AV bundle damage and no residual shunt demonstrated on intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.

The aim of this study were to analyze prevalence of the polymorphism of the MTHFR, MTRR, MTR genes in women with chronic miscarriages compared with the control population; to generalize Ukrainian data about MTHFR, MTRR and MTR genes polymorphism prevalence in women with chronic miscarriages and in general women population; to analyze impact of low-functional alleles of folate-cycle genes on processes related to the pregnancy course. To study the prevalence of polymorphic variants of the folate cycle genes, 53 patients of medical centre “Family source” with a miscarriage who had one or more spontaneous miscarriages and/or frozen/regressing pregnancies in the obstetric-gynecological history were examined. The control group 1 contained of 24 conditionally healthy women with a favorable obstetrical anamnesis (absence of spontaneous abortions, complications of pregnancies and childbirths). As a control group 2 was used comparison group from the study of SI “Institute of hereditary diseases of the NAMS of Ukraine” (Lviv) – 150 women of the Western region of Ukraine without complicated genetic and obstetric history who had two or more healthy children. All groups were similar in terms of basic demographic characteristics. Results and сonclusions. A significant percentage of women with low-functional alleles in one, several or all genes MTHFR, MTRR, MTR, was found 83% (44 of 53 studied women of main group). The genotype frequencies of these genes in patients with miscarriages were compared with population control groups from Ukraine. According to data from different regions of Ukraine, the mean frequency of low-functional polymorphic variants of gene MTHFR С677->Т exceeds 50% in the general women population. The relation/association of low-functional alleles of genes MTHFR, MTRR, MTR with disorders of various processes associated with the pregnancy course was considered.

Objectives: l-dopa decarboxylase (DDC) is responsible for the synthesis of dopamine. Dopamine, which binds to the D2-dopamine receptor (D2R), plays an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Aim of our study was the analysis of DDC and D2R expression in placentas of spontaneous miscarriages (SMs) and recurrent miscarriages (RMs) in comparison to healthy controls. Methods: Patients with SM (n = 15) and RM (n = 15) were compared with patients from healthy pregnancies (n = 15) (pregnancy weeks 7–13 each). Placental tissue has been collected from SMs and RMs from the first trimester (Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, LMU Munich) and from abruptions (private practice, Munich). Placental cell lines, BeWo- and JEG-3 cells, were stimulated with the trace amines T0AM and T1AM in vitro. Results: Levels of DDC and D2R in trophoblasts and the decidua were lower in RMs in comparison to healthy controls. Stimulation of BeWo cells with T1AM significantly reduced DDC mRNA and protein levels. Via double-immunofluorescence, a DDC-positive cell type beneath decidual stromal cells and foetal EVT in the decidua could be detected. Conclusions: Downregulation of DDC and D2R in trophoblasts of RMs reflects a reduced signal cascade of catecholamines on the foetal side.