441 results on '"mikotoksini"'
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2. Metode identifikacije plijesni - primjena na tradicionalnim mesnim proizvodima.
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Lešić, Tina, Zadravec, Manuela, Markov, Ksenija, and Pleadin, Jelka
- Subjects
MYCOTOXINS ,SAUSAGES ,GENES - Abstract
Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
3. Impact of the use of a toxin adsorbent on growth performance in broiler chickens.
- Author
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Amroun, H., Mimoune, N., Ait Issad, N., Houari, C., Ammari, C., Dra, A. G., and Khelef, D.
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BROILER chickens ,RAW materials ,ANIMAL health ,MYCOTOXINS ,PROFITABILITY - Abstract
Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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4. Toxicological evaluation of feed contaminated with mycotoxins using a luminescent microorganism: Photobacterium phosphoreum.
- Author
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Orobchenko, O., Kurbatska, O., Paliy, A., and Palii, A.
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MYCOTOXINS ,MICROORGANISMS ,PHOTOBACTERIUM phosphoreum ,FUMONISINS ,OCHRATOXINS ,LUMINESCENCE - Abstract
Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Mikroorganizmi u pivarskim sirovinama tijekom slađenja.
- Author
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Krstanović, Vinko, Habschied, Kristina, Mađerević-Pavetić, Tanja, Keleković, Snježana, Domaćinović, Ana, and Mastanjević, Krešimir
- Subjects
MALTING ,MICROBIAL contamination ,COLONIZATION (Ecology) ,BREWING industry ,MANUFACTURING processes ,BARLEY ,YEAST culture - Abstract
Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Ochratoxin A potentiates citrinin accumulation in kidney and liver of rats
- Author
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Rašić Dubravka, Stefanović Srđan, Milićević Dragan, Mladinić Marin, Želježić Davor, Pizent Alica, Konjevoda Paško, and Peraica Maja
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experimental rats ,mycotoxins ,organic anion transporters ,resveratrol ,toxicity ,mikotoksini ,organski anionski prijenosnici ,pokusne životinje ,toksičnost ,Toxicology. Poisons ,RA1190-1270 - Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) and citrinin (CTN) are nephrotoxic mycotoxins often found together in grain. The aim of this study was to measure their accumulation in the kidney and liver of adult male Wistar rats, see how it would be affected by combined treatment, and to determine if resveratrol (RSV) would decrease their levels in these organs. The rats received 125 or 250 mg/kg bw of OTA by gavage every day for 21 days and/or 20 mg/kg bw of CTN a day for two days. Two groups of rats treated with OTA+CTN were also receiving 20 mg/kg bw of RSV a day for 21 days. In animals receiving OTA alone, its accumulation in both organs was dose-dependent. OTA+CTN treatment resulted in lower OTA but higher CTN accumulation in both organs at both OTA doses. RSV treatment increased OTA levels in the kidney and liver and decreased CTN levels in the kidney. Our findings point to the competition between CTN and OTA for organic anion transporters 1 and 3.
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- 2022
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7. ZNAČAJ KONTROLE MIKOTOKSINA ZA LJUDSKU I ANIMALNU PREHRANU.
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Ibrahimagić, Amir and Hrapović, Emilija
- Abstract
Copyright of SKEI - International Interdisciplinary Journal / Medunarodni Interdisciplinarni Casopis is the property of University Vitez, Bosnia & Herzegovina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
8. Ochratoxin A potentiates citrinin accumulation in kidney and liver of rats.
- Author
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Rašić, Dubravka, Stefanović, Srđan, Milićević, Dragan, Mladinić, Marin, Želježić, Davor, Pizent, Alica, Konjevoda, Paško, and Peraica, Maja
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ORGANIC anion transporters ,CITRININ ,KIDNEYS ,RATS ,LABORATORY rats - Abstract
Copyright of Archives of Industrial Hygiene & Toxicology / Arhiv za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
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9. The use of the two different mycotoxin deactivators in the nutrition of dairy cows.
- Author
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Jajić, Igor, Krstović, Saša, Polovinski-Horvatović, Miroslava, and Purčar, Ivan Vojnić
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DAIRY cattle , *NUTRITION , *AFLATOXINS , *ALFALFA as feed , *CONCENTRATE feeds , *MYCOTOXINS , *COWS , *PLANT nutrition - Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two different commercial products for mycotoxin deactivation in the dairy cows’ nutrition. The research was done on the 18 dairy cows in the different phase of lactation, with the average production of 14 L of milk per day. The diet contained in average 8 kg of concentrate feed, 10 kg of mixed peas and wheat forage, 4 kg hay of alfalfa and cereal straw ad libitum. Before starting the trials all components of the cows’ ration were analysed for the presence of aflatoxin B1, while cow’s milk was analysed for the presence of aflatoxin M1. In the first phase of the trial cows were fed diet containing aflatoxin B1 at level of 5±0.9 µg/kg, which resulted in the average aflatoxin M1concentration of 181±3.5 ng/kg in the milk. In the second phase of the trail 0.5 % of the commercial product 1 (Neozel®) was added into the feed ration of cows and after the period of adaptation, the aflatoxin M1 concentration in milk was measured. In the third phase of the trail 0.3 % of the commercial product 2 (miko-Stop 0.3®) was added into the feed ration of cows and also, after the period of adaptation, the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk was measured. The last phase was the control phase in which cows were fed diets with aflatoxin B1 (5 µg/kg) without added mycotoxin deactivators. The use of both commercial products for ten days resulted in the reduction of aflatoxin M1 levels for 35.9 % and 53.6 %, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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10. PESTICIDI I MIKOTOKSINI U JEZGRI BAJAMA U EKOLOŠKIM UVJETIMA RAVNIH KOTARA – ORGANSKI UZGOJ.
- Author
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Vrsaljko, A.
- Abstract
Copyright of Pomologia Croatica is the property of Croatian Society of Agronomists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
11. MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION OF CEREAL GRAINS IN BULGARIA.
- Author
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Ignatova, Maya M. and Sertova, Nadezhda M.
- Subjects
MYCOTOXINS ,GRAIN ,ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay ,BARLEY - Abstract
Copyright of International Symposium 'Modern Trends in Livestock Production' is the property of Institute for Animal Husbandry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
12. Aggressiveness and trichothecene production of Fusarium graminearum isolates from cereals in Serbia.
- Author
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Obradović, Ana, Vukadinović, Jelena, Nikolić, Milica, Bulajić, Aleksandra, Stanković, Goran, Delić, Nenad, and Stanković, Slavica
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FUSARIUM ,BARLEY ,HIGH performance liquid chromatography ,MYCOTOXINS ,LEAF spots - Abstract
Copyright of Pesticides & Phytomedicine / Pesticidi i Fitomedicina is the property of Institute of Pesticides & Environmental Protection and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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13. Current status of mycotoxin contamination of food and feeds and associated public health risk in Serbia.
- Author
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Milićević, Dragan, Udovički, Božidar, Petrović, Zoran, Janković, Saša, Radulović, Stamen, Gurinović, Mirjana, and Rajković, Andreja
- Subjects
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FOOD contamination , *FEED contamination , *PUBLIC health , *ETIOLOGY of diseases , *SECONDARY metabolism , *MYCOTOXINS , *ANIMAL feeds , *HAZARD Analysis & Critical Control Point (Food safety system) - Abstract
Mycotoxins are chemical hazards of microbiological origin, produced mainly by filamentous fungi during their secondary metabolism. The role of mycotoxins has been recognized in the aetiology of a number of diseases, particularly cancers that belong to non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The NCDs have a leading and growing contribution to preventable deaths and disability across the globe. The NCDs are known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors. Following the increased interest in health effects caused by synergisms between natural and synthetic contaminants along the food chain, mycotoxin contamination will continue to be an area of concern for producers, manufacturers, regulatory agencies, researchers and consumers in the future. Considering that their presence in food depends strongly on climatic conditions, in Serbia, recent drought and then flooding confirmed that mycotoxins are one of the foodborne hazards most susceptible to climate change. In this article, we review key aspects of mycotoxin contamination of the food supply chain and attempt to highlight the latest trends and projections for mycotoxin reduction from a Serbian perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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14. NATURAL TOXIGENIC FUNGAL AND MYCOTOXIN OCCURRENCE IN MAIZE HYBRIDS.
- Author
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Krnjaja, Vesna, Mandić, Violeta, Bijelić, Zorica, Lukić, Miloš, Petrović, Tanja, Stanković, Slavica, and Nikolić, Milica
- Subjects
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CORN , *ALTERNARIA , *RHIZOPUS , *FUSARIUM , *ACREMONIUM ,CORN disease & pest control - Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the susceptibility of maize hybrids to the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungal species, in particular toxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium species, and mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), deoxynivalenol (DON) and total fumonisins B1, B2 and B3 (FBs)). Grain samples of six commercial maize hybrids (MAS 34.B - FAO 300, MAS 40.F, MAS 48.L, KWS Konfites and ZP 427 - FAO 400, and MAS 56.A - FAO 500) were collected at harvest in 2018. A total of seven fungal genera, Acremonium, Alternaria, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Nigrospora, Penicillium and Rhizopus, were identified of which only species from the genus Fusarium were present on maize grains of all hybrids tested. The incidence of Fusarium spp. was higher in the hybrids MAS 48.L (54.6%), and MAS 56.A (53.3%), compared to MAS 40.F (37.3%), KWS Konfites (28%), MAS 34.B (22.6%) and ZP 427 (12%) hybrids. Among the identified Fusarium species (F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides), F. proliferatum was present in all hybrids, ranging from 9.3% (ZP 427) to 30.7% (MAS 48.L), whereas F. subglutinans was present in two hybrids, MAS 40.F (16%) and MAS 56.A (9.3%). The incidence of F. graminearum ranged from 0% (KWS Konfites) to 9.3% (MAS 34.B), while the incidence of F. verticillioides ranged from 0% (MAS 34.B and ZP 427) to 21.3% (MAS 48.L). In the samples, Aspergillus species were not identified. The effect of maize hybrids was significant on the level of mycotoxins. MAS 34.B hybrid had a statistically significantly higher levels of AFB1 and DON than other hybrids. The FBs level was the highest in the hybrid MAS 34.B (1202 μg kg-1) and the lowest in the hybrid KWS Konfites (88.33 μg kg-1). However, the FBs level did not differ between hybrids MAS 34.B, MAS 40.F, and MAS 56.L, MAS 40.F, MAS 48.L, and MAS 56.A, and KWS Konfites and ZP 427. In all hybrids, AFB1, DON, and FBs levels were below the maximum permissible levels stipulated by the legislation of the European Union and the Republic of Serbia in unprocessed maize. The agro-ecological conditions in 2018 favored the development of Fusarium species on maize grains of the hybrids tested, especially fumonisin producing species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Toksični učinci mikotoksina: Mehanizam djelovanja i mikotoksikoze.
- Author
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Pleadin, Jelka, Lešić, Tina, Kmetič, Ivana, Markov, Ksenija, Zadravec, Manuela, Frece, Jadranka, Kiš, Maja, and Šarkanj, Bojan
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ANIMAL health , *FOOD contamination , *MYCOTOXINS , *ANIMAL species , *MYCOTOXICOSES , *HEPATOTOXICOLOGY , *FUSARIUM toxins , *NEUROTOXICOLOGY - Abstract
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins that frequently contaminate food and feed and are primarily synthesized by moulds from the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria and Claviceps. These substances are very stable compounds, resistant to different conditions of food production, processing and storage. Mycotoxins can cause a number of adverse effects on human and animal health, so-called mycotoxicoses, including carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and others, often acting simultaneously at multiple target sites in the body, depending on the toxicity of the mycotoxin itself and the dose and time of exposure. A large number of mycotoxins still lack sufficient evidence of their adverse effects on human health, but based on the established susceptibility of different animal species, it is assumed that similar effects can be induced in humans. At the same time, for most mycotoxins that occur frequently in food and feed, their effects in the body have not been elucidated and can vary from antagonistic to synergistic. This paper provides an overview of the mechanisms of action of mycotoxins of major public health importance and their toxic effects in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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16. IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF BINDING CAPACITY OF COMBINED ADSORBENT (BENTONITE WITH YEAST CELL WALL EXTRACTS) AND AFLATOXIN B.
- Author
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Nešić, Ksenija, Jakšić, Sandra, Popov, Nenad, Živkov-Baloš, Milica, Pajić, Marko, Zloh, Bojan, and Polaček, Vladimir
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SORBENTS ,BENTONITE ,PLANT extracts ,DOMESTIC animals ,ANIMAL culture - Abstract
Copyright of Archives of Veterinary Medicine / Arhiv Veterinarske Medicine is the property of Scientific Veterinary Institute Novi Sad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
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17. Mikotoksini - uloga i značaj u živinarstvu
- Author
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Nešić, Ksenija, Resanović, Radmila, Nešić, Ksenija, and Resanović, Radmila
- Abstract
Živina je osetljiva na mikotoksine u meri koja delom zavisi od vrste, starosti i proizvodne kategorije, uslova sredine i ishrane, a delom od vrste, količine i trajanja izloženosti ovim sekundarnim metabolitima plesni. Poznato je da prisustvo mikotoksina dovodi do značajnih zdravstvenih poremećaja i pada proizvodnih rezultata, a posledično do značajnih ekonomskih gubitka – bilo direktnih usled uginuća, ili indirektnih zbog smanjenja telesne mase, broja i kvaliteta jaja, povećanja konverzije hrane i imunosupresije. Imunosupresija rezultira većom prijemčivošću za infektivne agense i lošim vakcinalnim odgovorom. Štaviše, rezidue mikotoksina u mesu peradi, jajima i proizvodima dobijenim od njih predstavljaju pretnju po ljudsko zdravlje (Resanović i sar., 2009). lako je do sada otkriveno više stotina mikotoksina od koji se manji broj smatra štetnim, njihova učestalost, potencijalno sinergističko dejstvo, kao i pojava različitih oblika zahteva poseban oprez svih učesnika u lancu proizvodnje hrane (Nešić i sar., 2021).
- Published
- 2023
18. Toxicological evaluation of feed contaminated with mycotoxins using a luminescent microorganism
- Author
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Orobchenko, Oleksandr, Kurbatska, Olena, Paliy, Anatoliy, and Palii, Andrii
- Subjects
bioluminescence ,feed ,mycotoxins ,toxicity ,Photobacterium phosphoreum ,General Veterinary ,bioluminiscencija ,hrana za životinje ,mikotoksini ,toksičnost ,Photobacterium phosphoreu - Abstract
The possibility of using luminescent microorganisms Photobacterium phosphoreum (strain IMB B-7071; Sq3) for rapid toxicological evaluation of feed contaminated with mycotoxins was examined based on the reduction of the luminescence intensity. Under the conditions of this study, feed with Ochratoxin A mycotoxin content at the level of maximum residue limits (MRL 0.05 mg/ kg) is characterized as non-toxic, while for T2-mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins and aflatoxin B1 (MRL 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively) is characterized as toxic, and for zearalenone (MRL 1.0 mg/kg) as highly toxic. This indicates the need for further research to study the toxicological characteristics of mycotoxins in the body of laboratory and productive animals, possibly with further revision of the maximum allowable levels of relevant contaminants in feed in Ukraine., Na bazi redukcije intenziteta luminiscencije uspostavljena je mogućnost uporabe luminiscentnih mikroorganizama Photobacterium phosphoreum (soj IMB B-7071; Sq3) za izražavanje (do 30 minuta) toksikološke procjene hrane za životinje kontaminirane mikotoksinima. Međutim, ako je za okratoksin A u uvjetima ispitivanja hrane za životinje s udjelom mikotoksina pri razini najvećih dopuštenih količina rezidua (MRL) (0,05 mg/kg) hrana za životinje okarakterizirana kao netoksična, tada je za T2- mikotoksin, deoksinivalenol, fumonizin i aflatoksin B1 pri MRL (0,1; 1,0; 5,0, odnosno 0,01 mg/kg) hrana za životinje okarakterizirana kao toksična, a za zearalenon (MRL 1,0 mg/kg) – kao visoko toksična, što ukazuje na potrebu dodatnog istraživanja da se ispitaju toksikološke karakteristike mikotoksina u tijelu laboratorijskih i produktivnih životinja, moguće s dodatnom revizijom (naniže) najvećih dopuštenih količina relevantnih kontaminanata u hrani za životinje u Ukrajini.
- Published
- 2022
19. Production of aflatoxin B1 by Aspergillus parasiticus grown on a novel meat-based media
- Author
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Iva Zahija, Barbka Jeršek, Lea Demšar, Mateja Lušnic Polak, and Tomaž Polak
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,udc:579.24:615.9:582.282.123.4 ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,mycotoxins ,moulds ,Aspergillus parasiticus ,aflatoxin B1 ,meat-based media ,aflatoksin B1 ,plesni ,Toxicology ,mikrobiološka gojišča - Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop meat-based media with compositions similar to those of dry-fermented meat products and to evaluate their use in studying the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus and the kinetics of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production. In our previous experiments, we found that the strain A. parasiticus ŽMJ7 produced a high amount of AFB1. Cooked meat agar (CMA2) was used as a novel complex meat-based medium with four variations: CMA2G (CMA2 supplemented with 1% glucose), CMA2YE (CMA2 supplemented with 0.2% yeast extract), and CMA2GYE (CMA2 supplemented with 1% glucose and 0.2% yeast extract). Media were inoculated with an A. parasiticus spore suspension (105 spores/mL) and incubated at 25 °C for up to 15 days. The A. parasiticus lag phase lasted less than 1 day, irrespective of the growth medium, with the exception of control medium CMA1 (cooked meat agar) as an already known meat-based medium. The highest mean colony growth rate was observed on CMA2 and CMA2G. Reversed-phase UPLC–MS/MS analysis was performed to determine the AFB1 concentration in combination with solid phase extraction (SPE). The highest AFB1 concentration in meat-based media was detected in CMA2GYE after 15 days of incubation (13,502 ± 2367 ng/mL media). The results showed that for studying AFB1 production in dry-fermented meat products, novel suitable media such as CMA2-based media are required. This finding could represent a potential concern with regard to the production of dry-fermented meat products.
- Published
- 2023
20. Mikotoksini aflatoksini i okratoksini - prijetnja sigurnosti tradicionalnih mesnih proizvoda.
- Author
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Pleadin, Jelka, Vulić, Ana, Perković, Irena, Kudumija, Nina, Lešić, Tina, Kiš, Maja, Zadravec, Manuela, and Mitak, Mario
- Abstract
Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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21. EFFECTS OF FEEDING GRAINS NATURALLY CONTAMINATED WITH Fusarium TOXINS ON SELECTED HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS IN PRIMIPAROUS SOWS.
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Ujčič-Vrhovnik, Igor, Kopitar, Andreja Nataša, Malovrh, Tadej, Ježek, Jožica, and Jakovac-Strajn, Breda
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FUSARIUM toxins , *PREGNANCY in animals , *LEUKOCYTE count , *LYMPHOCYTE subsets , *GRAIN as feed , *SOWS - Abstract
In a field experiment (54±1 days), 20 primiparous sows (day 89±2 of gestation) were randomly divided into two equal groups. The sows were fed diets naturally containing 0.3 mg/kg of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) for the control group and 5.1 mg/kg DON, 0.1 mg/kg zearalenone and 21.6 mg/kg fusaric acid for the experimental group. In the control group, the concentrations of zearalenone and fusaric acid were under detection limit. The sows from the experimental group consumed significantly less feed during gestation (P=0.002), during lactation (P=0.027) and in the weaning to oestrus interval (P<0.001) than control sows. Blood samples were taken four times during the experiment (day 0, 17, 42 and 52). There were no differences in total and differential blood leukocyte count, with the exception of neutrophils on day 52, which reached 42.22±9.02% in the experimental group and 32.10±10.65% in the control group (P=0.040). Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood T lymphocytes with monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD4 and CD8 revealed the percent of both CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells. We calculated the absolute number of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ cells (109/L), which showed a decreasing trend in the experimental group, with 2.40±0.63 and 3.83±1.15, respectively, at the beginning and 1.78±0.39 and 2.74±0.89, respectively, at the end of experiment. In the control group, these values were 2.19±0.70 and 3.41±0.87 and finally 2.12±0.69 and 3.11±1.12 x 109/L, respectively. The obtained results suggest that feed naturally contaminated with Fusarium toxins reduces the feed intake, influences the neutrophil count, and has immunomodulatory effect on T lymphocyte numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Biološka detoksifikacija mikotoksina: dosadašnje spoznaje i budući aspekti.
- Author
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Pleadin, Jelka, Zadravec, Manuela, Frece, Jadranka, Rezić, Tonči, Kmetič, Ivana, and Markov, Ksenija
- Subjects
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MICROBIAL enzymes , *POISONS , *ANIMAL industry , *FOOD contamination , *MYCOTOXINS , *FUSARIUM toxins , *DECONTAMINATION of food - Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that frequently contaminate food and feed, causing adverse effects on human and animal health and significant economic losses around the world. This paper gives an overview of the current research and knowledge of mycotoxin biological detoxification methods. Biological detoxification implies the use of microorganisms and their enzymes with the aim of degrading or modifying the mycotoxin structure, resulting in the transformation of the original compounds and the formation of less toxic products, or decontamination of mycotoxins. However, previous research and findings have not yet resulted in application in the food and livestock industry, or by approving their use by legislation. Further research is needed on biodegradation mechanisms, microorganism safety, or influence of the application of biological methods on nutritional properties and resulting degradation products, so that mycotoxin biological detoxification methods can be effectively applied in the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Ispitivanje prisutnosti mikotoksina 5- metoksisterigmatocistina u pivu metodom tankoslojne kromatografije
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Kožić, Hrvoje and Jakšić, Daniela
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Versicolores ,mikotoksini ,Aspergillus ,Aspergillus, Versicolores, mikotoksini, SPE ,Aspergillus mycotoxins ,SPE ,BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Farmacija. Farmacija ,BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Pharmacy. Pharmacy - Abstract
5-metoksisterigmatocistin (5-MET) je slabo istraženi mikotoksin za kojeg je zabilježeno da ima citotoksična i genotoksična svojstva. Strukturno je srodan sterigmatocistinu (STC), zajedno s kojim ga mogu proizvoditi plijesni roda Aspergillus serije Versicolores. Te su plijesni često prisutne u zatvorenim vlažnim i prašnjavim prostorima. Takvi prostori mogu biti skladišta i proizvodni pogoni u pivovarama. S obzirom na to da je pivo u Hrvatskoj konzumirano u velikim količinama, prisutnost ovih aspergila i biosinteza mikotoksina predstavljaju javnozdravstveni rizik ako je pivo kao krajnji proizvod kontaminirano 5-MET. Za analizu je skupljeno 58 različitih uzoraka piva s hrvatskog tržišta. Ekstrakcija je provedena korištenjem acetonitrila kao otapala, isoljavanjem i propuštanjem uzorka kroz SPE kolonu. Pripremljeni ekstrakti analizirani su tankoslojnom kromatografijom. Stacionarna faza bio je silikagel 60, a mobilna faza smjesa toluena, etil-acetata i mravlje kiseline (90% v/v) u omjeru 5:4:1. Za pojačanje fluorescencije ploče su sušene, grijane i prskane etanolnom otopinom aluminijeva klorida. Limit detekcije za 5-MET iznosio je 3.2 μg/mL. 5-MET je detektiran u 27 od 58 (46,55%) uzoraka. Njegova prisutnost potvrđena je UV-Vis spektroskopijom nakon ekstrakcije strugotine s TLC ploče. Rezultati ovog istraživanja predstavljaju prvi nalaz 5-MET u pivu. Također, potvrđuju prikladnost primijenjene metode te predstavljaju signal za potencijalnu javnozdravstvenu opasnost, imajući na umu ogromnu potrošnju piva. Istraživanja koja uključuju veći broj uzoraka te primjenjuju sofisticiranije kromatografske tehnike (poput LC/MS) omogućila bi precizniju interpretaciju ovih rezultata i kvantitativnu analizu 5-MET. Uz to, omogućila bi osjetljiviju detekciju (detekciju 5-MET u manjim koncentracijama) i selektivniju detekciju (s većom razinom sigurnosti da je u pitanju 5-MET a ne neki strukturno srodan spoj). 5-methoxysterigmatocystin (5-MET) is unsufficiently investigated cytotoxic and genotoxic mycotoxin. It is structurally related to sterigmatocystin (STC) and produced namely by molds from the genus Aspergillus, series Versicolores. These molds are frequently found in damp and dusty indoor environments. In beer production, storage and production spaces fit this description. Given the high consumption of beer in Croatia, presence of these Aspergillus molds amd their production of mycotoxins constitutes a public health risk if beer in its end product state is contaminated with 5-MET. Fifty eight different samples of beer marketed in Croatia were collected for the purposes of this analysis. The extraction was performed by acetonitrile as a solvent, salt-induced precipitation and phase extraction with SPE columns. The prepared extracts were analysed by thin-layer chromatography. Silica gel 60 was used as stationary phase and a 5:4:1 mixture of toluene, ethyl-acetate and formic acid (90% v/v) as mobile phase. To enhance fluorescence, TLC plates were dried, heated and sprayed with an ethanol solution of aluminium chloride. Limit of detection (LOD) for 5-MET was 3.2 μg/mL. 5-MET was detected in 27 of 58 (46,55%) samples. Its presence was confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy following the extraction of the spot of interest from the TLC plate. This is the first time 5-MET has been detected in beer. Additionally, this study confirms the suitability of the applied method and serves as a signal for a potential public health risk, considering the high levels of beer consumption. Research that includes a larger number of samples and uses more sophisticated analytic techniques (such as LC/MS) would allow for a more accurate interpretation of these results and enable quantitative analysis. Additionally, it would increase sensitivity (making detection of smaller quantities of 5-MET possible) and selectivity (the likelihood that 5-MET is detected, as opposed to structurally related compounds).
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- 2023
24. Pojavnost aflatoksina M1 u mlijeku s tržišta Republike Hrvatske
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Golenja, Josipa, Mezga, Ines, Milly, Katarina, Rot, Tomislav, Kovač Tomas, Marija, Manin, Laura, Dobrić, Dorotea, Turkalj, Rebeka, Mudrovčić, Klaudia, and Škorić, Katarina
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,klimatske promjene ,AFM1 ,mlijeko ,termička obrada ,LC-MS/MS - Abstract
Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti toksikotvornih plijesni koji uvelike utječu na sigurnost hrane, kao i općenito ljudsko zdravlje. Kako je pojavnost mikotoksina u direktnoj vezi s klimom, tako i posljedice njezinih promjena direktno utječu na razinu kontaminacije mikotoksinima. Aflatoksini, dokazani karcinogeni prema Međunarodnoj agenciji za istraživanje raka, su jedni od najznačajnijih mikotoksina koji se povezuju s proizvodima poljoprivredne, ali i mljekarske industrije. Ukoliko se ostvare predviđanja o značajnoj kontaminaciji žitarica aflatoksinima, poglavito aflatoksinom B1, u našem podneblju uslijed djelovanja posljedica klimatskih promjena, može se očekivati i značajna pojavnost njegovog metabolita, aflatoksina M1 (AFM1) u mlijeku i proizvodima. AFM1 je otporan na tehnološke procese, uključujući termičku obradu, što predstavlja problem u njegovom uništenju, te potencijalni rizik za ljudsko zdravlje. Obzirom na navedeno, cilj istraživanja je bio provjeriti razinu AFM1 u mlijeku dostupnome na hrvatskome tržištu. Prikupljeni su uzorci mlijeka obrađenog visokom pasterizacijom, te pripremljeni za analizu korištenjem imunoafinitetnih kolona. Analitičko određivanje AFM1 je provedeno korištenjem tekućinske kromatografije-tandemske spektrometrije masa (LC-MS/MS), pri čemu je limit detekcije i kvantifikacije iznosio 0, 003 µg/kg, odnosno 0, 010 µg/kg. AFM1 je detektiran u čak 93, 8% analiziranih uzoraka, pri čemu je prosjek kvantificiranih uzoraka 0, 019 µg/kg, a najveća pronađena koncentracija 0, 026 µg/kg. Iako niti jedan od 16 analiziranih uzoraka nije pokazao koncentraciju AFM1 veću od one dozvoljene Uredbom (EZ) br. 1881/2006 od 0, 050 µg/kg, visoka pojavnost ukazuje na potrebu za stalnom kontrolom AFM1 u mlijeku, ali i proizvodima od mlijeka, posebice u svijetu izloženom klimatskim promjena.
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- 2023
25. Estrogeno djelovanje zearalenona i njegove razine u urinu životinja za proizvodnju hrane animalnog podrijetla
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Jadrić, Marina
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mikotoksini ,zearalenon ,svinje ,urin ,meso - Abstract
U istaživanju „Estrogeno djelovanje zearaleona i njegove razine u urinu životinja za proizvodnju hrane animalnog podrijetla “ autora Marina Jadrić, određivana je koncentracija zearalenona (ZEN-a) u hrani za tov svinja, njihovom urinu i mesu prethodno hranjenima kontaminiranom hranom. Na 3 farme u Republici Hrvatskoj 2021. godine uzeta su po 3 uzorka hrane za tovne svinje, izmjerene su različite koncentracije ZEN-a na farmama. Najviša izmjerena koncentracija je na farmi 2-248, 53 ng ZEN-a/kg hrane za tov. Uzeti su uzorci urina i mesa post mortalno od 15 jedinki sa svake farme (n=45). Na farmi 2, izmjerena je najviša koncentracija ZEN- a u urinu od 116, 32 ng ZEN-a/mL urina te je izmjerena i najviša koncentracija ZEN-a u mesu 2, 32 ng ZEN-a/g mesa. Sva mjerenja su u dopuštenim granicama postavljenim od strane Europske komisije i EFSE, stoga ne ugrožavaju ljudsko zdravlje.
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- 2023
26. Javnozdravstveni značaj i izloženost potrošača mikotoksinima podrijetlom iz hrane
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Pleadin, Jelka, Planinić, Ana, Kovač, Bruno, and Beljo, Ana
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mikotoksini ,sigurnost hrane ,toksični učinci ,izloženost potrošača ,prevencija - Abstract
Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti plijesni koji u ljudskom i životinjskom organizmu izazivaju brojne biokemijske, fiziološke i patološke promjene. Toksični učinci mikotoksina uključuju karcinogenost, teratogenost, neurotoksičnost, hepatotoksičnost, nefrotoksičnost, imunološku, reproduktivnu i razvojnu toksičnost, probavne smetnje i dr. Najčešći put izloženosti potrošača predstavlja izravna konzumacija kontaminiranih proizvoda biljnog podrijetla, primarno žitarica i njihovih proizvoda. Ovi spojevi u organizam mogu dospijeti i neizravnim načinom, putem učinka transfera, tzv. carry-over efekta, kao posljedice izloženosti životinja kontaminiranim krmivima i krmnim smjesama, od kojih se proizvode namirnice životinjskog podrijetla. Budući da se mogu pronaći u velikom broju važnih poljoprivrednih i prehrambenih proizvoda, mikotoksini značajno ugrožavaju sigurnost hrane te predstavljaju kontaminante visokog rizika za zdravlje ljudi. Razina zagađenja primarno je ovisna o sadržaju vlage u proizvodu, aktivitetu vode, relativnoj vlažnosti zraka, temperaturi, pH-vrijednosti, sastavu supstrata, stupnju fizičkog oštećenja, te prisutnosti toksikotvornih plijesni koje ih mogu producirati. S obzirom da industrijska prerada hrane nema značajan utjecaj na njihovu redukciju, u cilju proizvodnje zdravstveno ispravne hrane, prevenciju kontaminacije nužno je postići proizvodnjom u standardiziranim i dobro kontroliranim uvjetima. Nadalje, potrebna je stalna samokontrola od strane subjekata u poslovanju s hranom te sustavan nadzor putem nacionalnih nadležnih tijela u svim fazama prehrambenog lanca, ujedno uz primjenu specifičnih i selektivnih analitičkih tehnika za njihovu detekciju i kvantifikaciju. U slučaju da do kontaminacije ipak dođe, potrebno je primijeniti metode eliminacije i dekontaminacije mikotoksina ovisno o svojstvima hrane ili hrane za životinje. Zbog dokazanih toksičnih učinaka po zdravlje ljudi i životinja, s ciljem osiguranja zdravlja potrošača, potrebna je i provedba daljnjih znanstvenih istraživanja još neistraženi ili slabo istraženih mikotoksina i njihovih metabolita te mogućih sinergističkih učinaka u organizmu.
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- 2023
27. Učinak uporabe adsorbensa toksina na učinkovitost rasta tovnih pilića
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Amroun, Habib, Mimoune, Nora, Ait Issad, Nassima, Houari, Chelali, Ammari, Chama, Dra, Amira Ghislaine, and Khelef, Djamel
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sredstvo za vezivanje ,mikotoksini ,Micotec ,zootehnička učinkovitost ,tovni pilići ,binder ,mycotoxins ,zootechnical performance ,broiler chickens - Abstract
Raw material mixtures in compound feeds may increase the risk of contamination with different mycotoxins, and their intake can lead to interactive toxic effects. As a result, there is a growing awareness of the risks posed to human and animal health by the presence of toxins produced by fungi in food and diet. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the use of a mycotoxin binder (Micotec) on zootechnical performance in broilers. For this purpose, 3000 day-old chicks of the Arbor acres strain originating from the same hatchery were weighed and distributed equally into six groups [one control (C) and five experimental (Exp), as five repetitions receiving the mycotoxin binder Micotec at a dose of 0.1 kg]. All subjects (control and experimental groups) were fed a standard staple food suitable for each phase of rearing. The results showed significant differences between the experimental groups and the control one. The best zootechnical performances were recorded in experimental groups receiving the mycotoxin binder, compared to the control. The average weight in the finishing phase for the experimental groups was 3083.6 ± 140.7 g/subject, which was higher than the control group (2800 g/subject) (P, Mješavina različitih sirovina u krmnim smjesama može povećati rizik od kontaminacije s nekoliko mikotoksina, a njihov unos može dovesti do interaktivnih toksičnih učinaka. Kao rezultat, zbog prisutnosti toksina koje proizvode gljivice u hrani i prehrani postoji sve veća svijest o rizicima za zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Cilj je ove studije bio procijeniti učinak uporabe sredstva za vezivanje mikotoksina (Micotec) na zootehničku učinkovitost u tovnih pilića. U tu je svrhu, tri tisuće (3000) pilića soja Arbor acres starih jedan dan iz iste valionice izvagano je i homogeno podijeljeno u 6 skupina (1 kontrolna (C) i 5 eksperimentalnih (Exp) koje su uključivale 5 ponavljanja primanja sredstva za vezivanje mikotoksina Micotec) u dozi od 0,1 kg. Svi pilići i iz kontrole i iz eksperimentalnih skupina hranjeni su standardnom osnovnom hranom prikladnom za svaku fazu uzgoja. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su značajne razlike između eksperimentalnih skupina i kontrolne skupine. Naime, bolja zootehnička učinkovitost u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom zabilježena je u eksperimentalnim skupinama koje su primale sredstvo za vezivanje mikotoksina. Prosječna masa u završnoj fazi za eksperimentalne skupine bila je 3083,6 ± 140,65 g / piliću što je više u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom (2800 g / piliću) (P
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- 2023
28. Influence of locality on Slavonian sausage safety and quality
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Tina Lešić, Irena Perković, Mario Škrivanko, Dragan Kovačević, Manuela Zadravec, and Jelka Pleadin
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General Veterinary ,plijesni ,mikotoksini ,slavonska kobasica ,PCR ,moulds ,mycotoxins ,Slavonian sausage - Abstract
Slavonska kobasica je trajna kobasica koje se u seoskim domaćinstvima u Slavoniji proizvodi tradicionalnom tehnologijom, pri kojoj se tijekom zrenja na ovitku proizvoda mogu razviti plijesni. Cilj je ovog rada bio identificirati površinske plijesni i utvrditi njihov utjecaj na kvalitetu i zdravstvenu sigurnost proizvoda, uključujući pojavnost mikotoksina okratoksina A (OTA) i aflatoksina B1 (AFB1). Tijekom rada komunicirano je sa šest proizvodnih lokaliteta na području Slavonije. Pripremljeno je 18 uzoraka slavonske kobasice koje su analizirane na kraju proizvodnog procesa u trajanju od tri mjeseca. Ukupno je identificirano 8 različitih vrsta plijesni, među kojima je dominirao rod Penicillium (88,89 %). Osim šest Penicillium vrsta, izolirana je po jedna vrste iz rodova Aspergillus (8,33 %) i Mucor (2,78 %). Identificirani su i mogući izvori OTA i AFB1, Penicillium verrucosum i Aspergillus flavus, a određena je samo prisutnost OTA i to u koncentraciji od 5,10 μg/kg., Slavonian sausage is a cured sausage produced on rural holdings using traditional technology, in which moulds are permitted to develop on the product surface during the maturation period. The purpose of this study was to identify the surface moulds and determine their influence on product quality and safety, including the occurrence of the mycotoxins ochratoxin A (OTA) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), from six production facilities in the Slavonia region. A total of 18 samples of Slavonian sausage were prepared and analysed at the end of the production process, i.e., after three months. A total of eight species of mould were identified, and the dominant genus was Penicillium (88.89%) with six species, one species from the genus Aspergillus (8.33%) and one species from the genus Mucor (2.78%). Possible causative agents of OTA and AFB1 were identified, Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus flavus, though only the presence of OTA was confirmed in a concentration of 5.10 μg/kg.
- Published
- 2021
29. Kukuruzna zlatica (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) kao prijenosnik mikotoksigenih gljivica
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Grdović, Gabriela and Franin, Kristijan
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BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Agronomy. Phytomedicine ,mikotoksini ,toksikogene gljivice ,mycotoxins ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Poljoprivreda (agronomija). Fitomedicina ,aflatoksin B1 ,aflatoxin B1 ,corn rootworm ,okratoksin A ,kukuruzna zlatica ,ochratoxin A ,toxicogenic fung - Abstract
Kukuruzna zlatica (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) jedan je od najvažnijih i najopasnijih štetnika kukuruza. Ima jednu generaciju godišnje i tri razvojna stadija. Ličinka se hrani na korijenu biljaka, a odrasli oblik se hrani na nadzemnim dijelovima biljaka pri čemu je oštećuje. Najveće štete koje uzrokuju ličinke očituju se u tome što biljke lako poliježu ako imaju oštećen korijen, a štete na korijenu dovode do smanjenog prinosa. Međutim osim izravnih šteta kukuruzna zlatica može biti prenositelj mikotoksigenih gljivica i tako doprinositi kontaminaciji kukuruza. Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti gljiva koji mogu toksično djelovati na ljude i životinje. Čimbenici koji utječu na nastanak i na stvaranje mikotoksina su temperatura, vlaga, kukci prisutni u polju ili neka mehanička oštećenja biljnih organa. Neki od ekonomski najznačajnijih mikotoksina su aflatoksin B1 i okratoksin A. Istraživanje je provedeno u sklopu projekta „Proizvodnja hrane, biokompozita i biogoriva iz žitarica u kružnom gospodarstvu“ (EFRR) (projekt-klima.eu)., KK 05.1.1.02.0016, financiranog od strane Ministarstva okoliša RH iz sredstava ESF, Operativni program konkurentnost i kohezija. U svrhu datog istraživanja prikupljeni su odrasli oblici kukuruzne zlatice. Ukupno je prikupljeno 100 uzoraka metodom vizualnog pregleda biljaka. Utvrđeno je 60 potencijalnih uzoraka na aflatoksin B1 i 60 potencijalnih uzoraka na okratoksin A. Od 179 čistih kultura, broj proizvođača aflatoksina B1 je iznosio 2,8 % i ukupan broj proizvođača okratoksina A je iznosio 3,4 %. Uzorci koji su bili pozitivni na aflatoksin B1 i okratoksin A pripadaju u rodove Aspergillus i Penicillium. The corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is one of the most important and dangerous pests of corn. It has one generation per year and three developmental stages. The larva feeds on the roots of plants and the adult form feeds on the aerial parts of plants, damaging them. The greatest damage caused by the larvae is manifested in the fact that the plants easily lie down if they have damaged roots and damage to the roots leads to a reduced yield. However, in addition to direct damage, corn rootworm can be a carrier of mycotoxigenic fungi and thus contribute to the contamination of corn. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that can have a toxic effect on humans and animals. Factors that affect the emergence and formation of mycotoxins are temperature, moisture, insects present in the field or some mechanical damage to plant organs. Some of the most economically significant mycotoxins are aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. The research was carried out as part of the project "Production of food, biocomposites and biofuels from cereals in a circular economy" (EFRR) (projekt-klima.eu)., KK 05.1.1.02.0016, financed by the Ministry of the Environment of the Republic of Croatia from ESF funds, Operational Program Competitiveness and Cohesion. For the purpose of this research, adult forms of the corn rootworms were collected. A total of 100 samples were collected by visual inspection of plants. There were 60 potential samples for aflatoxin B1 and 60 potential samples for ochratoxin A determined. Out of 179 pure cultures, the number of producers of aflatoxin B1 was 2.8% and the total number of producers of ochratoxin A was 3.4%. The samples that were positive for aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A belong to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium.
- Published
- 2022
30. Mikotoksini v jabolkih in proizvodih iz jabolk
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Gerič, Karmen and Vidrih, Rajko
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jabolka ,udc:634.11:579.67:615.9 ,mikotoksini ,proizvodi iz jabolk ,mycotoxins ,controlled atmosphere ,apple products ,plesni ,kontrolirana atmosfera ,fungi ,Penicillium expansum ,patulin ,apples - Abstract
Jabolka zaradi svoje visoke vodne aktivnosti in vsebnosti sladkorjev omogočajo ugodne razmere za rast različnim plesnim. Najpogosteje se omenja plesni vrste Penicillium expansum, ki povzročajo modro plesen. Na jabolkih so te plesni sposobne sintetizirati sekundarne metabolite, med katerimi so tudi mikotoksini. V jabolkih in izdelkih iz jabolk je najbolj pogost patulin, ki je imunotoksičen in nevrotoksičen za ljudi, če se zaužije v visokih koncentracijah. Mejna vrednost za največjo dovoljeno vsebnost patulina v izdelkih iz jabolk je 50 µg/kg. Plesni najpogosteje vstopajo v notranjost sadja skozi poškodovano površino, kar se zgodi ob močnem dežju, napadu insektov ali neprevidnem rokovanju. Pogosto pride do okužb s plesnimi šele v skladiščnih prostorih. Najbolj priporočljivo je skladiščenje jabolk v hladilnicah in hladilnicah s kontrolirano atmosfero, kjer je nivo CO₂ in O₂ prilagojen tako, da je zorenje plodov čim bolj upočasnjeno. Kljub nizkim temperaturam in nizkim nivojem O₂ je rast plesni vrste P. expansum le upočasnjena in patulin še vedno lahko proizvajajo. Zato je patulin lahko prisoten v različnih izdelkih iz jabolk. Ker pa je patulin tudi termostabilen, je njegovo odstranjevanje zelo zahtevno. Učinkovito zniževanje vsebnosti patulina so pokazali nekateri procesi obdelave hrane, kot so čiščenje, pasterizacija in fermentacija. Poznamo pa tudi več fizikalnih, kemijskih in bioloških procesov odstranjevanja patulina iz izdelkov iz jabolk. Sem spadajo obdelava s toploto, svetloba UV, elektroporacija, uporaba visokih tlakov, ozona in mikroorganizmov. Nekateri postopki delujejo na principu adsorpcije patulina, drugi pa povzročajo njegovo degradacijo. Tudi s temi procesi obdelave odstranitev patulina iz končnih izdelkov ni možna v celoti, hkrati pa lahko pride tudi do nezaželenih sprememb v senzoričnih lastnostih in hranilni vrednosti živil. Apples provide favourable conditions for growth of various fungi, due to their high water activity and sugar content. Most commonly mentioned mould is Penicillium expansum, the cause of so called blue mould. On apples these fungi are able to synthesize secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. The most commonly present mycotoxin in apples and apple products is patulin, which is immunotoxic and neurotoxic to humans if ingested at high concentrations. The limit for maximum level of patulin in apple products is 50 µg/kg. Mould enters the fruit through the damaged surface, which occurs in case of heavy rain, insect attack or careless manipulation. However, mould infections often occur only in storage rooms. The most recommended way to storage apples is in refrigerated chambers and refrigerated chambers with controlled atmosphere, where the levels of CO₂ and O₂ are adjusted to slow down the ripening of the fruit. Despite low temperatures and low level of O₂ the growth of P. expansum is only slowed down and patulin can still be produced. Therefore, patulin can be present in various apple products. Since patulin is also thermostable, its removal is very difficult. Effective reduction of patulin has been demonstrated by certain food processing technologies, such as washing, pasteurization and fermentation. There are also several physical, chemical and biological processes of removing patulin from apple products. This includes heat treatment, light UV treatment, electroporation, use of high pressures, ozone and microorganisms. Some procedures function on patulin adsorption, while others provoke its degradation. Even with these processing technologies, the removal of patulin from apple products is not entirely possible, and there may also be negative changes in sensory quality and nutritional value of foods.
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- 2022
31. Adhezija plesni vrste Penicillium expansum
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Pavlovič, Brina and Jeršek, Barbka
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biofilm plesni ,kvar ,adhezija plesni ,spoilage ,surfaces ,adhesion of fungi ,površine ,mikotoksini ,food safety ,packaging materials ,mycotoxins ,fungal biofilm ,plesni ,udc:579.24+579.26:582.282.123.2 ,fungi ,Penicillium expansum ,varnost živil ,embalažni materiali - Abstract
Plesni vrste Penicillium expansum povzročajo gnilobo številnih živil, med katerimi so te plesni najpogostejši kontaminanti jabolk. Ker plesni vrste P. expansum lahko tvorijo patulin, predstavljajo tudi tveganje za varnost živil. Glavni namen dela je bil določiti sposobnost njihove adhezije, saj večina strokovne literature opisuje bakterijsko adhezijo, medtem ko so raziskave adhezije plesni redke. V prvem delu smo metodo določanja adhezije z barvilom kristal vijolično (KV) optimizirali z izbiro gojišča (sladni agar in krompirjev agar) in starosti konidijev (7 in 10 dni) za pripravo inokuluma ter določitvijo valovne dolžine (570 nm in 584 nm) za kvantifikacijo adheriranih plesni. V drugem delu smo proučevali adhezijo plesni vrste P. expansum tako, da smo preverili vplive izbranih intrinzičnih in ekstrinzičnih dejavnikov. Rezultati so pokazali, da je za spremljanje adhezije boljše, ča uporabimo inokulum pripravljen iz 10 dni stare kulture, saj je bila adhezija tu veliko večja ter da gojišče, na katerem rastejo plesni za pripravo inokuluma, ne vpliva na adhezijo. Pri primerjavi rezultatov dobljenih z meritvami absorbanc sproščenega KV pri različnih valovnih dolžinah, razlik nismo zaznali. Med intrinzičnimi dejavniki smo ugotovili, da ima velik vpliv na adhezijo začetno število konidijev, saj je bila adhezija največja pri 108 K/ml (K: konidiji), ter čas adhezije plesni vrste P. expansum (adhezija po 20 urah je bila večja kot po 40 urah), medtem ko vrsta seva (tipski sev P. expansum ŽMJ 497, divji sev P. expansum ŽMJ 464) ni bistveno vplivala na adhezijo. Plesni vrste P. expansum dobro rastejo na številnih materialih, ki se uporabljajo tudi v živilski industriji, zato smo primerjali njihovo adhezijo na različnih površinah (polistiren, polipropilen, polietilen visoke gostote, polietilen tereftalat, steklo in nerjaveče jeklo). Največjo adhezijo smo določili na površini polistirena. Adhezijo plesni vrste P. expansum na vseh površinah smo opazovali tudi z vrstično elektronsko mikroskopijo in ugotovili, da so morfološke lastnosti povezane z vrsto površine. Zaključimo lahko, da je metoda barvanja s KV primerna kot preliminarna metoda določanja adhezije plesni in da se plesni vrste P. expansum dobro adherirajo na površino, vendar so potrebne nadaljnje raziskave. Strains of Penicillium expansum cause rotting of many foods, among which they are the most common contaminant of apples. As P. expansum can form patulin it is also a food safety risk. The main purpose was to determine P. expansum adhesion ability, since most scientific literature describes bacterial adhesion, while moulds adhesion is rare. In the first part, the method of determining adhesion with crystal violet dye (CV) was optimized by choosing medium (malt agar and potato agar) and age of conidia (7 and 10 days) for preparation of inoculum and determining the wavelength (570 nm and 584 nm) for adherence quantification. In the second part, we studied the adhesion of P. expansum by checking the influence of selected intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Results showed that for adhesion monitoring it is better to use an inoculum prepared from a 10-day-old culture, as the adhesion was much greater, and that the culture medium on which the moulds grow prior inoculum preparation, does not affect adhesion. When comparing the results obtained by measuring the absorbance of released CV at different wavelengths no differences were found. Among the intrinsic factors, we found out that initial number of conidia had a major influence since adhesion was highest at 108 K/ml (K: conidia), and adhesion time (adhesion after 20 h was greater than after 40 h), while strain (P. expansum ŽMJ 497 type strain, P. expansum ŽMJ 464 wild strain) did not affect adhesion. P. expansum strains grow well on many materials that are also used in food industry and we compared adhesion on different surfaces (polystyrene, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, glass and stainless steel). The maximum adhesion was determined on the polystyrene. Adhesion of P. expansum on surfaces was also observed by scanning electron microscopy and it was found that the morphological properties are related to the type of surface. We can conclude that the KV staining method is suitable as a preliminary method for determining mould adhesion and that P. expansum adhere well to the surface, but further research is needed.
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- 2022
32. TOXIGENIC FUNGAL AND MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION OF MAIZE SAMPLES FROM DIFFERENT DISTRICTS IN SERBIA.
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Krnjaja, Vesna, Stanković, Slavica, Lukić, Miloš, Mićić, Nenad, Petrović, Tanja, Bijelić, Zorica, and Mandić, Violeta
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TOXIGENIC fungi , *MYCOTOXICOSES , *CORN sampling , *ZEARALENONE , *DEOXYNIVALENOL - Abstract
This study was carried out in order to investigate the natural occurrence of toxigenic fungi and levels of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in the maize stored immediately after harvesting in 2016 and used for animal feed in Serbia. A total of 22 maize samples were collected from four different districts across the country: City of Belgrade (nine samples), Šumadija (eight samples), Podunavlje (four samples) and Kolubara (one sample). Toxigenic fungi were identified according to the morphological characteristics whereas the mycotoxins contamination were detected using biochemistry enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent (ELISA) assay. The tested samples were mostly infected with Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium spp., except that one sample originated from Kolubara was not contaminated with Aspergillus species. Fusarium graminearum was the most common species in the maize sample from Kolubara district (60%), F. verticillioides in the maize samples from Podunavlje (43.75%) and City of Belgrade (22.4%) districts, and Penicillium spp. in the maize samples from Šumadija district (26.38%). In the analysed maize samples the presence of Aspergillus species was low (0-1.78%). Mycotoxicological analysis revealed the presence of zearalenone (ZEA), deoxynivalenol (DON) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in all the investigated samples, except that DON and AFB1 were not recorded in the samples from Podunavlje and Kolubara districts, respectively. The investigated samples were highly contaminated with ZEA, with incidence of 100% for the samples from Šumadija, Podunavlje and Kolubara districts and 88.89% for the samples from City of Belgrade district. In addition, the samples contamination with DON was 100% and 22.2% for the samples from Šumadija, Kolubara and City of Belgrade, districts, respectively. The highest number of AFB1 positive samples was found in Šumadija district (87.5%), while in the City of Belgrade and Podunavlje districts, 55.56% and 50% AFB1 positive samples were established, respectively. Generally, remarkable infection of all the tested samples with toxigenic fungal species from Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium genera were recorded. In addition, high contamination with mycotoxins ZEA, DON and AFB1 were also recorded; nevertheless, only in one sample the level of DON exceeded the allowed legal limit (1750 μg kg-1) according to Regulation for unprocessed maize. Therefore, permanent mycological and mycotoxicological analyses of maize grain are necessary for risk assessment of fungal and mycotoxin contamination throughout the food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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33. Lycopene restores trace element levels in ochratoxin A-treated rats.
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Palabiyik, Saziye Sezin, Erkekoglu, Pinar, Kızılgun, Murat, Sahin, Gonul, and Kocer-Gumusel, Belma
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OCHRATOXINS , *LYCOPENE , *TRACE elements in the body , *PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of mycotoxins , *SELENIUM in the body , *ZINC in the body , *THERAPEUTIC use of vitamin A - Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) and/or lycopene on the levels of selenium, zinc, and copper in the liver, kidneys, and testes of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated with OTA (0.5 mg kg-1 day-1) and/or lycopene (5 mg kg-1 day-1) by gavage for 7 or 14 days. Trace element levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. OTA significantly lowered selenium (20 % in the liver, 17 % in the kidney, and 40 % in the testis), zinc (24 % in the liver, 23 % in the kidney, and 26 % in the testis), and copper levels (40 % in the liver and 10 % in the kidney). Lycopene alone did not affect the trace element levels in any of the organs. In combination with OTA, however, it significantly restored liver, kidney, and testis selenium and zinc levels compared to the group treated with OTA alone. Our results have confirmed that depletion of trace elements in different organs is one of the mechanisms of action of OTA. They also suggest that lycopene interferes with this depleting effect and restores trace element levels, the implications of which need to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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34. Primjena fizikalnih i kemijskih metoda u uklanjanju mikotoksina iz hrane i hrane za životinje.
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Pleadin, Jelka, Kiš, Maja, Frece, Jadranka, and Markov, Ksenija
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Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of the moulds that pose a significant problem in the field of food safety and risk to the health and well-being of humans and animals. The effectiveness of mycotoxin removal from food and feed, primarily cereals as the most contaminated food group, depends on a number of parameters, of which the properties of the contaminated material, its composition, primary water content and the level of contamination, are the most significant. This manuscript provides an overview of physical and chemical methods that can be used more or less effectively in the treatment of different types of food and feed with the aim of mycotoxins reduction or elimination. Elimination of mycotoxins by physical methods involves their solvent extraction, adsorption and thermal inactivation or irradiation inactivation. The most important methods are color and density sorting, peeling and milling, flotation, blanching, roasting, with the use of gamma radiation and cold plasma is very important in the last period. Implementation of chemical methods involve the use of chemicals in conversion of mycotoxins to other less toxic compounds, e.g. acids, alkalis, oxidants, bisulphites and gases, but conversion to toxic compounds is also possible, and is still the subject of numerous studies. Unlike physical methods, chemical methods of mycotoxins elimination are in principle considered to be impractical and undesirable due to the conditions of implementation, the creation of toxic residues and a negative impact on the nutritional, sensory and functional properties of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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35. Funkcionalizacija filipsita cetilpiridinijum-hloridom i heksadeciltrimetilamonijum-bromidom i njegova potencijalna primena
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Marković, Marija and Marković, Marija
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Hemijskom modifikacijom zeolita površinski aktivnim supstancama kao što su dugolančani organski katjoni dobijaju se materijali sa hidrofobnijim površinama u odnosu na polazni zeolit koji imaju afinitet za adsorpciju slabo polarnih molekula. U ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji prirodni zeolit filipsit iz ležišta u okolini Napulja u Italiji modifikovan je površinski aktivnim supstancama cetilpiridinijum-hloridom i heksadeciltrimetilamonijum-bromidom. Dobijeni uzorci organo-filipsita su okarakterisani određivanjem specifične površine, infracrvenom spektroskopijom sa Furijeovom transformacijom (FTIC), simultanim termijskim analizama (TG/DTA), određivanjem zeta potencijala i određivanjem tačke nultog naelektrisanja. Polazni uzorak filipsita je pored ovih metoda okarakterisan i rendgensko difrakcionom (XRPD) analizom, skenirajućom elektronskom mikroskopijom sa energetski-disperzivnom rendgenskom analizom (SEM-EDS), određivanjem hemijskog sastava i određivanjem ukupnog i spoljašnjeg kapaciteta katjonske izmene. U zavisnosti od količine organskih katjona upotrebljenih za modifikaciju, na površini filipsita se formira monosloj ili dvosloj organske faze. Pri formiranju monosloja dolazi do jonske izmene neorganskih katjona na površini filipsita sa cetilpiridinijum i heksadeciltrimetilamonijum jonima, dok se pri formiranju dvosloja pored jonske izmene javljaju i hidrofobne interakcije između alkilnih lanaca organskih katjona. Pokazano je da modifikacijom nije došlo do promena osnovne strukture minerala i da su organski katjoni prisutni samo na površini filipsita. Organo-filipsiti su nakon karakterizacije ispitivani kao adsorbenti slabo polarnih organskih molekula i to: mikotoksina (zearalenon, ohratoksin A, aflatoksin B1) i lekovite supstance (natrijum diklofenak). Zearalenon i ohratoksin A su se efikasno adsorbovali na organo-filipsitima u odnosu na polazni filipsit, koji je pokazao nisku adsorpciju ovih mikotoksina. Utvrđeno je da su organski katjoni na površini filipsita aktivna m, Chemical modification of zeolite with surfactants such as long-chain organic cations yields materials with more hydrophobic surfaces than the starting zeolite that have an affinity for adsorption of low polar molecules. In this doctoral dissertation, natural zeolite phillipsite from a deposit near Naples in Italy was modified with surfactants: cetylpyridinium-chloride and hexadecyltrimethylammonium-bromide. The obtained organo-phillipsite samples were characterized by determination of specific surface area, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), coupled thermal analysis methods (TG/DTA), determination of zeta potential and determination of the point of zero charge. In addition to these methods, the initial phillipsite sample was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), determination of chemical composition and determination of total and external cation exchange capacity. Depending on the amount of organic cations used for modification, a monolayer or bilayer of the organic phase is formed on the surface of the phillipsite. During the formation of the monolayer, ion exchange of inorganic cations on the surface of the phillipsite with cetylpyridinium and hexadecyltrimethylammonium ions occurs, while during the formation of the bilayer, hydrophobic interactions between the alkyl chains of organic cations occur in addition to the ion exchange. It has been shown that the modification did not change the basic structure of the mineral and that organic cations are present only on the surface of the phillipsite. After characterization, organo-philipsites were tested as adsorbents of low polar organic molecules: mycotoxins (zearalenone, ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1) and drug (diclofenac sodium). Zearalenone and ochratoxin A were efficiently adsorbed on organo-phillipsites compared to the initial phillipsite, which showed low adsorption of these mycotoxins. It was found th
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- 2022
36. Development of multimycotoxin lc-ms/ms method and molecular identification of mould producers of citrinin, cyclopiazonic acid and sterigmatocystin in Croatian traditional meat products
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Lešić, Tina and Pleadin, Jelka
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udc:58(043.3) ,dry-cured meat products ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Biotehnologija ,plijesni ,Penicillium ,Botany ,mikotoksini ,kontaminacija ,trajni mesni proizvodi ,Aspergillus ,biosinteza mikotoksina ,LC-MS/MS ,regionalni vremenski čimbenici ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Biotechnology ,regional weather factors ,contamination ,mycotoxins ,mycotoxin biosynthesis ,moulds ,Botanika - Abstract
Cilj rada bio je razviti i validirati multimikotoksinsku metodu tekućinske kromatografije u kombinaciji s masenom spektrometrijom (LC-MS/MS) za detekciju i kvantifikaciju mikotoksina značajnih za mesne proizvode: aflatoksin B1 (AFB1), okratoksin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT), sterigmatocistin (STC) i ciklopiazonična kiselina (CPA) te ispitati njihovu pojavnost u hrvatskim trajnim tradicionalnim mesnim proizvodima (TMP). Također, cilj je identificirati plijesni s površine TMP te ih dovesti u vezu s kontaminacijom mikotoksinima, uz dokazivanje prisutnosti toksikotvornih plijesni i gena odgovornih za njihovu biosintezu. Sa površine 250 analiziranih uzoraka TMP koji uključuju kobasice i suhomesnate proizvode uzorkovane tijekom 2 godine iz 5 regija Republike Hrvatske, ukupno je izolirano 535 izolata i identificirano 38 vrsta plijesni iz rodova Penicillium i Aspergillus. Identificirano je 9 različitih potencijalno toksikotvornih vrsta plijesni, od čega je 50 % potencijalnih AFB1 producenata (A. flavus), 58 % potencijalnih OTA producenata (P. nordicum, A. niger, A. westerdijkiae, A. welwitischie, A. tubingensis), 71 % potencijalnih CIT producenata (P. citrinum) te 48 % potencijalnih CPA producenata (P. commune, A. flavus, P. polonicum) imalo istraživane gene uključene u biosintezu mikotoksina. Razvijenom i validiranom visoko osjetljivom LC-MS/MS metodom odredile su se koncentracije mikotoksina STC do 3,93 μg/kg u 4 % uzoraka, OTA do 4,81 μg/kg u 10 % uzoraka te CPA do čak 335,5 μg/kg u 13 % uzoraka, dok AFB1 i CIT nisu detektirani u niti jednom uzorku TMP. U 21 % uzoraka kontaminiranih mikotoksinima, određeni su njihovi producenti. Pojavnost mikotoksina i površinskih plijesni dovedena je u vezu sa uvjetima proizvodnje TMP, uključujući tehnologiju i regionalne vremenske čimbenike. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a multimycotoxin method of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS /MS) for detection and quantification of mycotoxins important for meat products: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), citrinin (CIT), sterigmatocystin (STC) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and to investigate into their occurrence in Croatian dry-fermented traditional meat products (TMP). Also, the aim is to identify TMP surface molds and link them to the mycotoxin contamination, while proving the presence of toxigenic molds and genes responsible for their biosynthesis. From the surface of 250 analyzed samples including sausages and cured meat products sampled during 2 years from 5 Croatian regions, a total of 535 isolates and 38 species of molds of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus were isolated. Nine different potentially toxigenic mold species were identified, of which 50% of the potential AFB1 producers (A. flavus), 58% of potential OTA producers (P. nordicum, A. niger, A. westerdijkiae, A. welwitischi A tubingensis), 71% of potential CIT producers (P.citrinum) and 48% of potential CPA producers (P.commune, A. flavus, P. polonicum) had the investigated gene involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis. With the developed and validated highly sensitive LC-MS/MS method, concentrations of STC up to 3.93 μg/kg in 4% of samples, OTA up to 4.81 μg/kg in 10% of samples, and CPA up to 335.5 μg/kg in 13% of samples were detected, while AFB1 and CIT weren't detected in any TMP sample. In 21% of mycotoxin contaminated samples, their producers were identified. The occurrence of mycotoxins and surface molds has been linked to TMP production conditions including technology and regional weather factors.
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- 2022
37. Direct and indirect photolysis of fumonisins in the aquatic environment as well as assessment of their toxicity
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индиректна фотолиза у присуству H2О2 ,direktna fotoliza ,fumonisins B series ,mammalian cell line ,фумонизини Б серије ,toksičnost na odabrane ćelijske linije sisara ,микотоксини ,toxicity ,photocatalytic degradation ,директна фотолиза ,indirektna fotoliza u prisustvu H2O2 ,фотокаталитичка разградња ,fotokatalitička razgradnja ,токсичност на одабране ћелијске линије сисара ,mikotoksini ,mycotoxins ,photolytic degradation ,effect of iones ,fumonizini B serije ,uticaj matriksa ,fumonisins ,утицај матрикса - Abstract
Fumonizini B serije (B1, B2 i B3) se najčešće nalaze u žitaricama ihrani od žitarica, ali je potvrđeno njihovo prisustvo i u različitimvrstama voda. Fumonizini mogu negativno uticati na zdravlje ljudi iživotinja te se teži iznalaženju efikasne metode za njihovo uklanjanje.U tom cilju, ispitana je efikasnost razgradnje fumonizina u vodenojsredini primenom direktne i indirektne fotolize. Na primerudirektne fotolize fumonizina B1 (FB1) ispitani su optimalni usloviu pogledu početne pH-vrednosti primenom UV i simuliranog sunčevogzračenja (SSZ). Pri indirektnoj fotolizi primenjena su dva tretmana, uprisustvu H2O2, odnosno . I u ovom slučaju tretmani suoptimizovani u pogledu početne pH-vrednosti, kao i koncentracijeH2O2, odnosno takođe primenom UV i SSZ. Nadalje, ispitana jeefikasnost direktne i indirektne (H2O2) fotolize fumonizina B2(FB2) primenom UV i SSZ, na dve pH-vrednosti. Jedna pH-vrednost jeodabrana pri kojoj je razgranja najekonomičnija (pH 8), a druga prikojoj je razgradnja najefikasnija (pH 4). Ispitan je i sinergističkiuticaj između FB1 i FB2 tokom direktne i indirektne (UV/H2O2,odnosno UV/ ) fotolize. Najefikasnija metoda fotolize (UV/H2O2)je primenjena i za ispitivanje efikasnosti razgradnje fumonizina B3(FB3). Takođe je ispitana i efikasnost fotokatalitičke razgradnjeprimenom TiO2 Degussa P25, TiO2 Wackherr i ZnO kao fotokatalizatorai UV zračenja. Nađeno je da je fotokatalitička razgradnja FB1 i FB3primenom TiO2 Wackherr kao fotokatalizatora pri prirodnom pH (oko8) najefikasniji tretman za njihovo uklanjanje iz vodene sredine.Međutim, u slučaju FB2 fotokataliza se nije pokazala pogodna za njegovufotorazgradnju, jer primenom sva tri fotokatalizatora dolazi donjegove potpune adsorpcije.Nadalje, ispitan je uticaj tipova voda (matriksa) na brzinu razgradnjeFB1 primenom UV, UV/H2O2 i UV/ tretmana. Isto tako, da bi seispitao uticaj pojedinih jona čija je koncentracija u odabranimtipovima voda bila najviša, kao i huminske kiseline ispitan je injihov uticaj dodavanjem u reakcionu smešu količine koja odgovaraispitivanim vodama. Uticaj jona i huminske kiseline na efikasnostrazgradnje FB1 je ispitan primenom UV i UV/H2O2 tretmana.Citotoksična aktivnost standardnih rastvora različitihkoncentracija sva tri fumonizina ispitana je na četiri ćelijskelinije: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E i BHK. Ispitan je i citotoksičniuticaj nastalih intermedijera nakon primene različitih tretmana zauklanjanje FB1, FB2 i FB3 na rast sve četiri ćelijske linije., Fumonisins of the B series (B1, B2 and B3) are most often found in cereals andcereal foods, but their presence has also been confirmed in various types ofwater. Fumonisins can adversely affect human and animal health, and effortsare being made to find an effective method to eliminate them. To this end, theefficiency of fumonisin degradation in the aqueous medium was investigatedusing direct and indirect photolysis. On the example of direct photolysis offumonisin B1 (FB1), the optimal conditions in terms of initial pH value wereexamined using UV and simulated solar radiation (SSR). In indirectphotolysis, two treatments were applied, in the presence of H2O2, respectively.In this case, the treatments were also optimized in terms of the initial pHvalue, as well as the concentration of H2O2, i.e. by using UV and SS radiation.Furthermore, the efficiency of direct and indirect (H2O2) photolysis offumonisin B2 (FB2) was examined under UV and SS radiation, at two pHvalues. One pH value was chosen at which degradation is the most economical(pH 8), and the other at which degradation is the most efficient (pH 4). Thesynergistic effect between FB1 and FB2 during direct and indirect (UV/H2O2and UV/ ) photolysis was also investigated. The most efficient methodof photolysis (UV/H2O2) was further used to test the degradation efficiency offumonisin B3 (FB3). In addition, the efficiency of photocatalytic degradationwas investigated using TiO2 Degussa P25, TiO2 Wackherr and ZnO asphotocatalysts under UV radiation. Photocatalytic degradation of FB1 and FB3using TiO2 Wackherr as photocatalysts at natural pH (about 8) was found tobe the most effective treatment for their removal from the aquaticenvironment. However, in the case of FB2, photocatalysis did not prove to besuitable for its photodegradation, because the use of all three photocatalystsleads to its complete adsorption.Furthermore, the influence of water types (matrix) on the rate of FB1degradation using UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/ treatments was investigated.Also, in order to examine the influence of individual ions whose concentrationin the selected types of water was the highest, as well as humic acids, theirinfluence was examined by adding to the reaction mixture an amountcorresponding to the tested waters. The effect of ions and humic acid on thedegradation efficiency of FB1 was investigated using UV and UV/H2O2treatments.The cytotoxic activity of the standard solutions of different concentrations ofall three fumonisins was examined on four cell lines: Neuro-2a, MRC-5, H-4-II-E and BHK. The cytotoxic effect of the resulting intermediates afterapplication of different treatments to remove FB1, FB2 and FB3 on the growthof all four cell lines was also examined.. 
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- 2022
38. Lycopene restores trace element levels in ochratoxin A-treated rats.
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Palabiyik, Saziye Sezin, Erkekoglu, Pinar, Kızılgun, Murat, Sahin, Gonul, and Kocer-Gumusel, Belma
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LYCOPENE , *CAROTENES , *TRACE elements , *OCHRATOXINS , *MYCOTOXINS - Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the in vivo effects of ochratoxin A (OTA) and/or lycopene on the levels of selenium, zinc, and copper in the liver, kidneys, and testes of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were treated with OTA (0.5 mg kg day) and/or lycopene (5 mg kg day) by gavage for 7 or 14 days. Trace element levels were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. OTA significantly lowered selenium (20 % in the liver, 17 % in the kidney, and 40 % in the testis), zinc (24 % in the liver, 23 % in the kidney, and 26 % in the testis), and copper levels (40 % in the liver and 10 % in the kidney). Lycopene alone did not affect the trace element levels in any of the organs. In combination with OTA, however, it significantly restored liver, kidney, and testis selenium and zinc levels compared to the group treated with OTA alone. Our results have confirmed that depletion of trace elements in different organs is one of the mechanisms of action of OTA. They also suggest that lycopene interferes with this depleting effect and restores trace element levels, the implications of which need to be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Kemijska onečišćivala iz okoliša i njihovi ostaci u hrani životinjskog podrijetla.
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Pleadin, Jelka, Bogdanović, Tanja, Murati, Teuta, and Kmetič, Ivana
- Abstract
Representatives of environmental contaminants are heavy metals, dioxins, organophosphorus and organochlorine compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides and mycotoxins. Their presence in food of animal origin can be due to the animal feeding with contaminated food and water (carry-over effect) or direct contamination as a result of contaminated ingredients in production (e.g. spices) or generally inappropriate conditions in food processing. Toxicity of environmental chemicals that enter the food chain through their occurrence as residues in food of animal origin can be manifested in the human organism by adverse biological activity. Toxic effects among consumers depend inter alia on the amount of individual contaminants in food and their intake into the body. In order to reduce risk of exposure to chemical toxicants present in the food of animal origin, it is important to carry out systematic controls at all critical points during the production and storage process, starting from the raw materials used in the production to the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
40. Utjecaj postupaka prerade na transformaciju i smanjenje koncentracije mikotoksina u određenim skupinama hrane.
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Pleadin, Jelka, Frece, Jadranka, and Markov, Ksenija
- Abstract
Contamination of food by mycotoxins represent a serious threat to human health, especially when it comes to food that is very frequently used in the diet, but also represent a significant source of mycotoxins. The reduction of mycotoxins by procedures of food processing can be achieved by its degradation, elimination or transformation into less toxic derivatives, although complete elimination of mycotoxins from the food chain through processing is difficult to achieve. Techniques for elimination of mycotoxins should be preceded by the determination of the chemical composition and toxicity of resulting reaction product. In the absence of the necessary toxicological data, for the forms of mycotoxins that are produced during the processing of food is assumed to have the same level of toxicity, the same bioavailability and the same carcinogenic potential as the original compounds. Priority for the development of elimination methods should have mycotoxins with undesirable toxicological profiles that are frequently and in high concentrations occur in often consumed foods. The ultimate goal of the application of these methods is to prevent the harmful effects of mycotoxins to the health of consumers as a result of exposure to food contaminants, taking care to preserve nutrient and organoleptic properties of raw materials as also of finished products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
41. Pojavnost mikotoksina u zrnu kukuruza na području Republike Hrvatske od 2018. do 2021. godine
- Author
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Čuklić, Maja
- Subjects
zrno kukuruza ,mikotoksini ,kvaliteta hrane za životinje ,zdravstvena ispravnost - Abstract
Mikotoksini su sekundarni metaboliti plijesni koji kontaminiraju različite usjeve diljem svijeta i mogu uzrokovati različite vrste bolesti u ljudi i životinja te učiniti velike štete u gospodarstvu. Glavni cilj diplomskog rada bio je analizirati sadržaj mikotoksina na zrnu kukuruza unazad nekoliko godina. Za tu svrhu korišteni su podaci Hrvatske agencije za poljoprivredu i hranu za sadržaj mikotoksina aflatoksin B1, deoksinivalenon (DON) i zearalenon u uzorcima zrna kukuruza za razdoblje od 2018. do 2021. godine. Analizirani su uzorci zrna kukuruza s cijelog područje Republike Hrvatske i podijeljeni po županijama. Ukupno je obrađeno 576 uzoraka zrna kukuruza za aflatoksin B1, 180 za DON i 175 za zearalenon. Tijekom promatranog razdoblja rastao je broj analiziranih uzoraka (s 45 u 2018. do 251 u 2021. godine). U većini uzoraka detektirani su svi analizirani mikotoksini, no manji broj zrna kukuruza je bio zdravstveno neispravan prema sadržaju mikotoksina i to 10, 0% za aflatoksin B1, 3, 3% za DON i 10, 2% za zearalenon. Zbog promjene klime očekuje se povećani sadržaja mikotoksina te iz toga razloga raste i potreba za kontrolom zdravstvene ispravnosti zrna kukuruza.
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- 2022
42. Mikotoksini u hrvatskim tradicionalnim mesnim proizvodima - rizik od kontaminacije, izloženost potrošača i preventivne mjere
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Pleadin, Jelka
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,tradicionalni mesni proizvodi ,kontaminacija ,izloženost potrošača ,prevencija - Abstract
Među mesnim proizvodima, tradicionalni mesni proizvodi (TMP) zbog česte nestandardizirane proizvodnje predstavljaju najveći potencijalni izvor kontaminacije mikotoksinima. Ova proizvodnja uključuje različite tehnološke postupke proizvodnje te široku varijabilnost parametara kao što su temperatura i vlaga. Općenito, postoji veliki utjecaj okolišnih čimbenika na pojavnost plijesni i mikotoksina, a uvjeti proizvodnje u kućanstvima odnosno obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima su često nekontrolirani. TMP se proizvode u klimatski različitim regijama Hrvatske, od kontinentalnog, primorskog i planinskog dijela Hrvatske te su među njima mnogi proizvodi i zaštićeni. Kontaminacija TMP mikotoksinima varira po regijama proizvodnje odnosno regionalnim vremenskim uvjetima. Područja s umjerenom klimom pogodnija su za rast Penicillium vrsta, a sa izrazito toplom i vrlo suhom klimom za Aspergillus vrste. Trajni suhomesnati proizvodi imaju više izolata plijesni u odnosu na trajne kobasice kao posljedica dužeg postupka zrenja, ali su kobasice više od njih kontaminirane mikotoksinima. Određene su najveće koncentracije ciklopiazonične kiseline, dok je sa okratoksinom A kontaminiran najveći udio uzoraka. U uzorcima u kojima plijesan koja je potencijalni producent mikotoksina nije identificirana, prisutnost se može dovesti u vezu s kontaminiranim začinima ili carry-over efektom. Izloženosti potrošača mikotoksinima (okratoksinu A, sterigmatocistinu i ciklopiazoničnoj kiselini) najviše doprinosi konzumacija trajnih kobasica (50 - 60 %). Zbog sve povoljnijih klimatskih uvjeta za rast Aspergillus flavus u Europi u narednom razdoblju postoji povećan rizik od kontaminacije visokotoksičnim aflatoksinima.
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- 2022
43. Utjecaj mikrofiltracije na odabrane zakonski regulirane mikotoksine
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Mijatović, Anto and Kovač Tomas, Marija
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,tekućinska kromatografija-tandemska spektrometrija masa ,pojavnost ,priprema uzoraka ,mikrofiltracija ,mikotoksini [Ključne riječi] ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology - Abstract
Mikotoksini, sekundarni metaboliti nekih vrsta plijesni, neizbježni su kontaminanti hrane i hrane za životinje. Obzirom na njihovu visoku pojavnost te toksikološka djelovanja neophodne su stalne kontrole pouzdanim analitičkim metodama i tehnikama, među kojima je najznačajnija tekućinska kromatografija-tandemska spektrometrija masa. U metodama koje se koriste za ispitivanje pojavnosti mikotoksina priprema uzoraka često zahtijeva korištenje mikrofiltracije, iako moguće interakcije između materijala korištenih membrana filtera i analita uglavnom nisu dovoljno ispitane, a mogu dovesti do gubitaka te pogrešaka u prikupljenim podacima o razini kontaminacije. U ovom radu ispitan je utjecaj pet različitih materijala filtera (najlon, politetrafluoretilen, polietersulfon, miješani celulozni ester te celulozni acetat) na 11 zakonski reguliranih mikotoksina (aflatoksini B1, B2, G1 i G2, deoksnivalenol, fumonizini B1 i B2, zearalenon, T- 2 i HT-2 toksini te ohratoksin A). Politetrafluoretilen se pokazao kao materijal koji najmanje utječe na gubitak svih analiziranih mikotoksina tijekom mikrofiltracije, dok ostali materijali mogu značajno doprinijeti smanjenju iskorištenja, posebice ukoliko se pravilno ne koriste.
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- 2022
44. Mikotoksini u mesnim proizvodima - Izloženost potrošača i javnozdravstveni značaj
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Pleadin, Jelka, Lešić, Tina, Zadravec, Manuela, Hengl, Brigita, and Severin, K.
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,trajne kobasice ,suhomesnati proizvodi ,izloženost potrošača - Abstract
Mikotoksini predstavljaju skupinu tvari toksičnog djelovanja kod ljudi i životinja koje kontaminiraju različite vrste hrane i hrane za životinje. Objavljeni podaci o pojavnosti mikotoksina u mesnim proizvodima, posebice obzirom na njihovu značajnu potrošnju, zahtijevaju istraživanja izvora, odnosno uvjeta kontaminacije te izloženosti potrošača. U našem istraživanju količine aflatoksina B1 (AFB1), okratoksina A (OTA), sterigmatocistina (STC), citrinina (CIT) i ciklopiazonične kiseline (CPA) analizirane su u ukupno 250 tradicionalno proizvedenih trajnih kobasica i suhomesnatih proizvoda uzorkovanih na sajmovima ili obiteljskim poljoprivrednim gospodarstvima u Republici Hrvatskoj tijekom 2020. i 2021. godine. U usporedbi sa suhomesnatim proizvodima (41%), udio uzoraka trajnih kobasica kontaminiranih mikotoksinima bio je veći (59%), a najveća razina kontaminacije određena je za CPA, OTA te STC, dok pojavnost AFB1 i CIT nije utvrđena u niti jednom uzorku. Proizvodni parametri značajno utječu na pojavnost mikotoksina, uključujući vrijeme zrenja, ali i fizikalno-kemijske parametre gotovog proizvoda, kao što su pH vrijednost, aktivitet vode (aw) i udio soli.
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- 2022
45. The impact of microorganisms on barley and malt quality
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Vinko Krstanović, Kristina Habschied, Tanja Mađerević-Pavetić, Snježana Keleković, Ana Domaćinović, and Krešimir Mastanjević
- Subjects
ječam ,slad ,pivo ,mikroflora ,mikotoksini ,General Medicine ,barley ,malt ,beer ,microflora ,mycotoxins - Abstract
Mikroorganizmi su neizbježno prisutni u ječmu, sladu, sladovini, a ponekad i u gotovom pivu. Uzročnici su brojnih problema u pivarskoj industriji. Mikrobna kolonizacija ječma javlja se već u polju tijekom vegetacijskog perioda ječma. Mikroflora na ječmu i od njega dobivenog slada utječe na brojne aspekte kvalitete samog proizvodnog procesa u sladarama i pivovarama i na kvalitetu gotovog piva. Osim toga, prisutnost mikrobne kontaminacije na ječmu rezultira stvaranjem antimikrobnih spojeva, čija prisutnost ukazuje na stres tijekom vegetacijskog perioda uzgoja ječma uzrokovanog mikrobnom kontaminacijom. Ako prežive proces kuhanja sladovine ovi spojevi mogu imat negativne ili pozitivne učinke na daljnji proces proizvodnje i na gotovo pivo. Nadalje mikroorganizmi prisutni na ječmu mogu i sami proizvoditi antimikrobne spojeve protiv drugih mikroorganizama koji također migu utjecati i na kvasac i na sam proces proizvodnje slad i piva. U ovom radu dan je osnovni pregled utjecaja mikroflore ječma na proces slada i kvalitete slada, proizvodnju sladovine i njezinu kvalitetu, proces vrenja i utjecaja na aktivnost pivarskog kvasca te na konačni proizvod, pivo., Microorganisms are inevitably present in barley, malt, wort, and sometimes in finished beer. They are the cause of numerous problems in the brewing industry. Microbial colonization of barley occurs already in the field during the vegetation transition of barley. The microflora on barley and the malt obtained from it affects numerous aspects of the quality of the production process in malthouses and breweries and on the quality of the finished beer. In addition, the presence of microbial contamination on barley results in the formation of antimicrobial compounds, the presence of which indicates stress during the vegetative period of barley cultivation caused by microbial contamination. If they survive the wort brewing process, these compounds can have negative or positive effects on the further production process and on the finished beer. Furthermore, the microorganisms present on barley can themselves produce antimicrobial compounds against other microorganisms that can also affect the yeast and the malt and beer production process itself. This paper provides a basic overview of the influence of barley microflora on the malting process and malt quality, wort production and its quality, the fermentation process and its influence on the activity of brewer's yeast and on the final product, beer.
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- 2022
46. The effects of resveratrol on SIRT2, SIRT3 expression levels and oxidative DNA damage in fumonisin-induced hepatotoxicity in BALB/c mice
- Author
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Gulmez, Canan, Yalcin, Rıza, Kart, Asım, Atakisi, Emine, Tumakovich, Moldaliev Z., and Atakisi, Onur
- Subjects
mycotoxins ,hepatoprotection ,dietary phenolic compounds ,sirtuins ,nitric oxide ,lipid peroxidation ,food and beverages ,mikotoksini ,hepatoprotekcija ,dijetni fenolni sastojci ,sirtuini ,dušikov oksid ,lipidna peroksidacija - Abstract
Oxidative stress, which is characterized by disruption of the oxidant/antioxidant balance, causes pathological processes, including toxicities induced by certain mycotoxins. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of resveratrol on sirtuin deacetylases (SIRT2 and SIRT3), nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in fumonisin B1-induced hepatotoxicity. Regarding the experimental design, forty BALB/c mice were divided into four groups corresponding to the control, resveratrol (10 mg/kg, i.p), fumonisin B1 (2.25 mg/ kg, i.p) and resveratrol + fumonisin B1 (10 mg/kg + 2.25 mg/kg) groups. At the end of the 14 day-treatment, expression levels of SIRT2 and SIRT3 protein in the serum and liver were revealed by western blotting and antioxidant/oxidant activity analysis. SIRT2 and SIRT3 expression levels in the liver were significantly decreased by fumonisin B1 in comparison to the control. However, resveratrol supplementation coupled with fumonisin B1 increased the expression levels of SIRT2 and SIRT3, in relation to the fumonisin B1 treatments alone, but did not exhibit significant differences from those of the control group. As substantial indicators of stress and damage, the 8-OH-2-deoxyguanosine, NO and MDA levels of the liver tissue were assayed, and were higher in the fumonisin B1-treated groups, in relation to the control. As expected, resveratrol treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and MDA in comparison to the fumonisin B1 treatments alone. Also, resveratrol attenuated the liver 8-OH-2- deoxyguanosine levels in the resveratrol + fumonisin B1 group. In conclusion, the findings revealed that resveratrol might possess protective effects against fumonisin-induced hepatotoxicity through modulation of the expression of sirtuin proteins, and by protecting the cell from oxidative/nitrosative stress., Oksidacijski stres, koji obilježava poremećaj ravnoteže oksidansa i antiksidansa, uzrokuje patološke procese, uključujući toksičnost potaknutu određenim mikotoksinima. U ovom je radu istražen učinak resveratrola na sirtuin-deacetilazu (SIRT2 i SIRT3), dušikov oksid (NO), sniženi glutation (GSH) i malondialdehid (MDA) kod hepatotoksičnosti izazvane fumonizinom B1. Istraživanje je postavljeno tako da je 40 BALB/c miševa podijeljeno u četiri skupine: kontrolnu, skupinu koja je dobivala resveratrol (10 mg/kg, ip.), skupinu koja je dobivala fumonizin B1 (2,25 mg/kg, ip) i skupinu koja je dobivala resveratrol i fumonizin B1 (10 mg/kg+2,25 mg/kg). Nakon 14 dana određena je razina ekspresije proteina SIRT2 i SIRT3 metodom western blotting te analiza aktivnosti antioksidansa i oksidansa u serumu i jetri. Razina ekspresije SIRT2 i SIRT3 u jetri bila znakovito smanjena u skupini s fumonizinom B1 u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. U skupini s dodatkom resveratrola i fumonizina B1, međutim, povećana je razina ekspresije SIRT2 i SIRT3 u usporedbi sa skupinom koja je dobivala fumonizin B1, no bez znakovite razlike između tih skupina i kontrolne skupine. Analizirani su ključni pokazatelji stresa i oštećenja, razine OH-2-deoksigvanozin, NO i MDA u tkivu jetre, koje su bile veće u skupini s fumonizinom B1, u usporedbi s kontrolnom skupinom. Kao što se očekivalo, primjena resveratrola znakovito je smanjila razine NO i MDA u usporedbi sa skupinom kojoj je primijenjen samo fumonizin B1. Također, resveratrol je smanjio razinu 8-OH-2- deoksigvanozina u jetri u skupini kojoj su dani i resveratrol i fumonizin. Rezultati pokazuju da bi resveratrol mogao imati zaštitni učinak u slučaju hepatotoksičnosti uzrokovane fumonizinom putem modulacije ekspresije sirtuin proteina i zaštite stanice od oksidacijskog/nitrosativnog stresa.
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- 2022
47. Mikotoksini u uzorcima hrane
- Author
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Prica, Doroteja and Tomić Linšak, Dijana
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,molds ,MAC ,mycotoxins ,mycotoxicoses ,mikotoksikoze ,plijesni ,BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE. Public Health and Health Care. Health Ecology ,BIOMEDICINA I ZDRAVSTVO. Javno zdravstvo i zdravstvena zaštita. Zdravstvena ekologija ,plijesni, mikotoksini, mikotoksikoze, MDK ,MDK - Abstract
Iako je prošlo više od 50 godina od otkrića mikotoksina, oni su i dalje najzastupljeniji prirodni kontaminanti velikog broja poljoprivrednih kultura u svijetu. Nastaju kao proizvodi sekundarnog metabolizma plijesni, zbog čega njihova produkcija ovisi o različitim okolišnim uvjetima. Zbog izrazite stabilnosti, ovi spojevi mogu biti zastupljeni „od polja do stola“. Glavni izvor mikotoksina u ljudskoj prehrani su različite vrste žitarica i sjemenki uljarica. Mikotoksini koji predstavljaju najveću potencijalnu opasnost za zdravlje ljudi su aflatoksini, okratoksini, fumonizini, patulin, zearalenon i deoksinivalenol, a bolesti uzorokovane njihovim trovanjem nazivaju se mikotoksikoze. Ipak, posebnu zabrinutost izaziva kancerogeno djelovanje utvrđeno kod pojedinih vrsta mikotoksina. Premda je produkciju mikotoksina često nemoguće spriječiti, veliki značaj pridaje se razvoju strategija i metoda uklanjanja ili inaktivacije mikotoksina. Ovaj globalni problem pokušava se riješiti usvajanjem strogih regulatornih smjernica za glavne vrste mikotoksina. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi u kojim su uzorcima prisutne najveće koncentracije mikotoksina te odstupaju li dobiveni rezultati od maksimalno dopuštenih koncentracija (MDK) u periodu od 2016. do 2021. godine. Najveća prisutnost aflatoksina B1 i ukupnih aflatoksina zabilježena je u uzorcima kikirikija, te je 7 od ukupno 81 uzorka (8.6%) sadržavalo koncentracije iznad MDK. Određene koncentracije deoksinivalenola pronađene su u 17% uzoraka pekarskih proizvoda, no niti u jednom ne prelaze MDK. Zearalenon i okratoksin A nisu utvrđeni niti u jednom uzorku u koncentraciji iznad granice kvantifikacije. Although more than 50 years have passed since the discovery of mycotoxins, they are still the most abundant natural contaminants of a large number of crops worldwide. They are products of secondary metabolism of molds, therefore their biosynthesis largely depends on different environmental conditions. Duo to their extreme stability, these compounds can be present “from the field to the table”. The main source of mycotoxins in human nutrition are different types of cereals and oil seeds. Mycotoxins that represent the greatest potential risk for human health are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, pathulin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol. Diseases caused by human poisoning with mycotoxins are called mycotoxicoses. Nevertheless, of a particular concern are the carcinogenic effects of certain types of mycotoxins. Although mycotoxin production is often impossible to prevent, strategies and methods for the removal or inactivation of mycotoxins are of great importance. One solution od this global problem it the adaptation of strict regulatory guidelines for the regulation of main mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to determine which samples had the highest concentration of mycotoxins and whether the obtained results deviate from the maximum allowed concentration in the period from 2016 to 2021. The highest presence of aflatoxin B1 and total aflatoxins was recorded in peanut samples, and 7 out of 81 samples (8.6%) contained concentrations above maximum allowed concentration. Certain concentrations of deoxynivalenoa were found in 17% of bakery product samples, but in none of them maximum allowable concentration was exceeded. Zearalenone and ochratoxin A were not detected in any of the samples at concentrations above the quantification limit.
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- 2022
48. Zastupljenost mikotoksina u tržišno najzastupljenijim žitaricama u Republici Hrvatskoj tijekom trgodišnjeg razdoblja (2019.-2021.)
- Author
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Galić, Toni
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,žitarice ,vremenske prilike, ELISA - Abstract
Mikotoksini kao sekundarni metaboliti plijesni mogu nastati u mnogim poljoprivrednim usjevima, što se događa u različitim fazama, počevši od faze rasta određene biljke, berbe do skladištenja. U svijetu spektar djelovanja u slučaju ovih toksina i općenito njihova značajna otpornost na visoke temperature učestalo dovode do prisutnosti mikotoksina u hrani što predstavlja ozbiljnu prijetnju za zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Mikotoksini nisu bitni za normalan rast i reprodukciju plijesni, ali su sposobni uzrokovati biokemijske, fiziološke i patološke promjene kod mnogih vrsta. Štetni učinci mikotoksina uočeni kod ljudi i životinja uključuju karcinogenost, teratogenost, imunološku toksičnost, neurotoksičnost, hepatotoksičnost, nefrotoksičnost, reproduktivnu i razvojnu toksičnost, probavne smetnje i dr. Cilj ovoga rada bio je istražiti pojavnost najznačajnijih mikotoksina u tržišno najzastupljenijim vrstama žitarica, koje su na području Hrvatske uzorkovane tijekom trogodišnjeg razdoblja (2019. – 2021.).
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- 2022
49. Pesticides and mycotoxins in the almond kernel in the ecological conditions of Ravni Kotari – the case of organic farming
- Author
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Vrsaljko, Anđelko
- Subjects
Almond ,pesticide ,mycotoxines ,bajam ,mikotoksini ,pesticidi - Abstract
Bajam se kao i drugi orašasti plodovi smatra izuzetno zdravom hranom. Stoga su u ekološkim uvjetima Ravnih kotara provedena istraživanja prisustva ostataka pesticida i mikotoksina u jezgrama bajama sorti Ferragnes, Ferraduela i sjemenjaku bajama. Istraživanja su provedena u 2022. godini, pri čemu su se koristile najosjetljivije metode analize. Korištenjem GC/MS/MS i LC/MS/MS analize na rezidue 402 pesticida, nije utvrđena prisutnost ni jednog pesticida ni u jednom uzorku. Glede mikotoksina, istraženi su ukupni aflatoksini i najopasniji aflatoksin AfB1 i ni u jednom uzorku nisu detektirani. Uz sve nutritivne, intrinzične i ine prednosti ovo je velika dodana vrijednost, budući su mikotoksini utvrđeni u najproizvodnijim zemljama i brojnim trgovinama diljem svijeta. Dobiveni rezultati nam potvrđuju da se bajami bez opterećenja pesticidima i mikotoksinima mogu kategorizirati kao funkcionalna hrana, odnosno koristiti ih više, jer pojačavaju imunitet i preveniraju brojne bolesti kod ljudi. Istraživanja pridonose boljoj valorizaciji bajama proizvedenih u ekološkim uvjetima Ravnih kotara, cjenovnoj stimulaciji za proizvođače i zdravstvenoj dobrobiti za konzumente., Similary to other nuts, almond is considered to be extremely healthy. In this context, the research was conducted in the ecological conditions of the Ravni Kotari region on the presence of pesticide residues and mycotoxins in the seeds of the Ferragnes and Ferraduela almond varieties, as well as in the almond seedling. The study was done in 2022 and it used the most sensitive analytical methods. Following the GC/MS/MS and LC/MS/MS analysis for 402 pesticide residues, the results showed that no pesticide was detected in any of the samples. As far as mycotoxins are concerned, the analysis was carried out for total aflatoxins and the most dangerous aflatoxin AfB1, none of which were ultimately detected in any sample. In addition to all the nutritional, intrinsic and other advantages, this represents a great added value, since mycotoxins have been found in the most productive countries and in numerous stores around the world. The obtained results confirm that almonds can be categorized as functional food in the absence of pesticides and mycotoxins, i.e., the increased intake should be encouraged, since they strengthen immunity and prevent numerous diseases in humans. The research helps create better valorisation of almonds produced in the ecological conditions of Ravni Kotari region, at the same time benefiting manufacturers through price stimulation and consumers through the suggested health benefits.
- Published
- 2022
50. Plijesni i mikotoksini- prijetnja sigurnosti tradicionalnih mesnih proizvoda
- Author
-
Pleadin, Jelka, Vahčić, Nada, Zadravec, Manuela, Lešić, Tina, and Kos, Ivica
- Subjects
mikotoksini ,plijesni ,mesni proizvodi ,kontaminacija - Abstract
Brošura za proizvođače mesnih proizvoda
- Published
- 2022
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