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BACKGROUND: Relay intercropping of maize and soybean can improve land productivity. However, the mechanism behind N2O emissions in this practice remains unclear. A two‐factor randomized block field trial was conducted to reveal the mechanism of N2O emissions in a full additive maize–soybean relay intercropping. Factor A was three cropping systems – that is, monoculture maize (Zea mays L.), monoculture soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and maize–soybean relay intercropping. Factor B was different N supply, containing no N, reduced N and conventional N. Differences in N2O emissions, soil properties, rhizosphere bacterial communities and yield advantage were evaluated. RESULTS: The land equivalent ratio was 1.55–2.44, and the cumulative N2O emission (CEN2O) was notably lower by 60.2% in intercropping than in monoculture, respectively. Reduced N declined CEN2O without penalty on the yield advantages. The relay intercropping shifted soil properties – for example, soil organic matter, total N, NH4+ and protease activity – and improved the soil microorganism community – for example, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Intercropping reduced CEN2O by directly suppressing nirS‐ and amoA‐regulated N2O generation during soil N cycling, or nirS‐ and amoA‐mediated soil properties shifted to reduce CEN2O indirectly. Reduced N directly reduced CEN2O by decreasing soil N content and reducing soil microorganism activities to alleviate N2O produced in soil N cycling. CONCLUSION: Conducting a full additive maize–soybean relay intercropping with reduced nitrogen supply provides a way to alleviate N2O emissions without the penalty on the yield advantage by changing rhizosphere bacterial communities and soil N cycling. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid urbanization has exerted immense pressure on urban environments, severely constraining the growth of ancient trees. The growth of ancient trees is closely linked to the microbial communities in their rhizospheres, and studying their community characteristics may provide new insights into promoting the growth and rejuvenation of ancient trees. In this study, the rhizosphere soil and root systems of ancient Ginkgo biloba trees (approximately 200 years old) and adult G. biloba trees (approximately 50 years old) in Shanghai were selected as research subjects. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis and high-throughput sequencing were employed to investigate the diversity of microbial communities in the G. biloba rhizosphere. The results indicated that the 19 PLFA species selected to characterize the soil microbial community structure and biomass were present in the rhizosphere soil of both ancient and adult G. biloba trees. However, the total microbial biomass and the microbial biomass in the rhizosphere soil of ancient G. biloba were lower than the microbial biomass in the rhizosphere soil of adult G. biloba. The biomasses of Gram-negative bacteria (G−), arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and protozoans (P) were significantly different. Total phosphorus, organic matter, and pH may be the key factors influencing the soil microbial community in the rhizosphere zone of ancient G. biloba. An in-depth study of AMF showed that the roots and rhizosphere soil of G. biloba contained abundant AMF resources, which were assigned to 224 virtual taxa using the MaarjAM reference database, belonging to four orders, ten families, and nineteen genera. The first and second most dominant genera were Glomus and Paraglomus, respectively. Archaeospora and Ambispora were more dominant in the rhizosphere than the roots. Furthermore, the abundance of live AMF was significantly higher in ancient G. biloba than in adult G. biloba. Therefore, future research should focus on the improvement of soil environmental characteristics and the identification and cultivation of indigenous dominant AMF in the rhizosphere of ancient G. biloba, aiming for their effective application in the rejuvenation of ancient trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of fertilization and irrigation on heavy metal accumulation in saline–alkali soil and its underlying mechanisms are critical issues given the constraints that soil salinization places on agricultural development and crop quality. This study addressed these issues by investigating the effects of adjusting organic fertilizer types, proportions, and irrigation volumes on the physicochemical properties of lightly to moderately saline–alkali soils and analyzing the interaction mechanisms between microorganisms and heavy metals. The results indicate that the rational application of organic fertilizers combined with supplemental irrigation can mitigate soil salinity accumulation and water deficits, and reduce the soil pH, thereby enhancing soil oxidation, promoting nitrogen transformation and increasing nitrate–nitrogen levels. As the proportion of organic fertilizers increased, heavy metal residues, enrichment, and risk indices in the crop grains also increased. Compared to no irrigation, supplemental irrigation of 22 mm during the grain-filling stage increased soil surface Cd content, Zn content, and the potential ecological risk index (HRI) by 10.2%, 3.1%, and 8%, respectively, while simultaneously reducing the heavy metal content in grains by 12–13.5% and decreasing heavy metal enrichment. Principal component analysis revealed the primary factors influencing Cu and Zn residues and Cd accumulation in the crop grains. Soil salinity was significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen, whereas soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, soil pH, oxidation–reduction potential, soluble nitrogen, and microbial biomass nitrogen were positively correlated. The accumulation and residues of Zn and Cu in the soil were more closely correlated with the soil properties compared to those of Cd. Specifically, Zn accumulation on the soil surface was primarily related to aliphatic organic functional groups, followed by soil salinity. Residual Zn in the crop grains was primarily associated with soil oxidation–reduction properties, followed by soil moisture content. The accumulation of Cu on the soil surface was mainly correlated with the microbial biomass carbon (MBC), whereas the residual Cu in the crop grains was primarily linked to the soil moisture content. These findings provide theoretical insights for improving saline–alkali soils and managing heavy metal contamination, with implications for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the sustainable development of the planet has been negatively affected by a number of factors, including the construction industry. The construction industry includes, among other things, the highly topical energy reconstruction of existing prefabricated residential housing, which is implemented to improve their condition from a thermal engineering and energy perspective. Composite materials, known as external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICSs), have come to the fore, bringing a number of undeniable benefits to society. After more than 20 years of experience, it turns out that in addition to the benefits, ETICSs also bring new research challenges to the discussion, which are related to the issue of the biocorrosion of the external envelope of ETICSs, and also to the issue of the indoor microclimate. Based on the literature review and case studies, we aim to show that ecologically friendly building materials require a multidisciplinary approach. At the same time, we want to contribute to the discussion of whether the diversity of microorganisms on ETICS composites is a potential source of health risks and whether the transport of microorganisms to the indoor environment can be ruled out through natural ventilation from the outdoor environment to the interior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a global threat, the presence of which has encouraged the development and implementation of renewable energies, including plant–microbial fuel cells, which could generate 6 629 568–33 147 840 MWh per year due to their large-scale applicability. One of the main challenges associated with microbial cells is internal resistance—a parameter whose magnitude is influenced by several factors. In the case of plant–microbial fuel cells, adding a plant positively affects the mitigation of internal resistance. However, the species employed is expected to play an important role. In the present study, the objective was to determine as a general reference the internal resistance of cells using various plant species, among which were tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), aloe vera (Aloe vera), corn (Zea mays), and moss (Dicranidae). For this purpose, an experimental procedure was carried out to compare the manual voltage measurements with a free cell concerning the voltage obtained by adding an external resistor in series. The internal resistance values were determined as a function of the measured voltage, obtaining 177, 179, 175, 324, and 233 kΩ for aloe vera, corn, tomato, black beans, and moss, respectively. From this, it was shown that the roots of the plants represent an essential addition to the internal resistance of the cell in the short term. In contrast, plants with a C4 photosynthetic metabolism are more favourable, while C3 plants can also benefit from internal resistance during a more extended period of rhizodeposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Food Research & Development is the property of Food Research & Development Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effects of intercropping faba beans on soil fertility and microbial communities in pear orchards, soil samples were collected from no intercropping (CK), intercropped Sucan 3 Hao (CT1), intercropped Sucan 4 Hao (CT2), and intercropped Cican 1 Hao (CT3, local variety) treatments during the seedling stage, flowering stage, and maturity stage. The samples were analyzed for soil physicochemical properties, microbial activity, and community structures. The results showed that after intercropping with faba beans, the nitrate nitrogen (NO-3-N), and available phosphorus (Olsen P) increased during the seedling stage. During the flowering stage, soil electrical conductivity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), and NO-3-N contents significantly increased, while pH and Olsen P contents significantly decreased. Intercropping with faba beans increased soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC), especially CT1 and CT2 increased by 36% and 51%, respectively at the maturity stage compared with CK (P<0.05), and decreased the activity of hydrolytic enzymes related to the degradation of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Additionally, intercropping with faba beans increased the bacterial richness index and the Shannon index. It also increased the relative abundances of bacteria from the Planctomycetota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Verrucomicrobia phyla, while decreasing the relative abundances of bacteria from the Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria phyla. Mantel and CCA analyses indicated that pH and NO-3-N were important driving factors for microbial activity, and MBC significantly affected the bacterial community structures. Our results indicates that longterm intercropping of faba beans helps to increase soil microbial biomass and diversity, playing a crucial role in maintaining soil microecological diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Picromerus lewisi (P. lewisi), a predatory stink bug, is widely acknowledged as a beneficial natural enemy for controlling Lepidopteran pests in agroforestry systems. This species paralyzes its prey and facilitates extra-oral digestion by releasing venom. Although these insects harbor symbiotic microorganisms that play crucial roles in various biological aspects of their host interaction, comprehensive knowledge regarding the microbiota within the venom glands of P. lewisi is lacking. This study explored the numerous bacterial and fungal species in the venom glands of P. lewisi and the capability of these microbes to metabolize carbon sources. The dominant bacterial genera included Wolbachia, Enterococcus, Serratia, and Lactococcus, while the chief fungal genera were Vishniacozyma, Cladosporium, Papiliotrema, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus. En masse, the microbial community showed abilities to metabolize a variety of carbon sources. This is the first report of the analysis of the microbiome in the venom glands of P. lewisi, enhancing our understanding of the microbial composition of this natural enemy's venom. These findings will provide useful insights for researchers to further investigate the venom microbiota and their associated functionalities among predatory stink bugs. The predatory stink bug, Picromerus lewisi (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is an important and valuable natural enemy of insect pests in their ecosystems. While insects are known to harbor symbiotic microorganisms, and these microbial symbionts play a crucial role in various aspects of the host's biology, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the microbiota present in the venom glands of P. lewisi. This study investigated the venom glands of adult bugs using both traditional in vitro isolation and cultural methods, as well as Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology. Additionally, the carbon metabolism of the venom gland's microorganisms was analyzed using Biolog ECO metabolic phenotyping technology. The results showed 10 different culturable bacteria where the dominant ones were Enterococcus spp. and Lactococcus lactis. With high-throughput sequencing, the main bacterial phyla in the microbial community of the venom glands of P. lewisi were Proteobacteria (78.1%) and Firmicutes (20.3%), with the dominant bacterial genera being Wolbachia, Enterococcus, Serratia, and Lactococcus. At the fungal community level, Ascomycota accounted for the largest proportion (64.1%), followed by Basidiomycota (27.6%), with Vishniacozyma, Cladosporium, Papiliotrema, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus as the most highly represented fungal genera. The bacterial and fungal community structure of the venom glands of P. lewisi exhibited high species richness and diversity, along with a strong metabolism of 22 carbon sources. Functional prediction indicated that the primary dominant function of P. lewisi venom-gland bacteria was metabolism. The dominant eco-functional groups of the fungal community included undefined saprotroph, fungal parasite–undefined saprotroph, unassigned, endophyte–plant pathogen, plant pathogen–soil saprotroph–wood saprotroph, animal pathogen–endophyte–plant pathogen–wood saprotroph, plant pathogen, and animal pathogen–endophyte–epiphyte–plant pathogen–undefined saprotroph. These results provide a comprehensive characterization of the venom-gland microbiota of P. lewisi and demonstrate the stability (over one week) of the microbial community within the venom glands. This study represents the first report on the characterization of microbial composition from the venom glands of captive-reared P. lewisi individuals. The insights gained from this study are invaluable for future investigations into P. lewisi's development and the possible interactions between P. lewisi's microbiota and some Lepidopteran pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of chemical fertilizers and fertilizers containing microorganisms on broccoli yield were examined. It is aimed to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer by using microorganisms. Mundo F1 Broccoli variety was used as plant material. The research was established according to the randomized block trial design with 3 treatments and 3 replications, and 20 plants were used in each replication. Applications: 1. Control: 100% chemical fertilization (U1), 2. Treatment II: 70% chemical fertilization + Microorganisms (U2), 3. Treatment II: 100% chemical fertilization + Microorganisms (U3). The aim of the study is the effects of chemical fertilizers and microorganisms on plant growth and development; To examine the effect of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and yield. It was concluded that the number of leaves, plant height and stem diameter generally increased in the plots where microorganisms were applied. When the results were evaluated in terms of yield compared to the control treatment, U2 treatment increased yield by 20% and U1 treatment increased yield by 15%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes commonly used processes to produce aviation fuel and alternative routes with potential production yields for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) like HEFA and ATJ. It also presents the possible sources (crude oil, refinery processes), causes (filter clogging, engine failure), and forms of contamination in both conventional and alternatively produced aviation fuels. Special attention is focused on the threats of fuel contamination with solid particles/trace elements, water, microorganisms, and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This review also presents the standard and novel advanced methods (ICP-MS, MALDI, ViPA) for identifying contaminations in aviation fuel. It also identifies possible ways to control and eliminate the risk of contamination, such as the fallowing coherent JIG system to ensure the quality of aviation fuel. Another approach that is very interesting and worth considering for future development is the idea of predictive maintenance and machine learning in monitoring and detecting contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A microorganism template strategy is used to construct cobalt-phosphide-graphene. • This designed catalyst has comparable HER performance in acidic electrolyte. • The charge redistribution between Co 2 P and pyrrole-N interprets boosted activity. Developing highly efficient and sustainable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts is important for the practical application of emerging energy technologies. The spherical structure and phosphorus-rich properties of Chlorella can facilitate the construction of comparable transition metal phosphide electrocatalysts. Here, a microorganism template strategy is proposed to construct a cobalt-phosphide-graphene hybrid. Chlorella can absorb metal ions, and the generated rough spherical nanoparticles are uniformly distributed around the reduced graphene oxide nanosheets. This designed catalyst has comparable HER performance in acidic electrolytes and needs an overpotential of only 153 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. The experimental and density functional theory results imply that the charge redistribution between Co 2 P and pyrrole-N is the key factor in enhancing the HER activity. The induced electron aggregation at the N and P sites can serve as a key active site for absorbing the adsorbed hydrogen atom intermediate to accelerate the HER process, contributing to the active sites of Co 2 P- and pyrrole- N -doped carbon with 0 eV hydrogen adsorption free energy. This work provides a broad idea for synthesizing advanced catalysts by a biological template approach, facilitating the innovative integration of biology and emerging electrochemical energy technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods is the property of Science & Technology of Cereals, Oils & Foods Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases is the property of Journal of Prevention & Treatment For Stomatological Diseases Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Micropolar fluids are a specialized class of fluids exhibiting microstructural behavior. Their unique characteristics make them suitable for various applications like biomedical engineering, coating technology, and oil and gas exploration, and production. Also, these fluids provide new possibilities. Their microstructural properties enable precise control over flow and transport phenomena at extremely small dimensions, allowing us for advancements in areas such as nanofluidic sensing and lab-on-a-chip devices. The present article aims to develop a mathematical model to explore the three-dimensional characteristics of micropolar nanofluids flow over a porous stretchable surface. The energy equation is formulated using the Cattaneo-Christov heat flux model rather than the traditional Fourier's law. Buongiorno fluid model is implemented to examine the thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion effects. The influence of thermal relaxation time on the boundary layer can be predicted using this model; chemical reaction and bio-convection phenomena also incorporated in the concentration and motile organism equations. Utilizing the suitable similarity approach reduces the classical governing equations into system of highly nonlinear differential equations, which are then tackled numerically by implementing the shooting technique and MATLAB software. The novelty of the current study reveals that fluid mobility is slowed down by the magnetic field. Thermophoresis diffusion raises the temperature and concentration of dimensionless fluids, resulting in thicker thermal and concentration boundary layers, while thermal and mass buoyancy forces accelerate it. The concentration exponent, chemical reaction parameter, and Brownian motion parameter all exhibit the opposite trend with respect to temperature and concentration. A comparison of our numerical method with the current results confirms its validity and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, coral reef ecosystems are undergoing significant change related to climate change and anthropogenic activities. Yet, the Cuban archipelago of Jardines de la Reina (JR) has experienced fewer stressors due to its geographical remoteness and high level of conservation. This study examines the surface and benthic reef water microbial communities associated with 32 reef sites along the JR archipelago and explores the relationship between the community composition of reef microorganisms examined using bacterial and archaeal small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (16S rRNA gene) sequencing compared to geographic, conservation/protection level, environmental, physicochemical, and reef benthic and pelagic community features. Reef nutrient concentrations were low and microbial communities dominated by picocyanobacteria and SAR11 and SAR86 clade bacteria, characteristic of an oligotrophic system. Reef water microbial community alpha and beta diversity both varied throughout the archipelago and were strongly related to geography. Three sites in the western archipelago showed unique microbial communities, which may be related to the hydrogeography and influences of the channels linking the Ana Maria gulf with the Caribbean Sea. Overall, this work provides the first extensive description of the reef microbial ecology of the Caribbean's 'Crown Jewel' reef system and a framework to evaluate the influence of ongoing stressors on the reef microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decade, a great deal of research has focused on the determination of potential toxic elements by total concentration and identification the microorganisms in dust. However, determining bio-relevant (e.g., inhalable) forms of elements instead of total contents in acids is necessary for human health. Moreover, examination of the behavior of microorganism under these bio-relevant conditions and revealing the interaction between elements and pathogens is vital and necessary for deeper understanding. However, previous studies have ignored these topics. Therefore, the present study aimed to (i) investigate elements in household dusts extracted in simulated lung fluids, (ii) examine the total concentration of culturable bacteria and their biochemical responses with exposure to bio-fractions of household dusts, and (iii) assess their relations and risks using the model approaches by inhalation. Here, settled dusts were collected in 25 houses, and extracted in four simulated body fluids to determine bio-fractions of elements. Moreover, total count of potentially pathogenic and heterotrophic bacteria, and four clinically important culturable pathogens were incubated in the presence of household-dusts extracted in simulated body fluids. The activity, biofilm, biochemical and oxidative responses of pathogens were measured following household-dust exposures. Afterward, the relationship between elements and pathogen responses were evaluated, and model and derived approaches were used for risk assessments of elements and pathogens. The higher daily intake of elements obtained in artificial lysosomal fluid fraction of household dust mimicking the inflammatory condition compared to other body fluids. Moreover, bacterial responses were mainly influenced from bio-fractions of household dusts and their elemental contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification of RNA in eukaryotic cells. Previous studies have shown that m6A is pivotal in diverse diseases especially cancer. m6A corelates with the initiation, progression, resistance, invasion, and metastasis of cancer. However, despite these insights, a comprehensive understanding of its specific roles and mechanisms within the complex landscape of cancer is still elusive. This review begins by outlining the key regulatory proteins of m6A modification and their posttranslational modifications (PTMs), as well as the role in chromatin accessibility and transcriptional activity within cancer cells. Additionally, it highlights that m6A modifications impact cancer progression by modulating programmed cell death mechanisms and affecting the tumor microenvironment through various cancer‐associated immune cells. Furthermore, the review discusses how microorganisms can induce enduring epigenetic changes and oncogenic effect in microorganism‐associated cancers by altering m6A modifications. Last, it delves into the role of m6A modification in cancer immunotherapy, encompassing RNA therapy, immune checkpoint blockade, cytokine therapy, adoptive cell transfer therapy, and direct targeting of m6A regulators. Overall, this review clarifies the multifaceted role of m6A modification in cancer and explores targeted therapies aimed at manipulating m6A modification, aiming to advance cancer research and improve patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prolonged utilization of copper (Cu)-containing fungicides results in Cu accumulation and affects soil ecological health. Thus, a pot experiment was conducted using Citrus reticulata cv. Shatangju with five Cu levels (38, 108, 178, 318, and 388 mg kg−1) to evaluate the impacts of the soil microbial processes, chemistry properties, and citrus growth. These results revealed that, with the soil Cu levels increased, the soil total Cu (TCu), available Cu (ACu), organic matter (SOM), available potassium (AK), and pH increased while the soil available phosphorus (AP) and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (AN) decreased. Moreover, the soil extracellular enzyme activities related to C and P metabolism decreased while the enzymes related to N metabolism increased, and the expression of soil genes involved in C, N, and P cycling was regulated. Moreover, it was observed that tolerant microorganisms (e.g., p_Proteobacteria, p_Actinobacteria, g_Lysobacter, g_Sphingobium, f_Aspergillaceae, and g_Penicillium) were enriched but sensitive taxa (p_Myxococcota) were suppressed in the citrus rhizosphere. The citrus biomass was mainly positively correlated with soil AN and AP; plant N and P were mainly positively correlated with soil AP, AN, and acid phosphatase (ACP); and plant K was mainly negatively related with soil β−glucosidase (βG) and positively related with the soil fungal Shannon index. The dominant bacterial taxa p_Actinobacteriota presented positively correlated with the plant biomass and plant N, P, and K and was negatively correlated with plant Cu. The dominant fungal taxa p_Ascomycota was positively related to plant Cu but negatively with the plant biomass and plant N, P, and K. Notably, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (p_Glomeromycota) were positively related with plant P below soil Cu 108 mg kg−1, and pathogenic fungi (p_Mortierellomycota) was negatively correlated with plant K above soil Cu 178 mg kg−1. These findings provided a new perspective on soil microbes and chemistry properties and the healthy development of the citrus industry at increasing soil Cu levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on active particles has primarily focused on transport in relatively weak flows, during which their active swimming plays a significant role. However, in natural or manmade waterways, the ambient flow velocity and water depth can be on the order of approximately 1 m/s and 1 m, respectively, generating turbulent diffusion that may be strong enough to potentially dominate the transport process, so that the active swimming might be negligible. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework aiming at identifying the threshold at which the effects of active swimming become significant, under conditions of insufficient data for motion statistics of swimmers. While deriving the governing equation, we find that only the vertical component of the mean swimming has the potential to significantly influence the transport process. This manifests as the characteristic of inducing a non‐uniform vertical concentration distribution, in competition with the mechanism of turbulent diffusion, which leads to a uniform distribution. We obtain the analytical solution for the vertical concentration distribution, with the key dimensionless parameter α representing the interplay between the active swimming and turbulent diffusion. The threshold is found to be approximately at the order of magnitude of α ∼ 0.1, below which active swimming is considered negligible. The theoretical predictions are validated by numerical simulations employing Direct Numerical Simulation and particle tracking methods. Applying the theory to two types of microorganisms transported under different flow conditions suggests that there are typical scenarios where the active swimming is negligible, and the swimmers can be treated as passive particles. Key Points: Only the vertical component of the mean swimming velocity has the potential to significantly influence the transport of active swimmersThreshold for observable active behavior in transport reveals competition between active swimming and turbulent diffusionThere are typical scenarios where active swimming is negligible, and the swimmers can be treated as passive particles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: The existence of pathogenic microorganisms in the poultry industry associated with the progression of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need to explore natural antimicrobial agents in maintaining poultry antibacterial standards. Essential oils are broad-spectrum natural agents against bacteria, showing a remarkable ability to combat bacterial resistance. These natural compounds demonstrate more effective antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant strains than synthetic chemical antibiotics. Therefore, this review identifies the antibacterial benefits of Syzygium aromaticum essential oil in bacterial control of poultry and poultry products. The compilation of researched studies confirms that Syzygium aromaticum essential oil has proven to be a safe and effective oral antibiotic, promoting the preservation of eggs and meat without adverse impacts. Eugenol is the most significant contributor to its antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under a collaborative research and development (CRADA) agreement, LBNL scientists investigated the effect of the semi-humic substance, Proximus, on nitrogen dynamics in two contrasting soils. We specifically tested four hypotheses that Proximus (1) binds ammonium and reduces nitrification; (2) does not bind ammonium but chemically inhibits nitrification; (3) stimulates microbial immobilization of N in biomass; (4) stimulates denitrification. We performed two primary experiments, one in the laboratory using a pure culture of a nitrifying bacterium, and one in a greenhouse setting testing the fate of nitrogen and response of microbial communities in soils with and without Proximus.Our findings can be summarized as follows:•Proximus does not chemically inhibit nitrification – this conclusion was reached by analysis of the response of Nitrosomonas europaea (ATCC 19718) to Proximus addition at field relevant concentrations, relative to the known nitrification inhibitor Nitropyrin. No inhibition of growth or ammonia oxidation to nitrite was observed at field relevant concentrations.•In soils with higher clay and silt content with relatively low N fertilizer application rates (100lbs/ac), the effect of Proximus on nitrogen concentrations and microbial communities was minimal. •In sandier soils with low organic matter and clay content and with relatively low N fertilizer application rates (100lbs/ac), Proximus aided delayed availability of inorganic nitrogen in the system. •Using a stable isotope tracer (15N) we observed differential effects of Proximus on N uptake by soil microbial biomass. In sandy soils, although Proximus slowed the release of NH4+ from fertilizer, Proximus did not have any significant effect on nitrogen assimilation by soil microbes. However, in more clay rich Iowa soils, while Proximus did not affect the magnitude or timing of total NH4+ or NO3- availability, it did reduce the availability of fertilizer N to soil microbes, delaying uptake into microbial biomass.•Proximus addition did not significantly affect overall microbial (bacterial, archaeal, fungal) community composition, although specific genera of bacteria and fungi were found to be enriched or repressed due to Proximus addition.•Over the 5 week observation period, Proximus did not stimulate any significant increase in denitrification relative to fertilizer alone. In summary, we see no evidence that Proximus inhibits nitrifiers or nitrification directly, nor does it stimulate more nitrogen loss through denitrification than fertilizer application alone. We do not find strong evidence for the direct role of microbial biomass stimulation as a Proximus mode of action. A consideration for future analyses and experimental design is the fertilization rate simulated in these experiments which may be considered low relative to more intensive agricultural practices. A study of dose dependence of Proximus application rate across soil types would also illuminate the importance of potential interactions with soil mineralogy. A further consideration is the interactions between plants and soil microorganisms not considered here. Root deposition of carbon enhances microbial growth and nutrient demand and we expect that Proximus impacts on the soil microbiome and nutrient retention would differ in the presence of growing plants.

BackgroundThe subway environment, characterized by dense crowds, relatively enclosed architectural structures, and insufficient ventilation, poses various health hazards. Population health risk attributable to subway hygiene have become an important public health issue. ObjectiveTo evaluate the current environmental hygiene of metro line X in Nanjing, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of harmful factors and the establishment of relevant standards. MethodsStation halls, platforms, and carriages of Nanjing metro line X were monitored in March 2023. Six stations were selected by stratified sampling, and monitored once during the morning peak hours (9:00—11:00). Carriage monitoring was conducted after a full day of operation (21:00—22:00). The monitoring indicators included physical factors such as temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, illuminance, and noise (A-weighted); air quality factors such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), respirable particulate matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), ammonia (NH3), formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), ozone (O3), total bacterial count, and total fungi count; hygiene status of the inner surface of the central air conditioning ventilation system, such as dust accumulation, total bacterial count, and total fungi count; supply air, such as PM10, PM2.5, total bacterial count, and total fungi count; and surface microorganisms on objects, such as total bacterial count, total fungi count, coliform bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus. Results were evaluated and discussed according to Hygienic indicators and limits for public places (GB 37488-2019) and Hygienic specification of central air conditioning ventilation systems in public buildings (WS 394-2012). ResultsThe environmental temperature medians (P25, P25) in the platforms and carriages of Nanjing metro line X were 20.7 (19.95, 21.65) ℃ and 21.8 (19.80, 35.80) °C, respectively, which exceeded the standard limits. The relative humidity and noise level in the carriages were 38.80% (24.6%, 46.3%) and 79.50 (76.25, 82.00) dB, respectively, failing to meet the national health standards. The total fungi count in supply air in 22.2% of the monitoring points exceeded the standard value. Coliform bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus were detected on the surfaces of some high-touch objects, with the bathroom faucet being the most severely contaminated. The medians (P25, P25) of temperature [21.8 (19.8, 35.8) ℃], wind speed [0.48 (0.39, 1.02) m·s−1], noise [79.5 (76.25, 82.00) dB, and CO2 content [0.079% (0.070%, 0.091%)] in the carriages were higher than those in the station halls and platforms (P

In recent years, exopoly saccharides (EPS) produced by microorganisms have garnered attention due to their functional properties such as improving food quality, regulating intestinal microbiota, antioxidative effects, anticancer properties, immunoprevention, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Currently, research on microbial EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) in China is still in its early stages and requires further exploration. This paper comprehensively reviewed the latest advancements in the classification, biosynthesis, structural modification, functional properties, and applications of EPS produced by microorganisms both domestically and internationally. This study also focused on analyzing the biosynthetic pathways and structural features of different types of EPS, as well as the strategies for functional modification through physical, chemical, and biological methods. The aim is to provide new references and guidance for research and development in relevant fields, thereby promoting the application and industrialization of EPS in the food, pharmaceutical, and industrial sectors.

Probiotics are one of the functional and useful microorganisms that protect the host against many diseases and are used as live food supplements in food industry. Isolation of new bacteria with probiotic capabilities has expanded the effectiveness of this beneficial group of microorganisms in human and animals’ health. Considering development of pathogenic bacteria and their increasing resistance to antibiotics, the importance of studying probiotics in treatment and prevention of diseases is crucial. Medicinal plants contain natural compounds with low complications, while their combination with probiotics can have more positive and surprising effects on humans and animals’ health. Since the simultaneous use of medicinal plants and probiotics in food industry, including probiotic milk and yogurt products, can prevent the growth of pathogenic microorganisms; the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of medicinal plants on the performance and function of the probiotic microorganisms.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic, non-specific inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract including primarily Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, which are affected by multiple factors. Periodontitis is a type of disease characterized by plaque biofilm as the initiating factor and chronic destruction of alveolar bone via resorption. An increasing number of studies have reported a correlation between periodontitis and IBD, but the relationship between the two remains unclear. In this study, we explore the internal relationships between the two diseases from three dimensions, including epidemiological, biological, and associated treatment evidence. Based on epidemiological evidence, periodontitis was found to be associated with an increased risk of IBD, which also affects periodontal health, although the bidirectional correlation needs to be further studied by expanding the number of data sources. From the biological evidence, both clinical studies and animal experiments show that IBD and periodontitis are interconnected. Based on evidence from association therapy, drugs that are beneficial for the treatment of IBD are also effective in the prevention and treatment of periodontitis. In addition, drugs that are good for improving periodontitis can also significantly alleviate IBD. The interaction mechanism between IBD and periodontitis includes the microbial pathway and the immunization route. The microbial pathway refers to the increase in the probability of intestinal tract ectopic colonization by oral bacteria transmitted through the mouth-gut axis or blood, resulting from the increase in the proportion of opportunistic pathogens in the oral cavity of patients with periodontitis and the influence of IBD on the secretion of gastric juice and the balance of intestinal flora. These microorganisms further aggravate IBD inflammation by releasing virulence factors, destroying the intestinal mucosal barrier, and triggering inflammatory responses. In periodontitis, adaptive immunity is activated in the mouth, leading to the production of a large number of immune cells, including Th17 containing the intestinal homing marker α4β7 integrin on their surface. Increased ligand expression of α4β7 integrin in the intestinal mucosa of patients with IBD accelerates oral Th17 cell transfer to the intestine, thereby worsening intestinal inflammation. In parallel, the abnormal expression of cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-6, IL-21, soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), IL-23, and INF-γ, in the oral cavity of patients with IBD was observed, suggesting that IBD may affect periodontitis through immunity. These cytokines represent targets for the treatment of both diseases and provide a research direction for their prevention and treatment in the future.

Spray air leakage plugging is one of the effective means to prevent coal spontaneous combustion. Aiming at the drawbacks of high brittleness, easy cracking, and poor air leakage plugging effectiveness of traditional cement-based spraying air plugging material, biological capsule, mineral capsule and bio-mineral-fiber synergistic self-healing material were developed with microorganisms and crystalline minerals as self-healing agents. The influence of different curing humidity and curing time on the self-healing ability of material cracks was studied. The results showed that when the curing humidity was 100%, and the curing time was 35 days, the biological and mineral capsules could completely heal the cracks, with a maximum healing width of 1260 μm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate the crystal structure and elemental composition of the healing products in the crack area of self-healing material. It was found that the healing products at the crack were spherical magnesite, petal-shaped hydromagnesite, and a large amount of spherical calcite produced by bacterial mineralization, which to some extent played a role in sealing the crack. EDS analysis confirmed that the healing products were MgCO3 and CaCO3. When the curing humidity was 100%, the material had the highest air leakage plugging rate (97.15%), which was 73.62% higher than the control group samples under the same curing conditions. Finally, self-healing material was used for spraying and plugging air leakage along the coal pillar, and the results showed that no obvious cracks were found within 6 months. Compared with traditional cement mortar, self-healing material has a longer service life and better prevention effect.

Rice wine is made from rice fermented by Jiuqu. It is very popular among consumers because of its rich nutrient content and unique flavor. Microorganisms from Jiuqu or the environment play an important role in the formation of rice wine flavor. In this article, the diversity and dynamic changes of the microbial community in the brewing process of rice Jiuqu and rice wine are reviewed, the relationship between the microbial community and the formation of the flavor of rice wine is analyzed, and the current status of research on and the application value of functional microorganisms involved in the fermentation of rice wine are summarized. At last, the deficiencies of current studies on rice wine microorganisms and the metabolic mechanism of rice wine flavor are discussed, and an outlook on future research directions is given. This review will provide a theoretical reference for improving the quality of rice wine and promoting the standardized production of rice wine.

The damaging process known as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) can be triggered by the bioactivities of microorganisms. The occurrence of this phenomenon can be attributed to the presence of biodiesel in carbon steel diesel mixture storage tanks, since the biodegradability of the fuel promotes microbial development and the MIC process. In this work, the effects of different biodiesel concentrations (B0, B15, B20, B30, and B100) on biocorrosion in ST-37 carbon steel caused by three species were investigated. Some of the species confirmed to be involved are S. marcescens, B. megaterium and B. lichenisformis. These three species are undoubtedly able to survive in a biodiesel-based media. In addition to producing EPS, a species that may slow the rate at which carbon steel corrodes, biodiesel can be utilised as a supply of nutrients. Nonetheless, the diverse life cycles of microbes have the potential to accelerate corrosion of carbon steel. The average corrosion rate with the effect of B. lichenisformis is lower than the other two species, notably in the B100, with fewer colonies than S. marcescens and B. megaterium.Some of the species confirmed to be involved are S. marcescens, B. megaterium and B. lichenisformis.

Abstract The gas vesicle (GV) is like a hollow nanoparticle consisting of an internal gas and a protein shell, which mainly consists of hydrophobic gas vesicle protein A (GvpA) and GvpC attached to the surface. GVs, first discovered in cyanobacteria, are mainly produced by photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) and halophilic archaea. After being modified and engineered, GVs can be utilized as contrast agents, delivery carriers, and immunological boosters for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment with good results due to their tiny size, strong stability and non-toxicity advantages. Many diagnostic and therapeutic approaches based on GV are currently under development. In this review, we discuss the source, function, physical and chemical properties of GV, focus on the current application progress of GV, and put forward the possible application prospect and development direction of GV in the future.

Abstract A crucial determining factor in agricultural productivity is biotic stress. In addition, supply of quality food to the ever-increasing world’s population has raised the food demand tremendously. Therefore, enhanced agricultural crop productivity is the only option to mitigate these concerns. It ultimately demanded the often and indiscriminate use of synthetic agrochemicals such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, etc. for the management of various biotic stresses including a variety of plant pathogens. However, the food chain and biosphere are severely impacted due to the use of such harmful agrochemicals and their byproducts. Hence, it is need of hour to search for novel, effective and ecofriendly approaches for the management of biotic stresses in crop plants. Particularly, in plant disease management, efforts are being made to take advantage of newly emerged science i.e. nanotechnology for the creation of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) such as metallic, oxide, sulphide, etc. through different routes and their application in plant disease management. Among these, green nanomaterials which are synthesized using environmentally friendly methods and materials reported to possess unique properties (such as high surface area, adjustable size and shape, and specific functionalities) making them ideal candidates for targeted disease control. Nanotechnology can stop crop losses by managing specific diseases from soil, plants, and hydroponic systems. This review mainly focuses on the application of biologically produced green NPs in the treatment of plant diseases caused due to bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The utilization of green synthesis of NPs in the creation of intelligent targeted pesticide and biomolecule control delivery systems, for disease management is considered environmentally friendly due to its pursuit of less hazardous, sustainable, and environmentally friendly methods.

Up-flow sand filtration is an excellent alternative to point-of-use treatment for rural water supply. However, the sites and interval of microorganism growth in filter beds and the effect on bio-clogging remain unknown. This study aimed to assess microorganism growth based on biological activity levels using Dissolved Oxygen (DO) consumption and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) imaging in various zones of the filter bed. Additionally, pressure drop was monitored to evaluate bio-clogging. The results showed that microorganism activities differed within the 0.50 m up-flow sand filter bed during 8 weeks of acclimatization. Exponential growth started after day 35, and DO levels declined to a minimum of 2 mg/L at 0.10 m bed height (measured from the bottom) after day 46. At 0.30 m and 0.50 m height, the DO decreased to 0.8 mg/L and 0.3 mg/L after days 35 and 46, respectively. FE-SEM images confirmed microorganism growth on samples from 0.1 m after 4 weeks of acclimatization. Substantial growth was seen on samples of 0.10 and 0.30 m height at 8 weeks, while lesser growth was observed on samples of 0.50 m. The pressure drop showed no significant increase, signifying that clogging did not occur during the 135-day operational period. In conclusion, the up-flow configuration prevented bio-clogging in sand filters, reducing maintenance requirements.

Abstract To detect and analyze the changes of microorganisms in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) of patients with IIIB prostatitis before and after low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment, and to explore the mechanism of LIPUS in the treatment of chronic prostatitis (CP). 25 patients (study power was estimated using a Dirichlet-multinomial approach and reached 96.5% at α = 0.05 using a sample size of 25) with IIIB prostatitis who were effective in LIPUS treatment were divided into two groups before and after LIPUS treatment. High throughput second-generation sequencing technique was used to detect and analyze the relative abundance of bacterial 16 s ribosomal variable regions in EPS before and after treatment. The data were analyzed by bioinformatics software and database, and differences with P

Abstract Six corroded glazed pottery figurines, which excavated from the Qibi Ming Tomb of the Tang Dynasty in Xianyang, were selected to study the corrosion mechanism. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM–EDS), Energy X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDX), and micro-Raman spectroscopy were applied to analyze the pristine composition of the glaze layer and pottery substrate, the composition and microstructure of corrosion products. The results indicate that lead-glazed pottery figurines are low-temperature PbO-CaO-SiO2 glaze, with Pb as the main flux, and Cu, Fe as the main colorant. The corrosion products include PbCO3, CaCO3, PbCO3·PbCl2, PbCl2, PbO2, and Si-rich layer. There are Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus sclerotiorum on the surface of glazed pottery. These microorganisms produce organic acids and mold spots on the surface of the pottery figurines, which in turn cause corrosion pits to form on the surface of the figurines. Chemical corrosion reactions mainly include dissolution–precipitation, combination reaction, and oxidation reaction. This article describes the corrosion process of lead-glazed pottery figurines and establishes corresponding corrosion models. This study provides new insights into the corrosion mechanism of lead-glazed pottery, which is of great significance for studying pottery corrosion.

Kaz&inodot;m K&inodot;ratl&inodot;,1 Murat Aysin,2 Mukhtar Abdullahi Ali,1 Ahmed Mohamed Ali,1 Hakan Zeybek,3 &Scedil;ükran Köse4 1Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo&gbreve;an Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Mogadishu, Somalia; 2Balikesir University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Balikesir, Turkey; 3Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo&gbreve;an Training and Research Hospital, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Mogadishu, Somalia; 4Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Izmir, TurkeyCorrespondence: Kaz&inodot;m K&inodot;ratl&inodot;, Mogadishu Somalia Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdo&gbreve;an Training and Research Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Mogadishu, Somalia, Tel +252611522947, Email drkazimkiratli@gmail.comIntroduction: Historically, antimicrobials have been used to treat microbial illnesses in humans and animals. But throughout this time, antibiotics that had been successful against particular microorganisms started to lose their effectiveness due to rising inappropriate use brought on by ignorance, negligent attitudes, and improper methods. Our goal in conducting this study was to ascertain the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of doctors with relation to the use of antibiotics in light of the growing global and Sub-Saharan African problem of antimicrobial resistance.Methods: In a tertiary hospital in Mogadishu, Somalia, a cross-sectional survey study was carried out to assess experts’ and research assistants’ knowledge, attitudes, behavior, awareness, and practices regarding the use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. A questionnaire consisting of 2 sections and 22 questions was applied to the participants on a voluntary basis.Results: Among the 202 doctors that participated in the study, 49 (24.3%) were specialists, and 153 (75.7%) were assistants. Prescriptions for one to ten antibiotic boxes per week on average were reported by 146 respondents (72.3%). Of the physicians, just 27 (13.4%) did not require assistance when prescribing an antibiotic. The most often accessed sources of support were experts in infectious diseases (43.1%) and national/international antimicrobial guidelines (32.2%). The top three factors contributing to antibiotic resistance in Somalia include misuse of antibiotics (61.4%), unnecessary prescriptions written by doctors (44.6%), and an absence of infectious disease specialists in most institutions (44.1%).Conclusion: As an alarming level of antimicrobial resistance has been observed globally in recent years, the results of our survey will help educate our doctors by gauging their perceptions, attitudes, and knowledge about rational antibiotic use in Sub-Saharan Africa. This will provide better patient outcomes.Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, Sub-Saharan Africa, microorganism, prescription, Infectious disease, knowledge

This longevity of life expectancy has indirectly led to an increase in the number of chronic diseases such as periodontitis, apical periodontitis (AP), and diabetes mellitus (DM) in the aging society, thus affecting people's quality of life. There is an interaction between periodontitis/AP and DM with a two-way relationship. Although type 1 and 2 diabetes (T1DM, T2DM) have different etiologies, glycemic control may affect the infection, inflammation and tissue healing of periodontitis and AP. Non-surgical periodontal treatment may influence the glycemic control as shown by decrease of HbA1c level in T2DM patient. However, the effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control in T1DM and root canal treatment/apical surgery on T1DM and T2DM patients awaits investigation. DM may affect the periodontal and periapical tissues possibly via altered oral microbiota, impairment of neutrophils' activity and host immune responses and cytokine production, induction of oxidative stress etc. While periodontitis associated systemic inflammation and hyperlipidemia is suggested to contribute to the control of T2DM, more intricate studies are necessary to clarify the detailed mechanisms. The interactions between DM (T1DM and T2DM) and periodontitis and AP are therefore reviewed to provide a basis for the treatment of subsequent patients with pulpal/periodontal disease and diabetes. A two-pronged approach of medical and dental treatment is needed for the management of these patients, with emphasis on blood glucose control and improving oral hygiene and periodontal maintenance care, to ensure the best treatment outcome.

In this study, three sequencing batch biofilter granular reactors (SBBGRs) were employed to treat model lignin wastewater containing different lignin models (2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, and vanillin). After 40 days of cultivation, uniform-shaped aerobic granular sludge (AGS) was successfully developed through nutrient supplementation with synthetic wastewater. During the acclimation stage, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction efficiencies of the three reactors showed a trend of initial decreasing (5–20%) and then recovering to a high reduction efficiency (exceeding 90%) in a short period of time. During the stable operation stage, all three reactors achieved COD reduction efficiencies exceeding 90%. These findings indicated the cultivated AGS's robust resistance to changes in lignin models in water. UV–Vis spectra analysis confirmed the effective degradation of the three lignin models. Microbiological analysis showed that Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were always the dominant phyla. At the genus level, while Acinetobacter (15.46%) dominated in the inoculation sludge, Kapabacteriales (7.93%), SBR1031 (11.77%), and Chlorobium (25.37%) were dominant in the three reactors (for 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, and vanillin) after degradation, respectively. These findings demonstrate that AGS cultured with SBBGR effectively degrades lignin models, with different dominant strains observed for various lignin models. HIGHLIGHTS The aerobic granular sludge cultivated in SBBGR was applied to treat lignin models and demonstrated excellent impact resistance.; The high sludge concentration and diverse microbial community enable effective lignin model degradation.; Different strains dominated the cultured AGS in three reactors that degraded 2,6-dimethoxyphenol, 4-methoxyphenol, and vanillin, respectively.;

Salt Tolerant Microbes are a group of microorganisms that grow, develop, and survive in extremely high salt concentrations. Based on their tolerance level they generally grow up optimally at pH values beyond 9.0, but the growth is inhibited at the pH value that is most closely associated with neutral 6.5. They have minimal dietary needs and a good salt quantity that is high enough to osmotic pressure. They can produce biological metabolites that have certain actions such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer. We discussed in this article various pharmaceutical formulations of salt-tolerant microbes, every formulation shows the specific pharmacological actions like anti-cancer activity, anti-oxidant activity, and anti-microbial activity, and also discusses methods for the biosynthesis of salt-tolerant microbes’ nanoparticles.

Objective: To obtain a comparative analysis of the unqualified situation in the national food safety supervision sampling from 2020 to 2022. Methods: The information of unqualified samples in the national food safety supervision sampling from 2020 to 2022 was summarized and analyzed, including the sampling quantity, proportion of sampling types, food category, unqualified items and their related indicators and products. Results: The total quantity of annual food safety supervision sampling continuously increased from 2020 to 2022. Among which, edible agricultural products and restaurant food reached over half of the overall proportion (52.31%). A total of 34 different types of food were sampled and analyzed. Results showed that the unqualified rates of 3 types of food increased annually. Especially, the unqualified rate of edible agricultural products gradually increased from 2.23% (2020) to 3.63% (2022), while the unqualified rate of restaurant food increased from 5.99% (2020) to 8.07% (2022). Among all the unqualified items, excessive pesticide and veterinary drug residues accounted for the highest proportion, and showed an increasing trend from 35.31% to 41.16% annually. The second highest proportion was attributed to microbial pollution, whose proportion decreased yearly. Conclusion: Over the past three years, the intensity of food safety sampling has been continuously increasing. Overall, the unqualified rate of various types of food remained constant or showed downward trends. However, there was a consistent increase in the unqualified rate of edible agricultural products and restaurant food. Excessive agricultural and veterinary drugs residues were still an urgent problem to be solved. Excessive pesticide residues were mainly found on the surface of cowpeas and leeks, such as cyromazine and procymidone. Additionally, veterinary drugs, particularly enrofloxacin were abused in various products. Microbial pollution was mainly found in grain, pastry and convenience food products, indicating the need for further supervision.

The reduced nutrient digestibility of low-protein (LP) diets has been shown to be caused by the weakened fermentative capacity of the post-gut flora. The dynamic regulation of dietary protein contents on post-gut microbial population and fermentative metabolism is unclear. Twelve growing barrows (19.9 ± 0.8 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the blind end of the cecum were randomly administered a high-protein (HP, 21.5% crude protein [CP]) diet or an LP (15.5% CP) diet for 28 d. The cecal content and feces were collected at d 1, 14, and 28 of the experiment for microflora structures and metabolite concentrations analysis. The nutrient digestibility coefficient and plasma biochemical parameters were also determined. Compared with the HP treatment, the LP treatment showed decreased plasma urea nitrogen concentration and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, and CP (P

This study aims to discover the application of bioconvection and heat absorption or omission aspect of 2D incompressible MHD Oldroyd-B nanofluid over the stagnation region. Directed by suitable similarity transformations, the system of PDEs is transformed into a system of coupled nonlinear ODEs. The results were made by using Runge–Kutta shooting technique. The Buongiorno model is capitalized while Oldroyd-B model is employed for portraying the viscoelastic behavior of the flow. In order to visualize the impact of relevant parameters on momentum boundary layer, temperature, concentration and microorganism profiles are computed graphically. Numerical outcomes for the local Nusselt number, Sherwood number, microorganism number and local skin friction number are calculated for different parametric situations to provide interesting features of the examination. Furthermore, it has been also observed from statistical point that the correlation coefficient of the local Nusselt number, Sherwood number, microorganism number and local skin friction number with various parametric situations are highly significant at the α = 0. 0 1 level of significance (p < 0. 0 0 0 1 for a two-tailed test). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to analyzed the characteristics of quality, microorganisms and volatile compounds after ensiling of asparagus stems and leaves. In this experiment, two commercial additives were used to silage asparagus stems and leaves, and the quality, microorganisms and volatile com‐ pounds of the stems and leaves of asparagus silage were determined after 50 days. The results showed that, compared with the CK, the content of lactic acid in asparagus silage was increased, and the pH and ammonium nitrogen/total nitrogen (NH3-N/TN) were decreased after adding additive silage. Compared with that before silage, the crude protein content in asparagus stems and leaves were increased and the content of crude fiber were decreased significantly after silage (P<0.05). The bacteria tended to be dominated by the taxa firmicutes, proteobacteria and cyanobacteria in asparagus stems and leaves after silage. ascomycota and Cyanobacteria-Chloroplast were identified as taxa predominating the fungi. 19 and 22 kinds of volatile substances were identified (the matching degree was above 80) in pre-and post-ensiling asparagus stems and leaves. The main volatile compounds of post-ensiling asparagus stems and leaves were found to be aldehydes, hydrocarbons and esters. After silage, the content of aromatic aldehydes and squalene, a useful hydrocarbon compound, were greatly increased, and the flavor and palatability were improved. It was shown that a large number of beneficial bacteria, especially cyanobacteria, were propagated in post-ensiling asparagus stems and leaves. In summary, the nutritional quality, microbial structure and flavor substances of asparagus stems and leaves are improved by adding additives silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The fluorescence decays (FDs) of 27 dried vegetative bacteria, bacterial endospores, fungi, and pollens were measured and determined using a stroboscopic technique. Pulsed nanosecond LED sources, emitting light at wavelengths of 280, 340, and 460 nm, were used for the excitation of biological samples. The implicit advantages of the stroboscopic method are high sensitivity, speed of a single measurement (10–60 s), miniaturization of the device, and relatively low price compared to the typical lifetime methods. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was used for chemometric analysis. It was found that the excitation at 340, 460, and data merged from 340 and 460 nm effectively separate individual groups of biological substances. These findings provide evidence that fluorescence decay data may allow the classification of the biological samples, and the FDs measurement method can be complementary to the study of fluorescence spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a widely distributed non-protein amino acid that serves as a crucial inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, regulating various physiological functions. As a result of its potential benefits, GABA has gained substantial interest in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries. The enzyme responsible for GABA production is glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), which catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of glutamate. Understanding the crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of GAD is pivotal in advancing our knowledge of GABA production. This article provides an overview of GAD's sources, structure, and catalytic mechanism, and explores strategies for enhancing GABA production through fermentation optimization, metabolic engineering, and genetic engineering. Furthermore, the effects of GABA on the physiological functions of animal organisms are also discussed. To meet the increasing demand for GABA, various strategies have been investigated to enhance its production, including optimizing fermentation conditions to facilitate GAD activity. Additionally, metabolic engineering techniques have been employed to increase the availability of glutamate as a precursor for GABA biosynthesis. By fine-tuning fermentation conditions and utilizing metabolic and genetic engineering techniques, it is possible to achieve higher yields of GABA, thus opening up new avenues for its application in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Continuous research in this field holds immense promise for harnessing the potential of GABA in addressing various health-related challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mianning ham is a traditional meat product in China. In this experiment, solid-phase microextraction–gas chromatography (SPME-GC-MS) and high-throughput sequencing were used to study the effects of adding Penicillium lanosum and adding the mixture of Penicillium lanosum and Staphylococcus equorum on the flavor and microbiology of Mianning ham. The results showed that the addition of the ferments resulted in an increase in the abundance of both the dominant bacterial phylum (Thick-walled Bacteria) and the dominant fungal phylum (Ascomycota). The variety of volatile flavor substances and key flavor substances increased after adding fermentation agents. A free amino acid analysis showed that hams from the Penicillium lanosum and Staphylococcus equorum group had significantly higher umami flavor amino acids than the control group and Penicillium lanosum group. Therefore, inoculation with Penicillium lanosum and Staphylococcus equorum favored the dominant bacteria and flavor of Mianning ham. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The acid pollution produced from coal gangue piles is a global environmental problem. Terminal technologies, such as neutralization, precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, membrane technology, biological treatment, and electrochemistry, have been developed for acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment. These technologies for treating pollutants with low concentrations over a long period of time in coal gangue piles appear to be costly and unsustainable. Conversely, in situ remediation appears to be more cost-effective and material-efficient, but it is a challenge that coal producing countries need to solve urgently. The primary prerequisite for preventing acidic pollutants is to clarify the oxidation mechanisms of coal gangue, which can be summarized as four aspects: pyrite oxidation, microbial action, low-temperature oxidation of coal, and free radical action. The two key factors of oxidation are pyrite and coal, and the four necessary conditions are water, oxygen, microorganisms, and free radicals. The current in situ remediation technologies mainly focus on one or more of the four necessary conditions, forming mixed co-disposal, coverage barriers, passivation coatings, bactericides, coal oxidation inhibitors, microorganisms, plants, and so on. It is necessary to scientifically and systematically carry out in situ remediation coupled with various technologies based on oxidation mechanisms when carrying out large-scale restoration and treatment of acidic coal gangue piles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by leveraging the immune system's innate capabilities to combatmalignancies. Despite the promise of tumor antigens in stimulating anti-tumor immune responses, their clinical utility is hampered by limitations in eliciting robust and durable immune reactions, exacerbated by tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms. Recent insights into the immunogenic properties of host homologous microbial antigens have sparked interest in their potential for augmenting anti-tumor immunity while minimizing off-target effects. This review explores the therapeutic potential of microbial antigen peptides in tumor immunotherapy, beginning with an overview of tumor antigens and their challenges in clinical translation. We further explore the intricate relationship between microorganisms and tumor development, elucidating the concept of molecular mimicry and its implications for immune recognition of tumor-associated antigens. Finally, we discuss methodologies for identifying and characterizing microbial antigen peptides, highlighting their immunogenicity and prospects for therapeutic application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) are widespread across various regions. While several studies have investigated the distribution of antibiotic resistance in natural environments, the occurrence and diversity of ARGs in the Three Gorges Reservoir have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we employed metagenomic sequencing techniques to investigate the abundance, diversity, and influencing factors of ARGs in the ecosystem of the Three Gorges Reservoir. A total of 874 ARGs, 20 antibiotic classes, and 6 resistance mechanisms were detected. The dominant ARG is the macB, the dominant antibiotic class is multidrug resistance (MDR), and the dominant resistance mechanism is antibiotic efflux. The microorganisms with the highest contribution to ARGs are Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria. In this region, pH and NH4+ concentration were significantly negatively correlated with the relative abundance of most ARGs, while NO3− concentration and TN were significantly positively correlated with the relative abundance of most ARGs. The results indicate that the Three Gorges Reservoir constitutes a significant reservoir of ARGs. By studying the distribution of ARGs in the sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the relationship between environmental factors and ARGs, we can more comprehensively understand the pollution status of ARGs in this area, and provide theoretical support for subsequent treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]