Search

Los organismos acuáticos pueden estar expuestos a efluentes industriales que con frecuencia contienen hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAPs). Muchos de sus efectos pueden pasar desapercibidos, por lo que, la valoración de biomarcadores permite evaluar los riesgos que pueden generar daños a la salud asociados a su metabolismo. Se evaluaron distintos biomarcadores en Aequidens metae expuesto a HAPs. Se utilizaron adultos de 6,3 ± 1,2 cm y 5,5 ± 1,6 g. Los peces fueron expuestos vía intraperitoneal a 1, 10 y 50 μg/g de fenantreno (PHE), 0,1, 1; a 10 μg/g de benzo[a]Pireno (B[a]P) y 50 μg/g β-naftoflavona. Se realizaron muestreos a los 0, 3 y 10 días. Se tomaron muestras de hígado y sangre periférica para su procesamiento. Se evaluó la actividad 7-etoxiresorufina-O-deetilasa (EROD), histometría de hepatocitos y frecuencia de micronúcleos y otras anormalidades en sangre. Encontrando incremento en la actividad EROD al día 3 de exposición para B[a]P de 10 μg/g (11,82 ± 2,27 pmol/mg/min) y BNF (9,11 ± 3,04 pmol/mg/min) con relación al control negativo (p

It is estimated that the human body is made of trillions of cells, which suffer hundreds of thousands of DNA lesions every day. Although DNA is not the only biomolecule that suffers damage, its importance lies in the fact that it is the only biomolecule that cannot be replaced by the cell, so when it suffers damage, the cell must repair it, tolerate or, in a extreme case, activate pathways that will lead to death, since the objective is to maintain cell integrity and the homeostasis of the organism. There are thousands of agents that can damage DNA, some are produced by the cell and are called 'endogenous, while others are external agents and are known as 'exogenous. The cell cannot avoid the damage caused by endogenous agents, since they are products of its metabolic activity, for example, so when they occur, cellular mechanisms are immediately activated to mitigate them. The same happens with the damage caused by exogenous agents, since the cell will do everything possible to diminish the adverse effects they can cause. The problem becomes apparent when the cell is unable to repair the damage or poorly repairs it, or repairs so much that the mechanisms are overwhelmed, when the damage remains in the DNA and a state of chromosomal instability is generated that can lead the cell to dysfunction and malignization. This state of chromosomal instability can be reflected in increased DNA breaks or micronuclei in exposed cells, which can be quantified by special methods such as the 'Comet Assay' and the 'Micronucleus Assay'. Since identifying DNA damage is a way of evaluating the toxic potential of the agents to which populations are exposed, it allows us to know their mechanisms of action and helps to understand the factors that influence the detriment in population's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome integrity is essential for the health and continuity of species. Micronuclei are biomarkers of genotoxicity and protagonists of instability and genetic chaos. A micronucleus, or Howell-Jolly body, contains DNA independent of the nucleus, which originates from anaphase delay, whose membrane is unstable and prone to rupture without repair. The DNA contained in these structures can condense, replicate, divide, however, in an asynchronous manner to the nuclear genetic material, and can even undergo chromothripsis and reincorporate into the nucleus, which causes genetic chaos and thus cancer. On the other hand, if DNA from the micronucleus is released into the cytosol, it triggers a chronic inflammatory response, senescence and apoptosis. Thus, it is vital to timely detect individuals susceptible to genomic damage, which would allow prioritizing prophylactic care. Therefore, the objective was to make a descriptive review of the most used and innovative models in the micronucleus test and the cellular and molecular advances in the knowledge of these structures, as well as their health effects, to outline a perspective and propose them as a preventive alternative of easy execution in the detection of individuals vulnerable to genotoxic agents. We searched for articles in MEDLINE published in the years 2000-2023, which included the terms "micronuclei use and causes" and "micronuclei cause and consequences". The final inclusion was determined after a review of the abstracts and subsequent analysis of the full text; articles were not included once the contributions were repetitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A adoção de uma dieta com elevada quantidade de alimentos ultra processados, vem contribuindo para o aumento das Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis (DCNT) e do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) da população. Uma alternativa para monitorar a frequência de danos ao DNA provindos de fatores ambientais é a determinação de micronúcleos (MN). A associação entre a frequência elevada de MN e diversas patologias têm sido avaliadas e detectadas em células epiteliais da mucosa oral. Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a frequência de micronúcleos na mucosa oral e os fatores associados às DCNT em indivíduos da cidade de Caxias do Sul-RS. Foram incluídos no estudo indivíduos de ambos os sexos, com idade superior a 18 anos. A coleta de amostras epiteliais da mucosa oral foi realizada com o auxílio de um swab para posterior análise de MN. Ao término da pesquisa foram coletadas 111 amostras, onde observou-se que a média de MN foi de 3,23±2,18 células, dos quais 66 indivíduos (59,5%) foram classificados como normais (de 1 a 3 células/1000), e em 45 indivíduos (40,5%) as células os classificaram como risco para o desenvolvimento de DCNT (>3 células/1000). Tais achados indicam que os hábitos alimentares, o estilo de vida e demais fatores interferem diretamente na manifestação de MN na mucosa oral da população.

The effects of Tityus serrulatus venom was accessed on the cell cycle and genetic material of Lactuca sativa L. and compared with the damages to human leukocytes, in order to evaluate its toxicity on two different cell types. Incubations of venom with human leukocytes were also held with subsequent evaluation of cell proliferation index, micronucleus and fragmented DNA. The T. serrulatus venom showed cytogenotoxic, reducing mitotic index and induced alterations in the plant cell cycle and micronuclei formation. The occurrence of cell death was evidenced by the detection of condensed nuclei, positive TUNEL signals, and presence of DNA fragmentation on lettuce cells. The scorpion venom induced DNA fragmentation and micronuclei in leukocytes. Further, the role of peptides and proteases from this venom in inducing the observed damage was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Ranitidine is a drug that is associated with mutagenesis by generating genetic alterations and / or cell carcinogenesis, but its genotoxicity in polychromatic erythrocytes is unknown. Therefore, the effect of ranitidine on DNA of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (EPC) in albino rats (Rattus norvegicus, Holtzman strain) was researched by the micronucleus test. Materials and methods: Four groups of rats were studied: negative control with physiological saline solution (0.5 ml for 15 days); positive control with cyclophosphamide (dose 50 mg / kg for 2 days) and two experimental groups treated with ranitidine (doses 2 and 4 mg / kg for 15 days). The rats were euthanized and cytological preparations were obtained by 30 min staining in 5% giemsa. Results: An increase in the size and significant increase in the number of micronuclei in the EPC was found in the experimental groups of 285.27 ± 10.25, compared to the negative control of 70.38 ± 6.47. The genotoxicity index was three times higher in the experimental groups (12.10 ± 0.49; 2 mg / kg NRT and 14.26 ± 0.51; 2 mg / kg NRT) in relation to the negative control (3.52 ± 0,32). Conclusions: Ranitidine generates an increasing stimulus of the genotoxic index with a high frequency of micronuclei in EPC of R. norvegicus strain Holtzman. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infections can be/are a global factor of mutational damage, causing undesirable changes in heredity both in the present and in future generations. All this makes the problem of infectious mutagenesis extremely urgent and requires timely assessment of the mutagenic effect and therapeutic and preventive assistance to the population in highly pathogenic viral infections. Aim: the study evaluated the effect of COVID- 19 on the genetic apparatus of buccal epithelial cells in people who had undergone coronavirus infection of varying severity. Methods: The genetic status of people 2-3 months after infection with COVID-19 was studied by karyological and micronucleus analysis in buccal epithelial cells of the oral cavity. Results and Discussion: Reliable increase of karyological indices (cytogenetic disorders (micronuclei), proliferation indices, nucleus destruction indices) in the buccal epithelium of the oral cavity was detected. The studied abnormalities were detected in all patients who underwent the disease regardless of disease severity and contacts. In patients with the severe form of COVID-19, a significant increase in cytogenetic abnormalities was noted in comparison with the data of the control group and the indices of patients with moderate and mild forms of the disease. Conclusions: contact with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, regardless of the presence of clinical manifestations, causes karyological abnormalities in the buccal epithelium of the oral cavity. This indicates its significant mutagenic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The populations of Baird's (Centronyx bairdii) and grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum) sparrows are decreasing as a consequence of the loss of their natural habitat and the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals in farming areas bordering their breeding habitat. Although these two species have been studied from an ecological perspective, there is no research on the presence of abnormalities in their leukocyte and erythrocytes counts, both of them health biomarkers. The objective of this work was to determine the spontaneous rate of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE), micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE), and nuclear buds (NBs), as well as the leucocyte differential and the heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H:L), in order to establish the health status of these sparrow species that live in Cuchillas de la Zarca, Durango, Mexico. With this aim, we captured 20 organisms of each species with mist nets. We carried two blood smears per individual which we analysed under the microscope (100x). There were no statistically significant differences among species regarding the frequencies of the various biomarkers, which had similar values to those established for other healthy bird species. Therefore, there is no evidence of genomic instability, nor of genotoxic or cytotoxic effects. Likewise, we detected no alterations in the immune system, based on the leukocyte differential and the H:L ratio evaluation. This is the first study that establishes reference values for these biomarkers among these particular species of sparrows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adoption of a diet with a high amount of ultra-processed foods has contributed to the increase in Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCD) and the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the population. An alternative to monitor the frequency of DNA damage from environmental factors is the determination of micronuclei (MN). The association between the high frequency of MN and several pathologies has been evaluated and detected in epithelial cells of the oral mucosa. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of micronuclei in the oral mucosa and the factors associated with CNCDs in individuals from the city of Caxias do Sul-RS. The study included individuals of both sexes, aged over 18 years. The collection of epithelial samples of the oral mucosa was performed with the aid of a swab for further analysis of MN. At the end of the research, 111 samples were collected, where it was observed that the mean MN was 3.23 ± 2.18 cells, of which 66 individuals (59.5%) were classified as normal (from 1 to 3 cells / 1000), and in 45 individuals (40.5%) the cells classified them as a risk for the development of NCDs (> 3 cells / 1000). Such findings indicate that eating habits, lifestyle and other factors directly interfere with the manifestation of MN in the oral mucosa of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción: las radiaciones ionizantes (RI) son capaces de perjudicar el ADN; para evaluar este fenómeno es posible utilizar la formación de micronúcleos como biomarcador de efecto temprano del daño radioinducido. El ensayo de micronúcleos con bloqueo de la citocinesis (MNBC) es una técnica citogenética que permite demostrar el impacto de agentes genotóxicos. Propósito: en el presente trabajo se describieron mecanismos moleculares involucrados en la radioinducción de micronúcleos, la técnica del MNBC, los criterios de análisis, sus aplicaciones dentro de la investigación biológica y su extensión a la clínica, con énfasis en su empleo como biomarcador del daño genético en grupos sobreexpuestos a RI. Argumentos para la discusión: el MNBC se considera un método confiable, simple y rápido y existe evidencia de su aplicabilidad para el estudio de los efectos biológicos en casos de riesgo ocupacional y en accidentes radiológicos aislados o a gran escala. Conclusiones: el MNBC es una herramienta valiosa que posibilita estimar las consecuencias por dosis bajas de RI en poblaciones involucradas y, a la vez, orientar la toma de decisiones en cuanto a su prevención o atenuación . De igual forma, puede ser utilizado en análisis del campo de la radiobiología, a fin de detallar las incidencias de las radiaciones ionizantes sobre el ADN.

El objetivo del presente estudio es utilizar Vicia faba como un bioensayo de efectos genotóxicos mediante biomarcadores. Se evaluó el efecto genotóxico de tres concentraciones (0.112, 0.056 y 0.028ppm) de Cd2+ mediante la prueba de micronúcleos en células meristemáticas, a 2 y 4 horas de exposición, aparición de aberraciones cromosómicas e índice mitótico. Al analizar frecuencia de células micronucleadas se observó un 30% con un solo micronúcleo, 33% con dos, 23% con tres y 14% hasta con cuatro micronúcleos; no se observaron aberraciones cromosómicas. El efecto de concentraciones se apreció a 4 horas de tratamiento, con el mayor número de células con micronúcleos. Esto sugiere la necesidad de incrementar tiempos de tratamientos para observar la transición de profase a metafase y poder estimar si se potencia el efecto genotóxico del mutágeno. Se concluye que V. faba resultó sensible al Cd2+ como agente tóxico, a las concentraciones expuesta, en el tiempo de exposición del genotóxico.

The Sericulture in the world has been developed for more than 5,000 years and Cuba undertake this activity as a sustainable alternative for the development of products for the biomedical, biotechnological, cosmetic and textile industries. Sericin, as a natural protein, is susceptible to the action of proteolytic enzymes; therefore it is digestible, biocompatible and biodegradable. It has been reported that it can be used in the food and cosmeceutical area due to its properties such as antioxidant and antityrosinase activity. However, nowadays the information that is known about its potential damage to DNA is scarce. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of the sericin hydrolysate SeriC for its subsequent incorporation into cosmeceutical formulations. In order to achieve this goal, two short-term tests were used, the in vitro Salmonella / microsome system (Ames test) and the in vivo model of micronucleus induction in mouse bone marrow. The results obtained in the Ames test showed that SeriC, at the concentrations tested, did not cause DNA damage. Likewise, the mouse bone marrow micronucleus induction test showed that SeriC, administered via oral, did not induce chromosomal damage or mitotic spindle damage in the erythropoietic tissue of treated animals. This was verified because an increase in the frequency of micronuclei was not observed in the doses used compared to the negative and untreated controls. These results show that the sericin hydrolysate SeriC is considered non-genotoxic under our evaluated conditions. Furthermore, it can be used as a safe raw material for its future inclusion in different formulations for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El daño a la salud asociado a exposición ocupacional de anestésicos es controversial, se ha encontrado toxicidad reproductiva, afección de órganos, cáncer y genotoxicidad. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de micronúcleos y otras anormalidades nucleares en células de mucosa bucal de personal expuesto a gases, como marcadores de genotoxicidad y citotoxicidad. Métodología: Se colectaron 164 muestras de mucosa bucal de 81 anestesiólogos que laboraban en diferentes hospitales en México, 43 personas sanas no expuestas y sin toxicomanías, y 40 pacientes tratados con antineoplásicos. Se preguntó hábitos, lugar y horas de trabajo, sistemas de eliminación de gases del centro de trabajo y datos que podrían influir en los resultados. Se realizaron frotis de mucosa bucal mediante un raspado suave, se dejaron secar, se fijaron con etanol al 80% y se tiñeron con orceína y verde rápido. Al microscopio (100X), por muestra se analizaron 2,000 células, se identificaron células micronucleadas (CMN) y anormaliades nucleares (AN) [binucleadas (CBN), núcleo lobulado (NL), cariorrexis (CR), cromatina condensada (CC), picnosis (PN) y cariólisis (CL)]. Resultados: La frecuencia de CMN es mayor en anestesiólogos que en no expuestos, [2.8 (1.9)/ 0.7(0.7)/ 1,000 células, (p:

Las problemáticas ambientales asociadas al incremento de metales pesados como el plomo han promovido la búsqueda de bioindicadores eficientes; Vicia faba es uno de los más utilizados, sin embargo, su aprovechamiento a nivel mundial ha provocado el uso indistinto de sus variedades silvestres y domesticadas, sin considerar las implicaciones del proceso de domesticación. Por tal motivo, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto genotóxico y citotóxico del plomo en células meristemáticas de raíz de semillas de V. faba silvestre y de la variedad Major (domesticada) a través de la presencia de micronúcleos y la determinación del índice mitótico, con la finalidad de conocer sus respuestas ante este metal y su relación con la domesticación, así como sugerir el uso de la variedad más sensible como bioindicador. Para ello, los meristemos radiculares se sometieron a tratamientos con 0, 0.005, 0.01 y 0.02 g L-1 de acetato de plomo y se realizaron tinciones con aceto-orceína; se obtuvo la frecuencia de micronúcleos y el índice mitótico por cada 1000 células observadas. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el acetato de plomo tiene un efecto genotóxico y citotóxico diferencial entre ambas variedades, siendo V. faba var. Major la que presenta una alta sensibilidad al metal pesado, debido a una pérdida en la resistencia al estrés, por lo que se sugiere su uso como bioindicador; mientras que en las semillas silvestres mostraron mayor tolerancia al tener un bajo grado de domesticación.

Dado que la anemia afecta el normal crecimiento y desarrollo de los niños, la Sociedad Argentina de Pediatría recomienda la suplementación preventiva diaria con sulfato ferroso. Sin embargo, el tratamiento diario puede llevar a la sobrecarga tisular de hierro provocando daño sobre proteínas, lípidos y ADN. Con el propósito de eludir estos efectos no deseados, ha surgido como alternativa la posibilidad de implementar un tratamiento alternativo que consiste en la suplementación semanal. Por otra parte, la vitamina E, es el antioxidante no enzimático liposoluble más importante y esencial en la defensa celular. A raíz de esto, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el efecto de la vitamina E sobre el sulfato ferroso en sus dos formas de administración (semanal y diaria) en linfocitos de sangre periférica humana cultivados in vitro. Se llevó a cabo el ensayo de micronúcleos con bloqueo de la citocinesis, y se realizaron 8 tratamientos que incluyen los respectivos controles y tratamientos combinados de sulfato ferroso diario y semanal con dos dosis de vitamina E. Se evidenciaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la frecuencia de micronúcleos (F= 840,04; p= 0,0). Los resultados obtenidos en este trabajo demostraron un efecto protector de la vitamina E, disminuyendo el daño que el sulfato ferroso ocasiona. Sumado a esto, se corroboró que la administración del mismo en dosis únicas semanales provoca menor daño cromosómico que en dosis diarias.

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Argentina de Antropología Biológica is the property of Revista Argentina de Antropologia Biologica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A planta Tradescantia pallida (Rose) D.R. Hunt var. purpurea tem sido utilizada em diversos modelos experimentais para detecção de danos morfofisiológicos e genéticos, por ser uma planta sensível a poluentes atmosféricos. No entanto, dentre os biotestes utilizados para avaliação do potencial mutagênico de contaminantes ambientais, o bioensaio de micronúcleo em Tradescantia (Trad-MCN) é um dos testes mais utilizados em estudos de monitoramento das condições atmosféricas. Diante do exposto, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura, identificando regiões brasileiras que utilizaram o bioensaio de micronúcleo em Tradescantia para monitorar alterações genéticas advindas da contaminação atmosférica. O levantamento de trabalhos indexados foi realizado em bancos de referência, como Portal de Períodicos CAPES, SciELO, ScienceDirect e PubMed, sendo os mesmos investigados quanto às regiões brasileiras biomonitoradas, período, área, exposição, monitoramento ativo ou passivo e planta natural ou clone. Os resultados indicaram que pesquisas baseadas no bioensaio Trad MCN foram realizadas em diversas regiões brasileiras. Verificou-se que a maioria dos trabalhos são oriundos da região sudeste, especialmente do estado de São Paulo. Esse fato pode ser atribuído ao maior número de indústrias e automóveis em circulação existentes neste estado quando comparado aos demais, podendo interferir diretamente na qualidade do ar, despertando assim o interesse no meio científico. Com base nesta investigação, o bioensaio Trad-MCN revelou eficácia, e a planta Tradescantia demonstrou ser importante indicadora biológica de danos genéticos ocasionados pela exposição aos poluentes atmosféricos, e é amplamente utilizada na região sudeste do país.

BCG vaccine (Calmette-Guérin Bacillus) for bovine tuberculous control has a variable efficiency, been necessary to produce and evaluate new vaccines. Genotoxicity of two new recombinant antituberculous potential vaccines was evaluated in Holstein Freisan calves using micronucleated erythrocytes (EMN). Five treatments were analyzed: 1) Saline solution, 2) pVAX1 vector (CV), 3) Micobacterium bovis (Mv) type 1 vaccine (PE11 [VR1]), 4) type 2 (Mv) vaccine (PPE68 [VR2]) and 5) both VR1 & VR2 vaccines. Five blood samples were taken to each organism. First sample was taken before any treatment. Samples 2 to 4 were taken every 24 hours; the fifth sample was taken at day 90 postreatment. The samples were analyzed with microscope to obtain EMN/10,000 total erythrocytes. We observed a decrease at EMN, related to age increase of the organisms (Kruskal Wallis, 95%). A comparison with control group at the end of the treatments showed significant EMN reductions at VR2 and VR1&VR2 groups (P=0.02). It seems that the results show a cytoprotecting effect but also could be a masked myelosuppressive effect (cytotoxicity) because the EMN frequency decreases with myelosuppression. It is necessary to continue with studies with young organisms in order to confirm toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Poincianella bracteosa (Tul.) L.P. Queiroz. (Fabaceae), known as catingueira, is traditionally used in medicine to treat diarrhea, hepatitis and anemia. However, there are no studies on their toxicogenetic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profile as well as the mutagenic and antimutagenic potential of P. bracteosa aqueous bark extract in Allium cepa and Mus musculus. Methods: The extract from barks was diluted in distilled water to yield the four concentrations (2, 4, 8 and 16 mg/ml) used in the A. cepa bioassay and the three doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/Kg) administered to the mice (five animals per group). The phytochemical profile was performed by the colorimetric test to identify the main secondary metabolites in the bark extract. After treatment, five-thousand meristematic cells were analyzed to determine the mitotic index, the mean number of chromosome alterations and the percentage of damage reduction. For mice, after 24, 48 and 72 h, tail blood was collected from each animal for the preparation of two slides per animal. For each animal, 2 000 normochromatic erythrocytes per mice were evaluated to establish the number of micronuclei and the protective effect. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). Results: The phytochemical analysis of the extract detected reducing sugars and tannins. None of the concentrations of extract was cytotoxic and the cytoprotective effect was observed in A. cepa for all treatments (pre-, simultaneous and post-). The total mean of chromosome alterations in all concentrations indicated a non-mutagenic activity of the bark. The percentage of damage reduction was observed in the pre- (77.6 to 90.5 %), simultaneous (95.6 to 114.7 %) and post- (84.8 to 117.7 %) treatments. In mice, none of the dosages of extract presented mutagenic effect and the percentage of damage reduction varied from -21.16 to 78.63 % (pre-); from 27.51 to 101.28 % (simultaneous) and from 85.47 to 120.63 % (post-treatment). Conclusions: Probably, the phytochemicals in the extract did not interfere with the cell cycle (A. cepa) nor caused damage to the DNA (A. cepa and mice), and exhibited protective effect in both studied species. The observed data indicate the importance of P. bracteosa bark extract for the inhibition of damage and chemoprevention. However, more studies should be carried out to ensure its protective effect on the genetic material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the effects of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems is of significant importance due to their potential to bioaccumulate at various trophic levels and induce damage in DNA. Mercury is considered one of the most dangerous heavy metals, causing chromosomal breakage (clastogenic event) or spindle dysfunction (aneugenic event), that can lead to the formation of encapsulated chromatin into a separate smaller nucleus, generally referred to as a micronucleus. We evaluated the sensitivity of the micronucleus test in the neotropical cichlid Andinoacara rivulatus (Günther 1860). The fish were divided into four groups of 16 individuals, and each group was placed in separate aquaria (140 L) provided with filtered water and constant aeration. Fish were exposed to mercury chloride (HgCl2) at doses 0.1, 0.25, and 0.50 mg/kg body weight, administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Fish from the control group were injected with a physiologic solution. The following erythrocyte anomalies were identified: erythrocytes with micronuclei varying to some extent in size and position in the cytoplasm, blebbed nucleus, binucleated cell, nuclei showing a deep invagination toward the center (notched nuclei). Examination of blood smears demonstrated a higher level of micronucleus and notched erythrocytes in fish injected with HgCl2 than in the controls. There were significant differences in the frequency of micronucleated and notched erythrocytes among the groups exposed to mercury. Linear regression analysis revealed a positive relationship between the frequency of micronucleated and notched erythrocytes (P< 0.0001), with a moderately strong correlation coefficient (R= 0.737). We propose that, in addition to the two so far known mechanisms of micronucleus formation (spindle apparatus damage and chromosomal ruptures), chromatin fragmentation in notched nuclei resulting from a combination of the cytotoxic effects of mercury and mechanical stress, may be a third mechanism of micronuclei genesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate potential DNA damage and cytotoxicity in pathology laboratory technicians exposed to organic solvents, mainly xylene. Peripheral blood and buccal cells samples were collected from 18 technicians occupationally exposed to organic solvents and 11 non-exposed individuals. The technicians were sampled at two moments: Monday and Friday. DNA damage and cytotoxicity were evaluated using the Comet Assay and the Buccal Micronucleus Cytome assay. Fifteen subjects (83.5%) of the exposed group to solvents complained about some symptom probably related to contact with vapours of organic solvents. DNA damage in the exposed group to solvents was nearly 2-fold higher on Friday than on Monday, and in both moments the individuals of this group showed higher levels of DNA damage in relation to controls. No statistical difference was detected in buccal cell micronucleus frequency between the laboratory technicians and the control group. However, in the analysis performed on Friday, technicians presented higher frequency (about 3-fold) of karyolytic and apoptotic-like cells (karyorrhectic and pyknotic) in relation to control group. Considering the damage frequency and the working time, a positive correlation was found in the exposed group to solvents (r=0.468; p=0.05). The results suggest that pathology laboratory workers inappropriately exposed to organic solvents have increased levels of DNA damage.

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that is present in air, water and soil. Soil bacteria play an important role in the oxidation of this element. This article describes the use of plants as bioassay for the detection of genotoxicity induced leaching of soils with arsenic (As). Test micronuclei induction was used stem cells pollen Tradescantia clone 4430 (Trad-MCN). The results demonstrate that the micronuclei frequency was higher for soil leachate from the community of the Salitre, Hidalgo, and the community of Bella Vista del Río, Queretaro, in Mexico. Compared with the control group of leachates soil for the Municipality of Querétaro. In all cases there was a significant difference (Tukey p> 0,05). Also resulting in good linear correspondence R2 = 0,94 and the slope of the equation that represents a velocity induced MNs 100/0,05 tetrads each μgAs.L-1.

Introducción: Los plaguicidas organofosforado son compuestos utilizados para el control de plagas en actividades agrícolas; genera exposición ocupacional asociada a posibles intoxicaciones agudas y crónicas que se manifiestan por alteraciones a nivel bioquímico, molecular y genético, los cuales pueden ser evaluados mediante el uso de marcadores genotoxicológicos. Objetivo: Determinar el uso de marcadores genotoxicológicos para la evaluación de agricultores expuestos a plaguicidas organofosforados. Diseño: Observacional, analítico, transversal con grupo control. Lugar: Empresa de agroexportación de espárragos en el Distrito de Virú, La Libertad. Intervenciones: Se determinó la actividad enzimática de la colinesterasa sérica (BChE) y eritrocitaria (AChE), y se hizo ensayos de genotoxicidad (aberraciones cromosómicas, ensayo cometa y micronúcleos) en 59 trabajadores expuestos a plaguicidas (grupo expuesto) y 50 personas sin exposición a plaguicidas (grupo control). Principales medidas de resultados: Actividad enzimática de la colinesterasa sérica (BChE) y eritrocitaria (AChE), y ensayos de genotoxicidad (aberraciones cromosómicas, ensayo cometa y micronúcleos). Resultados: Las edades promedio del grupo expuesto y control fueron de 39,6±10,8 y 34,0±11,5 años, respectivamente. En referencia a la actividad BChE, se encontró diferencia significativa (p

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that is present in air, water and soil. Soil bacteria play an important role in the oxidation of this element. This article describes the use of plants as bioassay for the detection of genotoxicity induced leaching of soils with arsenic (As). Test micronuclei induction was used stem cells pollen Tradescantia clone 4430 (Trad-MCN). The results demonstrate that the micronuclei frequency was higher for soil leachate from the community of the Salitre, Hidalgo, and the community of Bella Vista del Río, Queretaro, in Mexico. Compared with the control group of leachates soil for the Municipality of Querétaro. In all cases there was a significant difference (Tukey p> 0,05). Also resulting in good linear correspondence R² = 0,94 and the slope of the equation that represents a velocity induced MNs 0,5/100 tetrads each μgAs.L-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: malnutrition is one of the most common health problems among children in underdeveloped countries, including Mexico. Previous studies have indicated increased genetic damage in malnourished humans and animal models, but the essential mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we assessed the effects of malnutrition on the frequency of micronucleus (MN) in reticulocytes (RET) from the peripheral blood of well-nourished uninfected (WN), well-nourished infected (WNI), moderately malnourished infected (UNM) and severely malnourished infected (UNS) children. Moreover, lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant status were evaluated to investigate the role of oxidative processes in malnutrition-associated genotoxicity.Methods: the antioxidant status of the study population was determined by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the red blood cells and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in whole blood.Results: the UNS and UNM groups have increased percentages of MN-RET compared to the WNI group. Moreover, the data showed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and a decrease in erythrocyte SOD activity and GPX activity in the malnourished group compared to the well-nourished infected children.Conclusion: the data suggest that the antioxidant system was impaired in the cells of malnourished children and that oxidative stress causes a significant increase in DNA damage, as evaluated by the MN-RET frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The frequency of micronucccle appears high in exposed tissues well before any clinical symptom is evident, making it a valuable tool in the prevention of oral carcinogenesis. Objective: to analyze, from the literature, evaluation of the basal frequency of micronuccle in basal cells of the oral mucosa in patients with oral cancer. Method: integrative review, having as a guiding question: is there a change in micronuccle frequency in patients with oral cancer? The inclusion criteria were: articles available online in the period 2012 to 2017, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, covering the theme of the study, in the databases Scielo and Pubmed, using the descriptors: micronuccle (micronuccle) and cancer of the mouth (cancer of the mouth/mouth cancer). 356 articles were detected, 23 met the inclusion criteria. Results: In a joint analysis of the articles, it was observed that the studies affirmed the elevation of micronuccle frequency. Conclusion: Therefore, it is important the scientific production about the basal frequency of micronuccle, aiming at the applicability of the micronuccle test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El estudio de la genotoxicidad en modelos murinos es útil para responder las dudas relacionadas con la seguridad por el uso de nanomateriales, sobre todo cuando se pretende el desarrollo de nuevas opciones terapéuticas. El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad genotóxica de AgNPs Argovit™ a partir de la técnica de micronúcleos en reticulocitos de sangre periférica de ratones, prueba ampliamente utilizada para conocer el potencial genotóxico de diferentes agentes. Las nanopartículas de plata se suministraron en dosis terapéuticas por vía oral (indicadas para perros como tratamiento para el moquillo) durante tres días a un grupo conformado por siete ratones y a otros dos grupos con igual número de ratones se administró respectivamente agua inyectable y arabinosa C. Los especímenes fueron medidos, pesados antes y después del experimento. También se tomaron diariamente muestras de sangre periférica mediante un corte en la punta de la cola para posteriormente realizar extendidos sobre portaobjetos para la prueba de micronúcleos en reticulocitos. Los frotis se fijaron en etanol al 80 % y se tiñeron con anaranjado de acridina para posteriormente leer en 1000 reticulocitos la presencia de micronúcleos con microscopio de fluorescencia. Los resultados preliminares muestran diferencias significativas en el número de micronúcleos en reticulocitos entre los tres grupos, por lo que se requiere comprobar este resultado con otro tipo de modelos in vitro.

Esta investigación se realizó en el municipio de Bahía Solano, Colombia y tuvo como objetivos: 1) detectar la circulación de eritrocitos con lesiones nucleares en 55 hembras adultas de tortuga golfina (Lepidochelys olivacea), empleando la inmunotinción de naranja de acridina y 2) correlacionar sus frecuencias con aspectos biométricos y fisiológicos. Se determinó una frecuencia de eritrocitos con micronúcleos (EMN) de 0,6 ± 0,6 y de protuberancias nucleares (EPN) de 2,1 ± 1,9. Mediante un análisis multivariado a través de la correlación de Pearson y de Kruskal-Wallis (p

Anatomical alterations in leaves and DNA damage in cells caused by the accumulation of atmospheric pollutants can be measured by epidermal leaf analyses and Tradescantia micronuclei assay with early pollen tetrad cells. The present study examined the feasibility of using somatic and germ cells of Tradescantia pallida for biomonitoring purposes in the city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil. Stomatal, micronucleus and epidermal leaf analyses were performed, using standard methodologies, on plants growing at three locations during six different time periods. Tradescantia micronuclei data were analyzed using SAS 9.2 software package and stomatal data were analyzed using SANEST software. Analyses of stomatal characteristics and micronuclei examination in T. pallida were found to be an efficient tool for monitoring atmospheric pollution. The micronucleus assay suggested that the number of micronuclei in early pollen tetrad cells was related to the intensity of vehicular traffic. Increased number of epidermal cells and stomata and increased stomatal density observed at locations with greater vehicular traffic are likely physiological responses of those plants to the increased gas exchange in highly polluted environments.

Ver resumo em pdf.

Objective. To determine the number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in Mexico's indigenous population. Materials and methods. One hundred twenty indigenous individuals were evaluated, including thirty from the ethnicities Cora, Huichol, Tarahumara and Tepehuano. The number of micronuclei (MN) and any nuclear abnormality (NA) in oral mucosa cells, including cells with nuclear buds, binucleated cells, cells with karyolysis, karyorrhetic, condensed chromatin and pyknotic cells were determined for each participant. Results. Tepehuano and Tarahumaras showed the greatest damage to DNA. The Tepehuano group presented the highest number of MN and NA, this being a significant difference (p < 0.05) compared with the rest of the studied groups. This group also presented the highest herbicide exposure (46.7%). In relation to the smoking and drinking habits, these were more frequent in the Tarahumara group (33.3 and 50% respectively). Conclusion. The ethnic diversity, habits and customs may influence the DNA nuclear integrity in the Amerindian groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted in the municipality of Bahia Solano, Colombia, and had as a goal to detect damage erythrocytes circulating with nuclear lesions in fifty-five Olive Ridley adult females using acridine orange immunostain, and correlate its frequencies with some physiological and biometric parameters. We determine a micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE) frequency of 0.6 ± 0.6 and nuclear buds (NBE) of 2.1 ± 1.9. We not found any relationship between the nuclear lesions with physiological or biometric parameters evaluated (Pearson and Kruskal-Wallis, p<0.05). We define a significative statistical difference (p=0.035) between both nuclear lesions frequencies. This results show nuclear damages in erythrocytes of Olive Ridley sea turtle for the first time in Colombia as an outcome of genotoxic stress. Also contributes key information for future research in the ecotoxicology area for endangered marine species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Overweight in pregnancy is a chronic inflammatory process that increases the production of free radicals and oxidative stress. The increase of free radicals can cause ruptures to DNA and form micronuclei, their presence and frequency represents genomic damage, so the micronucleus assay in exfoliated cells is a specific biomarker to evaluate the exposure to genotoxic, teratogenic and carcinogenic compounds. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the number of micronuclei in oral mucosa cells of mothers with normal weight, overweight and their newborns. Material and Methods. This was a cross-sectional study, mothers and their newborns were analyzed according to the mother's BMI. Cheek mucosa cells were sampled and stained with acridine orange for analysis under fluorescence microscopy. The non-parametric Mann Whitney U test of the SPSS statistical package was used to establish differences between the groups. Results. Overweight mothers and their newborns had a higher number of micronuclei compared to the normal weight group (p <0.05). Discussion. Our results show that there is DNA damage in overweight mothers and their newborns. It may be due to the inflammatory process characteristic of overweight and consequent increase of free radicals, showing that the intrauterine environment may be prone to imbalances between pro and anti oxidants that affect the development of the fetus, evidencing the teratogenic potential of obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the beneficial effects related to the use of pesticides as in the control of important pests and vectors in public health, many of these products may present potential hazards to the environment and human health. Pesticides are considered genotoxic compounds capable of inducing direct and indirect DNA damage. To evaluate the genetic damage, biomonitoring studies have been increasingly applied because beyond to identify the potential risk of emergence of disease in exposed populations, also helps to identify risk factors and appropriate measures to be implemented in the control of these aggression on human health. The micronucleus (MN) assay offers advantages in relation to other biomonitoring tests including low cost, easier technical procedure, analysis speed for screening large number of substances, and various cell types such as peripheral blood lymphocytes, epithelial cells of the oral mucosa, vaginal mucosa, among others may be used for this assay. It is considered the gold standard for cytogenetic evaluation of lesions occurring in DNA, it serves as mutagenicity index and as a monitoring tool, whereas the MN frequency returns to baseline levels when the organism remains for some time without contact with these inducing agents. Thus, the objective of this review is to demonstrate the importance of the MN assay as a tool for evaluation of occupational exposure to pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrast media (CM) are frequently used in diagnostic radiology and in radiotherapy as a diagnostic tool and in treatment planning. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds induce chromosomal aberrations. This study evaluates the mutagenic effects induced by the contrast medium Urografina® 292 (meglumine amidotrizoate and sodium-ionic dimmer) in bone marrow cells (BMC) of mice in vivo. Micronuclei assay was performed in BMC of CF-1 mice injected with CM 1.5 and 3.0 mL/kg intravenous doses and 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 mL/kg intraperitoneal doses. The animals were beheaded 24 h after treatment by cervical dislocation, and femur BMC from each animal were used in the micronucleus test. The group treated with the highest intravenous injection of Urografina® 292 (3.0 mL/kg) presented an increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCEs) in relation at the control group (P® 292 may cause a significant increase of cytogenetic damage in bone marrow cells of mice.Meios de contraste (MC) são freqüentemente utilizados em radiodiagnóstico e em radioterapia como uma ferramenta de diagnóstico e em planejamento do tratamento. Estudos prévios demonstraram que estes compostos induzem aberrações cromossômicas. Este estudo avaliou os efeitos mutagênicos induzidos pelo meio de contraste Urografina® 292 (Amidotrizoate de meglumina e sódio-dímero iônico) em células da medula óssea (BMC) de camundongos in vivo. Teste de micronúcleos foi realizado em BMC de camundongos CF-1, injetados com MC intravenoso nas doses 1,5 e 3,0 mL/kg e intraperitonealmente nas doses 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0 mL/kg. Os animais foram decapitados 24 horas após o tratamento por deslocamento cervical, e as BMC dos fêmures de cada animal foram utilizados no teste de micronúcleos. O grupo tratado com injeção intravenosa mais elevada de Urografina® 292 (3,0 mL/kg) apresentou um aumento na freqüência de eritrócitos policromáticos micronucleados (MNPCEs) em relação ao grupo controle (P® 292 pode causar um aumento significativo de danos citogenéticos em células da medula óssea de camundongos.

The increasing tomato demand for the food market motivates improvements and the use of new biotechnologies in this fruit's production. The hybrid crop stands out for fruit production resistant to rot and postharvest wilt (long-life crops). Within this context, consumption of genetically modified food deserves attention regarding the safety and nutritional aspects due to the fact that inclusion and/or overexpression of genetic traits can cause harm to human health in the short or long term. In this scenario, this study aimed to evaluate genotoxicity and mutagenicity from different varieties of long-life tomatoes obtained by genetic breeding and also determines main bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The genotoxicity and mutagenicity were analyzed via the micronucleus test and the evaluation of chromosome aberrations in mice bone marrow respectively. We have also analyzed carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, total phenol and flavonoid contents via spectrophotometry and antioxidant activity via DPPH radical scavenging assay. Considering the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that despite the absence of significant genotoxic activity among the evaluated samples, the antioxidant activity and the differences found in composition seems to be ruled by genetic factors, possibly due to the genetic breeding.