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14 results on '"micro-work"'

1. Counting 'micro-workers': societal and methodological challenges around new forms of labour.

Author

Tubaro, Paola, Le Ludec, Clément, and Casilli, Antonio A.

Subjects
INTERNET traffic, WEB analytics, LABOR, QUANTITATIVE research, COUNTING
Abstract

'Micro-work' consists of fragmented data tasks that myriad providers execute on online platforms. While crucial to the development of data-based technologies, this poorly visible and geographically spread activity is particularly difficult to measure. To fill this gap, we combined qualitative and quantitative methods (online surveys, in-depth interviews, capture-recapture techniques and web traffic analytics) to count micro-workers in a single country, France. On the basis of this analysis, we estimate that approximately 260,000 people are registered with micro-work platforms. Of these, some 50,000 are 'regular' workers who do micro-tasks at least monthly and we speculate that using a more restrictive measure of 'very active' workers decreases this figure to 15,000. This analysis contributes to research on platform labour and the labour in the digital economy that lies behind artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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3. Microwork in Brazil. Who are the workers behind artificial intelligence?

Author

Matheus Viana Braz, Tubaro, Paola, Casilli, Antonio A., and Tubaro, Paola

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], [SHS.PSY] Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, [INFO.INFO-CY] Computer Science [cs]/Computers and Society [cs.CY], Artificial Intelligence, [SHS.SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, Data work, Micro-work, Brazil
Abstract

The report lifts the curtain on the Brazilian data workers involved in global AI production chains. They do 'micro-tasks' to generate and annotate data for machine learning, while also checking algorithmic outputs and occasionally, taking the place of failing automation. They use international digital labor platforms through which they execute on-demand tasks, mostly for AI producers located in the Global North. As platform workers, they are paid by piecework and have no long-term commitment to the buyers of their outputs. Some highlights:- Three out of five Brazilian data workers are women, while in most other previously-surveyed countries, women are a minority (one in three or less). - 9 reais (1.73 euros) per hour is the average amount earned on platforms.- There are at least 54 micro-working platforms operating in Brazil.- One third of Brazilian data workers have no other source of income, and depend on microworking platforms for subsistence.- Two out of five Brazilian data workers are (apart from this activity) unemployed, without professional activity, or in informality. In Brazil, platform microwork arises out of widespread unemployment and informalization of work.- Three out of five of data workers have completed undergraduate education, although they mostly do repetitive and unchallenging online data tasks, suggesting some form of skill mismatch.- The worst microtasks involve moderation of violent and pornographic contents on social media, as well as data training in tasks that workers may find uncomfortable or weird, such as taking pictures of dog poop in domestic environments to train data for "vacuuming robots".- Workers' main grievances are linked to uncertainty, lack of transparency, job insecurity, fatigue and lack of social interaction on platforms.

Published
2023

4. Heteromação e microtrabalho no Brasil

Author

Matheus Viana Braz

Subjects
Heteromação, plataformização do trabalho, microtrabalho, trabalho por peça, platformization of labor, General Social Sciences, Sociology (General), Ciências Sociais, Sociologia, heteromation, heteromação, micro-work, piece work, HM401-1281
Abstract

Resumo No paradigma da heteromação do trabalho, as mudanças operadas pela informatização da economia fazem com que uma massa expressiva de trabalhadores passe a desempenhar atividades essenciais, mas marginais. Objetiva-se, neste estudo, analisar as diferentes formas de microtrabalho heteromatizado remunerado presentes em território nacional, de maneira a lançar luzes compreensivas sobre as condições e especificidades do contexto laboral brasileiro. Para tanto, primeiro foi realizado um levantamento e descrição dos crowdworks de microtarefas em operação no Brasil. Depois, a partir do método netnográfico nos inserimos em 22 grupos de Facebook e de Whatsapp voltados a esse mercado (o que totaliza uma base de cerca de 16 mil perfis registrados) e os acompanhamos durante sete meses. Conclui-se que, no Brasil, há uma importante reserva de mão de obra de microtrabalho e que não estamos diante de um cenário isolado, monolítico e homogêneo. O microtrabalho está imbricado em novas formas de extração de valor da plataformização do trabalho e deve ser compreendido em meio a cadeias de produção mais amplas, globais, onde as condições de trabalho são polissêmicas, assimétricas e regidas mormente por países do Norte global.◊ Abstract In the heteromation paradigm of work, the changes brought about by the computerization of the economy lead to a significant mass of workers performing essential but marginal activities. The objective of this study is to analyze the different forms of heteromatized remunerated microwork available in the national territory, in order to clarify the conditions and specificities of the Brazilian labor context. To do so, first a survey and description of microtask crowdworks in operation in Brazil was carried out. Then, using the netnographic method, we joined 22 Facebook and WhatsApp groups focused on this market (which totaled a base of around 16 thousand registered profiles) and followed them for seven months. Findings suggest that Brazil has an important part of the world’s reserve of micro-work labor and that we are not facing an isolated, monolithic and homogeneous scenario. Micro-work is imbricated in new ways of extracting value from the platformization of work and must be understood in the midst of global production chains, where working conditions are polysemic, asymmetric and mainly governed by global North countries.

Published
2021

5. Hidden inequalities: the gendered labour of women on micro-tasking platforms

Author

Tubaro, Paola, Coville, Marion, Le Ludec, Clément, Casilli, Antonio, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TAckling the Underspecified (TAU), Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique (LISN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherche en Gestion (CEREGE), Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Poitiers (IAE Poitiers), Université de Poitiers-Université de Poitiers-Université de Poitiers-La Rochelle Université (ULR)-Excelia Group | La Rochelle Business School, Université de Poitiers, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme - Paris Saclay (MSH Paris-Saclay), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), Département Sciences Economiques et Sociales (SES), Télécom ParisTech, Numérique, Organisation et Société (NOS), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris (I3 SES), Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), FO-IRESFrance StratégieMSH Paris-Saclay, ANR-19-CE10-0012,HUSH,La chaîne d'approvisionnement humaine derrière les technologies intelligentes(2019), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec, Université de Poitiers-Université de Poitiers-Université de Poitiers-Université de La Rochelle (ULR)-Excelia Group | La Rochelle Business School, Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3, une unité mixte de recherche CNRS (UMR 9217)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), and Télécom Paris

Subjects
[SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, Gender bias, JEL: Z - Other Special Topics/Z.Z1 - Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology, JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor/J.J2.J22 - Time Allocation and Labor Supply, micro-work, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Digital platform labour, women's work, Inequality, Social capital, [INFO.INFO-CY]Computer Science [cs]/Computers and Society [cs.CY], JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D1 - Household Behavior and Family Economics/D.D1.D13 - Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation, gender, ddc:300, social capital, Women, gender inequalities
Abstract

International audience; Around the world, myriad workers perform micro-tasks on online platforms to train and calibrate artificial intelligence solutions. Despite its apparent openness to anyone with basic skills, this form of crowd-work fails to fill gender gaps, and may even exacerbate them. We demonstrate this result in three steps. First, inequalities in both the professional and domestic spheres turn micro-tasking into a ‘third shift’ that adds to already heavy schedules. Second, the human and social capital of male and female workers differ– leaving women with fewer career prospects within a tech-driven workforce. Third, female micro-work reproduces relegation of women to lower-level computing work observed in the history of science and technology.

Published
2022

7. La importancia de la extensión para que las “micro-obras” puedan acceder a la protección de los derechos de autor

Author

Acosta Sánchez, Juan Felipe, Villa Hoyos, Alejandro, Acosta Sánchez, Juan Felipe, and Villa Hoyos, Alejandro

Abstract

Gracias a los avances tecnológicos y al uso de las redes sociales, cualquier creación intelectual, por más pequeña o banal que parezca, puede llegar a ser una gran fuente de ingresos para su autor. Es por esta razón que los abogados deben estar preparados para saber cuándo esas creaciones de la era digital pueden protegerse por medio de los instrumentos de la propiedad intelectual. El siguiente artículo de investigación se enfoca en estudiar las creaciones intelectuales de menor tamaño, y en analizar qué tanto influye la extensión de una obra para adquirir la protección que otorgan los instrumentos de la propiedad intelectual, y, en particular, el derecho de autor. A fin de analizar la importancia de la extensión de las micro-obras para conseguir la protección señalada, se realizó un análisis de las leyes y circulares nacionales de varios países, de tratados internacionales, sentencias judiciales y doctrina que establecen los requisitos necesarios para que una creación intelectual se pueda proteger por esa vía. El artículo brinda elementos para responder ¿cuándo las obras con una corta extensión como los pasos de baile, un sonido, un trino o incluso una frase puedan ser protegidas por los derechos de autor?, Thanks to technological advances and the use of social networks, any intellectual creation, however small or banal it may seem, can become a great source of income for its authors. It is for this reason that we lawyers must be prepared to know when these works of the digital age can be protected by the instruments of the intelectual property. The following research article focuses primarily on studying the shortest intellectual creations, and analyzing how much the extent of a work influences the acquisition of copyright protection. In order to analyze the importance of the extension of a work to achieve copyright protection, an analysis was made of the national laws of various countries, international treaties, various sentences and different concepts that establishes the necessary requirements so that an intellectual creation can be protected by copyright. This article intends to try to define the limits of the extent of a work so that an intellectual creation may acquire copyright protection.

Published
2021

8. The trainer, the verifier, the imitator: Three ways in which human platform workers support artificial intelligence

Author

Paola Tubaro, Antonio A. Casilli, Marion Coville, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TAckling the Underspecified (TAU), Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institutions et Dynamiques Historiques de l'Économie et de la Société (IDHES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), Sociologie Information-Communication Design (SID), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris (I3 SES), Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Sciences Economiques et Sociales (SES), Télécom ParisTech, Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Poitiers (IAE Poitiers), Université de Poitiers, CEntre de REcherche en GEstion - EA 1722 (CEREGE), Université de Poitiers-Université de Poitiers-Université de Poitiers-La Rochelle Université (ULR), This paper presents results of a larger study called Digital Platform Labour (DiPLab), co-funded by Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Paris-Saclay, Force Ouvrière, a workers’ union, as part of a grant from Institut de recherches économiques et sociales (IRES), and France Stratégie, a service of the French Prime Minister’s office. The platform Foule Factory offered logistical support, and Inria provided complementary funding. For more information: http://diplab.eu, Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3, une unité mixte de recherche CNRS (UMR 9217)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université de Poitiers-Université de Poitiers-Université de Poitiers-Université de La Rochelle (ULR), École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris

Subjects
Information Systems and Management, Computer science, Trainer, Big data, 050801 communication & media studies, lcsh:A, Library and Information Sciences, micro-work, Digital platform labour, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], 0508 media and communications, datafied production processes, 0502 economics and business, 050207 economics, Focus (computing), [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, business.industry, Communication, 05 social sciences, artificial intelligence, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Computer Science Applications, machine learning, Artificial intelligence, lcsh:General Works, business, Information Systems
Abstract

International audience; This paper sheds light on the role of digital platform labour in the development of today's artificial intelligence, predicated on data-intensive machine learning algorithms. Focus is on the specific ways in which outsourcing of data tasks to myriad 'micro-workers', recruited and managed through specialized platforms, powers virtual assistants, self-driving vehicles and connected objects. Using qualitative data from multiple sources, we show that micro-work performs a variety of functions, between three poles that we label, respectively, 'artificial intelligence preparation', 'artificial intelligence verification' and 'artificial intelligence impersonation'. Because of the wide scope of application of micro-work, it is a structural component of contemporary artificial intelligence production processes - not an ephemeral form of support that may vanish once the technology reaches maturity stage. Through the lens of micro-work, we prefigure the policy implications of a future in which data technologies do not replace human workforce but imply its marginalization and precariousness.

Published
2020

9. Counting ‘micro-workers’: societal and methodological challenges around new forms of labour

Author

Antonio A. Casilli, Clément Le Ludec, Paola Tubaro, TAckling the Underspecified (TAU), Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institutions et Dynamiques Historiques de l'Économie et de la Société (IDHES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris (I3 SES), Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Département Sciences Economiques et Sociales (SES), Télécom ParisTech, Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), Sociologie Information-Communication Design (SID), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Cet article présente des résultats issus du projet de recherche 'Digital Platform Labor' (DiPLab), cofinancé par la Maison des Sciences de l'Homme Paris-Saclay, projet 17MA07, Force Ouvrière - Institut de recherches économiques et sociales (IRES), et France Stratégie., Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3, une unité mixte de recherche CNRS (UMR 9217)), École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, and École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris

Subjects
Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management, Measure (data warehouse), JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D2 - Production and Organizations, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, Computer science, business.industry, 020209 energy, 05 social sciences, 02 engineering and technology, digital platforms, labour statistics, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, Data science, JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor/J.J2.J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure, Analytics, Web traffic, 0502 economics and business, 8. Economic growth, Industrial relations, JEL: C - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods/C.C8 - Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs/C.C8.C81 - Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Micro-work, Digital economy, business, 050203 business & management
Abstract

International audience; 'Micro-work' consists of fragmented data tasks that myriad providers execute on online platforms. While crucial to the development of data-based technologies, this little visible and geographically spread activity is particularly difficult to measure. To fill this gap, we combined qualitative and quantitative methods (online surveys, in-depth interviews, capture-recapture techniques, and web traffic analytics) to count micro-workers in a single country, France. On the basis of this analysis, we estimate that approximately 260,000 people are registered with micro-work platforms. Of these some 50,000 are 'regular' workers who do micro-tasks at least monthly and we speculate that using a more restrictive measure of 'very active' workers decreases this figure to 15,000. This analysis contributes to research on platform labour and the labour in the digital economy that lies behind artificial intelligence.

Published
2020

10. La importancia de la extensión para que las 'micro-obras' puedan acceder a la protección de los derechos de autor

Author

Villa Hoyos, Alejandro and Acosta Sánchez, Juan Felipe

Subjects
WIPO, Work, Micro-obra, REGULACIÓN DEL COMERCIO, PROPIEDAD INTANGIBLE, LICENCIAS DE DERECHOS DE AUTOR, intellectual creation, DERECHO COMPARADO, Derechos de autor, Extensión, Extension, Copyright, OMPI, Micro-work, Obra, Creación intelectual
Abstract

Gracias a los avances tecnológicos y al uso de las redes sociales, cualquier creación intelectual, por más pequeña o banal que parezca, puede llegar a ser una gran fuente de ingresos para su autor. Es por esta razón que los abogados deben estar preparados para saber cuándo esas creaciones de la era digital pueden protegerse por medio de los instrumentos de la propiedad intelectual. El siguiente artículo de investigación se enfoca en estudiar las creaciones intelectuales de menor tamaño, y en analizar qué tanto influye la extensión de una obra para adquirir la protección que otorgan los instrumentos de la propiedad intelectual, y, en particular, el derecho de autor. A fin de analizar la importancia de la extensión de las micro-obras para conseguir la protección señalada, se realizó un análisis de las leyes y circulares nacionales de varios países, de tratados internacionales, sentencias judiciales y doctrina que establecen los requisitos necesarios para que una creación intelectual se pueda proteger por esa vía. El artículo brinda elementos para responder ¿cuándo las obras con una corta extensión como los pasos de baile, un sonido, un trino o incluso una frase puedan ser protegidas por los derechos de autor?, Thanks to technological advances and the use of social networks, any intellectual creation, however small or banal it may seem, can become a great source of income for its authors. It is for this reason that we lawyers must be prepared to know when these works of the digital age can be protected by the instruments of the intelectual property. The following research article focuses primarily on studying the shortest intellectual creations, and analyzing how much the extent of a work influences the acquisition of copyright protection. In order to analyze the importance of the extension of a work to achieve copyright protection, an analysis was made of the national laws of various countries, international treaties, various sentences and different concepts that establishes the necessary requirements so that an intellectual creation can be protected by copyright. This article intends to try to define the limits of the extent of a work so that an intellectual creation may acquire copyright protection.

Published
2020

11. Micro-work, artificial intelligence and the automotive industry

Author

Paola Tubaro, Antonio A. Casilli, Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TAckling the Underspecified (TAU), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3, une unité mixte de recherche CNRS (UMR 9217)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Télécom ParisTech, Agence d’objectifs Force Ouvrière - Institut de recherches économiques et sociales (IRES), 2017France Stratégie, 2018MSH Paris-Saclay, Programme Maturation 2017, École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris (I3 SES), Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Economics and Econometrics, Entrepreneurship, Artificial intelligence, Process (engineering), Computer science, Supply chain, JEL: L - Industrial Organization/L.L6 - Industry Studies: Manufacturing/L.L6.L62 - Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment, Automotive industry, Digital platform economy, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], 0502 economics and business, sort, Production (economics), 050207 economics, Business and International Management, JEL: M - Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics/M.M1 - Business Administration/M.M1.M13 - New Firms • Startups, JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J4 - Particular Labor Markets/J.J4.J49 - Other, JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D2 - Production and Organizations, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, business.industry, 05 social sciences, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, General Business, Management and Accounting, Work (electrical), Joint (building), Micro-work, Organization of work, business, General Economics, Econometrics and Finance, 050203 business & management
Abstract

International audience; This paper delves into the human factors in the "back-office" of artificial intelligence and of its data-intensive algorithmic underpinnings. We show that the production of AI is a labor-intensive process, which particularly needs the little-qualified, inconspicuous and low-paid contribution of "micro-workers" who annotate, tag, label, correct and sort the data that help to train and test smart solutions. We illustrate these ideas in the high-profile case of the automotive industry, one of the largest clients of digital data-related micro-working services, notably for the development of autonomous and connected cars. This case demonstrates how micro-work has a place in long supply chains, where tech companies compete with more traditional industry players. Our analysis indicates that the need for micro-work is not a transitory, but a structural one, bound to accompany the further development of the sector; and that its provision involves workers in different geographical and linguistic areas, requiring the joint study of multiple platforms operating at both global and local levels.

Published
2019

12. How many people microwork in France? Estimating the size of a new labor force

Author

Ludec, Cl��ment Le, Tubaro, Paola, Casilli, Antonio A., Maison des Sciences de l'Homme - Paris Saclay (MSH Paris-Saclay), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), TAckling the Underspecified (TAU), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3, une unité mixte de recherche CNRS (UMR 9217)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), MSH Paris Saclay, Force Ouvrière, Agence Objectif IRES, France Stratégie, DiPLab (Digital Platform Labor), École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris (I3 SES), Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D2 - Production and Organizations, General Economics (econ.GN), digital labor, [SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, [SHS.STAT]Humanities and Social Sciences/Methods and statistics, JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J4 - Particular Labor Markets, digital platforms, algorithms, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, JEL: J - Labor and Demographic Economics/J.J2 - Demand and Supply of Labor/J.J2.J21 - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure, FOS: Economics and business, digital transformation, Micro-work, Economics - General Economics
Abstract

Microwork platforms allocate fragmented tasks to crowds of providers with remunerations as low as few cents. Instrumental to the development of today's artificial intelligence, these micro-tasks push to the extreme the logic of casualization already observed in "uberized" workers. The present article uses the results of the DiPLab study to estimate the number of people who microwork in France. We distinguish three categories of microworkers, corresponding to different modes of engagement: a group of 14,903 "very active" microworkers, most of whom are present on these platforms at least once a week; a second featuring 52,337 "routine" microworkers, more selective and present at least once a month; a third circle of 266,126 "casual" microworkers, more heterogeneous and who alternate inactivity and various levels of work practice. Our results show that microwork is comparable to, and even larger than, the workforce of ride-sharing and delivery platforms in France. It is therefore not an anecdotal phenomenon and deserves great attention from researchers, unions and policy-makers., 9 pages, 1 figure, 7 tables. The article is part of the DiPLab ("Digital Platform Labor") research project. For more information: http://diplab.eu/

Published
2019

13. Behind the scenes of artificial intelligence: a study of micro-work platforms in France

Author

Casilli, Antonio, Tubaro, Paola, Le Ludec, Clément, Wahal, Elinor, Sociologie Information-Communication Design (SID), Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation de Telecom Paris (I3 SES), Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Télécom ParisTech-Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), Département Sciences Economiques et Sociales (SES), Télécom ParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), TAckling the Underspecified (TAU), Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institutions et Dynamiques Historiques de l'Économie et de la Société (IDHES), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay), El estudio fue financiado por FO-IRES, MSH Paris-Saclay y France Stratégie., DiPLab, Institut interdisciplinaire de l’innovation (I3, une unité mixte de recherche CNRS (UMR 9217)), École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-MINES ParisTech - École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris-Saclay (ENS Paris Saclay)-Université d'Évry-Val-d'Essonne (UEVE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Nanterre (UPN)-Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Télécom ParisTech-Mines Paris - PSL (École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris)

Subjects
[SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology, inteligencia artificial, economía de plataformas, trabajo digital, digital labour, micro-work, artificial intelligence, platform economy, micro-trabajo
Abstract

Este artículo es una versión resumida del informe “Le Micro-travail en France. Derrière l’automatisation de nouvelles précarités au travail?» This article is a summarized version of the report "Le Micro-travail en France. Derrière l’automatisation de nouvelles précarités au travail?" .; International audience; Micro-work internet services allocate small, standardized tasks of data generation and annotation to crowds of providers. The outputs are mainly used to produce artificial intelligence solutions. It is an exemplary instance of the “platformization” of the economy, and of the transformations of labour that digital technologies bring about. To uncover the conditions under which micro-work is performed, and its broader societal implications, we conducted an extensive empirical study in France. In this paper, we use the data collected to present the socio-economic backgrounds of the people who engage in micro-work, their motivations and needs, and their everyday practices. We show that, while the micro-working population is very diverse, a significant portion (including working women with children and with higher education degrees) face pressing financial needs and rely on this activity to make ends meet. Micro-workers are also exposed to distinctive psycho-social risks, without adequate protection and with only limited opportunities to voice issues or seek advice. Especially as the current boom of artificial intelligence raises demand for their services, their working conditions call for attention from policy-makers, unions, and the general public.; Los servicios de micro-trabajo en internet asignan tareas pequeñas y estandarizadas de generación y anotación de datos a multitud de proveedores. Los resultados se utilizan principalmente para producir soluciones de inteligencia artificial. Es un ejemplo de la "plataformización" de la economía y de las transformaciones del trabajo que provocan las tecnologías digitales. Para descubrir las condiciones en las que se realiza el micro-trabajo y sus implicaciones sociales más amplias, realizamos un extenso estudio empírico en Francia. En este artículo, utilizamos los datos recogidos para presentar los antecedentes socioeconómicos de las personas que participan en el micro-trabajo, sus motivaciones y necesidades, y sus prácticas cotidianas. Demostramos que, si bien la población de micro-trabajadores es muy diversa, una parte significativa (incluidas las mujeres trabajadoras con hijos y con títulos de educación superior) se enfrenta a necesidades financieras apremiantes y depende de esta actividad para llegar a fin de mes. Los micro-trabajadores también están expuestos a riesgos psicosociales distintivos, sin una protección adecuada y con escasas oportunidades para expresar sus problemas o buscar asesoramiento. Especialmente cuando el auge actual de la inteligencia artificial aumenta la demanda de sus servicios, sus condiciones de trabajo requieren la atención de los responsables políticos, los sindicatos y el público en general.

Published
2019

14. Online freelancing: Potential for digital gig work in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar

Author

Galpaya, Helani and Senanayake, Laleema

Subjects
gig work, digital labour, ddc:330, India, cloud work, Myanmar, micro-work, Online freelancing, Sri Lanka
Abstract

Nature of the work done is changing due to the advancement of information and communication technology. To gain the advantage of lower cost in developing countries business processes were outsourced from developed to developing countries by organizations during the late 20th and early 21st century. Now, with the digital economy2 work is outsourced by organizations as well as individuals to anyone, anywhere around the globe over platforms or apps. These work are known as gig work/ cloud work. This research explored potential for gig work in India, Sri Lanka and Myanmar in terms of the labour market trends of these countries. It also looked at enabling factors and challenges of involving in gig work by online freelancers/ digital workers.

Published
2018

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