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Latin America faces challenges from the complexity of formal and informal agreements in the public and private spheres. Hence, the incipient metropolitan legislation needs to be correctly articulated with decentralisation. This article analyses the metropolises of Bogotá and Lima, which have been growing significantly and disorderly compared to their peers worldwide. In this sense, the difference between institutional hardware and software is covered, where both are characterised by being the political, financial and service centres of the Andean Community. Likewise, the margins of informality and uncertainty are high, given the conflictive political nature between local and metropolitan interests. Therefore, metropolitan governance agreements show the predominance of an uncertain and changing negotiation scenario between powerful local actors and business unions, state ministries and senior local government officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental contamination by potentially toxic elements (PTEs) poses a significant challenge, particularly in the metropolitan regions of developing countries. This issue arises from the high levels of pollution driven by industrial growth and the increased traffic from fossil fuel-powered vehicles. Even after the wastewater treatment in treatment plants, PTEs often persist, posing risks to stream structure and function. This form of pollution is persistent, long-term, and irreversible, presenting a significant challenge in terms of freshwater conservation. This study aimed to assess the water quality and PTE concentrations in urban streams in Santo André, SP, Brazil, to identify the PTEs relevant to stream pollution. We analyzed the water quality in seven catchments in the Santo André municipality, in the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil. The samples were collected during the dry (2021) and rainy periods (2022), and the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) were analyzed via inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed elevated electrical conductivity (429 ± 211 μS·cm) and low dissolved oxygen concentrations in the streams (2.3 ± 0.95 μg·L), indicating potential problems such as eutrophication and toxicity to aquatic organisms. PTE concentrations, particularly those of Mn (30.8 ± 22.3 μg·L), Fe (91.1 ± 72.1 μg·L), and Zn (38.1 ± 28.7 μg·L), were among the highest concentrations. Seasonal variations affected the PTE concentrations, with Cr and Fe predominating during the dry season and Zn increasing during the rainy season. Associations were found between the PTE concentrations and the water pH, indicating the importance of continuous monitoring and remediation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informe Gepec is the property of Informe Gepec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on a very narrowly specific segment of this issue, considering the impacts of HSR in the long term, not as transport arteries connecting the most important metropolitan areas but, on the contrary, as an internal factor of development within a metropolitan region. The paper aims to transfer the present operational European HSR commuting connection frequency experience to a generally applicable frequency estimation formula. Through a quantitative approach, the research analyses the total sample of 1,446 train connections from 10 European metropolitan regions. It answers the secondary research question of what the range of accessibility change between the metropolitan core and the intermediate city is after introducing HSR connection inside metropolitan regions in the time of 1 hour of journey. The estimation model formula calculates the optimal number of HSR connections between the metropolitan core and intermediate city in the HSR developing countries. It is derived and verified from the analysed dataset values. The potential operational change scenarios are presented and described based on the example of 34 metropolitan city pairs.

The article explores the local perspective of small towns in metropolitan regions by examining place-based narratives in the case study area, the Main-Kinzig district in the Rhein-Main metropolitan region. The research is based on interviews conducted with representatives of small-town municipal administrations. It is argued that place-based narratives and metropolitan imaginaries shape small-town realities and impact regional and local planning decisions and hence can promote or prevent metropolitan cooperation. A comprehensive critical narrative analysis reveals an ambivalent picture of the region and its small towns. Proximity to the bigger cities and good connectivity to the metropolitan region through the central infrastructure corridor seem decisive characteristics of the small towns. However, the narrative of a small and manageable rural municipality also appears powerful. This leads to a planning attitude that can be described as "sailing along in the shadow of the metropolitan region". Making these implicit narratives and imaginaries explicit open up new potentials for metropolitan understanding and future planning cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies estimating transport CO2 emissions in developing countries were on the large scales and few provided high-resolution mapping of transport CO2 emissions from different transport modes according to their respective distribution and diffusion patterns. This study proposed a hybrid method for high-resolution mapping of transport CO2 emissions in metropolitan regions, and applied it to the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region of China during 2000-2019. The results indicate that: (1) The transport CO2 emissions in the BTH region increased rapidly, of which road transport carbon emissions accounting for approximately 80%, air transport carbon emissions accounting for nearly 20%, railway and water transport accounted for a relatively small proportion. (2) For the transport CO2 emission structure from 2000 to 2019, road transport was still the main source, but its proportion has decreased since recent years, which air transport became the second largest source of emissions and had greater impact on Beijing and Tianjin. (3) The transport carbon emission hot spots were mainly located in Beijing and kept shrinking, while the cold spots were mainly located in the southern part of Hebei Province and kept expanding. (4) The decoupling relationship between county-level transport carbon emissions and economic growth changed from weak decoupling to expansive negative decoupling, showing a non-ideal development in the BTH region. Overall, this study revealed the spatiotemporal characteristics of transport CO2 emissions in the BTH region, based on which specific carbon reduction strategies could be promoted to facilitate sustainable low-carbon transport development in metropolitan regions in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the local perspective of small towns in metropolitan regions by examining place-based narratives in the case study area Main-Kinzig-district in the Rhein-Main metropolitan region. The research is based on interviews conducted with representatives of the municipal administrations referring to the self-perception of the small towns and their perceived role in the region. It is argued that place-based narratives and metropolitan imaginaries (as underlying attitudes or “worldviews”) shape small-town realities and impact regional and local planning decisions and hence can promote or prevent metropolitan cooperation. Leaning on the framework of critical narrative analysis common topics of the narratives and shared imaginaries are identified and contextualised by relating them to findings of mapping, statistics and fieldwork. As a result, an ambivalent picture of the region and the small towns within it emerges providing particular insights into the perspective of small towns, their specific views of the metropolises and potentials for a metropolitan understanding and future planning cooperation.

Given the fact that the high frequency of extreme weather events globally, in particular typhoons, has more of an influence on flood forecasting, there is a great need to further understand the impact of typhoon events on design storms. The main objectives of this paper are to examine the magnitude, occurrence, and mechanism of typhoon events in southeast coastal China and their contribution to the design storm study. We take Shanghai, which is a typical metropolitan region in the Yangtze River Delta, China, as an example. The impact of typhoons on the rainfall frequency analysis is quantitatively evaluated using stochastic storm transposition (SST)-based intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) estimates with various temporal and spatial structures under different return periods. The results show that there is significant variability in the storm magnitude within the transposition domain across different durations, highlighting the spatiotemporal heterogeneity over the coastal area. Moreover, the probability of random storm transposition exhibits an uneven distribution. The frequency of typhoon rainfall events within the transposition domain is notably high, and there is considerable variability in the structure of rainfall. Typhoon rainfall amplifies the intensity of design storms, and its contribution increases with return periods. The variability in design storms increases accordingly. Based on the advantages of SST, which retains the spatiotemporal structure of the rainfall in the generated scenarios, the overall framework provides an effective way to examine the impact of diverse characteristics of typhoon rainfall on frequency analysis and facilitate a deeper exploration of the direct impact of various types of extreme storms on the intensity, spatial, and temporal distributions of design storms amidst evolving environmental conditions over this metropolitan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a very narrowly specific segment of this issue, considering the impacts of HSR in the long term, not as transport arteries connecting the most important metropolitan areas but, on the contrary, as an internal factor of development within a metropolitan region. The paper aims to transfer the present operational European HSR commuting connection frequency experience to a generally applicable frequency estimation formula. Through a quantitative approach, the research analyses the total sample of 1,446 train connections from 10 European metropolitan regions. It answers the secondary research question of what the range of accessibility change between the metropolitan core and the intermediate city is after introducing HSR connection inside metropolitan regions in the time of 1 hour of journey. The estimation model formula calculates the optimal number of HSR connections between the metropolitan core and intermediate city in the HSR developing countries. It is derived and verified from the analysed dataset values. The potential operational change scenarios are presented and described based on the example of 34 metropolitan city pairs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Institutionalization of Metropolitan Regions in Brazil is theoretically expected to bring benefits to these areas and their resident population. This text reflects on the political discourse both in favor of and against the establishment of the Metropolitan Region of Feira de Santana (RMFS), which was approved in 2011, in order to identify the interests that moved the realization (or not) of such discourse. The goal is to examine whether these interests align with the established objectives and whether the promises made are justifiable. The methodology employed involved bibliographic research and documentary analysis. In Brazil, a portion of the solution to reduce regional inequalities and promote economic growth has been justified by political discourses predicting benefits for municipalities within the Metropolitan Region (RM). In the case of RMFS, the rhetoric in favor of its creation aimed to secure resources to benefit the interests of municipal political representatives, particularly those in the main city. Conversely, those opposing it aimed primarily to increase the number of municipalities under their control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay analyses residential mobility considering aspirations and desires to migrate. Considering the aspiration for migration as a methodology for grasping prevents before mobility, one must take into consideration that it is merged with political, economic, cultural, and social factors. Thus, because of the diversity of relations between migrants and migration, the decision to migrate and the action itself, there are shades of meaning that theories often neglect. We use primary data from the Metropolitan Region of Vitória (MRV) to achieve this purpose. Our main goal is to understand the relationships between family, household, and residential mobility in the metropolitan regions of Brazil. The results show that aspirations for residential mobility could also be interpreted as aspirations for social mobility. This demonstrates the relevance of mobility as a strategy for social reproduction in large urban agglomerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the emergence of tourism in the metropolitan region of Barcelona and explores the interdependencies, challenges and limits of its public management. Framed within the territorial studies of urban and metropolitan tourism, it aims to highlight the overflowing of the territorial and sectorial administrative spheres of tourism politics, thus opening up the debate on the need to incorporate an integrated vision both in the analysis of the reality of tourism and in the forms of tourism management in the metropolitan territory. Through the use of bibliographical, statistical and documentary sources, the article examines the incipient process of institutionalisation of the metropolitan management of tourism in Barcelona and analyses in depth two key issues: the regulation of short-term rentals and the strategy of deconcentration of tourist activity in the metropolitan area. Overall, the metropolitan scale is key for the public management of tourism in order to face specific territorial challenges and yet allows for a deeper debate on the limits of political action in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term population trends meditate socioeconomic transformations likely better than other territorial factors and/or socioeconomic processes. The political, economic, and cultural factors have affected long-term urbanization and the underlying population dynamics. As the world continues to evolve, there has been a significant shift from rural to urban areas, which has resulted in the growth of urbanization. In the United States of America, urbanization has been on the rise since the early 20th century, with millions of people moving to urban areas every year. This trend has continued in recent years, with many cities experiencing rapid growth. In this article, we will explore the impact of rapid urbanization on the USA's population dynamics. As someone who has lived in both rural and urban areas, I have always been fascinated by the growth of urbanization. As cities and metropolitan regions continue to expand, it’s important to understand the economic and social implications of this phenomenon. In this article, we will take a deep dive into USA’s urbanization trends, exploring the definition and perspectives of urbanization, the economic implications of urban growth, population growth and urbanization, metropolitan regions and their characteristics, and the impact of urbanization on employment opportunities, social services, and the environment. As the world continues to experience rapid population growth, urbanization becomes a crucial topic in understanding global economic development. Urbanization has the potential to bring about economic growth and development, but it also poses challenges to the environment and social services. In this article, I will explore the definition and perspectives of urbanization, its economic implications, the characteristics of metropolitan regions, and the impact of urbanization on employment opportunities, social services, and the environment.

For a long time, tourism statistics were the only reliable source of information on tourism mobility. Tourism statistics are inadequate for the analysis of tourist mobility within state borders and across Schengen Borders without using registered accommodations. Big data offers the opportunity to gain a better understanding of tourism movements, for example, same-day tourist flows in metropolitan areas. Here, we introduce the concept of the satellite traveller to more effectively investigate the nature of tourism between the large city and its surroundings. As tourists communicate via cellular devices, the use of mobile phones offers an opportunity for researchers to explore the mobility pattern of tourists. In this article, we discuss the specificities of mobility in Hungary by SIM card users registered in foreign countries. The analysis is based on the Telekom database. We seek to answer the question to what extent the information from the satellite tourists’ mobile phone use can help to understand their movements and to identify frequented places less commonly accounted for in tourism statistics. The most important findings of our investigation are (1) the confirmation of former knowledge about spatial characteristics of same-day tourist flows in the Budapest Metropolitan Region, (2) the insight that far away settlements are also visited by satellite travellers, and (3) the methodological limitations of mobile phone cellular data for tourism mobility analysis.

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the sub-national scale requires contextual insights and localized implementation. This study utilizes Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to assess SDG progress and interactions in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) metropolitan region of China. Population growth, economic development, and rapid urbanization are key drivers, exerting pressures on energy and water consumption, pollutant discharges, transportation, environmental degradation, and disaster management. The results reveal varied progress in nine goals intrinsic to this metropolitan context, with notable progress in energy and water consumption, and employment (Goals 7, 8, and 3). While moderate progress is evidenced in poverty reduction, economic growth, healthcare services, social security, access to potable water, water quality (Goals 1 and 6), challenges remain in transportation, waste generation, air quality, forest management, and disaster response (Goals 9, 11, and 15). Furthermore, target interaction analysis suggests that initiatives in high-leverage areas - ecosystem and environmental protection, equal access to resources and basic services, and climate change response - can yield substantial systemic impacts. However, poverty reduction, access to resources and basic services, ecosystem protection, and economic growth appear more dependent on system-wide efforts. By leveraging the DPSIR model, this context-sensitive SDG assessment accentuates priority zones and offers valuable perspective for cohesive SDG strategy formation and policy-making in dynamically growing metropolitan areas globally.

Considering the expanded concept of health and the possibility of interdisciplinary dialogues, the Paraíba Valley and North Coast of São Paulo became an object of investigation based on an analysis of the geographic distribution of professionals and health establishments, whose objective was to examine their Care Network to Health, in order to identify possible independence in the organization of the urban network regarding the distribution of health services and bring thoughts and new assumptions to a preliminary discussion in the perspective of an integrated planning. The methodology used combined bibliographical and historical research with quantitative analysis based on statistical data from sources such as IBGE, RAIS, DATASUS and SEADE. Due to limitations, the results were not sufficient to state whether there is indeed a regional imbalance in the health care network, however, possible research developments were identified, and data analyzed allow the conclusion that there is a historical reproduction of socio-territorial inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Because the impacts of climate change are felt at the local level, we assess adaptation diffusion mechanisms (i.e., learning, competition, and emulation) among smaller big cities and medium-sized towns. Since the diffusion of adaptation has immediate spatial implications, we argue that local conditions play an important role in the diffusion process. The densely populated Rhein-Neckar Metropolitan Region in Germany is an ideal case for studying diffusion mechanisms with regard to adaptation. Using a rich data set of 28 interviews, we unpack the views of local actors such as mayors, city council politicians, city administration representatives, and representatives from regional agencies and identify factors influencing the diffusion of adaptation. We find limited or compromised diffusion due to insufficient knowledge about adaptation, competition between municipalities, and cooperation with cities outside the region. In addition, we find some (albeit limited) political will for adaptation. While some of the interviewed politicians considered making long-term investments in adaptation, most highlighted competing local issues and viewed adaptation with caution, illustrating adaptation’s lack of salience and social legitimacy. Indeed, one crucial finding was that housing and mobility are more important to a wide range of politicians and bureaucrats alike. By examining diffusion mechanisms at the subnational level, we combine theoretical perspectives from political science and geography to show how local decision-makers—in particular, politicians—influence the diffusion mechanisms of adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a long time, tourism statistics were the only reliable source of information on tourism mobility. Tourism statistics are inadequate for the analysis of tourist mobility within state borders and across Schengen Borders without using registered accommodations. Big data offers the opportunity to gain a better understanding of tourism movements, for example, same-day tourist flows in metropolitan areas. Here, we introduce the concept of the satellite traveller to more effectively investigate the nature of tourism between the large city and its surroundings. As tourists communicate via cellular devices, the use of mobile phones offers an opportunity for researchers to explore the mobility pattern of tourists. In this article, we discuss the specificities of mobility in Hungary by SIM card users registered in foreign countries. The analysis is based on the Telekom database. We seek to answer the question to what extent the information from the satellite tourists' mobile phone use can help to understand their movements and to identify frequented places less commonly accounted for in tourism statistics. The most important findings of our investigation are (1) the confirmation of former knowledge about spatial characteristics of same-day tourist flows in the Budapest Metropolitan Region, (2) the insight that far away settlements are also visited by satellite travellers, and (3) the methodological limitations of mobile phone cellular data for tourism mobility analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of long-term population trends is still incomplete at the global scale. In this perspective, human and animal ecology has intensively studied the relationship between the Mean (M) size and the Variance (V) of specific attributes of subpopulations within a given regional system. One of the best-known relationships between these two attributes suitable to describe long-term population trends is governed by Taylor's law (TL). The present article contributes to the recent literature on population trends worldwide by testing the long-term relationship (1950–2015) between the overall variance and mean in the total population of 1857 metropolitan agglomerations in 155 countries classified into 9 world macro-regions. To estimate the unknown parameter(s) of the V–M relation we made use of a simultaneous equation system using both linear (classical TL) and quadratic specifications, with the aim of ascertaining a wide range of simplified (or more complex) association rules between the two dimensions of demographic change. The empirical results show that TL is verified in all nine cases, although a quadratic relationship provides slightly better results than the classical, linear relationship. More specifically, similar estimates for both linear and quadratic relationships were characteristic of 'new' demographic continents with more recent and intense urbanization processes (the Americas, and African and Asian countries). The predominance of quadratic relationships characterized regions with long-established urbanization processes, such as Europe, Russia, and, partly, China and the Middle East. The relevance of the TL for a refined understanding of urbanization mechanisms worldwide, and the importance of a quadratic term for distinguishing metropolitan systems that have experienced different development paths, were finally discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Welcoming America, a nonprofit organization based in metropolitan Atlanta, has grown a membership network throughout the U.S. of nonprofit organizations and municipalities that present their communities as "welcoming cities" for immigrants. In 2018, Welcoming America launched the "One Region Initiative" to cultivate a concept of a "welcoming region" to transcend municipal boundaries. The purpose of this paper is to examine One Region member municipalities' implementation of the plans and recommendations set forth in 2018. We specifically examined Phase I of the pilot program, which took place between 2019 and 2021 amid the broader multiscalar context of changing geographies of immigrant settlement and immigration policy. We do so through participant observation as One Region steering committee members, and applied researchers who have been engaged in immigrant integration work in the Atlanta metro area and throughout the country for over a decade. Overall, we find unevenly completed recommendations across locales (often more tied to resources than actual immigrant population share) and core areas (often tied to business friendliness and government). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable production is common in peri-urban agriculture where produce is sold in nearby towns, and the Santiago Metropolitan Region (SMR) in Chile is no exception. The objective of this article is to explore the productive, commercial and management strategies of small-scale vegetable growers at the SMR, their attitudes towards their activity, and to identify different profiles. We surveyed in person 170 farmers. The data was analyzed using descriptive and multivariate techniques. Results suggest that different characteristics and strategies are concomitant to certain attitudes that vegetable growers hold towards key aspects such as innovation or willingness to associate.

The mega-city region was projected as the future outcome of the urbanization process, which is commonly composed of single or multiple main cities and peripheral cities through highly developed transportation networks. Because passenger and freight systems commonly share a physical transport network, the effects of urban morphology changes act on both systems at the same time. Although passenger and freight transport in mega-city regions have been addressed in a growing number of journal publications, an overview of research focusing on both topics together is still lacking. Meanwhile, the potential crossed topics between both systems in mega-city regions were limited in the discussion. This situation may hinder local authorities in the formulation of an appropriate transportation agenda for the promotion of collaboration among the transport system between different cities in mega-city regions, even further aggravate the problem of land-use conflict between city and transport, the unreasonably distributed transport infrastructure, and the excessive allocation of transportation resources, etc. Therefore, it's essential to understand the state-of-the-art in the field of passenger and freight transport in the mega-city regions, and to further analyze the potential crossed topics between the two topics. To this end, this paper adopts a systematic literature review method, covering 468 papers and research works published from 2016 to 2021. The cross-relevance analysis shows that, thus far, only seven crossed topics have covered passenger and freight transport simultaneously, while five potential topics can be further studied. Finally, four research gaps have been identified to which scholars could be encouraged to contribute.

This article identifies a set of practices through which multiple actors, from the European Commission to local governments, perform the concept of the metropolitan region. It specifically investigates the practices and actions which brought this concept into being in the Prague metropolitan region of Czechia. We uncover how the meanings associated with the concept of the metropolitan region evolved through material‐discursive practices constitutive of regional institutionalization. The article unpacks five practices which lie behind the initial stages of regional institutionalization: advocacy, framing, customization, implementation and evaluation. It contributes to both the conceptualization and practical knowledge of metropolitan development, planning and institutionalization in three ways. First, in suggesting a set of institutionalization practices, it redirects attention towards what actors do. Second, it highlights the role of materiality mutually intertwined with discursive elements. Finally, it documents how the intersection of multiple governance levels provides key actors with the resources needed to engage in the reconceptualization and institutionalization of the metropolitan region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large mammals, especially felids such as Mountain Lion, Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), are disappearing from their original habitats, due to the loss of natural areas and hunting, especially in the metropolitan regions. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, P. concolor had not been observed for almost a century, despite the city having forest fragments as large as 10,000 ha. Here we present records that confirm the reappearance of this species in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where it has been considered extirpated.

Introduction: Intrametropolitan migratory flows strongly interact with the production of urban space, dialectically articulating and conditioning the direction, the characteristics of migrants and the spatial transformations of cities. In this context, the article analyzes the changes in migratory flows in the 2000s articulated with the spatial restructuring as result of housing market in the municipality of Serra, located in the Metropolitan Region of Grande Vitória (RMGV) in Espírito Santo, Brazil. Objective: The aim of this paper is to analyze the changes in the sociodemographic profile of migrants associated with housing market and its rentier principles in accordance with local interests, which emerge through the elaboration of agendas, urban projects and the creation/modification of urban laws. Methods: We collected information about housing market production in the RMGV between 2006 and 2016, which allowed us to analyze the spatial distribution of this production and Serra's role in this region. For migration analysis, the most relevant migratory flows were selected from the microdata of the Brazilian Demographic Census of the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Statistical Geography) of 2000 and 2010. After select the migrants, we focus on the sociodemographic characteristics, seeking to analyze the verified changes in each of the flows compared to each other. The data were mapped together with the average per capita income in the 2010 weighting áreas of census, which allowed analyzing the existence of a correlation between this information as well as identifying new processes and trends present in the urban space of Serra and the RMGV. Results: The municipality has been the main migratory destination in Espírito Santo, including intrametropolitan exchanges. In relation to the latter, covering the period 2005-2010, the Vitória-Serra flow stood out, which was the one with the highest volume and contributed decisively to Serra present the largest intrametropolitan migratory balance in the RMGV. Also noteworthy are the changes in the sociodemographic profile when compared to previous periods, due to the significant increase in those with secondary and higher education and with higher incomes. It was identified that the main element for the change in the profile of Vitória-Serra migrants was the expansion of the formal housing market, which ended up not only restructuring the city's urban space, but also attracting migrants with new sociodemographic characteristics, especially from the Vitória. Conclusion: We show that the increase in housing market production in Serra is generating a spatial restructuring of the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória and has changed the profile of intrametropolitan immigrants, conforming novelties to the historical exchanges between these municipalities, especially in relation to housing and place of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of long-term population trends is still incomplete at the global scale. In this perspective, human and animal ecology has intensively studied the relationship between the Mean (M) size and the Variance (V) of specific attributes of subpopulations within a given regional system. One of the best-known relationships between these two attributes suitable to describe long-term population trends is governed by Taylor’s law (TL). The present article contributes to the recent literature on population trends worldwide by testing the long-term relationship (1950–2015) between the overall variance and mean in the total population of 1857 metropolitan agglomerations in 155 countries classified into 9 world macro-regions. To estimate the unknown parameter(s) of the V–M relation we made use of a simultaneous equation system using both linear (classical TL) and quadratic specifications, with the aim of ascertaining a wide range of simplified (or more complex) association rules between the two dimensions of demographic change. The empirical results show that TL is verified in all nine cases, although a quadratic relationship provides slightly better results than the classical, linear relationship. More specifically, similar estimates for both linear and quadratic relationships were characteristic of ‘new’ demographic continents with more recent and intense urbanization processes (the Americas, and African and Asian countries). The predominance of quadratic relationships characterized regions with long-established urbanization processes, such as Europe, Russia, and, partly, China and the Middle East. The relevance of the TL for a refined understanding of urbanization mechanisms worldwide, and the importance of a quadratic term for distinguishing metropolitan systems that have experienced different development paths, were finally discussed.

Tehran experienced a seismic shift in its physical and spatial growth during the second Pahlavi dynasty between two political upheavals, the 1953 coup and the 1979 revolution. Over this period, the city was transformed from a monocentric city into a sprawled metropolitan region. The root cause of this is one of the interesting research topics in Iranian urbanization history. By focusing on this specific period, this paper illuminates the role of socio-economic and political backgrounds and their outcomes in the spatial transformation of Tehran. To better understand the role of the main players and their policies and decisions in forming Tehran metropolitan region, actor-network theory was used to frame all the historical events in a big picture. The results showed that the transformation of Tehran into a sprawled and fragmented metropolitan region was brought about by two asymmetrical and opposite process from top-down and bottom-up socio-political streams in which on the one hand the Shah and various governments strategized urban development pattern and tried to manage and control the city growth, and on the other hand, poor migrants and overlooked citizens resisted the top-down policies and formed their own way of planning, making a regional dispersed landscape for Tehran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Direito da Cidade is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper comparatively examines two highly decentralized federations, namely Brazil and the United States (U.S.) The study uses a combination of methods to determine which mechanisms explain the spread of metropolitan regions (Brazil) and the growth of the statewide smoking ban (U.S.) among state governments over the 1990s and 2000s. It uses Weibull distribution and Cox regression to measure the time until events occur and to estimate the influence of a variety of factors on the likelihood of two policies being adopted. I find evidence of electoral-year drive policy diffusion in both countries. In Brazil, a key structural variable associated with internal determinants stimulated metropolitan policy adoptions. In the U.S., structural factors – linked with citizen ideology – enhance the probability of enacting smoke-free laws.

Large mammals, especially felids such as Mountain Lion, Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771), are disappearing from their original habitats, due to the loss of natural areas and hunting, especially in the metropolitan regions. In the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, P. concolor had not been observed for almost a century, despite the city having forest fragments as large as 10,000 ha. Here we present records that confirm the reappearance of this species in the city of Rio de Janeiro, where it has been considered extirpated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aeromonas spp. are frequently encountered in aquatic environments, with Aeromonas veronii emerging as an opportunistic pathogen causing a range of diseases in both humans and animals. Recent reports have raised public health concerns due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas spp. This is particularly noteworthy as these species have demonstrated the ability to acquire and transmit antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). In this study, we report the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of the A. veronii TR112 strain, which harbors a novel variant of the Vietnamese Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-encoding gene, bla VEB-28 , and two mcr variants recovered from an urban river located in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, Brazil. A. veronii TR112 strain exhibited high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for ceftazidime (64 μg/mL), polymyxin (8 μg/mL), and ciprofloxacin (64 μg/mL). Furthermore, the TR112 strain demonstrated adherence to HeLa and Caco-2 cells within 3 h, cytotoxicity to HeLa cells after 24 h of interaction, and high mortality rates to the Galleria mellonella model. Genomic analysis showed that the TR112 strain belongs to ST257 and presented a range of ARGs conferring resistance to β-lactams (bla VEB-28 , bla CphA3 , bla OXA-912) and polymyxins (mcr-3 and mcr-3.6). Additionally, we identified a diversity of virulence factor-encoding genes, including those encoding mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (Msh) pilus, polar flagella, type IV pili, type II secretion system (T2SS), aerolysin (AerA), cytotoxic enterotoxin (Act), hemolysin (HlyA), hemolysin III (HlyIII), thermostable hemolysin (TH), and capsular polysaccharide (CPS). In conclusion, our findings suggest that A. veronii may serve as an environmental reservoir for ARGs and virulence factors, highlighting its importance as a potential pathogen in public health. [Display omitted] • The Aeromonas veronii TR112 strain carries the novel bla VEB-28 variant. • TR112 exhibits high MICs to ceftazidime, polymyxin, and ciprofloxacin. • TR112 demonstrated adherence and cytotoxicity to human cell lines. • Galleria mellonella exposed to TR112 exhibits significant mortality. • Genomic data reveal diverse antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in TR112. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the article, new observations on the gap between metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions are presented. The economic performance of a country mostly emanates from its metropolitan regions. As these regions profit from a highly dynamic routine, they are growing rapidly. From the outside, assumptions about the prosperity of a nation is often presumed to stay in steady proportion to the development of its economic lead. However, not only the gap between metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions is in no steady proportion, this difference also varies when observing capital city metropolitan regions and second-tier metropolitan regions, meaning metropolitan regions of a country other than the capital. The article concludes that differences between these categories are slightly shrinking, but the gaps are still enormous. Nevertheless, the dynamics of these gaps are largely overseen and the assumption that non-metropolitan regions of a country are developing in a fixed relation to metropolitan regions needs a closer investigation.

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o recente processo de reestruturação econômico-espacial implementado pelo Poder Público no Vetor Norte da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (RMBH) e sua influência na dinâmica imobiliária da Região Administrativa Venda Nova (RAVN). A reestruturação estratégica objetiva a diversificação da base industrial da RMBH, a partir da atração de novos investimentos e do fomento de polos de alta tecnologia. Ambiciona-se, com isso, maior inserção e competitividade dos municípios nos cenários nacional e global. A pesquisa demonstrou que as intervenções procedidas pelo Poder Público incluem grandes obras públicas de infraestrutura e de suporte a serviços, influindo determinantemente na transformação espacial da RAVN, em Belo Horizonte, mediante uma intensa valorização imobiliária e a elitização do espaço.

With global warming, precipitation events are often prone to intensify in some regions. Understanding the changing characteristics of annual and daily extreme precipitation as well as the underlying mechanisms plays an import role for early warning of precipitation-induced disaster (e.g. floods, landslides) and water resources management, especially in densely populated urban areas. In this study, we investigate the long-term trend of annual and daily extreme precipitation in China during 1960–2010 based on daily observations from 539 meteorological stations, and the land cover map with impervious information. We find an overall increasing trend in annual and daily extreme precipitation, particularly in South-East and North-West of China. Moreover, 157 stations located in metropolitan regions experience higher increasing trends of daily extreme precipitation, particularly in Shanghai and Guangzhou metropolitan areas. It is noted that the central urban area of one metropolitan region may have significantly higher increasing trends of daily extreme precipitation than corresponding surrounding areas.

Consumption is one of the less know variable in urban studies. The article presents a general overview of Catalan and Barcelona study case, summarizing almost thirty years of research, with the goal to isolate the main contemporary trends of retail and consumption in the area. The recent economic processes in the Catalan context are analyzed in the first place. At the same scale, the level of analysis is again recentered on the changes into the metropolitan and regional Barcelona, focussing in the perspective of the old slogan of Catalonia-city. The necessity of the restructuration of the scale of the analysis is proposed. After, the lens is adjusted to the city of Barcelona case, focussing on the relevant change in his traditional centrality. Finally some future trends are advanced.

There are few questions about the economic relevance of the polycentric metropolitan regions which are multiplying all over Europe. Considering that it is essential to articulate the territories with the networks, we measure the position of the cities making up the metropolitan heart of the Greater SaarLorLux Region in a multiscalar space of companies. This analysis allows us to support the distinction between “local” and “global” metropolises as well as the relationship between the internationalization and regionalization of the business fabric in a cross-border context.