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1. Research on the Technology of Improving the Compatibility of DC Measurement Devices Based on the Operation Experience of Siemens Hardware Solutions.

Author

Li, Hao, Zhang, Zicong, Ding, Binghou, Bai, Yaoxing, Zheng, Yong, Liu, Chao, and Tian, Xincui

Subjects
STRUCTURAL frames, DESIGN software, SOFTWARE architecture, ENVIRONMENTAL protection, PROBLEM solving
Abstract

The aim of this study was to manufacture alternative Siemens DC measurement system equipment to solve the problems of increased failure rates of foreign DC measurement equipment and the stopped production of key parts. In this paper, the overall structure and common faults of the Siemens DC measurement system are introduced, the difference between TDM signal frame structure and FT3 frame structure is detailed, and the related functional structure, chip type, and function of the Siemens distal module and merging unit (including laser function) are studied. The remote module, merging unit (including laser function), and related hardware design and software design to replace the Siemens DC measurement system were developed, and the test environment and control protection, fault recording wave for communication, and other functional tests were built. The test results show that the domestic remote module, merging unit (laser function), and other technologies communicate normally with the existing Siemens and the domestic mainstream manufacturers, and the accuracy meets the requirements of the 0.2 level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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2. An Automatic Test System for Merging Unit and Intelligent Terminal

Author

Yan, Chengzhi, Wang, Xin, Chen, Cheng, Yu, Yanze, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Tan, Kay Chen, Series Editor, Wen, Fushuan, editor, and Aris, Ishak Bin, editor

Published
2024
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3. Testing Rogowski Coils with Merging Units for Smart Grids.

Author

Daboul, Mayada, Orságová, Jaroslava, Jurák, Viktor, and Vrtal, Matěj

Subjects
*SMART power grids, *RENEWABLE energy sources, *POWER electronics, *RELIABILITY in engineering, *CALIBRATION
Abstract

As smart grids incorporate renewable energy sources and advanced power electronics, ensuring accurate measurement systems becomes paramount due to the increased complexity and potential sources of disturbances. This article focuses on the laboratory calibration of Rogowski coils (RCs) and merging units (MUs), which are fundamental for measuring, controlling, and monitoring digital power systems. A comprehensive digital calibration system is introduced, utilizing precise, commercially available components such as a fluxgate current transducer and a National Instrument. The system assesses magnitude and phase displacement errors under various operating conditions, including abnormal scenarios. Additionally, the impact of uncertainty sources on the measurement chain analysis is discussed, with test results conforming to established standards. This research contributes to enhancing the accuracy and reliability of measurement systems in the context of evolving smart grids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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4. Communication research of protective relays for microgrids and active distribution networks.

Author

Štefko, Róbert, Čonka, Zsolt, Kolcun, Michal, Jurák, Viktor, and Pálfi, Judith

Subjects
PROTECTIVE relays, RENEWABLE energy sources, PHASOR measurement, ELECTRIC power distribution, MICROGRIDS, COMMUNICATIONS research
Abstract

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2023
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5. Research and Test of the Error Self-monitoring Merging Unit

Author

Wang, Chengnan, Hu, Haoliang, Li, Dong, Huang, Junchang, Li, Xiaofei, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Li, Yong, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martín, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Oneto, Luca, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zamboni, Walter, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, He, Jinghan, editor, Li, Yaohua, editor, Yang, Qingxin, editor, and Liang, Xidong, editor

Published
2022
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6. UTC Synchronized Signal Generation for Synchrophasors and Sampled Values Measurements.

Author

Makowiecki, Karol, Lisowiec, Aleksander, Michalski, Pawel, and Habrych, Marcin

Subjects
*VOLTAGE-controlled oscillators, *PHASOR measurement, *DIGITAL electronics, *CRYSTAL oscillators
Abstract

This article describes two methods and circuits for generation of a signal synchronized to the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) time scale. The signal is used as a sampling clock for a synchrophasor and Sampled Values generation. Both methods use a PPS (Pulse Per Second) pulse as a synchronization signal. In the first method, the synchronization procedure is implemented entirely in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) device. The second method uses a microcontroller and a Temperature Compensated Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator (TCVCXO). The common feature of the presented methods is that they are cost effective and use a minimal number of components. This paper presents the implementation details of both methods as well as the measurement results, which show that the accuracy of the synchronized signals in both procedures makes them suitable for use in synchrophasors and sampled values measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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7. 基于时序分析的电网合并单元电平预测.

Author

张朝辉, 罗 炜, 林康照, 秦冠军, 金岩磊, 丁 笠, and 周 宇

Abstract

Copyright of Journal of Data Acquisition & Processing / Shu Ju Cai Ji Yu Chu Li is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2022
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8. Design and Application of Centralized Instrument Transformer Measuring System in Series Compensation System

Author

Zhu, Chang-yin, Wu, Jian, Chang, Yuan, Zhao, Yu-chan, Li, Xiang, Wang, De-chang, Hu, Gui-ping, Angrisani, Leopoldo, Series Editor, Arteaga, Marco, Series Editor, Panigrahi, Bijaya Ketan, Series Editor, Chakraborty, Samarjit, Series Editor, Chen, Jiming, Series Editor, Chen, Shanben, Series Editor, Chen, Tan Kay, Series Editor, Dillmann, Rüdiger, Series Editor, Duan, Haibin, Series Editor, Ferrari, Gianluigi, Series Editor, Ferre, Manuel, Series Editor, Hirche, Sandra, Series Editor, Jabbari, Faryar, Series Editor, Jia, Limin, Series Editor, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Khamis, Alaa, Series Editor, Kroeger, Torsten, Series Editor, Liang, Qilian, Series Editor, Martin, Ferran, Series Editor, Ming, Tan Cher, Series Editor, Minker, Wolfgang, Series Editor, Misra, Pradeep, Series Editor, Möller, Sebastian, Series Editor, Mukhopadhyay, Subhas, Series Editor, Ning, Cun-Zheng, Series Editor, Nishida, Toyoaki, Series Editor, Pascucci, Federica, Series Editor, Qin, Yong, Series Editor, Seng, Gan Woon, Series Editor, Speidel, Joachim, Series Editor, Veiga, Germano, Series Editor, Wu, Haitao, Series Editor, Zhang, Junjie James, Series Editor, Xue, Yusheng, editor, Zheng, Yuping, editor, and Rahman, Saifur, editor

Published
2020
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9. Estimation of Digital Substation Reliability Indices

Author

Pinchukov, Pavel, Makasheva, Svetlana, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Popovic, Zdenka, editor, Manakov, Aleksey, editor, and Breskich, Vera, editor

Published
2020
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10. Evaluation of IEC 61850 process bus architecture and reliability

Author

Anombem, Uzoamaka and Li, Haiyu

Subjects
621.31, IEC 61850, Process Bus, Reliability, Merging Unit, Test Bed
Abstract

As the use of renewable energy and the implementation of smart grids becomemore prevalent in Europe, there will be a need to ensure that the quality ofpower supply is not compromised during the integration of distributedgeneration to the main grid. Europe's electricity networks should be flexible,accessible, reliable and economic. In the UK, National Grid has standardisedits substation protection and control equipment commissioning andreplacement policies, yet issues affecting system long life availability remain,one reason being long outage periods during substation secondary equipmentinstallation, commissioning and maintenance. The present use of directhardwired point to point connections between the primary power system plantequipment and substation secondary system protection and control devicesdoes not allow for easy upgrading or replacement of these substationsecondary devices without an outage of the primary plant or substation. Outage and the consequent availability problems associated with secondaryequipment can be addressed by the open utility communication architecturestandard IEC 61850. A well-designed simple, highly reliable, secure, flexibleand long-life communication IEC 61850-based architecture can help mitigatethe impact of using protection and control IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices).Faulty IEDs can be replaced with little or no interruption to the overall operationof the substation. Interoperability is a key feature of the adoption of IEC 61850in substations. IEC 61850-compliant protection and control devices cancommunicate with one another, even if they made from different manufacturers. This thesis has proposed a simple, long life IEC 61850 based communicationarchitecture which is expected to be flexible and robust enough to cope withboth growth and outages. Reliability analyses have been carried out on varioushypothetical applications of the proposed process bus architecture to NationalGrid substation bays. A detailed description of how to determine the optimalprocess bus architecture using the life cycle cost evaluation technique has beenprovided. The design and implementation of a test bed used for evaluating theperformance characteristics of merging units has been presented. The resultsof the tests have been fed back to National Grid and the manufacturers, whomay then use the data to assist with the drafting of a Merging Unit Test BedSpecification, and also to help the manufacturers to make refinements to themerging units in order to make interoperability more readily achievable.

Published
2012

13. A Synchronized Current-Comparator Bridge for the Calibration of Analog Merging Units.

Author

Djokic, Branislav and Parks, Harold

Subjects
*ELECTRIC instrument transformers, *ELECTRIC substations, *CALIBRATION, *ELECTRIC potential, *MEASUREMENT uncertainty (Statistics)
Abstract

A synchronized current-comparator bridge for calibrating analog merging units at power frequencies of 60 and 50 Hz is described. Analog merging units take analog signals from instrument transformers, convert them into digital form, pack the sampled values into Ethernet frames conforming to the IEC 61850-9-2 LE specification, and stream the frames to other equipment in a digital substation for further processing. Since the sampled values are used for protection and metering, the merging units need to be calibrated. The expanded uncertainties ($k = 2$) of the described calibration system are estimated to be better than $15~\mu \text{V}$ /V for voltage magnitude, $15~\mu \text{A}$ /A for current magnitude, and $60~\mu $ rad for phase of either voltage or current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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14. Characterization Procedure for Stand-Alone Merging Units Based on Hardware-in-the-Loop Technology

Author

Alessandro Mingotti, Federica Costa, Lorenzo Peretto, and Roberto Tinarelli

Subjects
merging unit, stand-alone merging unit, characterization, hardware-in-the-loop, real-time, OPAL, Technology
Abstract

The digitalization of a medium voltage network requires huge efforts from distributed system operators and electric utilities. The main reason is attributed to the costs associated with the replacement or introduction of new intelligent electronic devices capable of collecting and digitalizing current and voltage measurements. To this purpose, this paper introduces a new idea of a stand-alone merging unit (SAMU), which features real-time and hardware-in-the-loop technology, completed with accurate voltage and current sensors. Furthermore, the characterization procedure that allows an evaluation of the metrological performance of a complex device, such as a SAMU, is fully described. From the results, it is highlighted that (i) the developed SAMU is capable of performing highly accurate voltage, current, and power measurements; (ii) the characterization procedure is simple and exploitable for all kinds of SAMUs and other synchronized measurement devices.

Published
2021
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15. Многофункциональные интеллектуальные электронные устройства для цифровых подстанций

Subjects
синхронизированные векторные измерения, relay protection, intelligent electronic devices, digital substation, преобразователи аналоговых сигналов, merging unit, synchronized phasor measurements, PMU, интеллектуальные электронные устройства, цифровая подстанция, УСВИ, релейная защита
Abstract

Статья посвящена вопросам применения в составе цифровых подстанций многофункциональных интеллектуальных электронных устройств (ИЭУ) различного функционального назначения, в том числе многофункциональных преобразователей аналоговых сигналов, устройств релейной защиты и автоматики, многофункциональных измерительных ИЭУ. Рассмотрены вопросы расширения функциональных возможностей ИЭУ, прежде всего связанных с широким применением синхронизированных векторных измерений. Наряду с измерением синхровекторов тока и напряжения по основной гармонике предлагается дополнительно измерять в ИЭУ эквивалентные синхровекторы тока и напряжения. Использование эквивалентных синхровекторов позволит вычислять на разных уровнях управления параметры режима энергосистемы c учётом высших гармоник, в том числе при использовании различных способов расчёта полной и реактивной мощности., This paper considers the use of multifunctional intelligent electronic devices (IED) of various functional purposes as part of digital substations (DS), including multifunctional stand-alone merging units (SAMU), relay protection and automation devices, and multifunctional measuring IEDs. The authors consider the issues of expanding the functionality of the IED, primarily related to the widespread use of synchronized phasor measurements. The authors propose to measure the current and voltage synchrophasors at the fundamental frequency and additionally measure the equivalent current and voltage synchrophasors in the IED. The use of equivalent synchrophasors will make it possible to calculate the parameters of the power system mode considering harmonics at different control levels, including for various methods of calculating apparent and reactive power., Энергетик, Выпуск 3 2023, Pages 52-57

Published
2023
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16. Evaluation of Low-Power Instrument Transformers for Generator Differential Protection.

Author

Normandeau, Michel and Mahseredjian, Jean

Subjects
*ELECTRIC transformers, *ELECTRIC power distribution, *ELECTRIC power, *ELECTRIC power production, *ELECTRIC power systems
Abstract

In hydroelectric power plants, which are characterized by particularly high short-circuit current levels and high time constants, conventional current transformer specifications can result in increased equipment dimensions, thus complicating their installation, especially during refurbishment projects. This paper presents a study to assess the potential of various low-power instrument transformers (LPITs) for generator protection applications. Two types of LPITs were evaluated: the optical current transformer (OCT) and the stand alone merging unit (SAMU). To test the OCT, a 65-kA-peak test source was developed using a real-time simulator. This source was used to inject symmetrical and asymmetrical currents into LPITs for the assessment of protection accuracy class. Low-current tests were also performed to assess their metering classes. This paper presents the design of a high-current test bench, measurement uncertainty analysis, and analysis algorithms used for device evaluation. Analysis results are then presented and discussed in terms of their applicability to generator differential protection using SAMUs and OCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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17. A Smart IEC 61850 Merging Unit for Impending Fault Detection in Transformers.

Author

Gaouda, Ahmed M., Abdrabou, Atef, Shaban, Khaled Bashir, Khairalla, Mutaz, Abdrabou, Ahmed M., El Shatshat, Ramadan, and Salama, M. M. A.

Abstract

This paper proposes and experimentally validates the functionality of a smart IEC 61850 merging unit (MU) that supports self-healing and asset management functions of future power grids. The proposed MU can operate in a standalone or as an integrated element within a primary substation. The MU communicates with a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system over Ethernet and WiFi-5 GHz links. A dynamic wavelet-based windowing technique is implemented in the proposed MU to process signals and report limited situation awareness (SA) features. The SA features serve two purposes. First, they can be used by asset management functions to monitor and diagnose the equipment heath condition. Second, they can be employed by self-healing functions in order to detect and anticipate early stages of impending faults masked by high noise. The MU capability to acquire real-time sampling or estimated-time sampling is examined and the impact of wireless sensor network data transfer latency between the proposed MU and an SCADA system is also investigated. Extensive laboratory experiments show promising results for the proposed IEC 61850 MU as a smart tool that can monitor, control, protect, and also initiate corrective actions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2018
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18. Real-Time Communications on IEC 61850 Process Bus Based Distributed Sampled Measured Values Applications in Merging Unit

Author

Lee, Hong Hee, Kim, Gwan Su, Lee, Jung Hoon, Kim, Byung Jin, Hutchison, David, editor, Kanade, Takeo, editor, Kittler, Josef, editor, Kleinberg, Jon M., editor, Mattern, Friedemann, editor, Mitchell, John C., editor, Naor, Moni, editor, Nierstrasz, Oscar, editor, Pandu Rangan, C., editor, Steffen, Bernhard, editor, Sudan, Madhu, editor, Terzopoulos, Demetri, editor, Tygar, Doug, editor, Vardi, Moshe Y., editor, Weikum, Gerhard, editor, Huang, De-Shuang, editor, Wunsch, Donald C., II, editor, Levine, Daniel S., editor, and Jo, Kang-Hyun, editor

Published
2008
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19. A Calibration Setup for IEC 61850-9-2 Devices.

Author

Agustoni, Marco and Mortara, Alessandro

Subjects
*CALIBRATION, *ELECTRIC oscillators, *SYNCHRONIZATION, *CLOCKS & watches
Abstract

The working principle and the architecture of a calibration system for devices operating with the IEC 61850-9-2 standard are described. Two different types of devices are considered: stand-alone merging units (SAMUs) used to retrofit conventional transformers in power network substations and commercial test sets suited for nonconventional voltage and current sensor calibration in the field. An SAMU is essentially an analog-to-digital converter delivering its results in the IEC 61850-9-2 format. The functionalities of the test set evaluated here are the analog signal generation (voltage and current) and their synchronous IEC 61850-9-2 representation. This paper presents a calibration setup that has been applied to both types of devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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20. FPGA-based Adaptive Phase-shift Compensation Method for Electronic Instrument Transformers.

Author

Huang, Can, Mei, Jun, Bu, Qiangsheng, and Su, Lin

Subjects
*FIELD programmable gate arrays, *PHASE shifters, *ELECTRONIC instruments, *ELECTRIC power systems, *COMPUTATIONAL complexity
Abstract

Accurate and reliable instrument transformers play an important role in power system measurement and protection. This paper focuses on the phase accuracy of electronic instrument transformers and presents an adaptive phase-shift compensation method for measuring electronic current transformers. Different from the existing approaches in which the empirical evaluation and fixed phase-shift compensation are used, the proposed method measures the phase displacement in real-time and calibrates the corresponding phase error adaptively, with the aim of achieving high and reliable phase accuracy. In particular, several practical factors are considered in the design, such as the phase displacement composition, phase error uncertainty, synchronous mode diversity, and computational complexity and latency. The proposed method is developed in a field-programmable gate array platform with low-latency hardware implementation and further employed in a merging unit. Finally, the experimental results are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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22. Laboratory Test Bed for Analyzing Fault-Detection Reaction Times of Protection Relays in Different Substation Topologies

Author

Goran Jurišić, Juraj Havelka, Tomislav Capuder, and Stjepan Sučić

Subjects
digital substation, generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850, intelligent electronics device (IED), merging unit, relay protection, substation configuration language (SCL), Technology
Abstract

Visions of energy transition focus on activating end users, meaning that numerous flexible-distribution network-level devices become active participants in power-system operations. This implies a fast, reliable, and secure exchange of data, enabling the distribution-system operators to maintain, or even improve, the quality and delivery of service. With the introduction of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 standard, the path is set for a single communication topology covering all substation levels. The standard has the potential to change the way substations are designed, built, tested, and maintained. This means that the key segment of the substation, its protection system, will go through a transition period with the end goal of having a digitized substation where all information exchange is performed over an Ethernet communication bus. This paper analyzes the performance impact of the IEC 61850-9-2LE on the protection system. To do this, a laboratory hardware-in-the-loop test setup was developed representing traditional-, hybrid-, and digital-substation topology. The setup serves to simulate faults and create transient waveforms in an extended IEEE 123-node test system, which is then used to detect the reaction times of protection relay devices. To verify the results, a significant number of tests was performed clearly showing the benefits of digitalizing the distribution system.

Published
2018
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23. Methodology to evaluate the loss/delay of information on IED

Author

Hernández Ortiz, César Augusto, Pérez Gonzalez, Ernesto, and Programa de Investigacion sobre Adquisicion y Analisis de Señales Paas-Un

Subjects
IEDs, IEC 61850, Procesamiento de señales - Técnicas digitales, EC61850, 629 - Otras ramas de la ingeniería [620 - Ingeniería y operaciones afines], Merging Unit, ABB REX640, Red de bus, Bus process, RTS, Bus de proceso
Abstract

Ilustraciones La transición e implementación de subestaciones digitales de acuerdo con el estándar IEC61850 tiene cambios en la metodología de pruebas y la puesta en servicio de estas subestaciones. El desarrollo del Bus de proceso (IEC51850-9-2) en las subestaciones digitales ha permitido la transmisión y el manejo de las señales secundarias de corriente y tensión como señales digitales muestreadas y sincronizados en el tiempo, este intercambio de información puede ocasionar una pérdida de sincronismo entre los IEDs del Bus de proceso, y las consecuencias durante su operación debe ser conocida antes de su entrada en operación. El muestreo en tiempo real de corrientes y tensiones publicadas con estampa de tiempo en el bus de proceso puede generar congestiones que impliquen una pérdida/retraso de SV afectando el funcionamiento del IED. La metodología propuesta en este trabajo permite estudiar la respuesta individual de un IED conectado al bus de proceso para diferentes contingencias de SV. Para estudiar su respuesta, se utiliza un algoritmo desarrollado en MODELS, el cual realiza un muestreo sincronizado de las corrientes y tensiones calculadas por el ATP y mediante la técnica “Hardware in The Loop –HIL-” emula el comportamiento de una “Merging Unit” virtual publicando SV directamente en el IED de acuerdo con protocolo IEC61850-9-2. Las simulaciones realizadas en ATP permiten evaluar la respuesta de una función de sobrecorriente de fases, cada caso de estudio considera una pérdida sistémica de SV; la operación, señalización y las omisiones de disparo del IED se registran en cada secuencia específica de pérdida / retardo de SV en el bus de proceso. (Texto tomado de la fuente) The transition and implementation of digital substations according to IEC61850 standard has changes in the testing methodology and the commissioning of these substations. The development of the Process Bus (IEC51850-9-2) in digital substations has allowed the transmission of secondary signals of voltage and current as sampled digital signals synchronized in time, this exchange of information can cause a loss of synchronism between IEDs in the process bus and the consequences during their operation must be known before they start operating. The real-time sampling of published currents and voltages with a time stamp in the process bus can also generate congestion that implies a loss / delay of SV that affects the performance of the IED. The methodology proposed in this work allows to study the individual response of an IED connected to the process bus for different SV contingencies. To study its response, an algorithm developed in MODELS is used, which performs a synchronized sampling of the currents and voltages calculated by the ATP and by means of “Hardware in The Loop – HIL-” technique, it emulates the behavior of a virtual Merging Unit publishing SV directly to the IED according to the IEC61850-9-2 protocol. Simulations carried out in ATP allow to evaluate the response of a phase overcurrent function, every study case consider a systemic loss of SV; the operation, signaling and trip omissions of the IED are recorded in each specific sequence of loss / delay of SV on the process bus. Maestría Magíster en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Eléctrica Automatización de subestaciones eléctricas Área Curricular de Ingeniería Eléctrica e Ingeniería de Control

Published
2022

24. Short‐term reliability evaluation of protection systems in smart substations based on equivalent state spaces following semi‐Markov process.

Author

Li, Shenghu and Hua, Yuting

Abstract

The reliability analysis of protection systems in smart substations helps to improve their designed functions, whose difficulty lies in the complex configuration with various components. To avoid the dimension disaster, the state spaces of the protection systems may be aggregated to several lumped states. When the states do not satisfy the balance criterion, it is newly found that the lumped states not following the Markov process introduce notable error to the short‐term reliability. To avoid this, an equivalence algorithm based on the semi‐Markov process (SMP) is newly proposed. It is derived that the residence time distributions of the lumped states are the weighted averages of the distributions of the states to be lumped. The kernel matrix of the SMP, the instantaneous probability, and its sensitivity, are derived from the transfer rates and distributions. The numerical results validate accuracy of the proposed algorithm, which shows that the traditional model underestimates the availability. It underestimates sensitivity of the time source (TS), while overestimates those of the others. The probabilities of the proposed algorithm are more sensitive to the TS, while those of the traditional model are more sensitive to the merging unit and the ethernet switch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2016
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25. Traceable calibration system for non-conventional current sensors with analogue or digital output

Author

Soeren de Rose, Michael Seckelmann, Yeying Chen, and Enrico Mohns

Subjects
Traceability, business.industry, Absolute phase, Computer science, digital, current transformer, Frame (networking), Electrical engineering, merging unit, calibration, standalone merging unit, Current transformer, law.invention, Generator (circuit theory), traceability, law, Global Positioning System, Calibration, sampled values, Transformer, business
Abstract

This paper describes the setup of a traceable calibration system for conventional or non-conventional current sensors even with digital output. The system is lately developed at PTB within the frame of the European project ���FUTUREGRID II���. Details of the system components are presented. The absolute phase errors of the two-channel generator related to the pulse per second time reference of the global positioning system can be configured to almost zero. The accuracies of the reference current transformers are within ��10 ��A/A and ��rad at power frequency. The sampled value receiver box is firstly validated for the sample rate of 4 kHz according to the IEC standard 61869-9 [1]., Cite as Y. Chen, E. Mohns, M. Seckelmann and S. de Rose, "Traceable calibration system for non-conventional current sensors with analogue or digital output," 2021 IEEE 11th International Workshop on Applied Measurements for Power Systems (AMPS), 2021, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/AMPS50177.2021.9586012.

Published
2021
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26. An IEC 61850-Compliant distributed PMU for electrical substations.

Author

Castello, Paolo, Ferrari, Paolo, Flammini, Alessandra, Muscas, Carlo, and Rinaldi, Stefano

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel architecture, compliant to IEC 61850, for a distributed IED based phasor measurement unit to be used in electrical substations. In particular, a measurement architecture based on process bus and sampled values synchronized with IEEE 1588-2008 is proposed, so that voltage and current signals are acquired by a Merging Unit, while the signal processing is performed on a IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) that uses a new algorithm for synchrophasor measurement, in compliance with IEEE C37.118.1-2011. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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27. Technology of range selection on combined electronic current transformer.

Author

Luo Sha, Zeng Xiangjun, Peng Feng, and Liu Hui

Abstract

Along with the development and construction of smart grid and smart substation, the research on the electronic current transformer develops deeply. In order to achieve the measuring requirements of high accuracy and broad range, a new design of combined electronic transformer is proposed in this paper based on the analysis of current technology; the waveform smooth algorithm is adopted to solve the skipping problem which may occur at the time of data switch. At the end, MATLAB Simulations verify the feasibility of the algorithm. This paper will be helpful in the design of combined electronic current transformer. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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28. A solution for intelligent reconstruction of 110kV Pingyin substation.

Author

Liu, Yiqing, Gao, Houlei, Li, Naiyong, Wei, Xin, and Wang, Xiuguang

Abstract

110kV Pingyin substation of Shandong Electric Power Corporation has reconstructed recently under the requirements of typical intelligent substation. Different from implementing new intelligent substations, intelligent reconstruction of conventional substation faces much more technical and economic issues. The project adopts three-layer network architecture, including process level, bay level and station level. To share the information of SV (Sampled Values) and GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event), the project combines peer-to-peer mode and network mode at process level. In this substation, conventional instrument transformers and traditional primary equipment are reserved entirely, but the reconstruction realizes digital processing of data collection by MU (Merging Unit) and controls circuit breaker by IT (Intelligent Terminal). The transformer intelligent terminal partially substitutes for intelligent primary equipment, which is responsible for monitoring and controlling the power transformer. To avoid an increase in the number of secondary equipment, a distributed configuration scheme is put forward using the IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) with integrated functions of process-level and bay-level. Finally the paper discusses the technical features and implementation scheme of the project, and sums up the design principle, equipment configuration and process-level communication during intelligent reconstruction of conventional substation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2012
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29. Design and performance evaluation for a protection system utilising IEC 61850-9-2 process bus.

Author

Crossley, Peter, Yang, Li, Wen, An, Chatfield, Ray, Redfern, Miles, and Sun, Xin

Abstract

The use of process-bus technology, designed in accordance with the IEC 61850 standard, introduces new opportunities for protection and control. However, before the technology can be deployed, adequate tests are required to prove use of the process bus does not have a detrimental impact on the operating performance of future protection, as expressed in terms of dependability, security and operating speed. The paper will describe an overview of the concepts and benefits of the process bus, and how it affects the design of prototype protection scheme suitable for the mesh-corner of a transmission substation. The operating characteristics of conventional hardwired relays and IEC 61850-9-2LE relays applied within a feeder protection scheme, were compared and assessed against conventional type-test results. The scheme includes Ethernet Switches from different manufacturers, configured to allow the assessment of different process-bus architectures. The effect of interchangeability and time offsets were investigated both experimentally and using the OPNET simulator. The scheme includes Merging Units (MU), tested to assess the magnitude of their time offset and how they drift with time and temperature. Causes of incorrect operation were recognized and recommendations presented to avoid the degradation of system performance. Given an appropriate configuration, the performance of a process bus based protection scheme is comparable to a conventional hardwired scheme. The presented results provides a fundamental reference for all the participating parties to create a roadmap for the efficient application and deployment of protection and control systems based on IEC 61850 process bus and digital Ethernet communications. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2011
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30. Study on new type of IED with integrated functions in intelligent substation.

Author

Liu, Yiqing, Gao, Houlei, Wei, Xin, Teng, Zhaohong, Wei, Peng, Li, Naiyong, and Xiang, Minjiang

Abstract

Intelligent substation is the most important aspect of Smart Grid constructing. There are many problems during intelligent reconstruction of conventional substation, one of which is to add a variety of secondary equipments. To address this problem, the paper puts forward two distributed configuration schemes of secondary devices using the IED with integrated functions of process level and bay level in intelligent substation. Compared with the normal configuration scheme, the distributed schemes bring a significant reduction of IED. Based on the new schemes, the authors design a new type of integrated IED, which completely realizes merging-unit, intelligent-terminal, measurement-control and protection functions. The integrated IED is composed of four dominating parts: Main Processor Model, Data Processing Model, FPGA Integrated Model and Intelligent Control Model. The IED can receive sampled values from electronic transformers and Ethernet frames following IEC 61850-9-2 from other merging units. The information model of the integrated IED is established according to IEC 61850 standard. In conclusion, the integrated IED is especially suit for intelligent reconstruction of lower voltage substation with the characteristic of reasonable design, superior performance and cost effective. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2011
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31. Characterization procedure for stand-alone merging units based on hardware-in-the-loop technology

Author

Lorenzo Peretto, Roberto Tinarelli, Federica Costa, Alessandro Mingotti, Mingotti A., Costa F., Peretto L., and Tinarelli R.

Subjects
Control and Optimization, Computer science, Characterization, Merging unit, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, 02 engineering and technology, lcsh:Technology, 0502 economics and business, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Instrument transformer, Electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering (miscellaneous), Accuracy, OPAL, SIMPLE (military communications protocol), lcsh:T, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, 05 social sciences, Hardware-in-the-loop simulation, Metrology, Power (physics), Disjunction introduction, Hardware-in-the-loop, business, Stand-alone merging unit, Real-time, 050203 business & management, Computer hardware, Energy (miscellaneous), Voltage
Abstract

The digitalization of a medium voltage network requires huge efforts from distributed system operators and electric utilities. The main reason is attributed to the costs associated with the replacement or introduction of new intelligent electronic devices capable of collecting and digitalizing current and voltage measurements. To this purpose, this paper introduces a new idea of a stand-alone merging unit (SAMU), which features real-time and hardware-in-the-loop technology, completed with accurate voltage and current sensors. Furthermore, the characterization procedure that allows an evaluation of the metrological performance of a complex device, such as a SAMU, is fully described. From the results, it is highlighted that (i) the developed SAMU is capable of performing highly accurate voltage, current, and power measurements, (ii) the characterization procedure is simple and exploitable for all kinds of SAMUs and other synchronized measurement devices.

Published
2021

32. Design and Performance Testing of a Multivendor IEC61850–9-2 Process Bus Based Protection Scheme.

Author

Yang, Li, Crossley, Peter A., Wen, An, Chatfield, Ray, and Wright, John

Abstract

The deployment of IEC61850–9-2 process bus increases the possibilities that new and refurbished substations will be based on the use of Ethernet communication networks with free allocation of Protection and Control functions. The design and performance testing of a multivendor prototype protection scheme based on the process bus for use in a mesh transmission substation is presented. A practical test setup is developed to evaluate the performance of the protection scheme, including interoperability between different manufacturers, degree of maturity, robustness, and possible benefits. This integrates network analysis software, test sets, conventional hardwired and IEC61850–9-2LE protection Intelligent Electronic Devices, Merging Units, Ethernet Switches, Fiber Optic communications and an IEC61850 process bus. The worst case scenario of traffic based on the current 100 Mbps network is created and the system responses investigated. Recommendations for process bus communication requirements are presented to avoid the degradation of system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2014
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33. A New IED With PMU Functionalities for Electrical Substations.

Author

Castello, Paolo, Ferrari, Paolo, Flammini, Alessandra, Muscas, Carlo, and Rinaldi, Stefano

Subjects
*PHASOR measurement, *ELECTRIC substations, *FOURIER transforms, *COMPUTER network protocols, *SYNCHRONIZATION, *STANDARDS
Abstract

This paper proposes a new distributed architecture to measure synchrophasors in power substations, inspired by the standards IEC 61850. The new scheme is implemented in the process bus, where a high performance merging unit (MU), synchronized by precision time protocol (PTP), according to the standard IEEE 1588–2008, sends the sampled values (SVs) to an intelligent electronic device (IED) enabled to behave as a phasor measurement unit (PMU). The synchrophasors are evaluated in the IED through an algorithm based on the Taylor Fourier Transform and suitably modified to have high performance also in terms of response time in presence of step change conditions. Different tests and considerations are presented to evaluate the various elements of uncertainty that a distributed architecture can introduce and, finally, to ensure the feasibility of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
2013
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34. Laboratory Test Bed for Analyzing Fault-Detection Reaction Times of Protection Relays in Different Substation Topologies

Author

Juraj Havelka, Stjepan Sučić, Tomislav Capuder, and Goran Jurišić

Subjects
Control and Optimization, Computer science, 020209 energy, Real-time computing, Energy Engineering and Power Technology, Topology (electrical circuits), 02 engineering and technology, intelligent electronics device (IED), International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850, Network topology, lcsh:Technology, Fault detection and isolation, digital substation, generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE), merging unit, relay protection, substation configuration language (SCL), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Transient (computer programming), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Engineering (miscellaneous), Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, lcsh:T, Key (cryptography), Energy (miscellaneous)
Abstract

Visions of energy transition focus on activating end users, meaning that numerous flexible-distribution network-level devices become active participants in power-system operations. This implies a fast, reliable, and secure exchange of data, enabling the distribution-system operators to maintain, or even improve, the quality and delivery of service. With the introduction of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 standard, the path is set for a single communication topology covering all substation levels. The standard has the potential to change the way substations are designed, built, tested, and maintained. This means that the key segment of the substation, its protection system, will go through a transition period with the end goal of having a digitized substation where all information exchange is performed over an Ethernet communication bus. This paper analyzes the performance impact of the IEC 61850-9-2LE on the protection system. To do this, a laboratory hardware-in-the-loop test setup was developed representing traditional-, hybrid-, and digital-substation topology. The setup serves to simulate faults and create transient waveforms in an extended IEEE 123-node test system, which is then used to detect the reaction times of protection relay devices. To verify the results, a significant number of tests was performed clearly showing the benefits of digitalizing the distribution system.

Published
2018

35. A synchronized current-comparator-based power bridge for calibrating analog merging units

Author

Branislav Djokic and Harold Parks

Subjects
Physics, instrument transformers, Comparator, 020208 electrical & electronic engineering, 02 engineering and technology, merging unit, Topology, calibration, Current transformer, Power (physics), Synchronization (alternating current), Analog signal, measurement uncertainty, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Calibration, Measurement uncertainty, Metering mode, power bridge, current comparator
Abstract

A synchronized current-comparator-based power bridge for calibrating analog merging units at power frequencies of 60 Hz and 50 Hz is described. Analog merging units take analog signals from instrument transformers, convert them into digital form, pack the sampled values into Ethernet frames conforming to the IEC 61850-9-2 LE specification and stream the frames to other equipment in a digital substation for further processing. Since the sampled values are used for protection and metering, the merging units need to be calibrated. The expanded uncertainties (k=2) of the described calibration system are estimated to be better than 30 11A/A for magnitude and 60 µrad for phase., Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, July 8-13, 2018, Paris, France

Published
2018

36. Calibration of Electricity Meters with Digital Input

Author

Harold Parks and Branislav Djokic

Subjects
precision measurements, digital power source, Computer science, business.industry, digital substation, digital energy meter, Electrical engineering, merging unit, calibration, Current transformer, Electric power system, Smart grid, harmonics, Power electronics, non-conventional instrument transformer, Metering mode, Electronics, Electricity, business, Voltage
Abstract

Ovcr the last dccades, prolifcration of harmon ie producin g loads in the electric power system is noticeable, duc to, in large part , increase of use of many power electronics devices. This tren d contin ues as the role of power electronics in Smart Grid developments is very important. The Smart Grid is also characterized by an ever incrcasing use of intelligent elcctron ic dcviccs (lEDs) for monitoring, control, protection and mctcrin g in digital su bstations. The IEDs, non-convcntiona l instrument transformcrs (NCITs) with digital output, and merging un its (M Us), opcrate with power system voltage and currcnt sa mplcd values (SVs) conforming to IEC 61850-9-2 format. The SVs a rc also used for revenue mctering by non-convcnti onal cncrgy mcters with digital inputs. The paper {discusses 1 invcstigatcs} the performance of c11crgy meters with digital inputs u11der 11011- sinusoidal waveform conditions., Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements, July 8-13, 2018, Paris, France

Published
2018
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37. Characterization Procedure for Stand-Alone Merging Units Based on Hardware-in-the-Loop Technology.

Author

Mingotti, Alessandro, Costa, Federica, Peretto, Lorenzo, Tinarelli, Roberto, and Pegoraro, Paolo Attilio

Subjects
ELECTRIC utilities, ELECTRONIC equipment, ELECTRIC potential measurement, DIGITAL technology, VOLTAGE
Abstract

The digitalization of a medium voltage network requires huge efforts from distributed system operators and electric utilities. The main reason is attributed to the costs associated with the replacement or introduction of new intelligent electronic devices capable of collecting and digitalizing current and voltage measurements. To this purpose, this paper introduces a new idea of a stand-alone merging unit (SAMU), which features real-time and hardware-in-the-loop technology, completed with accurate voltage and current sensors. Furthermore, the characterization procedure that allows an evaluation of the metrological performance of a complex device, such as a SAMU, is fully described. From the results, it is highlighted that (i) the developed SAMU is capable of performing highly accurate voltage, current, and power measurements; (ii) the characterization procedure is simple and exploitable for all kinds of SAMUs and other synchronized measurement devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
Full Text
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38. A Smart IEC 61850 Merging Unit for Impending Fault Detection in Transformers

Author

Ahmed Gaouda, Ahmed Abd-Rabou, Mutaz Khairalla, Atef Abdrabou, Khaled Bashir Shaban, Magdy M. A. Salama, and Ramadan El Shatshat

Subjects
Ethernet, Engineering, General Computer Science, Situation awareness, business.industry, 020209 energy, Real-time computing, Merging unit, wavelet analysis, ComputerApplications_COMPUTERSINOTHERSYSTEMS, 02 engineering and technology, Fault detection and isolation, partial discharge, Wavelet, wireless sensor network, IEC 61850, SCADA, asset management, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, self-healing, impending faults, business, Wireless sensor network, Data transmission
Abstract

This paper proposes and experimentally validates the functionality of a smart IEC 61850 merging unit (MU) that supports self-healing and asset management functions of future power grids. The proposed MU can operate in a standalone or as an integrated element within a primary substation. The MU communicates with a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system over Ethernet and WiFi-5 GHz links. A dynamic wavelet-based windowing technique is implemented in the proposed MU to process signals and report limited situation awareness (SA) features. The SA features serve two purposes. First, they can be used by asset management functions to monitor and diagnose the equipment heath condition. Second, they can be employed by self-healing functions in order to detect and anticipate early stages of impending faults masked by high noise. The MU capability to acquire real-time sampling or estimated-time sampling is examined and the impact of wireless sensor network data transfer latency between the proposed MU and an SCADA system is also investigated. Extensive laboratory experiments show promising results for the proposed IEC 61850 MU as a smart tool that can monitor, control, protect, and also initiate corrective actions. 2016 IEEE. Manuscript received December 14, 2015; revised March 11, 2016 and June 15, 2016; accepted August 8, 2016. Date of publication August 18, 2016; date of current version April 19, 2018. This work was supported by the Qatar National Research Fund (a member of Qatar Foundation) under Grant NPRP 6-711-2-295. Paper no. TSG-01570-2015. A. M. Gaouda is with the American University of the Middle East, Eqaila 15453, Kuwait (e-mail: ahmed.gaouda@aum.edu.kw). A. Abdrabou, M. Khairalla, and A. M. Abdrabou are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, UAE. K. B. Shaban is with the Computer Science and Engineering Department, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar. R. El Shatshat and M. M. A. Salama are with the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada. Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TSG.2016.2600680 Scopus

Published
2018

39. Shaft Current Protection

Author

Rabuzin, Tin

Subjects
Rogowskispole, process bus, Merging Unit, axelströom, generatorskydd, lagerströom, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering, Elektroteknik och elektronik, shaft current, Rogowski coil, generator protection
Abstract

Shaft current protection in hydro and turbo generators is an important generatorprotection issue. Currents owing in the generator shaft might damagegenerator bearings which, in turn, could reduce operating time and cause largenancial losses. Therefore, it is important to prevent operation of the generatorunder conditions of high shaft currents.In this project, task was to develop measurement and protection system thatis able to operate under certain conditions. Measurement device has to be ableto accurately measure currents lower than 1 A in a generator shaft that canvary in diameter from 16 cm up to 3 m. Also, those currents might appear infrequencies equal to multiples of line frequency. Device is to be located in alimited space and in a proximity of the generator. Thus, stray ux is expectedwhich might inuence measurements. Furthermore, since currents that haveto be measured are low, output of a measurement device is usually a low levelsignal. Such signal had to be catered for and adapted in a way that it can beused with numerical relay. After literature review and overview of possible solutions, Rogowski coil waschosen as the measurement device which will be further analysed. Two othercurrent transformers were considered which served as a good comparison withRogowski coil. Several dierent tests and measurements were made on mentionedmeasurement devices. Also, it was investigated how IEC61850-9-2 andMerging Unit (MU) could be used in this application. Upon this investigation,complete protection systems were assembled in the laboratory and they weretested. To asses the behaviour of dierent systems in the real environment, test installationwas built in the hydro power plant, Hallstahammar. This installationincluded traditional systems, with measurement signals connected to the relaya,and the one which utilized concepts of Process Bus and Merging Unit. Measurementsand tests that were made there served as a nal proof of successfulnessof protection systems. Results showed that Rogowski coil was a suitable choice for a measurementdevice due to its benecial mechanical and electrical properties. Also, tests madewith actual shaft current showed advantages of using Rogowski coil in pair withMerging Unit and process bus over traditional protection systems. Nevertheless,it was conrmed that both types of systems satisfy project requirements. Skydd mot axelstrommar i vattenkraft- och turbo-generatorer ar mycket viktiga. Strommar kan uppkomma i generatoraxeln beroende pamagnetisk osymmetri istatorkarnan. Denna osymmetri ger upphov till en inducerad spanning i axelnsom sedan kan ge en axel-strom vid kortslutning av isolationen som rotornslager vilar pa. Om axel-strommen gar genom generatorns lager, kan lagretskadas allvarligt. Detta kommer i sin tur minska drifttiden och orsaka storaekonomiska forluster vid produktionsbortfall. Darfor ar det viktigt att detekteraom det gar axelstrommar genom generatorns lager. Examensarbetets mal var att utveckla ett mat- och skyddssystem for att detekteraaxel-strommar. Den matande enheten maste kunna detektera strommarmindre an 1 A i generatoraxeln vilken kan variera i diameter fran 16 cm upp till3 m. Dessutom kan dessa strommar ha frekvenser lika med eller multiplar avkraftnatets frekvens (50 eller 60Hz). Den matande enheten skall vidare kunnamonteras i ett trangt utrymme och i narhet av generatorns stator. Lackodefran statorn kan forvantas vara stort, och detta kan antas ha stor paverkanpamatningarna. Eftersom axelstrommen som mats ar lag, ar utsignalen franden matande enheten vanligtvis en lagnivasignal. Denna laga signalnivamasteanpassas saatt den kan anvandas i ett numeriskt rela, vilka vanligtvis kraverhogre energinivaer paingangsignalerna.Efter genomford litteraturstudie och oversikt over mojliga losningar, konkluderadesdet att en losning med Rogowski spole som matanordning borde varaintressant, och denna analyserades ytterligare. Tvastromtransformatorer medkonventionell konstruktion med karna av elektroplat valdes som jamforelse medlosningen baserad paRogowski spole. Flera olika tester och matningar gjordes. Dessutom undersoktes hur en process-bus losning enligt IEC61850-9-2LE meden Merging Unit (MU) skulle kunna anvandas i denna tillampning. Vid alladessa undersokningar har kompletta system for matning och skydd monteratsoch testats i laboratoriemiljo.For att registrera funktionen for de olika systemlosningarna i en verkligmiljo, monterades det kompletta systemet fran laboratorietesterna in i ett vattenkraftverki Hallstahammar. I detta vattenkraftverk ingar traditionella skydd-, styrnings- och kontroll-system och aven en aldre losning for att skydda generatornmot axelstrommar. Darmed kunde man jamfora prestanda mellan deolika losningarna baserade pastromtransformatorer av konventionell konstruktionmed karna av elektroplat och losningen med Rogowski spole. Signalerfran bada givarna anslots till ett numeriskt rela, och anslutning av Rogowskispolen gjordes aven via en MU till det numeriska relat. Matningar och testersom gjordes i kraftstationen kunde tas som ett slutligt bevis paatt de olikalosningarna baserade pa Rogowski spole ar en framtida losning for ett valfungerande axel-stroms skydd for generatorer. Resultaten visar att Rogowskispolen ar ett lampligt val aven med avseendepadess fordelaktiga mekaniska och elektriska egenskaper. Testerna som gjordesmed en verklig axel-strom visade tydligt fordelarna med att anvanda Rogowskispolen i kombination med MU och process bus jamfort med traditionella skyddssystem. Det ska dock understrykas att bade systemet med och det utan MUuppfyllde projektets krav.

Published
2015

40. Laboratory Test Bed for Analyzing Fault-Detection Reaction Times of Protection Relays in Different Substation Topologies.

Author

Jurišić, Goran, Havelka, Juraj, Capuder, Tomislav, and Sučić, Stjepan

Subjects
ENERGY level transitions, QUALITY of service, ETHERNET, ELECTRIC substations
Abstract

Visions of energy transition focus on activating end users, meaning that numerous flexible-distribution network-level devices become active participants in power-system operations. This implies a fast, reliable, and secure exchange of data, enabling the distribution-system operators to maintain, or even improve, the quality and delivery of service. With the introduction of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 standard, the path is set for a single communication topology covering all substation levels. The standard has the potential to change the way substations are designed, built, tested, and maintained. This means that the key segment of the substation, its protection system, will go through a transition period with the end goal of having a digitized substation where all information exchange is performed over an Ethernet communication bus. This paper analyzes the performance impact of the IEC 61850-9-2LE on the protection system. To do this, a laboratory hardware-in-the-loop test setup was developed representing traditional-, hybrid-, and digital-substation topology. The setup serves to simulate faults and create transient waveforms in an extended IEEE 123-node test system, which is then used to detect the reaction times of protection relay devices. To verify the results, a significant number of tests was performed clearly showing the benefits of digitalizing the distribution system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
Full Text
View/download PDF

41. EVALUATION OF IEC 61850 PROCESS BUS ARCHITECTURE AND RELIABILITY

Author

Anombem, Uzoamaka Benita and Li, Haiyu

Subjects
IEC 61850, Test Bed, Merging Unit, Reliability, Process Bus
Abstract

As the use of renewable energy and the implementation of smart grids becomemore prevalent in Europe, there will be a need to ensure that the quality ofpower supply is not compromised during the integration of distributedgeneration to the main grid. Europe’s electricity networks should be flexible,accessible, reliable and economic. In the UK, National Grid has standardisedits substation protection and control equipment commissioning andreplacement policies, yet issues affecting system long life availability remain,one reason being long outage periods during substation secondary equipmentinstallation, commissioning and maintenance. The present use of directhardwired point to point connections between the primary power system plantequipment and substation secondary system protection and control devicesdoes not allow for easy upgrading or replacement of these substationsecondary devices without an outage of the primary plant or substation.Outage and the consequent availability problems associated with secondaryequipment can be addressed by the open utility communication architecturestandard IEC 61850. A well-designed simple, highly reliable, secure, flexibleand long-life communication IEC 61850-based architecture can help mitigatethe impact of using protection and control IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices).Faulty IEDs can be replaced with little or no interruption to the overall operationof the substation. Interoperability is a key feature of the adoption of IEC 61850in substations. IEC 61850-compliant protection and control devices cancommunicate with one another, even if they made from different manufacturers.This thesis has proposed a simple, long life IEC 61850 based communicationarchitecture which is expected to be flexible and robust enough to cope withboth growth and outages. Reliability analyses have been carried out on varioushypothetical applications of the proposed process bus architecture to NationalGrid substation bays. A detailed description of how to determine the optimalprocess bus architecture using the life cycle cost evaluation technique has beenprovided. The design and implementation of a test bed used for evaluating theperformance characteristics of merging units has been presented. The resultsof the tests have been fed back to National Grid and the manufacturers, whomay then use the data to assist with the drafting of a Merging Unit Test BedSpecification, and also to help the manufacturers to make refinements to themerging units in order to make interoperability more readily achievable.

Published
2012

42. Development of Protection Scheme for Non-Conventional Instrument Transformer (NCITs) Based on IEC 61850-9-2

Author

Khan, Muhammad Salman

Subjects
0906 Electrical and Electronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, transformers, merging unit, multi-bus power systems, signals, power
Abstract

Substations are a fundamental part in electrical energy transmission and distribution. The role of a substation is to transfer and transform electrical energy by stepping up or down the voltage. To do this, high voltage switching equipment and power transformers are used, in addition to instrument transformers that supply the status of the primary system to the secondary equipment. Substation Automation Systems are then used to control, protect and monitor the substations [1]. The IEC 61850 standard developed digital substation with most advanced techniques. The IEC 61850 standard define in its sub-clauses IEC 600448 and IEC 61850-9-2 about digital interface, digital communication and Sampled Values transmission over an Ethernet link called Process Bus. This thesis is mainly based on the development of the non Conventional Instrument Transformers (NCIT), analogue to digital data converter and power system protection.

Published
2015

43. Distanční ochrana využívající digitální vstupní data

Author

Toman, Petr, Müller,, Zdeněk, Braciník, Peter, Wannous, Kinan Hasan Wafaa, Toman, Petr, Müller,, Zdeněk, Braciník, Peter, and Wannous, Kinan Hasan Wafaa

Abstract

Standard IEC 61850-9-2 definuje přenos vzorkovaných měřených hodnot (sampled measured values, SMV) prostřednictvím sítě Ethernet a využití SMV získaných ze slučovacích jednotek nebo přístrojových transformátorů. Implementace IEC 61850-9-2 závisí na vlastnostech datového souboru, jakými jsou časová synchronizace, počet vzorků a časový interval. Dizertační práce je zaměřena na algoritmy chránění a analýzu vlivu standardu IEC61850-9-2LE na fyzická zařízení ochran s analogově/digitálními vstupními daty o proudu a napětí. S ohledem na narůstající míru interakce mezi fyzickými zařízeními a komunikačními prvky byl navržen test pro analýzu komunikace pro rozvodnu využívající konvenční metody (analogové vstupy) a metody digitální založené na standardu IEC 61850-9-2. Práce dále popisuje funkci slučovací jednotky využívající standard IEC61850-9-2LE. Navržená metoda definuje zdroj SMV a analyzuje přenos dat. V rámci práce byl za využití softwaru Matlab naprogramován algoritmus ochrany. Vytvořený model je schopen vyhodnotit vliv harmonického zkreslení na funkci digitálních ochran a vliv přesycení proudového transformátoru na distanční ochranu. V práci jsou zhodnoceny i možnosti zrychlení testování systémů chránění s využitím neuronové sítě. Závěrečná kapitola se zabývá aplikacemi v reálném čase, využívajícími data z rozvodny v blízkosti Vysokého učení technického v Brně. K přenosu dat z rozvodny do univerzitní laboratoře je zde využíváno SMV přenášených optickým kabelem o délce 16 km. Aplikace je vytvořena v programu Matlab a je schopna číst data z ethernetového portu, dekódovat je, převést z formátu ASCII do desítkové soustavy a poté vykreslit průběhy proudu a napětí. Mezi vlastnosti aplikace se řadí jednoduchost použití, schopnost implementace funkcí distanční ochrany, výpočet RMS hodnot proudu a napětí a harmonického zkreslení, harmonická analýza prostřednictvím rychlé Fourierovy transformace a výpočet impedance poruchové smyčky. Všechny výpočty běží v reálném čase a proveden, IEC 61850-9-2 specifies that the transmission of sampled measured values (SMVs)over an Ethernet network, using sampled values generated by merging units of IEDsor individual merging units, instrument transformers. The implementation of IEC 61850-9-2 depends on the dataset specifications such as time synchronization, sample counts, and interval time. The dissertation is focused on protection algorithms and analyses the impact of IEC61850-9-2LE on physical protections with (analog-digital) input data of voltage and current. With the increased interaction between physical devices and communication components, the test proposes a communication analysis for a substation with the conventional method (analog input) and digital method based on the IEC 61850standard. The thesis analyses the merging unit’s functions for relays using IEC61850-9-2LE. The proposed method defines the sampled measured values source and analysis of the traffic. Further, the thesis deals with the programming of protection function algorithms in Matlab. The model evaluated the harmonics impact on digital relays and the impact of current transformer saturation on distance protection. In the end, the thesis deals with the assessment of the benefits of IEC 61850-9-2LEusing a neural network. The last chapter focuses on a real-time application that subscribes the data stream coming from a substation near the protection laboratory in Brno University of Technology. IEC 61850-9-2 LE SMVs are used to transmit the traffic to a university lab-oratory with 16 km of fiber optic cable. The application built using Matlab and can read the traffic from the ethernet port, the traffic decoded and convert from ASCII to the decimal numbers then draw the current and voltage values. The application developed without using any need for additional hardware, the requirements are the ethernet port RJ45 from the station and pc that is running Matlab. The benefits and features of the application, easy to use, ability to implemen

44. Systém chránění s využitím výstupu z elektronického senzorického systému měření proudu a napětí

Author

Orságová, Jaroslava, Jiřičková,, Jana, Janíček, František, Bajánek, Tomáš, Orságová, Jaroslava, Jiřičková,, Jana, Janíček, František, and Bajánek, Tomáš

Abstract

V súčasnosti dochádza k rozšírenému použitiu alternatívnych technológií merania v elektrických sieťach, medzi ktoré je možné zaradiť prúdové a napäťové senzory. S ich použitím úzko súvisí využitie štandardu IEC 61850-9-2 z dôvodu prenášania meraných hodnôt v rámci rozvodne pre účely ochranných funkcií a merania. Použitie senzorov a využitie komunikačného štandardu IEC 61850 spolu s vysokorýchlostným Ethernetom umožní zjednodušenie koncepcie usporiadania ochranných terminálov v rozvodných zariadeniach a umožňuje rozvíjať nový systém chránenia založený na centrálnej ochrane. Dizertačná práca je zameraná na ochranné algoritmy, ktoré využívajú SV podľa IEC 61850-9-2 a ich implementáciu do modelu centrálnej ochrany. V úvode je rozpracovaný doterajší vývoj v oblasti chránenia rozvodných zariadení a súčasne dostupné riešenie využívajúce IEC 61850-9-2 a princíp centrálnej ochrany. Práca obsahuje popis algoritmov pre vybrané ochranné funkcie – nadprúdová ochrana, ochrana pri nesymetrii, logická ochrana prípojníc a diferenciálna ochrana. Následne sa práca venuje programovaniu algoritmov ochranných funkcií vo vývojovom prostredí LabView vo forme modelu centrálnej ochrany. Model spracováva dáta z procesnej zbernice podľa štandardu IEC 61850-9-2 a v prípade poruchy posiela GOOSE správu prostredníctvom Ethernetu výkonovému vypínaču. Pre overenie správnej funkcie naprogramovaných ochranných algoritmov bol navrhnutý postup testovania v spolupráci s využitím testovacieho zariadenia OMICRON 256plus, prúdového senzora a merging unit. Výsledky testovania modelu centrálnej ochrany a navrhnutých algoritmov boli porovnané s výsledkami testovania súčasne používaných ochrán. V závere sa práca zaoberá zhodnotením prínosu centrálnej ochrany pre chránenie rozvodných zariadení a možnosťami ďalšieho využitia vytvoreného modelu centrálnej ochrany. Práca poukazuje na nový spôsob chránenia elektrizačnej sústavy využívajúc digitálne dáta z MU prostredníctvom procesnej zbernice popísanej v IEC 61850, At present, there is a widespread use of alternative measurement technologies in electrical networks that include current and voltage sensors. Their use is closely related to the use of IEC 61850-9-2 for data transfer of measured values within the substation for the purpose of protection and measurement. The use of sensors and communication standard IEC 61850 together with high-speed Ethernet will simplify the concept of the arrangement of protection terminals in substations and enable the development of a new protection system based on central protection. The dissertation is focused on protection algorithms, which use the SV according to IEC 61850-9-2, and their implementation into the central protection model. Thesis describes development in the field of protection of substations and the currently available solutions using IEC 61850-9-2 and the principle of central protection. Thesis explains algorithms for selected protection functions - overcurrent protection, negative sequence overcurrent protection, logic busbar protection and differential protection. Further, thesis deals with the programming of protection function algorithms in LabView development environment in the form of a central protection model. The model processes data from a process bus according to IEC 61850-9-2 and sends a GOOSE message over Ethernet in the event of a failure. To verify the correct function of the programmed protection algorithms, a testing procedure was developed using OMICRON 256plus, the current sensor and the merging unit. The results of the testing of the central protection model and the proposed algorithms were compared with the results of testing the currently used protections. At the end, the thesis deals with the assessment of the benefits of central protection for protecting substations and the possibility of further utilization of the central protection model. The thesis highlights a new way of protecting the electrification system using digital data from MU transferred

45. Distanční ochrana využívající digitální vstupní data

Author

Toman, Petr, Müller,, Zdeněk, Braciník, Peter, Wannous, Kinan Hasan Wafaa, Toman, Petr, Müller,, Zdeněk, Braciník, Peter, and Wannous, Kinan Hasan Wafaa

Abstract

Standard IEC 61850-9-2 definuje přenos vzorkovaných měřených hodnot (sampled measured values, SMV) prostřednictvím sítě Ethernet a využití SMV získaných ze slučovacích jednotek nebo přístrojových transformátorů. Implementace IEC 61850-9-2 závisí na vlastnostech datového souboru, jakými jsou časová synchronizace, počet vzorků a časový interval. Dizertační práce je zaměřena na algoritmy chránění a analýzu vlivu standardu IEC61850-9-2LE na fyzická zařízení ochran s analogově/digitálními vstupními daty o proudu a napětí. S ohledem na narůstající míru interakce mezi fyzickými zařízeními a komunikačními prvky byl navržen test pro analýzu komunikace pro rozvodnu využívající konvenční metody (analogové vstupy) a metody digitální založené na standardu IEC 61850-9-2. Práce dále popisuje funkci slučovací jednotky využívající standard IEC61850-9-2LE. Navržená metoda definuje zdroj SMV a analyzuje přenos dat. V rámci práce byl za využití softwaru Matlab naprogramován algoritmus ochrany. Vytvořený model je schopen vyhodnotit vliv harmonického zkreslení na funkci digitálních ochran a vliv přesycení proudového transformátoru na distanční ochranu. V práci jsou zhodnoceny i možnosti zrychlení testování systémů chránění s využitím neuronové sítě. Závěrečná kapitola se zabývá aplikacemi v reálném čase, využívajícími data z rozvodny v blízkosti Vysokého učení technického v Brně. K přenosu dat z rozvodny do univerzitní laboratoře je zde využíváno SMV přenášených optickým kabelem o délce 16 km. Aplikace je vytvořena v programu Matlab a je schopna číst data z ethernetového portu, dekódovat je, převést z formátu ASCII do desítkové soustavy a poté vykreslit průběhy proudu a napětí. Mezi vlastnosti aplikace se řadí jednoduchost použití, schopnost implementace funkcí distanční ochrany, výpočet RMS hodnot proudu a napětí a harmonického zkreslení, harmonická analýza prostřednictvím rychlé Fourierovy transformace a výpočet impedance poruchové smyčky. Všechny výpočty běží v reálném čase a proveden, IEC 61850-9-2 specifies that the transmission of sampled measured values (SMVs)over an Ethernet network, using sampled values generated by merging units of IEDsor individual merging units, instrument transformers. The implementation of IEC 61850-9-2 depends on the dataset specifications such as time synchronization, sample counts, and interval time. The dissertation is focused on protection algorithms and analyses the impact of IEC61850-9-2LE on physical protections with (analog-digital) input data of voltage and current. With the increased interaction between physical devices and communication components, the test proposes a communication analysis for a substation with the conventional method (analog input) and digital method based on the IEC 61850standard. The thesis analyses the merging unit’s functions for relays using IEC61850-9-2LE. The proposed method defines the sampled measured values source and analysis of the traffic. Further, the thesis deals with the programming of protection function algorithms in Matlab. The model evaluated the harmonics impact on digital relays and the impact of current transformer saturation on distance protection. In the end, the thesis deals with the assessment of the benefits of IEC 61850-9-2LEusing a neural network. The last chapter focuses on a real-time application that subscribes the data stream coming from a substation near the protection laboratory in Brno University of Technology. IEC 61850-9-2 LE SMVs are used to transmit the traffic to a university lab-oratory with 16 km of fiber optic cable. The application built using Matlab and can read the traffic from the ethernet port, the traffic decoded and convert from ASCII to the decimal numbers then draw the current and voltage values. The application developed without using any need for additional hardware, the requirements are the ethernet port RJ45 from the station and pc that is running Matlab. The benefits and features of the application, easy to use, ability to implemen

46. Distanční ochrana využívající digitální vstupní data

Author

Toman, Petr, Müller,, Zdeněk, Braciník, Peter, Wannous, Kinan Hasan Wafaa, Toman, Petr, Müller,, Zdeněk, Braciník, Peter, and Wannous, Kinan Hasan Wafaa

Abstract

Standard IEC 61850-9-2 definuje přenos vzorkovaných měřených hodnot (sampled measured values, SMV) prostřednictvím sítě Ethernet a využití SMV získaných ze slučovacích jednotek nebo přístrojových transformátorů. Implementace IEC 61850-9-2 závisí na vlastnostech datového souboru, jakými jsou časová synchronizace, počet vzorků a časový interval. Dizertační práce je zaměřena na algoritmy chránění a analýzu vlivu standardu IEC61850-9-2LE na fyzická zařízení ochran s analogově/digitálními vstupními daty o proudu a napětí. S ohledem na narůstající míru interakce mezi fyzickými zařízeními a komunikačními prvky byl navržen test pro analýzu komunikace pro rozvodnu využívající konvenční metody (analogové vstupy) a metody digitální založené na standardu IEC 61850-9-2. Práce dále popisuje funkci slučovací jednotky využívající standard IEC61850-9-2LE. Navržená metoda definuje zdroj SMV a analyzuje přenos dat. V rámci práce byl za využití softwaru Matlab naprogramován algoritmus ochrany. Vytvořený model je schopen vyhodnotit vliv harmonického zkreslení na funkci digitálních ochran a vliv přesycení proudového transformátoru na distanční ochranu. V práci jsou zhodnoceny i možnosti zrychlení testování systémů chránění s využitím neuronové sítě. Závěrečná kapitola se zabývá aplikacemi v reálném čase, využívajícími data z rozvodny v blízkosti Vysokého učení technického v Brně. K přenosu dat z rozvodny do univerzitní laboratoře je zde využíváno SMV přenášených optickým kabelem o délce 16 km. Aplikace je vytvořena v programu Matlab a je schopna číst data z ethernetového portu, dekódovat je, převést z formátu ASCII do desítkové soustavy a poté vykreslit průběhy proudu a napětí. Mezi vlastnosti aplikace se řadí jednoduchost použití, schopnost implementace funkcí distanční ochrany, výpočet RMS hodnot proudu a napětí a harmonického zkreslení, harmonická analýza prostřednictvím rychlé Fourierovy transformace a výpočet impedance poruchové smyčky. Všechny výpočty běží v reálném čase a proveden, IEC 61850-9-2 specifies that the transmission of sampled measured values (SMVs)over an Ethernet network, using sampled values generated by merging units of IEDsor individual merging units, instrument transformers. The implementation of IEC 61850-9-2 depends on the dataset specifications such as time synchronization, sample counts, and interval time. The dissertation is focused on protection algorithms and analyses the impact of IEC61850-9-2LE on physical protections with (analog-digital) input data of voltage and current. With the increased interaction between physical devices and communication components, the test proposes a communication analysis for a substation with the conventional method (analog input) and digital method based on the IEC 61850standard. The thesis analyses the merging unit’s functions for relays using IEC61850-9-2LE. The proposed method defines the sampled measured values source and analysis of the traffic. Further, the thesis deals with the programming of protection function algorithms in Matlab. The model evaluated the harmonics impact on digital relays and the impact of current transformer saturation on distance protection. In the end, the thesis deals with the assessment of the benefits of IEC 61850-9-2LEusing a neural network. The last chapter focuses on a real-time application that subscribes the data stream coming from a substation near the protection laboratory in Brno University of Technology. IEC 61850-9-2 LE SMVs are used to transmit the traffic to a university lab-oratory with 16 km of fiber optic cable. The application built using Matlab and can read the traffic from the ethernet port, the traffic decoded and convert from ASCII to the decimal numbers then draw the current and voltage values. The application developed without using any need for additional hardware, the requirements are the ethernet port RJ45 from the station and pc that is running Matlab. The benefits and features of the application, easy to use, ability to implemen

47. Testování jednotek Merging Unit v sestavě s proudovými a napěťovými převodníky

Author

Topolánek, David, Drápela, Jiří, Ziegler, Jiří, Topolánek, David, Drápela, Jiří, and Ziegler, Jiří

Abstract

Diplomová práce je zaměřena na testování a návrh testovací sestavy proudových a napěťových převodníků napojených na slučovací jednotku, která poskytuje digitalizovaný výstup v souladu s IEC 61850-9-2. Parametry a charakteristické vlastnosti testovací sestavy jsou stanoveny na základě principu funkce slučovací jednotky a standardů zabývajících se testováním převodníků. Navržená testovací sestava je založena na modulárním systému PXI Express od společnosti National Instruments. Její návrh je proveden s ohledem na možnosti generování a měření zkušebních signálů pro napětí až 38,4 kV a proudu až 2000 A. Navržená sestava splňuje kritéria pro účely testování převodníků třídy přesnosti až 0,5. Za předpokladu kalibrace navržené sestavy jako celku, má tato sestava potenciál pro splnění technických požadavků, pro testování převodníků třídy přesnosti až 0,1., The diploma thesis is focused on testing and design of a test system of merging unit which provides digital output according to IEC 61850-9-2. The parameters and distinguishing features of the test system are based on functional principles of merging unit and standards dealing with the testing of transducers. The proposed test system is based on modular PXI Express system from National Instruments. The desing is performed with respect to the possibility of generating test signals and measurements for voltage up to 38.4 kV and current up to 2000 A. The proposed test system meets the criteria for testing transducers of accuracy class up to 0.5. Assuming of calibration designed test system as a whole, this test setup has the potential to meet the technical requirements for testing transducers of accuracy class up to 0.1.

48. Testování jednotek Merging Unit v sestavě s proudovými a napěťovými převodníky

Author

Topolánek, David, Drápela, Jiří, Ziegler, Jiří, Topolánek, David, Drápela, Jiří, and Ziegler, Jiří

Abstract

Diplomová práce je zaměřena na testování a návrh testovací sestavy proudových a napěťových převodníků napojených na slučovací jednotku, která poskytuje digitalizovaný výstup v souladu s IEC 61850-9-2. Parametry a charakteristické vlastnosti testovací sestavy jsou stanoveny na základě principu funkce slučovací jednotky a standardů zabývajících se testováním převodníků. Navržená testovací sestava je založena na modulárním systému PXI Express od společnosti National Instruments. Její návrh je proveden s ohledem na možnosti generování a měření zkušebních signálů pro napětí až 38,4 kV a proudu až 2000 A. Navržená sestava splňuje kritéria pro účely testování převodníků třídy přesnosti až 0,5. Za předpokladu kalibrace navržené sestavy jako celku, má tato sestava potenciál pro splnění technických požadavků, pro testování převodníků třídy přesnosti až 0,1., The diploma thesis is focused on testing and design of a test system of merging unit which provides digital output according to IEC 61850-9-2. The parameters and distinguishing features of the test system are based on functional principles of merging unit and standards dealing with the testing of transducers. The proposed test system is based on modular PXI Express system from National Instruments. The desing is performed with respect to the possibility of generating test signals and measurements for voltage up to 38.4 kV and current up to 2000 A. The proposed test system meets the criteria for testing transducers of accuracy class up to 0.5. Assuming of calibration designed test system as a whole, this test setup has the potential to meet the technical requirements for testing transducers of accuracy class up to 0.1.

49. Testování jednotek Merging Unit v sestavě s proudovými a napěťovými převodníky

Author

Topolánek, David, Drápela, Jiří, Topolánek, David, and Drápela, Jiří

Abstract

Diplomová práce je zaměřena na testování a návrh testovací sestavy proudových a napěťových převodníků napojených na slučovací jednotku, která poskytuje digitalizovaný výstup v souladu s IEC 61850-9-2. Parametry a charakteristické vlastnosti testovací sestavy jsou stanoveny na základě principu funkce slučovací jednotky a standardů zabývajících se testováním převodníků. Navržená testovací sestava je založena na modulárním systému PXI Express od společnosti National Instruments. Její návrh je proveden s ohledem na možnosti generování a měření zkušebních signálů pro napětí až 38,4 kV a proudu až 2000 A. Navržená sestava splňuje kritéria pro účely testování převodníků třídy přesnosti až 0,5. Za předpokladu kalibrace navržené sestavy jako celku, má tato sestava potenciál pro splnění technických požadavků, pro testování převodníků třídy přesnosti až 0,1., The diploma thesis is focused on testing and design of a test system of merging unit which provides digital output according to IEC 61850-9-2. The parameters and distinguishing features of the test system are based on functional principles of merging unit and standards dealing with the testing of transducers. The proposed test system is based on modular PXI Express system from National Instruments. The desing is performed with respect to the possibility of generating test signals and measurements for voltage up to 38.4 kV and current up to 2000 A. The proposed test system meets the criteria for testing transducers of accuracy class up to 0.5. Assuming of calibration designed test system as a whole, this test setup has the potential to meet the technical requirements for testing transducers of accuracy class up to 0.1.

50. Distanční ochrana využívající digitální vstupní data

Author

Toman, Petr, Müller,, Zdeněk, Braciník, Peter, Toman, Petr, Müller,, Zdeněk, and Braciník, Peter

Abstract

Standard IEC 61850-9-2 definuje přenos vzorkovaných měřených hodnot (sampled measured values, SMV) prostřednictvím sítě Ethernet a využití SMV získaných ze slučovacích jednotek nebo přístrojových transformátorů. Implementace IEC 61850-9-2 závisí na vlastnostech datového souboru, jakými jsou časová synchronizace, počet vzorků a časový interval. Dizertační práce je zaměřena na algoritmy chránění a analýzu vlivu standardu IEC61850-9-2LE na fyzická zařízení ochran s analogově/digitálními vstupními daty o proudu a napětí. S ohledem na narůstající míru interakce mezi fyzickými zařízeními a komunikačními prvky byl navržen test pro analýzu komunikace pro rozvodnu využívající konvenční metody (analogové vstupy) a metody digitální založené na standardu IEC 61850-9-2. Práce dále popisuje funkci slučovací jednotky využívající standard IEC61850-9-2LE. Navržená metoda definuje zdroj SMV a analyzuje přenos dat. V rámci práce byl za využití softwaru Matlab naprogramován algoritmus ochrany. Vytvořený model je schopen vyhodnotit vliv harmonického zkreslení na funkci digitálních ochran a vliv přesycení proudového transformátoru na distanční ochranu. V práci jsou zhodnoceny i možnosti zrychlení testování systémů chránění s využitím neuronové sítě. Závěrečná kapitola se zabývá aplikacemi v reálném čase, využívajícími data z rozvodny v blízkosti Vysokého učení technického v Brně. K přenosu dat z rozvodny do univerzitní laboratoře je zde využíváno SMV přenášených optickým kabelem o délce 16 km. Aplikace je vytvořena v programu Matlab a je schopna číst data z ethernetového portu, dekódovat je, převést z formátu ASCII do desítkové soustavy a poté vykreslit průběhy proudu a napětí. Mezi vlastnosti aplikace se řadí jednoduchost použití, schopnost implementace funkcí distanční ochrany, výpočet RMS hodnot proudu a napětí a harmonického zkreslení, harmonická analýza prostřednictvím rychlé Fourierovy transformace a výpočet impedance poruchové smyčky. Všechny výpočty běží v reálném čase a proveden, IEC 61850-9-2 specifies that the transmission of sampled measured values (SMVs)over an Ethernet network, using sampled values generated by merging units of IEDsor individual merging units, instrument transformers. The implementation of IEC 61850-9-2 depends on the dataset specifications such as time synchronization, sample counts, and interval time. The dissertation is focused on protection algorithms and analyses the impact of IEC61850-9-2LE on physical protections with (analog-digital) input data of voltage and current. With the increased interaction between physical devices and communication components, the test proposes a communication analysis for a substation with the conventional method (analog input) and digital method based on the IEC 61850standard. The thesis analyses the merging unit’s functions for relays using IEC61850-9-2LE. The proposed method defines the sampled measured values source and analysis of the traffic. Further, the thesis deals with the programming of protection function algorithms in Matlab. The model evaluated the harmonics impact on digital relays and the impact of current transformer saturation on distance protection. In the end, the thesis deals with the assessment of the benefits of IEC 61850-9-2LEusing a neural network. The last chapter focuses on a real-time application that subscribes the data stream coming from a substation near the protection laboratory in Brno University of Technology. IEC 61850-9-2 LE SMVs are used to transmit the traffic to a university lab-oratory with 16 km of fiber optic cable. The application built using Matlab and can read the traffic from the ethernet port, the traffic decoded and convert from ASCII to the decimal numbers then draw the current and voltage values. The application developed without using any need for additional hardware, the requirements are the ethernet port RJ45 from the station and pc that is running Matlab. The benefits and features of the application, easy to use, ability to implemen

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