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This study documented the lesser-known indigenous fruits and vegetables used in a montane area of high biocultural diversity in Bangladesh, the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs), and analyzed the nutritional values of selected species. Over 125 species were noted, and based on their frequent uses, 10 plant species were selected for nutritional analysis. All of the analyzed fruits and vegetables contain significant amounts of nutrients. Adoption of these species as alternative sources of food in other parts of Bangladesh could play a key role in improving livelihood and well-being in marginal communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHeart failure is described as a complicated syndrome, which is estimated that 56.2 million people were living with HF globally in 2019. Oxidative stress and apoptosis play a major role on HF development via targeting several signaling pathways in cardiac cells. This study investigated medicinal plants or their bioactive components with positive effects on HF management. In this research, keywords “heart failure,” “plant,” “antioxidant” or “radical scavenging,” “herbal” and “apoptosis” were synchronously searched through popular databases from 1990 up to 2023. Finally, the role of oxidative stress and apoptosis in HF development was searched and related signaling pathways were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionsThis study investigates the effects of quercetin, an antioxidant and nitric oxide (NO) modulator, on depressive-like behaviours triggered by social isolation stress (SIS) in mice. SIS, known to harm psychosocial functioning and increase the risk of depression, involves oxidative stress and NO in its pathophysiology.72 male mice were divided into nine groups, including the social (SC) group as the control group (stress-free with normal saline intake). The isolation (IC) groups received normal saline, quercetin at doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, the nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor L-NAME at a dose of 5 mg/kg, the NO precursor L-arginine at a dose of 100 mg/kg, an ineffective dose of quercetin combined with L-NAME and an effective dose of quercetin combined with L-arginine. Behavioural tests (open-field, forced swimming, and splash tests) were conducted, followed by measuring hippocampal nitrite levels.Quercetin significantly reduced immobility in the forced swimming test, increased activity in the open-field test, and enhanced grooming behaviour, particularly at 40 mg/kg. Co-administration of an ineffective dose of quercetin (10 mg/kg) with L-NAME increased immobility and grooming activity time. Interestingly, co-administration of the effective dose of quercetin (40 mg/kg) with L-arginine increased immobility time in the FST. Additionally, administration of quercetin at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg significantly reduced the nitrite level in the hippocampus of SIS mice. Furthermore, co-administration of L-NAME and L-arginine with ineffective and effective doses of quercetin decreased and increased nitrite levels in the hippocampus and increased immobility time in the FST compared to their respective counterparts administered alone.These results suggest quercetin’s potential in alleviating depression by modulating NO levels, pointing to its promise in treating depression associated with chronic stressors like social isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Baghdad Science Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Drought stress can markedly reduce plant growth and development, leading to considerable yield losses in sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Individual application of silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) has the potential to mitigate the detrimental effects of drought stress; however, their combined effect is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Si and SA, both independently and in concert, in mitigating the deleterious impacts of drought stress on sweet basil plants. A factorial experiment was implemented using a completely randomized design, incorporating soil application of three Si levels (0, 30, and 60 kg ha–1), foliar application of three SA levels (0, 100, and 200 mg L–1), and three soil moisture levels (50, 75, and 100% field capacity 'FC'). Leaf area, shoot dry matter, leaf yield, irrigation water productivity, net photosynthetic rate, and stomatal conductance were declined by 54–78%, 55–66%, 77–84%, 55–68%, 42–70%, and 73–92%, respectively, at 50% FC in contrast to conditions at 100% FC, while electrolyte leakage, free proline concentration, total phenol concentration, and total flavonoid concentration were increased by 77–130%, 173–330%, 87–148%, and 101–169%, respectively, across Si and SA doses. The treatment of 60 kg Si ha–1 in conjunction with 100 mg SA L–1 emerged as the most efficacious treatment. This combination resulted in a 174% augmentation in leaf area, a 91% enhancement in shoot dry matter, a 98% increase in leaf yield, a 63% increase in irrigation water productivity, a 28% rise in leaf relative water content, and a 112% increase in total phenol concentration at 50% FC, when compared to plants grown under the same soil moisture level without Si and SA supplementation. Additionally, this treatment combination reduced electrolyte leakage by 26% compared to the plants not receiving Si and SA at 50% FC. The performance of plants under this combination at 75% FC was superior to that of the control plants even under optimal conditions at 100% FC for some parameters, underscoring the drought-mitigating potential of Si and SA in sweet basil. The combination of Si (60 kg ha–1) as a soil amendment and SA (100 mg L–1) applied as a foliar spray could be an effective strategy for improving the drought tolerance ability of sweet basil and enhancing its performance under both water-stressed and well-watered conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aloe species are often used interchangeably for medicinal and cosmeceutical applications, presenting a challenge to the biological efficacy consistency of some herbal preparations. Sustainable production of high-quality commonly used medicinal plants remains a limitation for commercialisation. Thus, this study investigated the potential for plant substitution by examining bacterial endophytes capable of producing similar host plant secondary metabolites. The metabolite profiles and endophytic bacterial communities of endangered Aloe lettyae were compared with those of Aloe longibracteata using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Only 15 metabolites were significantly different between A. lettyae and A. longibracteata based on metabolite concentrations. However, both plants' functionality and potential application remain comparable. Phytohormones, including indole-3-acetate and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate, were more concentrated in A. lettyae than A. longibracteata. Metabolites such as tyrosine, allantoin, and myo-inositol, with human health benefits, were annotated in both species. Aloe lettyae harboured a phylogenetically diverse bacteria community compared to A. longibracteata, with a higher richness of bacterial species, indicating a likelihood of diverse metabolic capabilities among the bacteria. Dominant endophytes, including Bacillus, Comamonas, and Pseudomonas, possess enzymes contributing to various metabolic pathways. The enzymes have the potential to impact the synthesis, or breakdown of plant metabolites, consequently influencing the overall metabolic composition of the host plant. Therefore, this study supports the interchangeability of A. lettyae and A. longibracteata due to their ability to produce similar metabolites, and although the Aloe species exhibit phylogenetically diverse endophytic communities, the feasibility of utilizing their endophytes as producers of secondary metabolites remains viable. Key points: Aloe plants harbour bacterial endophytes with biotechnological importance. A. lettyae can be exchanged for A. longibracteata due to their similar metabolites. Bacterial endophytes produced phytohormones with plant growth-promoting potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: An imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's antioxidant defense mechanisms is believed to be a critical factor in the development of schizophrenia (SCZ) like neurological illnesses. Understanding the roles of ROS in the development of SCZ and the potential activity of natural antioxidants against SCZ could lead to more effective therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of the illness. Methods: SCZ is a mental disorder characterised by progressive impairments in working memory, attention, and executive functioning. In present investigation, we summarized the experimental findings for understanding the role of oxidative stress (OS) in the development of SCZ and the potential neuroprotective effects of natural antioxidants in the treatment of SCZ. Results: Current study supports the use of the mentioned antioxidant natural compounds as a potential therapeutic candidates for the treatment of OS mediated neurodegeneration in SCZ. Discussion: Elevated levels of harmful ROS and reduced antioxidant defense mechanisms are indicative of increased oxidative stress (OS), which is associated with SCZ. Previous research has shown that individuals with SCZ, including non-medicated, medicated, first-episode, and chronic patients, exhibit decreased levels of total antioxidants and GSH. Additionally, they have reduced antioxidant enzyme levels such as catalase (CAT), glutathione (GPx), and, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lower serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in their brain tissue. The mentioned natural antioxidants may assist in reducing oxidative damage in individuals with SCZ and increasing BDNF expression in the brain, potentially improving cognitive function and learning ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Capparis (Capparidaceae) comprises more than 250 species. C. spinosa L. is found in Mediterranean regions (Iran, Turkey, Italy, Algeria and Morocco). It is a medicinal herb due to the presence of several chemical compound in its roots, leaves, buds, fruits and seed. In folk medicine it is used as anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, anti-hypertensive and antimicrobial, hence, traditionally used in diet. This is overview of botanical, chemical, pharmacological as well as genetic aspects of C. spinosa L. and explains the scientific basis and pharmacological uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Thymol is a phenol monoterpene that is naturally derived from cymene and is an isomer of carvacrol. It constitutes a significant portion (10%–64%) of the essential oils found in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant renowned for its therapeutic properties. Wild thyme is native to the Mediterranean region and has been used in cooking and medicine for a long time. In contemporary contexts, both thymol and thyme offer diverse functional applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries. Thymol has attracted scientific interest for its potential therapeutic applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Studies have explored its efficacy in treating respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular disorders, highlighting its promising role in diverse therapeutic interventions. Additionally, this compound demonstrates antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, anti‐inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties. It also shows potential as a growth enhancer and has immunomodulatory properties as well. Other discussed aspects include thymol toxicity, bioavailability, metabolism, and distribution in animals and humans. This review summarizes the most significant data regarding the beneficial effects of thyme bioactive compounds and their applications as a food preservative while taking into account the thyme plant extract and its essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Fungi and bacteria have significant effects on medicinal plant production chain. • The application of detection and identification technology in medicinal plant. • Microbial biosynthesis provides technical basis for the drug industrial production. • It may focus on microorganism function in whole medicinal plant production chain. • Metagenomics-culturomics method shows bright prospect in medicinal plant microbiome. The interaction between microorganisms and medicinal plants is a popular topic. Previous studies consistently reported that microorganisms were mainly considered pathogens or contaminants. However, with the development of microbial detection technology, it has been demonstrated that fungi and bacteria affect beneficially the medicinal plant production chain. Microorganisms greatly affect medicinal plants, with microbial biosynthesis a high regarded topic in medicinal plant-microbial interactions. However, it lacks a systematic review discussing this relationship. Current microbial detection technologies also have certain advantages and disadvantages, it is essential to compare the characteristics of various technologies. This review first illustrates the role of fungi and bacteria in various medicinal plant production procedures, discusses the development of microbial detection and identification technologies in recent years, and concludes with microbial biosynthesis of natural products. The relationship between fungi, bacteria, and medicinal plants is discussed comprehensively. We also propose a future research model and direction for further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigations on the anticancer potential of dietary phytoconstituents have made significant progress over the past 10 years. Eugenol, a phenolic compound found in various plants, has gained attention for its diverse medicinal properties. Prominent eugenol-producing plants include clove, cinnamon, tulsi, and pepper. The substance has been shown to possess features that include anesthetic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer effects. Eugenol is employed as a marker in pharmaceutical analysis for individual medications and drug packages. It has demonstrated the potential applications in domestic, personal, and dental care as well as in other industries. Eugenol is a flavoring component found in baked products, chewing gum, and non-alcoholic beverages. Eugenol exhibits numerous health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Its antioxidant properties stem from its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) through free radical scavenging and hydrogen donation. Eugenol's anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects have been linked to its role in reducing oxidative stress and modulating inflammatory processes. Like other phytoconstituents, eugenol is vulnerable to oxygen sensitivity and volatility, and it suffers poor bioavailability. To resolve these problems nanotechnology intervention continues to be a worthwhile option. Recently, few studies have reported about the novel eugenol nanoformulation approaches for the enhancement of therapeutic efficiency. In this review, an effort has been made to compile developed formulations, extraction methods, mechanisms of action, and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Erythropalum scandens Bl. is a medicinal woody vegetable found in southern China and parts of Southeast Asia. Studies have shown improper substrate hindered E. scandens seedling growth, causing water accumulation and nutrient deficiency. In pursuit of an ideal growth medium for E. scandens seedlings during the early stages, this study conducted a pot experiment to identify a mixed substrate with optimal water permeability and fertility. In this study, pure Alfisols soil treatment as the control (CK), and two soilless substrates (peat soil and perlite) were combined with Alfisols soil into different volume ratios, in order to better use soil resources from understory space and balance the texture of mixed substrates. The growth, physiological characteristics and nutrient status of 24-month-old E. scandens seedlings were determined after planting in different mixed ratios. The results showed that as the proportion of peat soil increased in the mix, most indexes exhibited an initial increase followed by a decline, while soluble protein content decreased consistently. Conversely, an increasing perlite ratio resulted in a general decline in most growth and physiological indexes. Root growth, biomass accumulation and chlorophyll content, peaked in the 66.67% Alfisols soil + 33.33% perlite (T4) treatment. Notably, T3 (66.67% Alfisols soil + 33.33% peat soil) showcased the best above-ground growth, while T1 (50.00% Alfisols soil + 50.00% peat soil) excelled in element content accumulation. In conclusion, the cultivation substrate should primarily consist of Alfisols soil, constituting at least 50%. The addition of peat soil enhances above-ground growth and nutrients accumulation, while perlite contributes to robust root development. One third of peat soil and a small amount of perlite can be added to the substrate during E. scandens seedling cultivation, and proper fertilization should also be used in order to increase nutrient accumulation in aboveground and underground parts. This research provides valuable insights into maximizing the potential of E. scandens seedlings through precise cultivation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nigella sativa (N. sativa; Ranunculaceae), commonly referred to as black cumin, is one of the most widely used medicinal plants worldwide, with its seeds having numerous applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. With the emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens as an important health challenge, the need for alternative microbe-inhibitory agents is on the rise, whereby black cumin has gained considerable attention from researchers for its strong antimicrobial characteristics owing to its high content in a wide range of bioactive compounds, including thymoquinone, nigellimine, nigellidine, quercetin, and O-cymene. Particularly, thymoquinone increases the levels of antioxidant enzymes that counter oxidative stress in the liver. Additionally, the essential oil in N. sativa seeds effectively inhibits intestinal parasites and shows moderate activity against some bacteria, including Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Thymoquinone exhibits minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 8–16 μg/mL against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and exhibits MIC 0.25 µg/mL against drug-resistant mycobacteria. Similarly, quercetin shows a MIC of 2 mg/mL against oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Furthermore, endophytic fungi isolated from N. sativa have demonstrated antibacterial activity. Therefore, N. sativa is a valuable medicinal plant with potential for medicinal and food-related applications. In-depth exploration of the corresponding therapeutic potential and scope of industrial application warrants further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Intensive mariculture practices, particularly high stocking densities, have led to suboptimal growth rates and increased susceptibility to diseases in hybrid grouper, a popular species in aquaculture. Therefore, the use of medicinal plants has become promising to increase the immune response and resist disease. We examined the antimicrobial activity against Vibrio sp., because the Vibrio sp. is a common pathogen in fish. This study demonstrated that ethyl caffeate is nontoxic and increases the phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, and respiratory burst of head kidney leukocytes in hybrid grouper. Ethyl caffeate also has potent antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria in hybrid grouper aquaculture. Ethyl caffeate (EC) is considered a sustainable way to address the current challenges as they are cheap and environmentally friendly. Ultimately, it has potential to increase the metabolite secondary activity of beneficial bacteria. This study investigated the effect of substances on nonspecific immune responses of head kidney leukocytes, the antimicrobial activity against Vibrio sp., as well as the time-kill of Vibrio sp. by combining the substances with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and Pediococcus sp. The substances are B. pilosa hot water extract, B. pilosa powder extract, B. pilosa methanol extract, B. pilosa ethanol extract, B. alba hot water extract, B. alba powder extract, B. alba methanol extract, B. alba ethanol extract, and bioactive compounds, namely cytopiloyne, flavonoid, phenol, ethyl caffeate, luteolin, chlorogenic acid, butein, and linoleic acid. The results showed that some of them were nontoxic to the head kidney leukocytes, which can increase the phagocytic rate, phagocytic index, and respiratory burst. These substances were able to inhibit the growth of Vibrio sp.; they can even completely kill the pathogenic bacteria. The largest of the inhibition zone formed from the EC group at a concentration range of 5–50 µg/mL against V. parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, and V. harveyi with a value of 19.7 ± 0.56, 19.3 ± 1.53, and 20.6 ± 1.53 mm. Furthermore, the time-kill studies showed that the LAB and P. acidilactici can completely kill the Vibrio sp. at 6 h incubation time, mainly in the group of combination with EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moringa oleifera is a tropical tree that has its leaves, fruits, and seeds used as medicine and food. A standardized hydroalcoholic moringa seed extract (MSE) contains up to 40% of an isothiocyanate (MIC-1; moringin), a phytochemical known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Animal studies suggest that MSE may help with diseases, such as edema, colitis, obesity, and diabetes. In vitro studies have shown that MIC-1 activates the Nrf2 pathway, involved in detoxification and antioxidant pathways. To broaden the understanding of the molecular pathways regulated by MSE, we hypothesized that MSE improves the health span in Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the Nrf2 homolog (SKN-1). Our whole RNA-seq data showed that MSE at 0.1 mg/mL (100 µM MIC-1) regulated the expression of a total of 1555 genes, including genes related to C. elegans cuticle, molting cycle, and glutathione metabolism. MSE upregulated several glutathione S transferases (GST), involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, and other SKN-1 downstream targets. MSE and MIC-1 upregulate skn-1 expression and induce SKN-1 nuclear translocation, suggesting that they activate the SKN-1/Nrf2 pathway. Moreover, the regulation of glutathione metabolism is likely dependent on the SKN-1 pathway, as the gst-4 upregulation by MSE was inhibited in skn-1 knockout mutant. However, MSE decreased survivability and delayed growth rate, while purified MIC-1 increased the lifespan of C. elegans. This study shows that MIC-1 is responsible for SKN-1/Nrf2 activation by MSE; however, components other than MIC-1 within MSE likely cause detrimental effects in C. elegans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Thyme, a plant with valuable metabolites, has been using in the food, pharmaceutical and health industries due to its medicinal properties. Identifying the agricultural factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative changes of medicinal plants is crucial for increment quality and more production. The use of chemical fertilizers has been caused many environmental problems; therefore, it is important to use organic fertilizers in different density patterns of cultivation in order to reduce the consumption of chemical fertilizers to achieve sustainable agriculture. Materials and methods This research was carried out as a split-plot design in the form of a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications in rainfed conditions in the Mahidasht research station of Kermanshah province during the two crop years 2020-2021 and 2021-2022. The main factor included three levels (20 tons per hectare Caw manure, enriched straw at the rate of 10 tons per hectare and no fertilizer application) along with agricultural soil without applying fertilizer, and the sub factor was three densities (4, 6 and 8 plants per square meter). The three plants were randomly selected from each plot, plant height (cm), number of branches per plant, and canopy diameter (cm) were measured. In the flowering stage, plants of one square meter were harvested from each plot and the wet and dry weights were measured in grams per square meter. Also, the dry weight of leaves and stems was measured in grams per plant for each plot, which, leaf to stem ratio was calculated for each plot by dividing leaf to stem weight. The essential oil of 20 grams of dried leaves were extracted using a Clevenger apparatus, and the percentage of essential oil was determined for each plot, and finally, according to the dry leaf yield per square meter, the amount of essential oil yield of aerial parts of the plant per square meter was calculated. Results and Discussion Analysis of variance showed that different fertilizers and different levels of density had a significant effect on all traits, but the interaction of fertilizer × density had a significant effect only on the traits of percentage and yield of essential oil. According to the mean comparison by Duncan's method, fertilizer increased the growth of thyme. All the vegetative characteristics of the plant were affected by the use of fertilizer. However, animal manure was the best among the two types of fertilizers used. On the other hand, with the increase in density, the plant height increased, but the number of branches in the plant and the canopy diameter showed a decreasing trend. in contrast to these two characteristics, the wet and dry yield of the plant was lower in low and high density than in medium density. A different trend was observed for the essential oil percentage and yield. The essential oil percentage increased by 17.53% by reducing the density from 8 plants to 4 plants. Interstingly, the yield of essential oil showed a decrease of 5.42%. The results of principal components analysis of the traits in different agricultural conditions showed that 94.3% of the variance was expressed based on the first two components, and the bi-plot of the two components confirmed the results of mean comparison. Conclusion According to the final goal of this research, which was to determine the best density, in terms of using manure and enriched straw to achieve the desired result in the cultivation of rainfed thyme, therefore, based on the grouping of the two-factor interaction and principal components analysis, it was observed that the use of manure at the rate of 20 tons per hectare with density cultivation of 6 plants per square meter is the most suitable treatment for the cultivation of thyme in the rainfed conditions of Kermanshah province. Therefore, it can be recommended for the cultivation of this species in the rainy conditions of Kermanshah province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a psychotropic tropical plant that is used as a traditional remedy in Southeast Asia. It has many medicinal properties and has great potential for clinical applications. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine (7-OH) are the important pharmacologically active compounds found in kratom with mitragynine as the major alkaloid found in the leaf. We report the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array method for the determination and quantification of mitragynine from M. speciosa fresh leaf extract. Fresh leaf samples were cryogenically ground and freeze-dried before methanol extraction. Gradient elution was conducted using acetonitrile and ammonium bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.5) at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1. Chromatogram separation was achieved using Kinetex EVO C18 column in a duration of 25 min with MG eluted at 15.75 min. The calibration curves were in a linear relationship with determination coefficients (R2) = 0.99. Mitragynine quantification was calculated based on the calibration curve equation. The precision value (RSD) was less than 2% and accuracy range from 93%-100%. The values for limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.67 µg mL-1 and 1.51 µg mL-1, respectively. This method has been validated and found suitable for the quantification of mitragynine in fresh leaf. We found that freeze-drying during sample preparation from fresh leaf yielded more reliable mitragynine quantification, compared with that of conventional oven-drying method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of Asteraceae family have properties enabling their application for medical purposes. The major- and microelement content in 15 medicinal species of the Asteraceae family growing in the National Botanical Garden, Republic of Moldova was determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. A total of 31 chemical elements, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Mo, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Sm, Tb, Hf, Ta, Th and U, were identified in herbal samples. Potassium was found to be the most abundant major element; its content in plants ranged from 20,700 mg/kg in Artemisia lerchiana to 58,000 mg/kg in Matricaria recutita. The content of other major elements existed in the following ranges: Ca from 4700 to 14,200 mg/kg and Mg from 1710 to 3870 mg/kg. The maximum content of Mg, K and Ca in analyzed plants was higher compared to data presented in the literature. Among essential microelements the most abundant were Fe (83–910 mg/kg), Mn (23–150 mg/kg) and Zn (27–76 mg/kg). The daily intake of metal and the health risk index for selected elements (As, Ni, Sb, V, Mn, Cr, Co, U, Sr, Al, Fe, and Zn) were calculated. Health risk indexes were obtained for V and Co in Calendula officinalis, Tanacetum balsamita, Achillea clypeolata, Artemisia balchanorum, Artemisia lerchiana, Helichrysum arenarium, and Matricaria recutita. The principal component analysis showed three associations of elements, which can be defined as physiological, geological and anthropogenic sources of elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The green synthesis of Tin(IV) oxide (SnO2): Gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) using Teucrium polium medicinal plant extract was investigated, and the NPs were characterized and tested as photosensitizers to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Methods: The cytotoxic effect on C26 cells was investigated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) technique. The results showed their toxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The green synthesis of SnO2:Au NPs was achieved for the first time using an extract of T. polium medicinal plant as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The produced NPs were examined for their application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer. Results: Methylene blue and anthracene were used to confirm that the photosensitizer could produce ROS when excited with UVA radiation. The anticancer activity of SnO2:Au was investigated in vitro using the C26 cell line and an MTT assay, showing that PDT with SnO2:Au NPs could inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Conclusions: The significant afterglow of the SnO2:Au NPs could cause the generation of ROS to continue several minutes after switching off the light source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the emerging field of nanomedicine as a drug delivery system, aimed at enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of active pharmaceutical ingredients in medicinal plants. The traditional methods of applying medicinal plants present several limitations, such as low bioavailability, poor solubility, challenges in accurately controlling drug dosage, and inadequate targeting. Nanoformulations represent an innovative approach in drug preparation that employs nanotechnology to produce nanoscale particles or carriers, which are designed to overcome these limitations. Nanoformulations offer distinct advantages, significantly enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of drugs, particularly for the poorly soluble components of medicinal plants. These formulations effectively enhance solubility, thereby facilitating better absorption and utilization by the human body, which in turn improves drug efficacy. Furthermore, nanomedicine enables targeted drug delivery, ensuring precise administration to the lesion site and minimizing side effects on healthy tissues. Additionally, nanoformulations can regulate drug release rates, extend the duration of therapeutic action, and enhance the stability of treatment effects. However, nanoformulations present certain limitations and potential risks; their stability and safety require further investigation, particularly regarding the potential toxicity with long-term use. Nevertheless, nanomaterials demonstrate substantial potential in augmenting the efficacy of active pharmaceutical ingredients in medicinal plants, offering novel approaches and methodologies for their development and application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cascabela Thevetia medicinal plant, known to possess anti-cancer properties, was probed for its elemental content with a proton beam of 3 MeV energy. The present Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) investigation was performed using the 3 MV Pelletron accelerator of the tandem type available at the Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India. The purpose of this study was to identify and thereby quantify the levels of elements present in the bark of Cascabela Thevetia medicinal plant, collected from four environmentally different locations, and study their variation with respect to the geographical region. An attempt was also made to correlate the occurrence of elements in this medicinal plant to its pharmacological action and ascertain its efficacy in the treatment of cancer. The outcome of this study underlines the need for exercising precaution in prescribing safe and effective doses and deciding the appropriate duration for which herbal medicines can be prescribed to cancer patients based on their regional variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants provide multiple ecosystem services that can, directly and indirectly, benefit the local community and beyond. This study assessed the diversity of the multiple uses of medicinal plants (MPs) and wild edible plants (WEPs) as well as associated local knowledge in Bako Tibe District, Ethiopia. Based on the recommendation of local authorities, eight key informants were selected out of the general informants (48) at eight sites. Ethnobotanical data were quantitatively analyzed through the use of use values, pairwise comparisons, and reference and direct matrix rankings. In total, 74 species from 61 genera and 36 families were found to have multiple uses. The Fabaceae family had the highest number of species (11), followed by the Moraceae family (eight). Trees were represented by 31 species. Twenty species were used to treat 22 human and livestock ailments. The highest preference ranking was recorded for Ocimum lamiifolium for treating febrile illness. Leaves (55.2%) and fruits (13 species) were the most commonly used parts for MP and WEP species, respectively. The highest use value was recorded for Cordia africana, among the top 10 multipurpose species. The findings showed that the most preferred MP and WEP species need further phytochemical and food nutritional analysis, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background/Objectives: Hormonal alterations during menopause result in substantial physiological changes. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is widely used as a treatment strategy for these changes, its use remains controversial due to its associated risks. Plant isoflavones are phytoestrogens that are considered a potential alternative therapy for postmenopausal syndrome. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of ethanolic extracts from Styphnolobium japonicum fruit (SJF) and germinated soybean embryo (GSE) in alleviating prominent menopausal symptoms. Methods: A cell model (MCF7 human breast cancer cells) was used to investigate estrogen-like activity. A rat ovariectomy model was used to simulate estrogen depletion after menopause and to evaluate the efficacy of the SJF–GSE complex extract at ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1. Results: Treatment with the SJF–GSE extract elicited estrogen-like effects, raising pS2 and estrogen receptor α expression in MCF7 cells. The extract was found to contain 48–72 mg/g sophoricoside and 8–12 mg/g soyasaponin 1, identified as active compounds. In ovariectomized rats, the extract effectively reduced body weight and fat content, alleviated vasomotor symptoms, improved vaginal mucosal health, and exerted osteoprotective effects by enhancing bone density and structure, reducing bone-resorption markers and positively altering estradiol levels and lipid profiles. Conclusions: The SJF–GSE extract, working synergistically, provides a safe and effective alternative to HRT for managing postmenopausal symptoms and enhancing bone health, without adverse effects. These findings support the inclusion of SJF and GSE in health-functional foods and underscore the importance of further research into plant-based therapies for menopause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern society, the use of bioactive compounds in various foods and cosmetic industry sectors through the development of general foods, functional foods, cosmetics, customized cosmetics and several pharmaceuticals has become one of the key technological sources. The most critical step in isolating and purifying bioactive compounds from natural plant materials is the extraction process. Over the past five years, there has been a reasonable compromise between economic, social, and environmental requirements, resulting in safer and more efficient traditional and non-traditional extraction methods. This literature review aims to comprehensively review green extraction technologies for the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials from 2020 to 2024. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum, an important medicinal plant, often experiences shading from surrounding vegetation during its growth phase, raising questions about the impact of such conditions on the functionality of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. This study investigated the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Funneliformis mosseae) on the growth, leaf gas exchange, and concentrations of active ingredient concentrations in leaves and roots of P. cuspidatum under shading (with a 72% shading rate) conditions. A nine-week shading intervention significantly suppressed root colonization by F. mosseae and the formation of soil mycorrhizal mycelium. Shading significantly inhibited the above-ground growth performance, biomass production, leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular CO2 concentration, while F. mosseae significantly increased these variables in the absence of shading. Plant height, leaf biomass, stem biomass, leaf photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance were all decreased by F. mosseae when the plants were shaded. The shading treatment also significantly diminished the concentrations of active components measured in both leaves and roots. Under no-shading conditions, F. mosseae significantly boosted the concentrations of polydatin, resveratrol, aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion in roots, as well as the concentrations of polydatin and chrysophanol in leaves. Conversely, in the presence of shading, F. mosseae distinctly reduced these active ingredient levels in roots, followed by an increase in leaf polydatin and chrysophanol concentrations. In summary, shading substantially impaired the mycorrhizal benefits on plant growth, leaf gas exchange, and root active ingredients in P. cuspidatum, highlighting the importance of sufficient light to maximize mycorrhizal contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achyranthes japonica Nakai (AJN) is a medicinal plant known to be beneficial for the joints. Since it takes at least two years from sowing to harvesting in an open field, new AJN cultivation strategies are needed to shorten the production period and improve quality. In this study, high-quality AJN is produced as microgreens in a vertical farm using a commercial ginseng soil mix (Myeongpum-Insamsangto, Shinsung Mineral Co., Ltd., Goesan, Republic of Korea) and controlled environmental conditions. The cultivation conditions included a temperature of 23 ± 2 °C, relative humidity of 50 ± 10%, and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 170 ± 15 µmol·m−2·s−1. Pre-harvest intermittent UV-B exposure, with an intensity of 1.0 ± 0.3 W/m−2, was applied for one day before harvest to evaluate its effects, using controlled environmental conditions in the vertical farm. Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) irradiation increases secondary metabolite levels in plants; however, the effect of UV-B on 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), an indicator of AJN, is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether UV-B treatment of AJN microgreens affected growth and secondary metabolites. The treatment group was set to 12 h of continuous UV-B treatment during the day, two 6 h UV-B treatments, and four 3 h UV-B treatments to confirm the effectiveness of regular and intermittent treatment and recovery. Short-term UV-B treatment before harvesting increased phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, and 20E levels without affecting AJN biomass. The intermittent 6 h UV-B irradiation with a 6 h recovery time stimulated 20E content by approximately 1.4 times compared to the control. These study findings indicate that short-term UV-B treatment before harvesting, an appropriate recovery time, and intermittent UV-B exposure are more effective at increasing 20E content than continuous treatment. This approach provides a promising strategy for improving the nutritional and health benefits of AJN microgreens in vertical farming systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Echinacea species, particularly Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia, and Echinacea pallida, are renowned for their immunomodulatory, antibacterial, and antiviral properties. Objectives: This review explores the mechanisms by which echinacea herbal extracts modulate immune responses, focusing on their effects on both innate and adaptive immunity in bacterial and viral infections. Results: Key bioactive compounds, such as alkamides, caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, and polysaccharides, contribute to these effects. These compounds enhance immune cell activity, including macrophages and natural killer cells, stimulating cytokine production and phagocytosis. The antibacterial activity of echinacea against respiratory pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionella pneumophila) and skin pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes) is reviewed, as well as its antiviral efficacy against viruses like herpes simplex, influenza, and rhinovirus. Echinacea's potential as a complementary treatment alongside conventional antibiotics and antivirals is discussed, particularly in the context of antibiotic resistance and emerging viral threats. Conclusions: Challenges associated with variability in phytochemical content and the need for standardized extraction processes are also addressed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of echinacea's therapeutic potential and outlines future directions for research, including clinical trials and dosage optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental hurdles, in the form of climatic crises, have taken a toll on prevalence of medicinal plants, which served as the foundation for traditional medicine from time immemorial. Drying preserves medicinal plants, and analyzing drying kinetics enhances resource efficiency, including energy and time utilization. This study is the first to examine the drying kinetics of insulin plant leaves. In this study, insulin plant leaves were dried at different temperatures ("40 °C," "50 °C," and "60 °C") to determine optimal drying temperature and assess its mass transfer characteristics. Higher temperatures led to shorter drying times: 530 min at 40 °C, 290 min at 50 °C, and 155 min at 60 °C. Both mathematical models and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to model drying characteristics, with the logarithmic model showing superior predictive performance among the mathematical models. ANN with the "Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm" and "TANSIGMOID transfer function" gave the best model with better prediction. Comparative analysis confirmed that ANN exhibited superior predictive capabilities. Effective moisture diffusivity followed an upward trend with temperature and 60 °C revealed a diffusivity of 2.4352 × 10−7 m2/s. Activation energy, at 42.124 kJ/mol, underscored utilization of a moderate level of energy to enhance moisture diffusivity within the sample. Color and microstructural analysis also revealed that 60 °C had better color attributes and agglomerative structures. Drying leaves at 60 °C expedited the drying process, enhanced mass transfer, and improved color characteristics. These results provided vital insights for utilizing dried insulin plant leaves in various nutraceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the global biodiversity crisis and the growing demand for medicinal plants, it is crucial to preserve therapeutically useful herbs. From a conservation management perspective under climate change, identifying areas that enable valuable natural resources to persist in the future is crucial. Machine learning-based models are commonly used to estimate the locations of climate refugia, which are critical for the effective species conservation. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of global warming on the epiphytic medicinal orchid—Bulbophyllum odoratissimum. Given how the long-term survival of plants inhabiting shrubs and trees depends on the availability of suitable phorophyets, in this research potential range changes in reported orchid plant hosts were evaluated. According to conducted analyses, global warming will cause a decline in the coverage of the suitable niches for B. odoratissimum and its main phorophyte. The most significant habitat loss in the case of the studied orchid and Pistacia weinmannifolia will be observed in the southern part of their geographical ranges and some new niches will simultaneously become available for these plants in the northern part. Climate change will significantly increase the overlap of geographical ranges of P. weinmannifolia and the orchid. In the SSP5-8.5 scenario trees will be available for more than 56% of the orchid population. Other analyzed phorophytes, will be available for B. odoratissimum to a very reduced extent, as orchids will only utilize these species as habitats only occasionally. This study provides data on the distribution of climatic refugia of B. odoratissimum under global warming. Moreover, this is the first evaluation of the future geographical ranges for its phorophytes. According to the conducted analyses, only one of the previously reported tree species which are inhabited by B. odoratissimum, P. weinmannifolia, can serve as a phorophyte for this orchid in the future. In this study, the areas designated as suitable for the occurrence of both orchids and their phorophytes should be considered priority conservation areas for the studied medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Scrophularia L., a genus of the Scrophulariaceae, is a group of important medicinal plants used for eliminating heat and detoxifying. East Asia has an abundance of potentially medicinal Scrophularia species, and it serves as a secondary diversity center of the genus. However, the genomic resources available for germplasm identification and pharmaceutical exploration of East Asian Scrophularia are insufficient, hindering its commercial and industrial development. Additionally, the interspecific relationships of most East Asian Scrophularia species remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we sequenced the leaves of 25 East Asian species of the genus Scrophularia, assembled and annotated the complete chloroplast genomes, and subsequently performed comparative and phylogenetic analyses on these genomes. Results and discussion: The conserved plastome length of these 25 species ranged from 151,582 bp to 153,239 bp, containing a total of 132 coding genes, including 18 duplicated genes and 114 unique genes. Through genome alignment of these 25 species, 38-53 repeated sequences and 7 shared SSRs were identified, along with regions with high nucleotide polymorphism (Pi), which could potentially serve as molecular markers for species identification. The genome structure, gene content, and arrangement showed conservation, while variations were observed in the IR boundary regions and IGS. Phylogenetic inferences based on whole plastomes or on coding sequences (CDS) only yielded congruent results. We categorized the 25 East Asian Scrophularia species into six distinct clades and further explored their interspecies relationships using morphological characteristics, such as flower color, the relative position of stamens and corolla, and plant height. This could lay a genetic basis for future resource development of Scrophularia in East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The depletion of medicinal plant resources leads to the irreversible loss of their genetic diversity. The preservation of medicinal plant germplasm using cryobanks is crucial for maintaining the sustainability of these resources. This study examined the efficacy of cryopreservation on 164 medicinal plant seeds, identified general principles for preserving medicinal plant seeds at ultra-low temperatures, and established a cryobank for dry-sensitive medicinal plant seeds. Over 90% of orthodox seeds were unaffected by freezing, with optimal conditions being a 5–10% moisture content and direct freezing. Intermediate seeds were best frozen with a 7–15% moisture content, and those with a lower initial moisture content were best suited to direct freezing. While recalcitrant seeds' freezing was most influenced by moisture content, there was no specific range. Direct freezing is appropriate for recalcitrant seeds possessing a hard seed coat and a firm seed kernel, whereas seeds with a brittle or soft seed coat are better suited for vitrification or stepwise freezing methods. There was no significant correlation between alterations in physiological and biochemical indicators and microscopic structures of seeds before and following liquid nitrogen freezing, as well as their storage characteristics. The findings of this research offer evidence in favor of the extended conservation of plant seeds and the extensive utilization of ultra-low temperature technology and provides an example of protecting the genetic diversity of plant resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alisma L. is a medicinally important genus of aquatic and wetland plants consisting of c. 10 recognized species. However, largely due to polyploidy and limited taxon and gene sampling, the phylogenomic relationships of Alisma remain challenging. In this study, we sequenced 34 accessions of Alismataceae, including eight of the ten species of Alisma, one species of Echinodorus and one species of Luronium, to perform comparative analyses of plastid genomes and phylogenetic analyses. Comparative analysis of plastid genomes revealed high sequence similarity among species within the genus. Our study analyzed structural changes and variations in the plastomes of Alisma, including IR expansion or contraction, and gene duplication or loss. Phylogenetic results suggest that Alisma is monophyletic, and constitutes four groups: (1) A. lanceolatum and A. canaliculatum; (2) the North American clade of A. subcordatum and A. triviale; (3) A. wahlenbergii and A. gramineum; and (4) A. plantago-aquatica from Eurasia and northern Africa with the eastern Asian A. orientale nested within it. Hence the results challenge the recognition of A. orientale as a distinct species and raise the possibility of treating it as a synonym of the widespread A. plantago-aquatica. The well-known Alismatis Rhizoma (Zexie) in Chinese medicine was likely derived from the morphologically variable Alisma plantago-aquatica throughout its long history of cultivation in Asia. The plastome phylogenetic results also support the tetraploid A. lanceolatum as the likely maternal parent of the hexaploid eastern Asian A. canaliculatum [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ttarakhand has a rich plant biodiversity, many of which have high medicinal properties. Medicinal plants have been used against insects, diseases, and herbivorous mammals through the production of chemical compounds. Various reasons like overexploitation, overgrazing, unsustainable development, etc. lead to their extinction and make them threatened species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) was established to prioritize species conservation, assess threat status, and develop suitable strategies due to the vast diversity of species. The genetic diversity of these threatened species can be determined using various markers. Molecular marker technology aids in analyzing genetic diversity, population structure, and species adaptation, enabling conservation measures and assessing genetic stability in conserved species. In this article, we have reviewed the genetic diversity of six threatened plants of Uttarakhand (Picrorhiza kurroa, Aconitum heterophyllum, Nardostachys jatamansi, Dactylorhiza hatagirea, Zanthoxylum armatum, Saussurea costus) in India as well as in other countries. A review highlighting the use of recent molecular markers like ISSR, SSR, RAPD, etc. to determine genetic diversity. Most of the medicinal plants show diversity less than 0.5, which indicates that the plants are at extreme risk of extinction. The diversity is calculated based on polymorphism percentage. The analysis of genetic diversity between species using ISSR, nextgeneration sequencing, AFLP, and microsatellite markers reveals low genetic diversity in A. heterophyllum, P. kurroa, N. jatamansi, Z. armatum, D. hatagirea, and S. costus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pereskia bleo, a widely cultivated plant known for its medicinal applications, contains abundant phytochemicals, including phenolics and flavonoids, predominantly in its leaves. The drying process, a standard practice for enhancing the shelf life, could affect the bioactive compounds within the leaves. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the impact of various drying methods on the colour, total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of P. bleo leaves. The tested drying methods include shade, oven, microwave, and freeze-drying. The colour of fresh and dried leaves was assessed using a Minolta chromameter. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the P. bleo leaves extracts were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu's and aluminium chloride colourimetric assay, respectively. Antioxidant capacities were analysed with DPPH radical scavenging and ferric- reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP). The results showed that microwave drying has significantly less impact than the other drying methods on the colour attributes of the leaves (p<0.05). Notably, microwave-dried P. bleo leaves demonstrated significantly higher TPC (77.31 ± 0.70 mg GAE/g dry extract) and TFC (35.79 ± 1.34 mg QE/g dry extract) compared to leaves dried using the other tested methods (p<0.05). Additionally, microwave-dried P. bleo leaves displayed the highest DPPH inhibition (91.62%) and exhibited the most potent IC50 value (76.90 ± 1.06 µg/mL) compared to oven and shade-dried leaves (p<0.05). P. bleo leaves dried with a microwave also recorded a significantly higher FRAP value (62.66 ± 0.10 µg TE/g dry extract) than oven-dried leaves (p<0.05). In conclusion, microwave drying emerged to be an efficient drying method in preserving the colour and antioxidant properties of the P. bleo leaves, suggesting its potential as a favourable drying technique for retaining bioactive compounds in medicinal plant materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the in vitro cultivation of Chiliadenus montanus (Vhal.) Brullo (Asteraceae), focusing on callus multiplication, in vitro seed germination, phenolic compound production, and antioxidant activity. Callus induction was optimized, followed by multiplication using Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). The highest in vitro germination rate of C. montanus seeds (11.6 ± 2.22%) was achieved using half-strength MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg·L⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃) and 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ BAP. Methanol extracts from wild and in vitro samples were analyzed for Terpinen-4-ol, Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole), and total phenolic content. In vitro microshoots exhibited an elevated Terpinen-4-ol concentration (0.01 ± 0.003 mg/g) compared to wild plants, while the concentrations of Eucalyptol (0.06 ± 0.001 mg/g) were similar in both microshoots and wild plants. Phenolic compound analysis revealed maximum levels in wild plants (30.67 ± 2.82 gallic acid equivalents [GAE]), followed by microshoots (22.81 ± 0.65 GAE), and the lowest in callus (6.37 ± 0.27 GAE). Antioxidant properties, evaluated via the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, indicated superior radical scavenging in wild plants (Inhibitory Concentration 50 [IC50] 32.13 ± 0.83 μg/ml) compared to greenhouse plants (IC50 221.04 ± 1.34 μg/ml). C. montanus emerges as a potential natural antioxidant source. In conclusion, an effective in vitro production system for phenolic compounds in C. montanus was established, offering a sustainable alternative to wild plant harvesting. The study highlights the potential benefits of C. montanus as a reservoir of bioactive substances and emphasizes the importance of in vitro cultivation for sustainable resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Levels of chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurotransmitter availability are altered in depressed patients and can be used as biological markers. This study aimed to analyze these markers in female Wistar rats under chronic inflammation induced by E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), treated with aqueous extract of A. gratissima and rutin, the major flavonoid of its extract. Methods: Thirty female Wistar rats under a chronic inflammatory regimen induced by 1 mg/kg i.p. of LPS were divided into six experimental groups: control (1), treated with fluoxetine 5 mg/kg (2), rutin at 50 mg/kg (3) or 100 mg/kg (4), aqueous extract of A. gratissima 100 mg/kg (5), and co-treatment with 50 mg/kg of extract and 10 mg/kg of rutin (6). Treatments were administered by gavage for 15 days. Results: Oxidative damage to proteins and lipids was lower in group 6 compared to group 2. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines increased in group 1 but not in group 2, indicating a relationship with depression. Similar effects were observed in the treated groups, showing no significant differences from group 2. Neurotransmitter levels of dopamine and serotonin were low in group 1, and all treatments effectively increased them. Additionally, A. gratissima extract at 100 ppm increased locomotor activity in planarians. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the LPS induction model in subacute experimental designs and the potential antidepressant effect of the treatments due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and ability to increase neurotransmitter levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field experiments were conducted on a four-year-old leaf-use ginkgo plantation in southern China to assess the impact of nine different fertilization strategies with varying N-P2O5-K2O rates at three growth phases (FBD: March for bud development; FLG: May for leaf growth; FLS: July for leaf strengthening) on leaf-use ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.) leaf productivity and ecological economic benefits (EEBs). The results indicated that regardless of timing and rate, fertilizer application led to an increase in leaf area and thickness, resulting in higher ginkgo leaf yield. The highest fresh (215.14 g tree−1) and dry (78.83 g tree−1) yields were observed with 3 g N + 2.5 g P2O5 + 1.5 g K2O tree−1 in FLG. FLS was found to mitigate the decline in SPAD values of leaves during late summer. Furthermore, fertilized ginkgo trees exhibited higher flavonoid concentrations in leaves, enhancing profitability. However, higher fertilizer rates were associated with elevated greenhouse gas emissions, nitrogen losses and ecological costs. Despite these drawbacks, all fertilization treatments resulted in increased net economic income. Specifically, compared to no fertilization, FBD, FLG and FLS treatments boosted net income by 3.5~26.6%, 11.6~60.5% and 5.8~35.4%, respectively. Using the entropy weight TOPSIS method, it was concluded that optimizing the N, P and K fertilization rate and timing (applying 3–2.5–1.5 g tree−1 of N-P2O5-K2O in May) is a beneficial approach to maximize EEBs and industrial benefits in leaf-use ginkgo plantations in southern China. This study provides valuable insights into suitable fertilization patterns and management for leaf-use ginkgo plantations in southern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq. (A. squarrosum), also known as sandrice, is an important medicinal plant widely distributed in dunes across all the deserts of China. Common garden trials have shown content variations in flavonoids among the ecotypes of sandrice, which correlated with temperature heterogeneity in situ. However, there have not been any environmental control experiments to further elucidate whether the accumulation of flavonoids was triggered by cold stress; Methods: This study conducted a four-day ambient 4 °C low-temperature treatment on three ecotypes along with an in situ annual mean temperature gradient (Dulan (DL), Aerxiang (AEX), and Dengkou (DK)); Results: Target metabolomics showed that 12 out of 14 flavonoids in sandrice were driven by cold stress. Among them, several flavonoids were significantly up-regulated, such as naringenin and naringenin chalcone in all three ecotypes; isorhamnetin, quercetin, dihydroquercetin, and kaempferol in DL and AEX; and astragalin in DK. They were accompanied by 19 structural genes of flavonoid synthesis and 33 transcription factors were markedly triggered by cold stress in sandrice. The upstream genes, AsqAEX006535−CHS, AsqAEX016074−C4H, and AsqAEX004011−4CL, were highly correlated with the enrichment of naringenin, which could be fine-tuned by AsqAEX015868−bHLH62, AsqAEX001711−MYB12, and AsqAEX002220−MYB1R1; Conclusions: This study sheds light on how desert plants like sandrice adapt to cold stress by relying on a unique flavonoid biosynthesis mechanism that regulating the accumulation of naringenin. It also supports the precise development of sandrice for the medicinal industry. Specifically, quercetin and isorhamnetin should be targeted for development in DL and AEX, while astragalin should be precisely developed in DK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cleomella serrulata is a native flowering plant found in North America. Even though this plant is of ecological and native medicinal importance, very little is known about the genomic makeup of Cleomella and the Cleomaceae family at large. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome of Cleomella serrulata and provide an evolutionary comparison to other chloroplast genomes from Cleomaceae and closely related families. This study not only confirms the taxonomic placement of Cleomella as a distinct genus, but also provides phylogenetic insights that imply potential adaptive strategies and evolutionary mechanisms driving the genomic diversity of the Cleomella genus. Whole-genome-based and ANI comparisons indicate that the Cleomella species form a distinct clade that is about equidistant from the other Cleomaceae genera as it is from the genera from the nearby Capparaceae and Brassicaceae. This is the first complete chloroplast-based phylogenetic comparison of Cleomella species to other related genera and helps refine the complex taxonomic distinctions of Cleomaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Metabolite screening was achieved by using standard qualitative tests. • Bioactive metabolites were separated and identified by De-replication approach, coupling HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS with MZmine 3, global natural products social molecular networking (GNPS) and METLIN Gen2. • Microwave digestion was used to extract metals for inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. • Health risk assessment was achieved by determining estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotients (HQ), and carcinogenic risk (CR). The bark of Entandrophragma delevoyi De Wild (E. delevoyi) is widely used in the Zambian traditional health care system as a very effective medicinal plant. Nevertheless, little is known about the phytochemicals affiliated with the ethno-pharmacological uses of the plant. Further, the heavy metals safety of consuming the plant for medicinal purposes remains unknown. In this study, metabolite profiling of the methanolic stem bark extract of E. delevoyi was performed using a de-replication approach by coupling HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS with MZmine 3 based two molecular networking approaches, that is, GNPS (global natural products social molecular networking) and METLIN Gen2. Varieties of metabolites were tentatively identified for the first time in E. delevoyi. Health risk assessment was achieved by analysing the presence and concentration of heavy metals such as Ag, Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Si, Sn, U and Zn using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Further, estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotients (HQ), and carcinogenic risk were determined. The utilization of qualitative tests to screen metabolite classes and the molecular networking tools revealed a detailed phytochemical profile of this medicinal plant species. Qualitative metabolite screening tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, anthocyanins, and tannins in the methanol extract. LCMS2 coupled to mzmine3.6 revealed the presence of thirty-five metabolites from MoNA database. In addition, LCMS2-GNPS revealed the presence of twenty-six metabolites, and LCMS-METLIN Gen2 revealed a further sixteen compounds. Furthermore, total polyphenolic content and antioxidant (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazylhydrate - DPPH) capacities were assayed. Total phenolic content was 169.46 ± 0.71 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content was 53.14 ± 1.78 mg QE/g. The crude extract had significant total polyphenolic content and antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 48.91 µg/mL) compared to the standard, ascorbic acid (IC 50 = 74.47 µg/mL). This plant, full of bioactive compounds and significant antioxidant properties, offers unique health solutions and robust possibilities for future drug development and pharmacology research. Although the bark of E. delevoyi possesses many health-promoting bioactive metabolites, the heavy metals evaluated in the bark of E. delevoyi in this study have carcinogenic risk (Al, 0.096; Cd, 0.002; Cr, 1.271; Ni, 0.024). Based on the non-carcinogenic health risk evaluation, E. delevoyi bark may be safe. However, its safety can only be determined if the plant's health risks are fully described in extensive chronic toxicity tests. E. delevoyi should therefore be used with caution in medicinal preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit is known for containing podophyllotoxin (PTOX), a natural lignan used as the lead compound in antitumor agent preparations, in its roots. The use of phloroglucinol (PHL) and indoleamines, such as melatonin (MEL) and serotonin (SER), in plant tissue culture is a promising alternative for eliciting rare and high-value secondary metabolites of medical importance. Aimed to evaluate the impact of different concentrations of PHL, either alone or in combination with MEL or SER, on the growth and accumulation of PTOX in H. suaveolens. Apical segments were vertically inoculated in MS medium containing different concentrations of MEL or SER (0; 0.25; 0.50; 1.00; 5.00 and 10.00 µM) and PHL (0 and 50 mg L-1). After 40 days, growth parameters, chlorophyll content and PTOX content were assessed. Plantlet rooting and root dry weight notably increased with the use of 0.5 µM MEL alongside PHL. Overall, treatments containing PHL showed superior results, except for chlorophyll content. SER supplementation was effective in increasing root growth, root number and leaf area. The combination of 1.0 µM MEL or SER and 50 mg L-1 PHL increased the production of PTOX in the roots of H. suaveolens by 2.0 and 1.6 times, respectively. In conclusion, the application of PHL and indoleamines demonstrated an eliciting effect on both growth and PTOX production in H. suaveolens roots, presenting a promising avenue for further research and application in eliciting targeted secondary metabolites.Key message: The application of phloroglucinol and indoleamines, such as melatonin (MEL) and serotonin (SER), demonstrated an eliciting effect on both growth and podophylotoxin production in Hyptis suaveolens roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer, defined by the continuous, uncontrollable proliferation of cells in the human body, is a disease with a rapidly increasing incidence and mortality rate. Scientists are looking for novel ways to cure and prevent this sneaky disease because of the toxicity of contemporary chemotherapy and the cancer cells' resilience to anticancer drugs. Determining the effect of herbal medicines, which do not have as harmful side effects as synthetic drugs, on cancer cell lines is an essential preliminary study in the production of effective drugs against cancer. In this study, the phenolic acid profile, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxicity of the medicinal plant Mespilus germanica (MG) leaf extract were determined, and its effects on the expression of some apoptotic, necrotic, and autophagic pathway genes of MCF7 (Human breast cancer line) and A549 (Human lung cancer line) and healthy HDF (Human Dermal Fibroblasts) cells were investigated for the first time. The LCMS device detected many important phenolic compounds previously reported to act against cancer cells in Mespilus germanica leaf extract. DPPH and total phenolic content showed high antioxidant capacity. The cytotoxicity of MG was determined by the MTT method. The levels of mRNA transcription for Atg5, Atg3, Rıpk1, Bcl2, Bax, Apaf1, Caspase-8, Caspase-7, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9, as well as the expression patterns of the DNA damage markers P53 and Parp-1 genes, were assessed. MG leaf extract did not cause significant toxicity against healthy HDF cells. However, it had a cytotoxic effect on A549 and MCF7 cancer cell lines, increasing the transcription levels of essential genes involved in cell death mechanisms. This research is the first to analyze the phenolic components and antioxidant capabilities of leaf extracts from Mespilus germanica. Additionally, it investigates the impact of these extracts on crucial genes involved in cell death pathways of A549 lung cancer, MCF7 breast cancer, and non-cancerous HDF (Human Dermal Fibroblasts) cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are numerous available immunomodulators, those of natural origin would be preferable based on their safety profile and effectiveness. The research and clinical interest in immunomodulators have increased in the last decades, especially in the immunomodulatory properties of plant-based therapies. Innovative technologies and extensive study on immunomodulatory natural products, botanicals, extracts, and active moieties with immunomodulatory potential could provide us with valuable entities to develop as novel immunomodulatory medicines to enhance current chemotherapies. This review focuses on plant-based immunomodulatory drugs that are currently in clinical studies. However, further studies in this area are of utmost importance to obtain complete information about the positive effects of medicinal plants and their chemical components and molecules as an alternative to combatting various diseases and/or prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The substantial use of medicinal plants in traditional poultry farming is a well-established practice. The present study aimed to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of ethanolic extracts of Jatropha multifida and Hyptis suaveolens in local chickens and to assess the effects of these extracts on feed intake, water intake, and average body weight. The methodology followed OECD Directive 223, which involves administering the highest dose of the extract to the chickens and assessing any mortality. Three homogeneous groups of five chickens each were formed for the limit dose test. The control group received distilled water, while batches 1 and 2 received 700 mg of ethanolic extract of J. multifida and H. suaveolens, respectively. The average body weight of the chickens was 350g ± 20, and the extracts were administered via gavage at a suspension of 2000 mg/kg.bwt of the extract dissolved in water. The results of the phytochemical tests indicated the presence of several chemical compounds known for their therapeutic effects. The productivity of the extract was 2.75 ± 0.19 for J. multifida and 3.3 ± 0.27 for H. suaveolens. After administration of the suspensions, observation for 14 days revealed no mortality. This finding indicated that the LD50 of the utilized ethanolic extracts exceeds the limit dose (2000 mg/kg.bwt). However, feed intake (49 ± 3 > 46±4) and average body weight (436 ± 31 > 388 ± 37) in batch 2 were significantly higher than those in batch 1. Future research should explore the subacute toxicity of J. multifida and H. suaveolens across various chicken breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Moringa, the miracle tree earns this title from being a dietary supplement for humans and its importance for medical benefits in folk medicine. Exceptionally, Moringa is nutritional vegetable tree with various important uses due to its rich nutrients, rich in protein containing all amino acids, minerals, nutrients, vitamins, and antioxidants. All parts of Moringa tree are edible and have long been consumed by humans. Moringa leaves, flowers, bark, seeds, and roots have many phytochemical components such as alkaloids, terpenes, myricetin, phenolic substances, phenolic acids, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, tannins, saponins, quercetin, zeatin, kaempferol flavonoids, glucosides, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, and steroids, which reflects positively on its therapeutic effects as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, cardiovascular, and hepatoprotective activity. Depending on the previous, Moringa is used frequently in folk medicine, especially in developing nations, to treat several disorders. Nowadays, Moringa oleifera is considered a promised functional plant in industry for exploring several products, mainly nutritional and medicinal. This review article aims to introduce defined and updated knowledge on biological activities, pharmacological, nutritional and traditional uses, and therapeutic potential of Moringa plants, with recognition of local models as potential products for commercialization in Egypt. To gather the literature for this paper’s review, research papers and review articles published in the last decade were used. Knowledge in current review will be valuable for developing novel therapeutic medicines, pharmaceutical formulations, and commercial products from Moringa. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Aloe species are often used interchangeably for medicinal and cosmeceutical applications, presenting a challenge to the biological efficacy consistency of some herbal preparations. Sustainable production of high-quality commonly used medicinal plants remains a limitation for commercialisation. Thus, this study investigated the potential for plant substitution by examining bacterial endophytes capable of producing similar host plant secondary metabolites. The metabolite profiles and endophytic bacterial communities of endangered Aloe lettyae were compared with those of Aloe longibracteata using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 16 S rRNA gene sequencing. Only 15 metabolites were significantly different between A. lettyae and A. longibracteata based on metabolite concentrations. However, both plants’ functionality and potential application remain comparable. Phytohormones, including indole-3-acetate and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate, were more concentrated in A. lettyae than A. longibracteata. Metabolites such as tyrosine, allantoin, and myo-inositol, with human health benefits, were annotated in both species. Aloe lettyae harboured a phylogenetically diverse bacteria community compared to A. longibracteata, with a higher richness of bacterial species, indicating a likelihood of diverse metabolic capabilities among the bacteria. Dominant endophytes, including Bacillus, Comamonas, and Pseudomonas, possess enzymes contributing to various metabolic pathways. The enzymes have the potential to impact the synthesis, or breakdown of plant metabolites, consequently influencing the overall metabolic composition of the host plant. Therefore, this study supports the interchangeability of A. lettyae and A. longibracteata due to their ability to produce similar metabolites, and although the Aloe species exhibit phylogenetically diverse endophytic communities, the feasibility of utilizing their endophytes as producers of secondary metabolites remains viable. Graphical abstract

Background: The interaction between microorganisms and medicinal plants is a popular topic. Previous studies consistently reported that microorganisms were mainly considered pathogens or contaminants. However, with the development of microbial detection technology, it has been demonstrated that fungi and bacteria affect beneficially the medicinal plant production chain. Aim of review: Microorganisms greatly affect medicinal plants, with microbial biosynthesis a high regarded topic in medicinal plant-microbial interactions. However, it lacks a systematic review discussing this relationship. Current microbial detection technologies also have certain advantages and disadvantages, it is essential to compare the characteristics of various technologies. Key scientific concepts of review: This review first illustrates the role of fungi and bacteria in various medicinal plant production procedures, discusses the development of microbial detection and identification technologies in recent years, and concludes with microbial biosynthesis of natural products. The relationship between fungi, bacteria, and medicinal plants is discussed comprehensively. We also propose a future research model and direction for further studies.