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Copyright of Journal of Henan University of Technology Natural Science Edition is the property of Henan University of Technology Journal Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study focused on an innovative and eco-friendly procedure to purify bioactive phenolic compounds (PC) from marine plants, i.e., two macroalgae Bifurcaria bifurcata and Codium fragile, and three halophytes Beta vulgaris subsp. maritima, Crithmum maritimum and Plantago lanceolata. The extraction was classically performed with aqueous ethanol followed by an eco-friendly purification procedure using a reusable Diaion HP-20 macroporous resin to reduce the use of toxic solvents and can be considered on a large scale. Purification monitoring was carried out by Folin-Ciocalteu assay to determine PC contents in fraction and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) to follow its efficiency. The bioactivities investigated were the radical-scavenging capacity and the antibacterial activity evaluated by EUCAST broth microdilution method on reference and clinical bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria). The Diaion purification allowed the PC enrichment for all the species fractions combined with an increase of the radical-scavenging capacity. The B. bifurcata F30 fraction particularly emerged from the screening with antibacterial activity against all tested staphylococcal strains. In order to identify phlorotannins, the fractionation of this F30 fraction by Flash chromatography with an acetonitrile gradient, and its analysis using 2D NMR, revealed the presence of bioactive fucophlorethols for the first time in this species. The properties associated with the B. bifurcata F30 fraction can be valued for biotechnological applications as natural preservative and/or antimicrobial agents in cosmetics, food and medicine. These results demonstrate that the Diaion HP-20 is promising to purify bioactive PC from macroalgae and halophytes, in terms of efficiency and eco-friendly properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemicellulose-derived sugars, especially xylose and xylooligosaccharide (XOS), obtained from lignocellulosic biomass can promote further applications in alternative chemical, food, and health care industries. In this study, a hemicellulose-rich hydrolysate was extracted by the hydrothermal pretreatment of sugarcane bagasse at 175 °C. The two-step combination process of activated carbon and macroporous adsorption resin demonstrated a high efficiency of removal in terms of total byproducts (hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, lactic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, levulinic acid, and succinic acid) and phenolic content with 70.9% and 92.0%, respectively. This synergistic process achieved a higher purity of total sugar (89.7%) than the single detoxification processes with activated carbon and macroporous resin (83.6% and 84.3%, respectively). Moreover, detoxification by activated carbon achieved the removal of the total byproducts in the range of 47.1 to 63.9%, particularly the removal of hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural under the condition from 5 to 10% (w/v) activated carbon loading and temperature at 4–70 °C for 4 h. Using macroporous adsorption resin affected the removal of the total phenolic content in the range of 68.3 to 98.4% with high loss of XOS sugar under conditions from 2 to 20% (w/v) resin loading at 25 °C for 1 h. This work provides a simple process for the detoxification of hemicellulose-rich hydrolysates by adsorbent materials from hydrothermal sugarcane bagasse processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to extract total flavonoids from leaves of wild Rosa roxburghii Tratt. in Guizhou by ultrasonic extraction with 60% ethanol. The dynamic adsorption characteristics of five kinds of macroporous resins for total flavonoids were studied by static adsorption test, and the macroporous adsorption resins with good adsorption and desorption performance for flavonoids from Rosa roxburghii Tratt. leaves were screened out. The extraction process of flavonoids from Rosa roxburghii Tratt. leaves purified by macroporous resin was optimized with adsorption rate and desorption rate as indexes. The results showed that macroporous resin AB-8 had good adsorption and desorption performance. When the purification process was diameter-height ratio 1∶2 (2BV), the concentration of sample solution was 0.6 g/L, and the flow rate was 2 mL/min, AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin could quickly and effectively adsorb flavonoids from Rosa roxburghii Tratt. leaves. Flavonoids adsorbed by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin could be quickly and fully eluted by using 55% ethanol 80 mL and maintaining an elution flow rate of 2 mL/min. Under these conditions, the purity of flavonoids from Rosa roxburghii Tratt. leaves increased from 3.368 mg/g to 6.679 mg/g. The study indicates that the technological conditions are suitable for the purification of flavonoids from Rosa roxburghii Tratt. leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The saponin‐enriched extract from Celosiae Semen is a promising resource owing to its lipid‐lowering activity. However, triterpenoid saponins are difficult to extract owing to their high molecular weight and strong water solubility. The aim of this paper was to explore an eco‐friendly and effective technology of extraction and enrichment of total triterpenoid saponins to obtain high lipid‐lowering fractions. Initially, Box–Behnken design experiments were employed to optimize the heat reflux extraction process on the basic of mono‐factor experiments. Afterwards, the crude extract was further purified using D‐101 resin, and the purification parameters were investigated based on adsorption/desorption experiments and biological activity assay. Under optimal conditions, the purity of the finally obtained total triterpenoid saponins was increased by 7.28‐fold. The lipid‐lowering activities of the six main triterpenoid saponins were evaluated in HepG2 cells induced by palmitic acid. The results of Oil Red O staining showed that the compounds all exhibited potential lipid‐lowering activity. The structure–activity relationship analysis suggested that the oligosaccharide chain at C‐28 played an essential role in their lipid‐lowering activity and the substituent group at C‐23 site also showed important effects. The optimal extraction and purification methods may facilitate the utilization of Celosiae Semen for the industrial production as a functional food and drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To develop a process for separating and purifying total flavonoids from licorice waste residue using macroporous resin. [Method] Comparing the adsorption capacity and desorption rate of D101B, AB-8 and DM-130 for total flavonoids to screen the optimal resin. Single factor experiments were used to screen the sample concentration, sample flow rate, sample volume, 20% ethanol elution volume, eluent concentration and eluent volume during the dynamic adsorption process. [Result] AB-8 macroporous resin had the best separation and purification effect for total flavonoids in licorice waste residue. The sample concentration was 2.345-3.126 mg/mL, the sample flow rate was 1.01.5 mL/min, and the sample volume was 64 mL, 20% ethanol elution volume was 5 BV, and 80% ethanol elution volume was 4 BV. After this purification process, the total flavonoid concentration increased from 15.63% to 65.68%. [Conclusion] This method is suitable for the preliminary separation and purification of total flavonoids from licorice waste residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To optimize the technical condition for purification of tea polyphenols with macroporous adsorption resin, the static adsorption and desorption performance of macroporous adsorption resin of fourteen types were compared to select the best type of resin. The optimal purification process conditions were determined by single factor and response surface experiments, and the reuse and regeneration times of the resin were further investigated. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activities of tea polyphenols before and after purification were investigated by in vitro experiments with VC as the control. The results showed that LX-8 resin had the best adsorption-desorption effect on tea polyphenols, which could be reused 5 times and regenerated 6 times. The optimum purification conditions were as below: The sample concentration of 6.4 mg/mL, the sample pH value of 5.4, the loading volume of 100 mL, the sample flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, ethanol concentration of 76% eluting agent volume of 180 mL, and desorption rate of 1.0 mL/min. Under these conditions, the recovery rate of tea polyphenols was 86.9% and the purity was 74.6%. In vitro antioxidant activity studies revealed that the total antioxidant capacity, DPPH· scavenging capacity and ·OH scavenging capacity of the purified tea polyphenols were significantly increased. And with the increase of polyphenol concentration, its antioxidant capacity enhanced. The total antioxidant capacity of the purified tea polyphenol (1 mg/mL) was 80.59 U/mL. The IC50 of the purified tea polyphenol on scavenging ability of DPPH· and ·OH were 0.0326 and 0.4167 mg/mL respectively. Although the antioxidant activity of pure extract was lower than that of VC, it was higher than that of crude extract, indicating that the antioxidant activity of tea polyphenols could be significantly improved by this process, and when the concentration of the purified tea polyphenol was 1 mg/mL, its DPPH· scavenging rate was close to that of VC. This research provided a theoretical reference for the industrial production and utilization of tea polyphenols.

This study established an integrated process for the extraction and enrichment of chlorogenic acid (CGA) from Eucommia ulmoides leaves in a deep eutectic solvent system via ultrasonic wave-enhanced adsorption and desorption practices utilizing macroporous resins. Although deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have the advantages of chemical stability, good dissolving capacity, and nonvolatilization, routine solvent recovery operations are not suitable for subsequent separation in this solvent system. Based on the above characteristics, this study integrated the extraction and enrichment processes, in which DESs extracts directly loaded onto the macroporous adsorption resin, avoiding the loss of target components in solvent recovery and redissolution processes. The screening results of solvents and resin types further showed that choline chloride-malic acid (1:1) was the optimal DES, and the NKA-II resin had high adsorption and elution performance for CGA. The viscosities of the DESs were much higher than those of water and conventional organic solvents; thus, the mass transfer resistance was large, which could also affect the adsorption behaviour of the macroporous resin. The thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound could effectively enhance the efficiency of the mass transfer, adsorption, and desorption in the DES systems. When compared to no sonication treatment, the CGA adsorption at various ultrasonic powers (120–600 W) was examined. At optimal ethanol concentration (60%), the effect of the ultrasonic treatment on the recovery of the DESs (water eluting process) and the desorption capability of CGA were confirmed. The use of three volumes of water elution could recover the DESs without loss of CGA. The adsorption process significantly differed depending on the ultrasonic settings, and the absorption balance time and experimental adsorption capacity at equilibrium were enhanced. Additionally, the adsorption procedure of the NKA-II macroporous resin for CGA under ultrasonic treatment could be clarified by the pseudo second order kinetic equation and the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic and dynamic parameters indicated that physical adsorption was the main process of the entire procedure, and it was a spontaneous, exothermic, and entropy-reducing physical adsorption process. This study potentially indicates that the use of ultrasonication, as a high-efficiency, environmentally friendly method, can enhance the features of the macroporous resin to better purify target chemicals from a DES extract.

Copyright of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products is the property of Chemistry & Industry of Forest Products Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to study the separation and purification process and antioxidant activity of Sargassum horneri polyph-enols, on the basis of ultrasonic assisted extraction of Sargassum horneri polyphenols, macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography was used to separate and purify Sargassum horneri polyphenol extract, and VC was used as the control to analyze its antioxidant activity in vitro. The results showed that the macroporous adsorption resin LX-158 exhibited the best adsorption and analysis conditions. The equilibrium time for static adsorption and analysis was 5 h. The following circumstances were ideal for dynamic adsorption and analysis: The flow rate of crude extract and eluent was 3 mL/min, the loading volume was 10 mL, the eluent was a 40% ethanol solution, and the eluent volume was 120 mL. The purity of Sargassum horneri polyphenols increased from 7.52% to 40.31% under these conditions. Antioxidant activity studies revealed that varied doses of Sargassum horneri polyphenols had noticeable scavenging effects on DPPH radical, ABTS radical, superoxide anion radical, hydroxyl radical and Fe3+ reducing power. With the increase of polyphenol concen-tration, its antioxidant capacity improved, and the IC50 was 6.60 μg/mL, 75.70 μg/mL, 2.22 mg/mL, 5.62 mg/mL, respec-tively. The purification process is feasible and stable, and it can be used as a process condition for the purification of polyphenols from Sargassum horneri.

The aroma components in cloudy water of reconstituted tobacco were analyzed by GC-MS and UPLC-MS, macroporous resin was used to enrich the aroma components incloudy water and the enrichment process parameters were optimized, and the effects of different enrichment components on the sensory effects of cigarettes were investigated. The results showed that the main aroma components in cloudy water was nicotine, with a content of 63 mg / L, and a small amount of 3-oxo-α-ionone, phenylethanol, anatabine and other aroma components were also contained. The macroporous resin LS313 possessed the best enrichment effect. The optimal enrichment parameters were as follows: the feeding rate was 11 mL / min, the loading volume was 8. 2 L, absolute ethanol as the eluent sol- vent, elution rate was 2 mL / min, and the amount of ethanol was 140 mL. Under these conditions, the mass con- centration of nicotine in the enriched solution was 53 times higher than that in cloudy water, and the recovery rate of nicotine reached 92. 6%, indicating that the macroporous resin method had a good enrichment effect on the aroma components in cloudy water. The enrichment and separation solution had different positive effects on the sensory quality of cigarette products, mainly affecting the smoke concentration, cigarette impact and aroma of the products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Food Safety & Quality is the property of Journal of Food Safety & Quality Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To study the purification process of Ginkgo phenolic acid by macroporous resin column chromatography using Ginkgo biloba extract as raw materiaL Using the total ginkgolic acid as the index, five kinds of macroporous adsorption resins were screened by static adsorption experiment, and the parameters of sample flow rate, eluent concentration, eluent volume, and resin column diameter-height ratio were screened by dynamic experiment. HPLC was used to analyze the result・ Results HPD-5000 macroporous resin was determined to be the adsorption separation resin・ The sample flow rate was 1 BV/h, the ethanol concentration of the eluent was 70% for impurity removal ,90% for elution, and the volume of 90% ethanol eluent was 4 BV・ The ratio of diameter to height is 1 * 6 ・ After resin column purification, the content of ginkgolic acid in the extract was increased from 17% of the raw material to 77.87% ・ After verification experiments, HPD-5000 macroporous resin has obvious enrichment effect of Ginkgo phenolic acid, simple operation, short cycle, and the resin can be reused, which is beneficial to the comprehensive development, utilization and production of Ginkgo biloba medicinal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Calicheamicin (CLM) is a prominent antitumor agent isolated from Micromonospora echinospora. The large scale production of this antibiotic is limited due to its low yield in fermentation broth. A mutant strain, M. echinospora HF 4-19 was screened by atmospheric pressure plasma jet and its production of CLM was 3.3-fold higher than that of the original strain. Different macroporous adsorption resins were tested to optimize the conditions of mycelia growth and CLM biosynthesis. The weak-polar adsorption resin, H-60, was selected due to better adsorption and desorption capacities. In a 50-L bioreactor containing 3.0% (wt/vol) H-60 resin in fermentation medium, the yield of CLM was 5.6-fold higher than that without the resin. With the improved methods of plasma jet and in situ resin adsorption in fermentation process, the CLM production was significantly increased from 3.1 ± 0.3 to 84.0 ± 2.4 μg/mL. This study established an improved method to produce the CLM, which has the potential to be used for an industrial scale production of CLM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the separation and purification of jellyfish polypeptide with Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity by macroporous adsorption resin was studied from the perspective of molecular polarity. The enzymatic hydrolysates of jellyfish were taken as the research object, and three different types of macroporous resin HP20SS, SP20SS and SP207 were used to isolate and purify the ACE inhibitory peptide of jellyfish. The ACE inhibitory rate was used as the evaluation index, and the separation and purification process of ACE inhibitory peptide was screened. The results showed that HP20SS macroporous resin was the best for the separation and purification of ACE inhibitory peptide. Under the conditions of 10.0 mg/mL of hydrolysate, 2.0 BV/h of sample loading, 3 h of standing adsorption, 70% ethanol solution of eluent, 1.0 mL/min of eluent, after enrichment, the molecular weight of ACE inhibitory peptide was 2.65×103 Da, the purity was 89.16%, and the inhibition rate was up to 92.18%, the IC50 value was 1.02 mg/mL. The average recovery was 94.76% and RSD was 0.63% after three parallel tests. Comprehensive analysis showed that HP20SS macroporous resin had a good separation and purification effect on the ACE inhibitory peptide of jellyfish, and the process was reasonable and feasible with good reproducibility.

• Lincomycin was purified through macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography. • A mixture of 0.02 mol/L Na 2 HPO 4 ∙12H 2 O and acetone (80:20, v/v) is the optimal eluent. • Under optimal parameters, lincomycin's mass concentration was 99.00 % and its yield was 97.84 %. • The proposed method holds considerable promise for pharmaceutical applications. In this study, lincomycin was successfully purified by macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography using the HZ3 resin. The optimal separation parameters were set as follows: the column bed height was 33 cm, sample loading capacity was 48 mg/mL and flow rate of loading was 1 mL/min. A mixture of 0.02 mol/L of Na 2 HPO 4 ∙12H 2 O (pH = 8.5, adjusted using H 3 PO 4) and acetone (80:20, v/v) was used as the eluent. The elution flow rate was maintained at 3 mL/min. Under these parameters, the purity of lincomycin calculated using the standard curve was 99.00 %, with the yield being 97.84 %. This enrichment and separation method of lincomycin is highly regarded owing to its remarkable efficiency and straightforward operation. Thus, the proposed method for the separation and purification of lincomycin holds considerable promise for pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inonotus hispidus has been traditionally and widely used to treat several diseases in some parts of Asia, such as diarrhea, bleeding and dysentery. Many studies confirm the phenolic substances from I. hispidus with very high bioactive properties, which is a promising resource for producing functional foods. In this work, five kinds of macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) were evaluated by the purification efficiency of phenolic substances of I. hispidus. MAR HPD-600 exhibited the best adsorption effect on the phenolic substances and the adsorption process fitted the Pseudo-second-order kinetic equation well. Simultaneously, its adsorption isotherm fitted the Langmuir model better which meant the process was a spontaneous exothermic reaction. Subsequently, the dynamic adsorption and desorption conditions were optimized, the concentration of phenols extracted increased from 3.48% to 21% and the recovery ratio got to 81.72% finally. This study could provide a meaningful guide for the industrial extraction of phenolic substances of I. hispidus. [Display omitted] • This study is with the aim of industrial-scale extraction of I.hispidus polyphenols. • The extraction of I.hispidus polyphenols using macroporous resins has not been reported yet. • The purity of I.hispidus polyphenols increases from 3.48% to 21%, and the recycling rate is 81.72%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxadiene has received extensive attention as the hydrocarbon backbone of a well-known anti-cancer drug, Paclitaxel. In this study, a de novo pathway for taxadiene biosynthesis from cheap carbon sources was newly constructed using Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) as a chassis cell. The total biosynthesis pathway of taxadiene was divided into upstream and downstream modules for respective optimization. To facilitate the cyclization of the diterpene substrate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, two of the key downstream module enzymes, taxadiene synthase and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, were genetically expressed in the form of fusion protein. After a series of optimization, the best recombinant strain, designated as E. coli strain ECU5008, achieved a titer of 93.5 mg/L taxadiene in shake flask cultivation. In addition, a commercially available macroporous adsorption resin was employed for the extraction and purification of taxadiene, in which each gram of resin Hz-816 could adsorb about 13.2 mg of taxadiene from the methanol extract of the cultured E. coli cells. The application of macroporous adsorption resin effecctively improved the isolation yield of taxadiene from fermentation broth. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article and its Supplementary information file. [Display omitted] • Taxadiene synthase and GGPP synthase were constructed as fusion proteins. • The constructed fusion proteins can effectively increase taxadiene production. • Use of macroporous adsorption resin to improve the isolation yield of taxadiene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enrichment of phosphopeptides before mass spectrometry (MS) analysis is essential due to the limitations of low abundance and poor ionization efficiency in complex biological samples. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC), especially titanium ion (Ti4+)-IMAC, has become a popular strategy for enrichment of phosphopeptides due to high selectivity and sensitivity. Conventional Ti4+-immobilized macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) fabricated by monolayer modification can preferentially capture mono-phosphopeptide over multi-phosphopeptides, which takes on more functions in the regulation of cell behaviors of organism. In this paper, a kind of monodisperse MAR microsphere with functional polymer brush (Ti4+-Brush@MAR) was prepared and modified via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Compared with common Ti4+-MAR without polymer brush, Ti4+-Brush@MAR exhibited high enrichment specificity not only for mono-phosphopeptides but also for multi-phosphopeptides in β-casein or milk digest samples. As a result, a total of 93 unique phosphopeptides mapped to 18 phosphoproteins were identified from 5 μL milk, and the limit of detection is 10 fmol. It is expected that Ti4+-Brush@MAR would be utilized to enrich both multi-phosphopeptides and mono-phosphopeptides in additional biological or food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a green and efficient enrichment method for the four majors active diterpenoid components: pimelotide C, pimelotide A, simplexin, and 6α,7α-epoxy-5β-hydroxy-12-deoxyphorbol-13-decanoate in the buds of Wikstroemia chamaedaphne was established using macroporous resin chromatography. The adsorption and desorption rates of seven macroporous resins were compared using static tests. The D101 macroporous resin exhibited the best performance. Static and dynamic adsorption tests were performed to determine the enrichment and purification of important bioactive diterpenoids in the buds of W. chamaedaphne. Diterpenoid extracts were obtained by using D101 macroporous resin from the crude extracts of W. chamaedaphne. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis demonstrated that most of the diterpenoids were enriched in diterpenoid extracts. These results confirmed that diterpenoids in the buds of W. chamaedaphne could be enriched using macroporous resin technology, and the enriched diterpenoid extracts showed more efficient activation of the latent human immunodeficiency virus. This study provides a novel strategy for discovering efficient and low-toxicity latency-reversing agents and a potential basis for the comprehensive development and clinical application of the buds of W. chamaedaphne. [Display omitted] • A green and simple method for enrichment of daphnane-type and tigliane-type diterpenoids from Wikstroemia chamaedaphne was determined by a macroporous resin chromatography technology. • The content of four main diterpenoids was increased to 21.45 % from 9.35 % in the diterpenoid extract. • Twenty-five diterpenoids were identified qualitatively in diterpenoids extracts by LC-MS/MS. • The fold of change of activating latent HIV of diterpenoids extracts were enhanced to 21.13 from 10.41 at 0.1 μg/mL compared with crude extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The H103 type macroporous adsorption resin was selected through resin screening to treat wastewater. In the static adsorption experiment, the best adsorption condition was to directly adsorb raw water(pH 二 7・ 4) at room temperature? and the equilibrium adsorption capacity was 227・ 14 mg/g・ The adsorption isotherm is fitted and the adsorption kinetics process is explored ・ It is found that the adsorption process conforms to the Langmuir isotherm equation and the quasi-second-order kinetic model，indicating that the adsorption of COD in the promoter DZ is a monolayer adsorption，which is mainly controlled by the chemical adsorption process・ The optimal flow rate of wastewater was investigated in dynamic adsorption ，and the results showed that the flow rate of 3 BV/h is the most economical and reasonable，and the processing capacity can reach 6・ 3 BV/batch・ The treatment effect is good, laying a foundation for the subsequent evaporation and crystallization to separate sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ellagic acid is a phenolic compound that exhibits both antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activity in a wide range of assays in vitro and in vivo. It occurs naturally in some foods such as raspberries, strawberries, grapes, and black currants. In this study, a valid and reliable method based on mechanochemical-assisted extraction (MCAE) and macroporous adsorption resin was developed to extract and prepare ellagic acid from Phyllanthus urinaria L. (PUL). The MCAE parameters, acidolysis, and macroporous adsorption resin conditions were investigated. The key MCAE parameters were optimized as follows: the milling time was 5 min, the ball mill speed was 100 rpm, and the ball mill filling rate was 20.9%. Sulfuric acid with a concentration of 0.552 mol/L was applied for the acidolysis with the optimized acidolysis time of 30 min and acidolysis temperature of 40 °C. Additionally, the XDA-8D macroporous resin was chosen for the purification work. Both the static and dynamic adsorption tests were carried out. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of ellagic acid was 10.2 mg/g, and the content was over 97%. This research provided a rapid and efficient method for the preparation of ellagic acid from the cheaply and easily obtained PUL. Meanwhile, it is relatively low-cost work that can provide a technical basis for the comprehensive utilization of PUL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Modern Food Science & Technology is the property of Editorial Office of Modern Food Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• Separation and purification technology of HT from EEEH was investigated withMAR and HSCCC). • Adsorption properties of H-103 macroporous resin was best for purifying HT from EEEH under the same other conditions. • HT purity of EEEH was increased from 10.23 % to 40.78 % with the optimal MAR technology. • According to partition coefficients of HT, solvent system (petroleum ether: ethyl acetate: methanol: water (4:6:4:6, v/v)) was chosen. • The critical experimental parameters of HSCCC were optimized and HT purity was increased from 40.78 % to 85.7 %. Due to three free hydroxyl groups, hydroxytyrosol (HT) presents strong bioactivity and has broad food and drug application prospects. However, there is no good separation and purification technology. In this study, separation and purification technology of HT from the ethyl acetate extraction of enzymatic hydrolysate from olive leaf (EEEH) was investigated with macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) and high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) and the separation factors were optimized. First, the adsorption properties of eight MARs (AB-8, S-8, D-101, X-5, XAD-1, XAD-5, NKA-Ⅱ, H-103) for HT enrichment were studied. The results showed that H-103 macroporous resin was adsorbent, sample concentration was 1.5 mg/mL, eluent was 30 % ethanol solution, sample loading rate was 3.0 BV/h, elution velocity was 2.0 BV/h, and HT purity of EEEH was increased from 10.23 % to 40.78 %. Then, solvent systems were examined according to partition coefficients of target component and petroleum ether: ethyl acetate: methanol: water (4:6:4:6, v/v) system was chosen. The critical experimental parameters of HSCCC were optimized as following: revolution speed was 1200 rpm and flow rate was 3 mL/min. The HT purity of macroporous resin purified EEEH was increased from 40.78 % to 85.7 %. Therefore, MAR-HSCCC combined technology could be a very effective approach to separate and purify HT from EEEH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In bottom-up strategy, specific enrichment of glycopeptides and phosphopeptides from complicated biological samples is a prerequisite for efficient identifying glycosylation and phosphorylation by mass spectrometry. Although there were a plethora of materials used as either hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) or immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) adsorbents, even several bifunctional materials for simultaneous enrichment of glycopeptides and phosphopeptides, most of them are not easily commercialized as many other well-performing adsorbents due to the complicated preparation process. In our case, a one-step modification strategy was developed to prepare bifunctional adsorbents for HILIC and IMAC, employing O -phospho- l -serine as the modifier and poly(GMA- co -EDMA) microspheres, a kind of macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) with epoxy groups, as the matrix. The MARs were directly modified with O -phospho- l -serine under facile condition for HILIC strategy and further chelated with Ti4+ for IMAC strategy. A total of 522 unique N -glycopeptides and 442 unique N -glycosylation sites mapped to 275 N -glycoproteins was identified from HeLa cell proteins, showing excellent enrichment efficiency in HILIC. Additionally, 3141 unique phosphopeptides were unambiguously identified from 200 μg of digest of HeLa cell proteins, demonstrating great enrichment efficiency in IMAC. Moreover, these materials have been successfully applied in the analysis of multiple biological samples including human serum and milk, demonstrating their feasibility for real sample applications and potential business value. Image 1 • O -Phospho- l -serine was immobilized onto poly(GMA- co -EDMA) macroporous adsorption resins (MARs). • The MARs exhibited great hydrophilicity and contained phosphate group for chelating Ti4+. • These materials could be used for enrichment of glycosylated peptides and phosphopeptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To screen the macroporous adsorption resin suitable for the separation and purification of total polyphenols from purple tea and establish the purification process parameters to prepare high-purity total polyphenols from purple tea. Methods The static adsorption-elution test was used to screen macroporous adsorption resin for the purification of total polyphenols from purple tea. Based on the single factor test, the comprehensive score of adsorption rate was used as the index to investigate the effects of different factors on the purification process and identify the optimal parameters for the purification process. Those factors included sample concentration, the pH value of the sample solution, the ratio of column diameter to height, sample size, ethanol percentage in the eluent, eluent volume and elution flow rate. Results The best process parameters for purification of total polyphenols from purple tea by AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin were as following. The sample concentration was 375 μg/ml with flow rate 2 ml/min. The sample volume was 3 BV. The sample solution pH was 2. The ratio of colume diameter to height was 1∶6. The impurities were removed first by water 3 BV. 50% ethanol 4 BV was used for elution with flow rate 2 ml/min. Conclusion AB-8 macroporous resin was selected for the purification of polyphenols from purple tea under the optimized technological conditions. The mass fraction of total polyphenols increased from 40.2% to an average of 69.8%. The solid content decreased from 56.0 mg to 29.9 mg. The established purification process has good stability and feasibility. It can be used as a purification process for total polyphenols from purple tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to focus on the preparation of macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) functionalized with carbazole and N-methylimidazole, and adsorption behaviors of (–)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and caffeine (CAF) on the functionalized MARs. Design/methodology/approach: Based on the Friedel–Crafts and amination reactions, novel MARs functionalized with carbazole and N-methylimidazole were synthesized and characterized by the BET method. Accordingly, adsorption behaviors and structure-activity relationships for EGCG and CAF were studied in detail. Findings: The results showed that pseudosecond-order kinetic model was provided with a better correlation for the adsorption of EGCG and CAF onto L-1 and L-2, and pseudofirst-order kinetic model was the most suitable model to illustrate the adsorption process for EGCG and CAF on L-3. The result indicated that Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin–Pyzhev and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms all could better illustrate the adsorption processes of EGCG and CAF on L-1, L-2 and L-3. Practical implications: This study provides theoretical guidance and technical support for the efficient separation and purification of EGCG and CAF from waste tea leaves by MARs on a large scale. In addition, the results showed that this novel MARs would provide useful help and be used in large-scale production of active ingredients from natural products in the industry and other fields. Originality/value: Adsorption kinetic models such as pseudofirst-order, pseudosecond-order and intra-particle diffusion kinetic models, and adsorption isotherm models such as Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin–Pyzhev and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms models were adopted to illustrate the adsorption mechanisms of EGCG and CAF. The main driving forces for MARs with no functional groups were pore sieving effects, p–p conjugation effects and hydrophobic interactions, and the other significant driving forces for MARs functionalized with carbazole and N-methylimidazole were electrostatic interactions, ion-dipole and hydrogen bonding interactions. This study might provide scientific references and useful help for large-scale separating and enriching active ingredients in natural products using the technology of MARs with special functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis depended to a great extent on the biotransformation characterization of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and process conditions. In this paper, the enhancing effect of D101 macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) on the GABA production was investigated based on the whole-cell biotransformation characterization of Enterococcus faecium and adsorption characteristics of D101 MAR. The results indicated that the optimal pH for reaction activity of whole-cell GAD and pure GAD was 4.4 and 5.0, respectively, and the pH range retained at least 50% of GAD activity was from 4.8 to 5.6 and 4.0–4.8, respectively. No substrate inhibition effect was observed on both pure GAD and whole-cell GAD, and the maximum activity could be obtained when the initial L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) concentration exceeded 57.6 mmol/L and 96.0 mmol/L, respectively. Besides, GABA could significantly inhibit the activity of whole-cell GAD rather than pure GAD. When the initial GABA concentration of the reaction solution remained 100 mmol/L, 33.51 ± 9.11% of the whole-cell GAD activity was inhibited. D101 MAR exhibited excellent properties in stabilizing the pH of the conversion reaction system, supplementing free L-Glu and removing excess GABA. Comparison of the biotransformation only in acetate buffer, the GABA production, with 50 g/100 mL of D101 MAR, was significantly increased by 138.71 ± 5.73%. D101 MAR with pre-adsorbed L-Glu could significantly enhance the production of GABA by gradual replenishment of free L-Glu, removing GABA and maintaining the pH of the reaction system, which would eventually make the GABA production more economical and eco-friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BACKGROUND: 5‐aminovalerate (5‐AVA) is the precursor of valerolactam, a potential building block for producing nylon 5, and also regarded as a potential C5 chemical platform. Although 5‐AVA bioproduction has been developed, few studies have emphasized the separation of 5‐AVA from the bioconversion liquid. RESULTS: An effective and benign method for separation of 5‐AVA from its bioconversion liquid was proposed based on chromatography technology using macroporous adsorption resin AK‐1. This work focuses on explosion of the adsorption mechanism and optimization of the operating conditions. Freundlich model and thermodynamics results showed that the adsorption affinity of 5‐AVA to the AK‐1 resin was weaker than that of l‐lysine. Combination of the characterization results of AK‐1 resin with the physicochemical properties of 5‐AVA and l‐lysine, the adsorption mechanism was proposed as meso‐micropore diffusion, and hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effects. In dynamic studies, a 5‐AVA purity of 99.3% and yield of 92% was obtained at an operating temperature of 353.15 K on a 40:1 chromatographic column eluted by deionized water. The residual 5‐AVA and l‐lysine were recovered by 1 mol L–1 HCl, which can be used as a feed material in the 5‐AVA conversion process repeatedly. CONCLUSION: An innovative benign efficient environmentally process for recovery of 5‐AVA from the bioconversion liquid was developed based on a macroporous resin AK‐1. Compared with ion exchange resins, macroporous resins can efficiently adsorb 5‐AVA, whereas salt ions cannot be retained. This clean and efficient method provides a promising strategy for separating similar biochemical products. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for safe natural products has reignited people's interest in natural food pigments. Here, we proposed the use of macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) to separate and purify carthamin from safflower. The optimal parameters for carthamin purification with HPD400 MAR were determined as follows: a mass ratio of crude carthamin in sample solution to wet resin of 0.3, a crude carthamin solution concentration of 0.125 g·mL -1 , a pH of 6.00, a sample volume flow rate of 0.5 mL·min -1 , an ethanol volume fraction of 58%, an elution volume of 4 BV, and an elution volume flow rate of 1.0 mL·min -1 . Under the above purification conditions, the recovery rate of carthamin was above 96%. Carthamin dramatically improved the survival rate of PC12 cells damaged by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and protected them from oxidative stress by inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species and increasing the total antioxidant capacity and glutathione (GSH) levels. Carthamin promoted extracellularly regulated protein kinase phosphorylation into the nucleus, permitting Nrf2 nuclear translocation and upregulating the gene expression of the rate-limiting enzymes glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and glutamate-cysteine ligase regulatory subunit of GSH synthesis to obliterate free radicals and exert antioxidant effects. This study revealed the purification method of carthamin and its antioxidant protective effects, providing important insights into the application of carthamin in functional foods.

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[Display omitted] • Efficient extraction and preliminary separation of chlorogenic acid by ultrasonic enhancement. • Improved the adsorption and desorption characteristics of resin by ultrasonic enhancement. • Ultrasound-assisted methods guarantee the yield of chlorogenic acid and sample amount. • Extracting and preliminary separation in the same system can minimize the loss of target compounds. • Provide a new method for the recovery of DESs that conforms to the principles of Green chemistry. This study established an integrated process for the extraction and enrichment of chlorogenic acid (CGA) from Eucommia ulmoides leaves in a deep eutectic solvent system via ultrasonic wave-enhanced adsorption and desorption practices utilizing macroporous resins. Although deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have the advantages of chemical stability, good dissolving capacity, and nonvolatilization, routine solvent recovery operations are not suitable for subsequent separation in this solvent system. Based on the above characteristics, this study integrated the extraction and enrichment processes, in which DESs extracts directly loaded onto the macroporous adsorption resin, avoiding the loss of target components in solvent recovery and redissolution processes. The screening results of solvents and resin types further showed that choline chloride-malic acid (1:1) was the optimal DES, and the NKA-II resin had high adsorption and elution performance for CGA. The viscosities of the DESs were much higher than those of water and conventional organic solvents; thus, the mass transfer resistance was large, which could also affect the adsorption behaviour of the macroporous resin. The thermal and mechanical effects of ultrasound could effectively enhance the efficiency of the mass transfer, adsorption, and desorption in the DES systems. When compared to no sonication treatment, the CGA adsorption at various ultrasonic powers (120–600 W) was examined. At optimal ethanol concentration (60%), the effect of the ultrasonic treatment on the recovery of the DESs (water eluting process) and the desorption capability of CGA were confirmed. The use of three volumes of water elution could recover the DESs without loss of CGA. The adsorption process significantly differed depending on the ultrasonic settings, and the absorption balance time and experimental adsorption capacity at equilibrium were enhanced. Additionally, the adsorption procedure of the NKA-II macroporous resin for CGA under ultrasonic treatment could be clarified by the pseudo second order kinetic equation and the Freundlich isotherm model. Thermodynamic and dynamic parameters indicated that physical adsorption was the main process of the entire procedure, and it was a spontaneous, exothermic, and entropy-reducing physical adsorption process. This study potentially indicates that the use of ultrasonication, as a high-efficiency, environmentally friendly method, can enhance the features of the macroporous resin to better purify target chemicals from a DES extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) with ∼10 μm diameter was synthesized by seed-swelling polymerization and further modified with a layer of microporous organic polymers (MOP) by “one-pot” solvothermal reaction. The resulting MAR@MOP exhibited high specific surface area of 131.3 m 2 /g, which was higher than that of pristine MAR (57.8 m 2 /g). The contact angle also decreased from 58.8° (MAR) to 24° (MAR@MOP), indicating that the MOP was successfully grafted onto the surface of MAR. The chemical composition of MAR@MOP was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 13 C NMR and element analysis. The enrichment efficiency of MAR@MOP to glycopeptides was demonstrated by trapping N-linked glycopeptides from tryptic digests of human immunoglobulin G (IgG), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and bovine fetuin. Furthermore, 879 unique N-glycosylation sites in 811 unique glycopeptides sequence mapped to 516 N-glycosylated proteins were identified in three replicate analyses of proteins extracted from mouse liver. Therefore, this hydrophilic MOP-coated adsorbent would be applied in the enrichment and identification of low-abundance N-linked glycopeptides in complicated biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel method for the determination of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental water samples was developed using column clean-up (CCU) coupled with continuous flow single drop microextraction (CF-SDME) prior to the determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In this method, purification, extraction and enrichment were carried out in a single step, which reduced the effect of most organic interferents on the determination of target analytes, greatly simplified the operation process and shortened the whole pre-treatment time. The CCU-CF-SDME system was first used, and shortcomings such as long extraction time, instability of suspended microdrop of the traditional SDME system were overcome. The influences of several experimental parameters, including the type and amount of column packing material, the type and volume of extraction solvent, the flow rate of sample solution, extraction temperature, pH and ionic strength of sample solution, on the extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the good linearities were obtained in the concentration range of 0.02–10 μg L −1 with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.9912 to 0.9995 for all the analytes. The limits of detection and quantification of the analytes were in the range of 0.0012–0.0101 μg L −1 and 0.0041–0.0336 μg L −1 , respectively. The pre-concentration factors in the range of 777–978 for the PAHs were obtained. The proposed method was applied on the analysis of environmental water samples, and the recoveries of target analytes were in the range of 81.8–105.8% with the relative standard deviations ranging from 0.5% to 6.4%. The results showed that the developed method was a simple, quick and feasible method for the determination of PAHs in environmental water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: To isolate, purify and determine the antioxidant property of total flavonoids from the roots of Ardisia mamillata, so as to provide a theoretical basis for development of natural antioxidants. Results: The best conditions for separation and purification of total flavonoids from Ardisia mamillata roots were: use of ADS-7 resin, loading total flavonoid concentration of 0.8896 mg/mL, loading buffer flow rate of 1.5 mL/min, loading buffer pH of 4.48, elution ethanol concentration of 60 %, and flow rate of 2.5 mL/min. Under these conditions, the degree of purification of total flavonoids of Ardisia mamillata root was 76.43 ± 0.36 %, adsorption rate was 96.52 ± 0.19 %, while resolution rate was 99.31 ± 0.27 %. When the concentration of the purified total flavonoids was 4.0 mg/mL, its DPPH radical scavenging activity was stronger than that of the standard, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), but lower than that of vitamin C. Conclusion: ADS-7 resin is the best macroporous resin for the purification of total flavonoids from the radix of Ardisia mamillata Hance, under the optimized conditions. The purified total flavonoids of Ardisia mamillata root have stronger DPPH radical scavenging ability than the standard, BHT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Sewage treatment station in oilfield needs a new process to meet the desired requirements. A new process was proposed to meet the discharge standards, which consisted of the following sub-processes: electrochemical treatment → coagulation treatment → integrated biochemical treatment of moving bed biofilm reactor and membrane bio-reactor → combined treatment process of macroporous adsorption resin. Electrochemical treatment included 5 electrolytic cells, total volume of which was 10 L. The PFS was chosen as the coagulants in the coagulation treatment, and the removal rate of COD could reach 66% when the dosage of PFS was 500 mg/L. The biochemical treatment consisted of anoxic tank, aerobic tank and membrane zone, and the removal rate of COD was about 55-70% when HRT was 12 h. SD300 resin was chosen as the best adsorbent in the treatment using macroporous adsorption resin. In addition, the effluent COD after coagulation treatment process becomes about 180 mg/L, the effluent COD after biological treatment becomes about 50 mg/L, and the last effluent COD with the macroporous adsorption resin becomes about 20 mg/L. The three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum was used to analyze the differences in types of organic matters in water samples between the raw water and the treated one. The results demonstrated that the new process meets the needs of wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chelidonium majus L. (greater celandine) has been used as an herbal medicine for several centuries. This study investigated an efficient method to purify chelidonine from the extract of C. majus L. using macroporous adsorption resins and evaluated the antifungal activity of chelidonine against Botryosphaeria dothidea as a model strain. Static adsorption and desorption tests revealed that D101 was the optimal resin for chelidonine purification. Pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Freundlich equation model were the most suitable for evaluating the endothermic and spontaneous adsorption processes of chelidonine on D101. Dynamic adsorption and desorption tests on D101 columns showed that the concentration of chelidonine increased 14.16-fold, from 2.67% to 37.81%, with the recovery yield of 80.77%. The antifungal activity of enriched chelidonine products was studied with B. dothidea . The results showed that the EC 50 of crude extracts, enriched chelidonine products, and chelidonine standard against B. dothidea were 3.24 mg/mL, 0.43 mg/mL, and 0.77 mg/mL, respectively. The result of antifungal activity test showed that chelidonine had the potential to be a useful antifungal agent. Moreover, the enrichment method of chelidonine was highly efficient, low cost, and harmless to the environment for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An efficient enrichment method for polyphenol (PP) in grain vinegar was established. • Strata-XA column is more suitable for purification than other extraction columns. • Sixteen PPs with antioxidant activity in vinegar were identified using SPE-GC–MS. • The purified extract showed higher anti-saccharification and antioxidant activity. The extraction, purification, qualification, and quantification of polyphenols (PPs) in vinegar are challenging owing to the complex matrix of vinegar and the specific physicochemical and structural properties of PPs. This study aimed to develop a simple, efficient, low-cost method for enriching and purifying vinegar PPs. The enrichment and purification effects of five solid phase extraction (SPE) columns and five macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) for PPs were compared. The results show that SPE columns were more effective in purifying vinegar PPs than MARs. Among them, the Strata-XA column showed a higher recovery (78.469 ± 0.949%), yield (80.808 ± 2.146%), and purity (86.629 ± 0.978%) than other columns. In total, 48 PPs were identified and quantified using SPE and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from the SPE column extracts; phenolic acids, such as 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, vanillic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, and 3-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propionic acid, occupy a major position in SAV. Furthermore, considering the potential applications of PPs, the concentrates were characterized based on their bioactive properties. They exhibited high total PP, flavonoid, and melanoidin contents and excellent anti-glycosylation and antioxidant activities. These results indicate that the established methodology is a high-efficiency, rapid-extraction, and environment-friendly method for separating and purifying PPs, with broad application prospects in the food, chemical, and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capsaicin was extracted from capsicum oleoresin using an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) composed of an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EOPO) copolymer, salt and ethanol. Capsaicin was concentrated in the top polymer-rich phase. To determine the optimal conditions, the partitioning of capsaicin in the ATPS was investigated, considering a single-factor experiment including the salt concentration, polymer concentration, buffer pH, ethanol concentration, sample loading and extraction duration. Response surface methodology was applied to investigate the effects of the polymer concentration, buffer pH and sample loading on capsaicin partitioning. A capsaicin yield of 95.5% was obtained using the optimal extraction system, which consisted of 16.3% UCON 50-HB-5100/10% K 2 HPO 4 /1% ethanol, a buffer pH of 4.35 and 0.24 g of capsicum oleoresin. Capsaicin was purified from the capsaicinoid extract using a two-step macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) method. After purification using non-polar MAR ADS-17, the recovery and purity of capsaicin were 83.7% and 50.3%, respectively. After purification using weakly polar MAR AB-8, the recovery and purity of capsaicin were 88.0% and 85.1%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile approach for preparation of hydrophilic polysaccharide-functionalized macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) was presented. Polydisperse MAR with approximately 250 μm in diameter was synthesized via suspension polymerization and then modified with polysaccharides, sodium hyaluronate (HA) and chitosan (CS), through layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly process. The preparation method was facile, low cost and easy to expand production from tens of grams to one kilogram. The resulting MAR@(HA/CS) 20 possesses highly hydrophilic property and rapid adsorption behavior. The specificity and efficiency of MAR@(HA/CS) 20 to glycopeptide was demonstrated by trapping N-linked glycopeptide from tryptic digests of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) with a homemade solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. The detection sensitivity for glycopeptide determined by MALDI-TOF MS was as low as 5 fmol for standard tryptic digest of human IgG. The enrichment recoveries were higher than 73%. Furthermore, in the analysis of real biological sample, 745 unique N-glycosylation sites in 1353 unique glycopeptides mapped to 379 N-glycosylated proteins were identified in three replicate analyses of protein sample extracted from mouse liver, showing the great potential of MAR@(HA/CS) 20 in the enrichment and identification of low-abundance N-linked glycopeptides in complicated biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]