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In this review paper, information about bicycle lamp technical parameters is provided. The review is based on the searched Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus bibliographic databases and Transportation Research Information Services, which include references to books, technical reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles. This review showed that these papers about bicycle lighting legal rules in given countries are very easy to reach, but deep searching must be performed to find this research paper having the information about types of optical systems and light sources used in bicycle lamps. This research was conducted using PRISMA 2020 assumptions in the area of bicycle lighting technologies and innovations. The information about bicycle lamp technical parameters was obtained on the basis of the examination of technical documents and papers from high-impact journals. The author's review shows that contemporary bicycle lamps are becoming increasingly smarter and more energy efficient, while also enhancing safety and comfort for cyclists on their routes in and beyond urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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“Breaking the Rules” is a legal research and writing assignment that I crafted for students completing their first year of law school. The assignment honors new students’ desire for skills that will allow them to effectively challenge the status quo of settled but discriminatory legal rules. Part I of this article is an essay that contextualizes and explains the assignment; Part II provides the assignment itself.

Objective: In spite that Iran's law has undergone changes throughout the history, its connection with jurisprudence is as strong as in the past, as it refers to jurisprudential rules in searching and processing legal rules. Due to the fact that voluntary activities in libraries are new topics, therefore, in the legal examination of it, the mentioned rules will definitely be referred to, but how to apply these rules in legal examinations in general and in the examination of voluntary activities in libraries in particular, has not been studied so far. The present research tries to show that jurisprudence rules can be used in legal examination only with a certain framework. Methodology: The required data was collected using the library method and analysis with jurisprudential and legal logic and balanced use of rational perceptions. The scope of legal studies is limited to Iranian law and the scope of jurisprudence studies is limited to Imami jurisprudence. Findings: The activity of the "rule of beneficence", was concluded that voluntarily activities in libraries means that a person who undertakes such an activity cannot be blamed for the results of these activities, since his work is beneficial. The "rules of action" indicates that since the person has denied the right of receiving salary with his own will, the library will not be responsible for the denial of salary entitlement. Conclusion: Application of the two mentioned rules in the legal review is not absolute and includes religious and rational framework. Its religious framework is derived from the relevant rational that if these two rules cause harm, they are not attributed to the religious legislator. The rational framework is the result of rational perception that does not allow the application of these two rules to have unfair results. Therefore, it cannot be considered responsible for a person conducting voluntary activity in one hand and the library organization on the other hand in the legal review of voluntary activity in Iranian libraries, referring to the above jurisprudential rules. The lack of a framework for jurisprudential rules in their legal use, especially in new matters such as voluntary activities in Iranian libraries, causes their implementation without any restrictions, while this application and lack of restrictions may not be intended by the Sharia and customary legislators. It is not intended by the parties for voluntary activities in libraries and may cause violation of Sharia, moral, human and rational principles. If the mentioned framework is taken into consideration, we will not have any shari'a and moral inconsistency in the use of jurisprudential rules in legal review. Iranian law researchers believe that all dimensions of jurisprudential rules are predetermined and no longer require research. But the fact that, this is not the case, and an important matter such as how to use them and their frameworks has not been researched so far. The present research is the first research regarding the application of jurisprudential rules in Iran's legal reviews and the legal review of voluntary activities in Iranian libraries. Therefore, the continuation of research in this direction is strongly suggested.

Plagiarism has always been a problem in the university environment as well. There is no legal definition of plagiary, plagiarism or self-plagiarism in the national, supranational (EU) law or international agreements. The definition of plagiarism and selfplagiarism should be clear for academic staff and university students as well. We can conclude that the whole academic society agrees that plagiarism is a serious problem. The paper identifies the legal framework of plagiarism in the Slovak and EU law, the forms of plagiarism behind the legal framework and the problems arising from the use of - artificial intelligence (AI) and proposes solutions for how to fight against plagiarism in the academic environment. The Slovak declaration confirms the fact that existing legal regulations do not reflect the whole gamut of possible instances and circumstances of unscientific, unethical, and dishonest conduct. It seems to be necessary to prepare a directive in the EU law as a repressive measure to define which research conducts is not acceptable, including the AI considered often as a new form of plagiarism. As well as the training courses for teachers and students focused on plagiarism, including the AI and the possibilities for using it in academic research would be a preventive measure for avoiding plagiarism and selfplagiarism.

In this review paper, information about bicycle lamp technical parameters is provided. The review is based on the searched Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus bibliographic databases and Transportation Research Information Services, which include references to books, technical reports, conference proceedings, and journal articles. This review showed that these papers about bicycle lighting legal rules in given countries are very easy to reach, but deep searching must be performed to find this research paper having the information about types of optical systems and light sources used in bicycle lamps. This research was conducted using PRISMA 2020 assumptions in the area of bicycle lighting technologies and innovations. The information about bicycle lamp technical parameters was obtained on the basis of the examination of technical documents and papers from high-impact journals. The author’s review shows that contemporary bicycle lamps are becoming increasingly smarter and more energy efficient, while also enhancing safety and comfort for cyclists on their routes in and beyond urban environments.

Objective: In spite that Iran's law has undergone changes throughout the history, its connection with jurisprudence is as strong as in the past, as it refers to jurisprudential rules in searching and processing legal rules. Due to the fact that voluntary activities in libraries are new topics, therefore, in the legal examination of it, the mentioned rules will definitely be referred to, but how to apply these rules in legal examinations in general and in the examination of voluntary activities in libraries in particular, has not been studied so far. The present research tries to show that jurisprudence rules can be used in legal examination only with a certain framework. Methodology: The required data was collected using the library method and analysis with jurisprudential and legal logic and balanced use of rational perceptions. The scope of legal studies is limited to Iranian law and the scope of jurisprudence studies is limited to Imami jurisprudence. Findings: The activity of the "rule of beneficence", was concluded that voluntarily activities in libraries means that a person who undertakes such an activity cannot be blamed for the results of these activities, since his work is beneficial. The "rules of action" indicates that since the person has denied the right of receiving salary with his own will, the library will not be responsible for the denial of salary entitlement. Conclusion: Application of the two mentioned rules in the legal review is not absolute and includes religious and rational framework. Its religious framework is derived from the relevant rational that if these two rules cause harm, they are not attributed to the religious legislator. The rational framework is the result of rational perception that does not allow the application of these two rules to have unfair results. Therefore, it cannot be considered responsible for a person conducting voluntary activity in one hand and the library organization on the other hand in the legal review of voluntary activity in Iranian libraries, referring to the above jurisprudential rules. The lack of a framework for jurisprudential rules in their legal use, especially in new matters such as voluntary activities in Iranian libraries, causes their implementation without any restrictions, while this application and lack of restrictions may not be intended by the Sharia and customary legislators. It is not intended by the parties for voluntary activities in libraries and may cause violation of Sharia, moral, human and rational principles. If the mentioned framework is taken into consideration, we will not have any shari'a and moral inconsistency in the use of jurisprudential rules in legal review. Iranian law researchers believe that all dimensions of jurisprudential rules are predetermined and no longer require research. But the fact that, this is not the case, and an important matter such as how to use them and their frameworks has not been researched so far. The present research is the first research regarding the application of jurisprudential rules in Iran's legal reviews and the legal review of voluntary activities in Iranian libraries. Therefore, the continuation of research in this direction is strongly suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plagiarism has always been a problem in the university environment as well. There is no legal definition of plagiary, plagiarism or self-plagiarism in the national, supranational (EU) law or international agreements. The definition of plagiarism and self-plagiarism should be clear for academic staff and university students as well. We can conclude that the whole academic society agrees that plagiarism is a serious problem. The paper identifies the legal framework of plagiarism in the Slovak and EU law, the forms of plagiarism behind the legal framework and the problems arising from the use of - artificial intelligence (AI) and proposes solutions for how to fight against plagiarism in the academic environment. The Slovak declaration confirms the fact that existing legal regulations do not reflect the whole gamut of possible instances and circumstances of unscientific, unethical, and dishonest conduct. It seems to be necessary to prepare a directive in the EU law as a repressive measure to define which research conducts is not acceptable, including the AI considered often as a new form of plagiarism. As well as the training courses for teachers and students focused on plagiarism, including the AI and the possibilities for using it in academic research would be a preventive measure for avoiding plagiarism and self-plagiarism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

‌ ∴ Introduction ∴ ‌The study delves into the fundamental aspect of legal systems—the foundation of law—and its crucial role in shaping legal norms. Grounded in the unique sociocultural context of contemporary Iran, the research embarks on a comprehensive analysis of the interplay between legal perspectives and religious knowledge. While conventional discussions on the foundation of law often revolve around legal theories, this study, informed by the prominence of religion and its influence on Iranian society, investigates the role of "religious epistemology" as the guiding force behind legal doctrines.‌ ∴ Research Question ∴ ‌The pivotal inquiry centers on the degree of autonomy governments possess in promulgating laws and whether there exist predetermined guidelines and criteria governing the enactment of laws. In essence, the research explores the foundational basis upon which legal systems are established and the factors influencing the imposition of legal norms by the state. This prompts a critical examination of the autonomy of governments in lawmaking and the need for compliance with predetermined standards to confer credibility and legitimacy upon enacted laws.‌ ∴ Research Hypothesis ∴ ‌Two distinct perspectives emerge in response to the aforementioned question: On one hand, proponents of the natural law school argue that laws must align with natural, rational, and just principles, with human beings serving as discoverers or interpreters of these inherent laws. Legitimacy and obligation, according to this view, are rooted in the congruence of laws with reality and justice, regardless of governmental recognition. On the other hand, adherents of the positivist perspective contend that legal rules are mere products of human will and governmental imposition. In this paradigm, the legitimacy and obligation of laws are solely contingent upon governmental endorsement, rendering the alignment with reality or justice irrelevant. The hypothesis posits that the clash between these perspectives has given rise to two prominent legal schools: natural law and positivism.‌ ∴ Methodology & Framework, if Applicable ∴ ‌The research employs a comparative analytical approach, juxtaposing the natural law and positivist viewpoints to assess their impact on the foundation of law within the Iranian legal context. Drawing on both legal philosophy and Islamic jurisprudence, the study navigates the divergent paths taken by legal scholars who either lean towards integrating Islamic principles with natural law or assert the primacy of positivism. The methodology involves a critical review of legal literature and a nuanced examination of the evolving discourse in Iranian legal philosophy. The framework of analysis encompasses an exploration of the intersections and tensions between these two schools of thought, emphasizing their implications for the Iranian legal system. This article endeavors to contribute to the nuanced understanding of the foundation of law in the Iranian legal landscape, shedding light on the philosophical underpinnings that shape the enactment, legitimacy, and obligation of laws. The exploration of these themes within the context of natural law and positivism offers valuable insights into the multifaceted nature of legal thought in Iran and its intersection with religious epistemology.‌ ∴ Results & Discussion ∴ ‌The culmination of this investigation into the foundation of law in the Iranian legal landscape yields three predominant perspectives that intersect and clash within the broader context of religious epistemology. The first perspective challenges the role of religion as the foundation of law, emphasizing the incongruence between modern societal values and legal principles derived from religion. It questions the legitimacy of a legal system rooted in religious doctrine, suggesting that legal norms should exclusively stem from human reason and societal norms. However, this perspective faces theoretical weaknesses, particularly in its reluctance to engage with the philosophical foundations of the New Western thought. The second perspective, while recognizing the significant role of religion in the Iranian legal system, seeks to reinterpret fundamental rights such as freedom and equality within the framework of religious doctrines. Though practically similar to the first perspective, it attempts a theoretical reconciliation by extracting modern legal principles from religious foundations. Nevertheless, it faces profound theoretical challenges, lacking a robust theoretical basis within Western philosophy. The third perspective, chosen by the author, confronts the foundational principles of New Western philosophy and critically examines the conditions under which modern rights, such as autonomy, can emerge. This perspective delves into the mechanism through which religion acts as the source of legal principles and analyzes its relationship with modern rights. In this approach, the coexistence of reason and religion is emphasized, with human access to universal truths facilitated by both intellect and faith. This perspective places a renewed emphasis on the intrinsic role of Sharia as the foundation of law, tackling practical challenges and reconciling the clash between reason, societal norms, and religion in the realm of law.‌ ∴ Conclusion ∴ ‌In conclusion, the inquiry into the foundation of law in Iran, with a focus on religious epistemology, brings to light the complexity of perspectives within the Iranian legal discourse. The examination of three distinct approaches highlights the ongoing struggle to reconcile the relationship between law and religion. While the first two perspectives grapple with theoretical and practical challenges in aligning religious doctrines with modern legal principles, the third perspective seeks a harmonious coexistence of reason and faith. Emphasizing the intrinsic role of Sharia as the bedrock of legal principles, this perspective proposes nuanced solutions to the practical challenges posed by the evolving dynamics of society, demonstrating a dynamic synthesis of religious and modern legal thought. This study contributes to the broader understanding of the intricate interplay between law, religion, and philosophy in shaping legal frameworks, specifically within the unique context of the Iranian legal system.

Humans have historically developed tools, both tangible and intangible, to impose order, mitigate risks, and align actions with collective values. This article explores the parallel roles of legal norms and algorithms in establishing regularities that may be beneficial to human cognition, shielding it from boundless unpredictability. With an emphasis on the intertwining of rational and emotional facets of human cognition, we delve into the shared ordering functions of law and AI algorithms. The article highlights the challenges, biases, and dilemmas surrounding AI and its regulation. We conclude by advocating for a more structured political approach to AI governance, emphasizing the importance of delineating roles for AI to ensure certain domains remain exclusively within human purview.

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Security Studies / Güvenlik Calışmalari Dergisi is the property of Turkish National Police Academy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background & Aims: Currently, sports is one of the effective educational and moral methods for the young generation and future-builder, whose scientific face is becoming more and more evident day by day. On the other hand, winning in international sports arenas is a useful tool for promoting national pride and international prestige, and for this purpose, every year, spending large amounts of money and human resources, for the advancement of sports and success in the arenas. To be looking at sports as a social necessity and need, and the health and vitality of the society depend on it, and you should try to promote it because it is one of the important social phenomena that is necessary for all ages. Inclination to sports will prevent the young generation from being spoiled and deviant and will eradicate issues and problems such as drug addiction and social anomalies. Sports activities and related environments have always faced various events and incidents for specific reasons. These incidents have started from the least important crimes such as insults and assaults and the most severe ones such as rape and murder. The lack of knowledge of the sports community about the legal consequences of violations and crimes in sports environments due to the lack of training and the absence of written collections that include the types of sports crimes and their punishments has always increased the quantitative and qualitative expansion of crimes. In recent decades, sports has become a big and popular industry in the world, and the legal issues related to it have become more complicated, and on the other hand, athletes generally believe that their illegal actions in sports activities; finally, it ends with disciplinary punishments, which are referred to by the disciplinary committees of sports boards or federations. The range of knowledge of professional sports managers about their responsibilities and knowledge of legal laws is usually not more than this. Knowledge of the set of legal rules and regulations of sports teaches the sports community how to participate in sports activities so that the resulting accidents do not make them aware of the legal responsibilities that ultimately lead to punishment, deprivation of social rights, and compensation and losses. Health-oriented laws should lead to the expansion of public welfare, the elimination of deprivation, and the implementation of justice. Health-related laws are firstly a sign of the genius of a nation, secondly, they are a model of natural laws. In history, nations that have succeeded in establishing the best laws for their society have had legislative and social genius. Knowing the legal rules and regulations of sports is one of the generalities of legal science, just as saving an injured athlete requires knowing first aid. Therefore, knowledge of legal laws is mandatory in the professional empowerment of managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations. Considering the importance of knowledge of legal laws in reducing the occurrence of accidents caused by sports activities, the study aimed to investigate the role of knowledge of legal laws in empowering professional managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations. Methods: This study is a mixed type of research in which 25 people were targeted in the qualitative part of the research and the quantitative part with the cooperation of 210 sports administrative managers, sports club managers, coaches, sports teachers, referees, and sports journalists through 33 questionnaires. A researchermade question was made in Central Province. Quantitative data were evaluated through SPSS software. Results: In this evaluation, 132 codes were identified, among the identified codes, the lack of legal and disciplinary laws in the program of coaching and arbitration classes with a frequency of 19, the absence of a legal federation with a frequency of 18, and the lack of specialized knowledge of executive directors and staff managers with a frequency of 19. 15, the absence of a specialized court with specialized judges and the non-responsiveness of legal laws and disciplinary regulations with a frequency of 17 were among the most important codes identified. Conclusion: In general, it can be said that knowledge of legal laws in empowering professional managers has a significant effect on reducing sports accidents in the province, therefore, knowledge of legal laws teaches the sports community how to participate in sports activities so that accidents resulting from them are punishable. It leads to deprivation of social rights and compensation for losses and doesn't pay attention to them. During the implementation of this research, some limitations can be taken into consideration by future researchers. This research was conducted in the area of the role of knowledge of legal laws in empowering professional managers to reduce accidents caused by sports operations, most of the respondents had minimal legal knowledge, and this made the researcher survey a larger number to access the results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims at identifying the Impact of financial instruments’ development on Risk Management in Islamic Banks in Gaza Strip. In order to realize the objectives, the study uses primary and secondary data. A questionnaire was designed to suit the subject and objectives of the study. A total of (139) questionnaires were distributed, and the number of retrieved questionnaires was (128) which equals 92%. The responses of the respondents were analyzed using the appropriate statistical methods. The study uses the analytical descriptive method. The study finds a statistically significant correlation between financial instruments development and risk management techniques in the Islamic banks. The study also shows a statistically significant impact on financial instruments’ development (efficiency, finding solutions) successively on risk management. The study recommends that Islamic banking should adhere to the legal rules that make financing more credible. And the caution of the adoption of Islamic banks on the efficiency in achieving their resources, and the availability of a high degree of cognitive integration. Islamic banks say they are finding new financial instruments that are compatible with the ongoing market developments. Moreover, the risk of the initiative of Islamic banks to develop strategies for innovation and development to gain more of the global market. Invest in price changes in international capital markets to adjust the investment portfolio to increase returns and reduce liquidity risk, and then call the risk management personnel the required managerial and technical skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mediation, as a completely voluntary and confidential form of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR), has today taken an important place in the resolution of disputes around the globe. It provides a neutral and confidential environment in which the parties can openly discuss their views on the underlying dispute. Enhanced communication can lead to resolution that will be satisfactory and acceptable to the parties involved. Mediation usually occurs early in the dispute, and much mediation is completed in one or two meetings. The parties having an equal say in the process and they, not the mediator, decide on the terms of the settlement and the eventual settlement. Therefore, there is no determination of guilt or innocence in the process. The parties may agree to use a set of mediation rules. Such rules usually determine the procedural framework of the mediation. Decades of work by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) has resulted in UNCITRAL providing states, mediation practitioners, parties to a dispute and mediators with a set of legal documents applicable to the mediation process. The analysis, synthesis, normativism and empiricism used in this paper provides an overview of UNCITRAL's commitment to the adoption of legal rules and the importance that these rules have in implementation, in the form of the convention, model law, rules, explanatory notes and recommendations. The results of the research provide evidence that this commitment is ongoing in order to respond to the changes and innovations that characterize today's disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La crise sanitaire qu'a connue la France depuis le début de l'année 2020 a justifié la mise en place de nouvelles règles nécessitant des changements de comportements. Le contexte de mise en place de ces règles sanitaires, instituées très récemment et pour un temps limité, pose la question de leur perception et de leur respect dans la population. À partir de la psychologie sociale du développement, l'objectif de cet article est d'explorer les motivations à la conformité à ces règles sanitaires, mesurées ici au travers du port du masque, et d'étudier leur relation au vécu du contexte sanitaire et à la motivation à la conformité à d'autres règles légales, appréhendées ici au travers des règles de sécurité routière. Le recueil par questionnaire, effectué pendant le deuxième confinement auprès d'un échantillon de 4999 personnes représentatives de la population, a permis de mesurer le vécu du contexte sanitaire, l'internalisation des règles et leurs justifications, l'utilité des règles et la perception du système légal. Les résultats montrent les liens entre la règle, le type d'arguments utilisé pour la justifier pour le port du masque et pour les règles routières respectivement, ainsi que les liens entre l'internalisation et la perception du système légal. Ils montrent également que les femmes utilisent davantage les arguments moraux et prudentiels pour justifier leur internalisation des règles et qu'elles ont internalisé les règles routières (mais pas le port du masque) davantage que les hommes. Ces résultats montrent que la perception de la règle du port du masque semble davantage liée à la perception générale qu'ont les individus du système légal et d'autres règles légales de santé publique impliquant le rapport à autrui que du contexte de mise en place de ces règles. The health crisis that France has experienced since the beginning of 2020 has justified the introduction of new health rules requiring changes in behaviour. The context of the implementation of these health rules, instituted very recently and for a limited period of time, raises the question of their perception and respect among the population. Mobilising the social developmental psychology, the objective of this article is to explore inter-individual differences in the perception of these health rules measured through the wearing of masks. It aims also at studying the links between these perceptions with the experience of the health context and the perception of other legal public health rules, apprehended through some road safety rules. The questionnaire survey, carried out during the second confinement with a representative sample of 4999 people, made it possible to measure the experience of the health context, the internalisation of the rules and their justifications, the usefulness of the rules and the perception of the legal system. The results show the links between internalisation, the type of arguments used to justify it for wearing a mask and for road rules respectively, as well as the links between internalisation and the perception of the legal system. They also show that women use moral and prudential arguments more to justify their internalisation of rules and that they have internalised the traffic rules (but not the wearing of masks) more than men. These results show that the perception of the rule of wearing a mask is more related to the general perception that individuals have of the legal system and other legal public health rules involving the relationship with others than to the context in which these rules were put in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the significance of Latin legal rules (regulae iuris, maximae iuris, dicta) for European legal culture. One of the areas explored by the authors is the relationship between the content of these rules and the language in which they were written down, i.e. Latin. Section one provides an overview of the origin, sources, and techniques of formulating legal rules by the jurisprudence of the ancient Roman state, with particular focus on the history of development of ius Romanum. After the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD), the Church became the custodian of the values embedded in Roman law in Western Europe. Not only did she treasure precious scrolls containing ancient legal wisdom for the future generations but also implemented many Roman regulations in her internal legal system, as expressed in the paroemia Ecclesia vivit lege romana. This issue is addressed in section two. An important vehicle of disseminating the Roman legal thought, including its paroemias, was the Latin language. The ancient Romans contributed to its increasing circulation through rapid political expansion. Over time, Latin also elevated to the rank of the language of the Western Church. Because of that, it continued to prevail, also as a durable carrier of legal knowledge. This phenomenon is discussed in section three. The last section covers some facets of the use, application, and impact of Latin legal rules on modern legal science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The perceived innovation is an important issue for the tax sector, which is full of a variety of legal rules governing business life. The objective of this work is to study the perception of innovations in the tax sector and its consequences on the behavior of taxpayers. The background studied is that of the General Directorate of Taxes of Cameroon (GDT). The results of this qualitative study highlight that the innovative nature of the service offered by the GDT is well perceived by taxpayers and that the consequences on their behavior are perceptible at several levels. This level of perception depends on the center of attachment (organizational innovation), the electronic communication channel (innovation of flows) and the consideration of their concerns (relational innovation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Philosophy of law is one of the most complex and difficult branches of law, as well as philosophy, which seeks to determine the legal truth of law (law as it is). Legal positivism, as one of the philosophical schools of law, with a morally neutral theory, makes the conceptual description of law possible and necessary. According to this school of law, positive laws are laws adopted by governments, and in the context of the analysis of this school, public law emerges as a branch of law whose main mission is to study the rules governing the organization of internal and external relations of the state in its general sense, by designing general theory with a correct and in-depth understanding of its fundamental concepts. Herbert Hart’s legal theory, with a hermeneutical approach to legal rules, seeks to understand the legal system through introspective analysis and semantics of legal rules. Through a comprehensive analysis of the formulation of legal rules, while adhering to a minimum of the natural law, it also seeks to depict a system of law in which following the law is internalized, not as mere following the ruler; this system of law proposes the theory of distinction between the primary rules and the secondary rules, as well. Therefore, this descriptive analytic research analyzes Hart’s positivism in the field of public law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Quantitative Economics Studies (JQES) is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aims & Backgrounds: The aim of this study was to compare the sustainable development of nomadic areas of the country from the perspective of legal rules in the period before and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran. Methodology: This research is descriptive and analytical in the form of an in-depth study. In the first part, basic information about nomadic status (population, distribution and percentage) was collected before and after the revolution. Then; relevant rules and regulations that were enacted in each period were extracted and compared. Also; a comparative comparison was made between the indicators of sustainable nomadic development in the two studied periods. Therefore, the World Bankchr('39')s approach and guidelines were used to measure sustainable development indicators. Findings: Sustainable development of nomadic areas during the pre-revolutionary period has varied. While in the post-revolutionary period, there is less turmoil in planning and formulating laws. On the other hand, some indicators of sustainable development have been more favorable. For example: ‌ Capital financing by the local community, income level, natural ecosystem health and natural resource utilization. While in the post-revolutionary period, indicators such as the existence of legal rules, participation in the implementation of development programs, the presentation of plans and programs to the government, the level of health, literacy and effective role in the national economy are better. Conclusion: The results show that despite progressive laws such as Article 50 of the Constitution, the current legal rules are incapable of balancing the indicators of human, environmental and economic development in nomadic areas.

The topic of legal principles has remained a well-discussed topic in legal theory since it first emerged from the discussions on the nature of legal norms and sources of law in the second half of the 20th century. Following the framework of the broader research on legal principles, this paper builds upon the analysis of how legal principles are understood in the Croatian legal science discourse. The fundamental character of legal principles has been recognized, but indeterminacy has not been given careful attention. This paper discusses open questions arising from the relationship between legal doctrine and legal theory in these aspects, with potential implications for solving conflicts among legal principles.

Economic espionage is the unlawful targeting and theft of critical economic intelligence, such as trade secrets and intellectual property. The term refers to the clandestine acquisition or outright theft of invaluable proprietary information in a number of areas, including technology, finance, and government policy. Offenders get cheap access to critical information, leading victims to suffer economic losses.

We examined whether the enforcement of phantom rules-frequently broken and rarely enforced codified rules-varies by the race of the rule breaker. First, we analyzed whether race affects when 311 calls, a nonemergency service, end in arrest in New York City. Across 10 years, we found that calls from census blocks of neighborhoods consisting of mostly White individuals were 65% less likely to escalate to arrest than those where White people were the numerical minority. Next, we experimentally manipulated transgressor race and found that participants ( N = 393) who were high in social dominance orientation were more likely to route 311 calls to 911 when the transgressor was Black (vs. White). We also explored the subjective experience of phantom rule enforcement; People of color report they are more likely to be punished for violating phantom rules compared to White people. Overall, we find evidence of racism in the enforcement of phantom rules., Competing Interests: Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

To what extent does the formal institutional environment influence Islamic bank capital decisions? We answer this question by assessing the effect of the legal rule index on a sample of 100 Islamic banks in 28 countries from 1999 to 2013. Our econometric analyses show that legal rule index positively and significantly influences capital ratios. The results can be explained by the idea that effective legal rules incentivize Islamic banks to hold higher capital ratios to signal better monitoring to depositors and regulators. In addition, we find that this positive association can be enhanced through strong information transparency channels, democratic and stable political institutions. These results provide insight into how a formal institutional environment can shape Islamic bank capital ratios. It further suggests that the formal institutional environment serves as a constraint on policymakers, as any given capital guideline may function very differently depending on the complexity of the formal institutional environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-organisation in environmental service delivery is increasingly being promoted as an alternative to centralised service delivery. This article argues that self-organised environmental service delivery must be understood in the context of legal rules, especially environmental legislation. The article's aim is twofold: first, to understand the changing relationship between the government and citizens in self-organised service delivery, and second, to explore how self-organised environmental service delivery complies with environmental quality requirements stipulated in legislation. The empirical study focuses on wastewater management in Oosterwold, the largest Dutch urban development that experimented with self-organisation. The results show that while individual wastewater management was prioritised and implemented at scale, the applicable legal rules were not adequately considered and integrated. Consequently, the experiment led to a deterioration of water quality. The article concludes that the success or failure of self-organisation in delivering environmental services such as wastewater management critically hinges on ensuring compliance with environmental legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In each legal system, there are some great concepts (legal principles) that the legislator has inspired by them. No legal system is able to anticipate all the issues and provide solutions for all of them. Therefore, the Iranian legislator in Article 3 of the Civil Procedure Act of 2000, demands that, in the event of a silence or summary of the law, reference should be made to the principles of law, this article discusses that the legislator's purpose of legal principles is not merely general principles of law, but also Also included are the cases of minor legal principles, operational principles, lexical principles, legal rules, and so on, and they can be arbitrarily documented and will play an increasingly important role in creating judicial procedures.

Copyright of Pandectele Române is the property of Wolters Kluwer Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Legal regulation of digital rights began with the need, in the entertainment industries, to secure the intellectual property rights of authors and publishers producing music or films. This article analyses how aspects related to the digital rights of the citizen, such as the right to control and transfer digital personal data, or online intermediation services, have now expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to offer a theoretical reflection on the efficacy of the regulations issued as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This requires, in the first place, clarifying what we can understand by the efficacy of legal norms and distinguishing their different meanings that reflect different dimensions of that efficacy. It also requires, secondly, to analyze the peculiarities of these norms, for which the standard of normative normality is taken as the one proposed by Lon L. Fuller under the name of «innner morality of law.» From there, two considerations are made: the first on the anomalies presented by the emergency regulations and the second on the influence that these anomalies may have on their efficacy or inefficacy. The conclusion is that an exceptional emergency situation such as the one we are experiencing justifies those anomalies and tends to offset their negative influence on efficacy with its positive influence on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyze the principles that, in the Brazilian legal system, enable the correct understanding of the normative aspects that comprise it. The academic research proposed herein will be guided by the deductive method, to be undertaken from a multidisciplinary bibliographic review of books and scientific articles, having an essentially theoretical nature, centered on doctrinal analysis and, where appropriate, also legislative on the subject. Indeed, it is possible to verify that such constitutional principles have the function of limiting the taxing power of public entities, that is, they are closely linked to the idea of a non-absolute tax jurisdiction, limited to the rules of the Federal Constitution. Principles are kinds of legal norms that present greater abstraction compared to laws in a broad sense. These are general and abstract norms that, as a rule, control behavior, while the principles do not exactly exist to regulate behavior, but end up regulating in cases of gaps in the law. It so happens that there are occasions when there is a gap in the law, as well as situations in which there is more than one rule applicable to the specific case, a situation in which the operator of the law must use the principle rules to resolve the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal argumentation operates internally, in the construction of decisions, and externally, in the communication of those decisions. In this paper, I am interested in the external communication of legal decisions and the standards they assume. Treating "fine print" as a metonym that stands for much more than just contract disclosure, I explore what legal argumentation highlights and ways in which it marginalises features that a fully informed public should reasonably require for its own deliberations. In the course of this, I consider the nature of the "reasonable person" that the law addresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizational noncompliance with legal rules can be consequential. The antecedents of such noncompliance as well as the remediation of it thus remain enduring subjects of research inquiry. However, prior studies have implicitly treated all rules alike. In contrast, we argue that rules are not all the same and that differences between rules might be systematically linked to variations in the likelihoods of noncompliance and remediation across the range of organizations under the purview of a rule system. We consider the role of two fundamental but distinct sources of rule complexity: components (i.e., sections that compose a rule) and connections (i.e., functional links to other rules in the same system). We analyzed data from 81,266 rule-level observations from 1,011 health inspections of 289 restaurants in Santa Monica, California, conducted from 2007 to 2010. As hypothesized, increases in either source of rule complexity were associated with higher probabilities of noncompliance. Unexpectedly, however, the two sources of rule complexity had divergent effects on remediation such that increases in the number of connections were associated with higher probabilities of repeated noncompliance, whereas increases in the number of components were not. Taken together, we suggest that our understanding of noncompliance and remediation can be enhanced by viewing them both as rule-level phenomena. A range of implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author analyses some aspects of the intricate relationship between Law, especially Criminal Law, language and power, then proposing a classification for the aims legal texts and its own language carry out. Finally, he addresses the technical-dogmatic complexity of that same language, reviewing legislative measures in order to reduce it and speaking out against the mere hollow formulas that abound in a wide variety of legal statutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of legal principles has remained a well-discussed topic in legal theory since it first emerged from the discussions on the nature of legal norms and sources of law in the second half of the 20th century. Following the framework of the broader research on legal principles, this paper builds upon the analysis of how legal principles are understood in the Croatian legal science discourse. The fundamental character of legal principles has been recognized, but indeterminacy has not been given careful attention. This paper discusses open questions arising from the relationship between legal doctrine and legal theory in these aspects, with potential implications for solving conflicts among legal principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The internet and the development of the semantic web have created the opportunity to provide structured legal data on the web. However, most legal information is in text. It is difficult to automatically determine the right natural language answer about the law to a given natural language question. One approach is to develop systems of legal ontologies and rules. Our example ontology represents semantic information about USA criminal law and procedure as well as the applicable legal rules. The purpose of the ontology is to provide reasoning support to a legal question answering tool that determines entailment between a pair of texts, one known as the background information (Bg) and the other question statement (Q), so whether Bg entails Q based on the application of the legal rules. The key contribution of this paper is the methodology and the semi-automated legal ontology generation tool, a clear and well-structured methodology that serves to develop such criminal law ontologies and rules (CLOR). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic espionage is the unlawful targeting and theft of critical economic intelligence, such as trade secrets and intellectual property. The term refers to the clandestine acquisition or outright theft of invaluable proprietary information in a number of areas, including technology, finance, and government policy. Offenders get cheap access to critical information, leading victims to suffer economic losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]