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Certain individuals in Indonesia have started to participate in the trade of selling second-hand clothing imported from nearby nations. For certain individuals, this location serves as a means of making a livelihood by engaging in the trade of purchasing and selling second-hand imported garments. According to Article 47, paragraph (1) of Law Number 7 of 2014 on Trade, it is mandated that all importers must bring in items in a brand new condition. In addition to the implementation of Minister of Trade law Number 40 of 2022, which specifically states and mandates the destruction of imported used apparel that is being sold in Indonesia after the law comes into effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Storage & Process is the property of Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article delves into the concept of «obligations» from a historical perspective. An exploration of the essence of obligations spans from the times of the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages to contemporary interpretations. In order to account for obligations, a list of relevant accounts was compiled, which has also evolved and is presented in the article. Simultaneously, the significance of the development of this concept for accounting and taxation purposes was revealed. The essence of obligations is unveiled from both legal and economic standpoints. Rooted in the origins of legal direction since Roman law, it is understood that an obligation establishes a specific legal connection between its participants, resulting in certain rights and duties. However, it's noted that most scholars who researched the concept concluded that it is grounded in economic relations, intermediating them, and is by no means a technique for organizing economic production activities. In essence, obligations represent legal relations through which one party (debtor) must act in favor of another party (creditor) in certain actions (transferring property, performing work, paying money, etc.), or conversely refrain from specific actions, while the creditor has the right to demand the debtor's fulfillment of their obligation. The framework of regulatory documents defining the recognition and accounting of obligations is identified. The interconnection of subjects, objects, and the content of the concept of «obligation» is substantiated, suggesting that obligations are demands placed on a company's assets by its creditors, essentially an unregulated indebtedness of the enterprise. Furthermore, it's established that obligations in a modern context are characterized by specific economic resources, specificity, maturity dates for this indebtedness, compensation for resource usage, and specific sanctions for breaching previously agreed contractual obligations concerning terms or amounts of debt repayment. The position of enterprise obligations in the structure of company liabilities complies with national accounting standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ecological and environmental restoration of the Yangtze River Basin has experienced a pattern change from attaching importance to development to protection, and from engineering restoration to overall restoration. However, the constraints imposed by administrative division and classification on basin space have not fundamentally gotten rid of the restriction of linear thinking in the restoration, nor have they helped to form a spatial logic of basin ecological and environmental restoration based on spatialism. In the process of practice evolution, the ecological and environmental restoration in the Yangtze River Basin highlights the administrative weakening of vertical space, the subordinate restriction of horizontal space, and the single limitation of element space. At the regulation level, some problems are brought to light, such as the lack of detailed regulations to respond to the coupling between watershed space and ecological space, the lack of responsive regulations to the differences between watershed space and regional space, and the lack of hierarchical regulations to deal with the overlap between watershed space and urban and rural space. To some extent, the governance concept, institutional mechanism, and system framework constructed by the 'Ecological and Environmental Restoration' chapter of the Yangtze River Protection Law contain the shallow spatial logic paradigm, but the implied spatial logic is more inclined to physical spatial regulations, so it is urgent to reconstruct spatialism in the re-examination of the spatial relationship and spatial theory. The space production theory put forward by Henri Lefebvre with ternary spatial dialectics as the core leads to the spatial turn of social theory and provides a new legal theoretical direction and methodological basis for rethinking the power operation, allocation of power and interests, organizational mechanism, and spatial structure of ecological and environmental restoration in the Yangtze River Basin. Based on the above, the ecological and environmental restoration in the Yangtze River Basin should take space production theory as the logical starting point, reshape the spatial structure, and promote the spatial legal transformation, so as to realize the spatial turn of the restoration concept, the spatial balance of the main body's rights and responsibilities, the spatial organization of standardization and coordination, and the spatial construction of the evaluation system of the ecological and environmental restoration in the Yangtze River Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of German International Journal of Modern Science / Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft is the property of Artmedia24 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nigeria's oil industry encounters crude oil theft in commercial quantities, which is often exported to neighbouring countries. This has occasioned a loss of revenue and has caused environmental pollution due to oil spillages. There is a need for a stringent legal framework to combat the menace caused by incessant crude oil thefts, pipeline vandalisation by militants, and inadequate maintenance of existing crude oil refineries. The study adopts doctrinal legal research methods and a conceptual approach with the consideration of primary and secondary sources of law, for instance, the Petroleum Industry Act 2021, the Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI Act 2007, International Conventions, law textbooks and peer-reviewed journals. The justification for using the method was to establish the trustworthiness of the findings on illicit crude oil refineries. The findings reveal that the Nigerian government has lost more than 150,000 barrels of crude oil daily valued at USD six billion as a result of crude oil theft. This has reduced oil revenues, which ought to have added to the national treasury. The Petroleum Production and Distribution (Anti-Sabotage Act) 2007, which proscribes disruption of petroleum products in Nigeria, has not been diligently enforced. There is also an absence of a specific oil and gas legal framework criminalising crude oil theft. Section 3(e)(f)(iv) of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps Act only offers pipeline security as one of the functions of the corps, without distinctly stating the penalties to be imposed on those damaging crude oil pipelines. The study designs a hybrid model for the renovation of the country's crude oil refineries. It also advocates the need to redefine legal regimes on illegal oil refineries by amending the Petroleum Industry Act to include specifically illegal oil refineries provision and to effectively criminalise crude oil theft. The implications of the main results are as follows: criminalising crude oil theft and pipeline vandalisation with vigorous punishments will serve as deterrence to others in the sector, increase revenues for the government and reduce environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attention of the international space community has been drawn to space weather over the last two decades, not only because of its uncertainty and its adverse effects on the safety of space operations and the long-term sustainability of outer space activities (LTSOSA), but also because of its negative societal and economic impacts on the ground. The national emergency management of space weather is indispensable for China because China has both a large number of assets in outer space and infrastructure on the ground that are vulnerable to space weather. While China gives weight to the monitoring of space weather events by deploying a series of space- and ground-based systems, its national-level management of space weather events is inadequate. China, compared to the USA, is still a long way from having scientific and effective emergency management of severe space weather in the areas of space weather science research, response, and rulemaking. Current international hard laws that address the space weather issue play a limited role because these rules are all general. The Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities of the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (the UNCOPUOS Guidelines for the LTSOSA), although they provide soft-law guidance addressing the harmful impacts of space weather on space activities from the perspectives of mitigation, preparedness, monitoring, and early warning, neither address the response to or recovery from extreme space weather events in outer space nor provide for space weather mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery regimes on the ground. Apart from the international law and the soft-law guidance, Chinese national laws only provide general guidelines for the emergency management of space weather. To enhance its national capacity to address space weather and minimize the harmful societal and economic impacts of space weather, a comprehensive legal regime for the emergency management of space weather should be in place in China; this should primarily revolve around mitigation, preparedness, monitoring, early warning, response, recovery, capacity-building, and international cooperation. • The national emergency management of space weather in China is inadequate compared to that in the USA. • Comprehensive national emergency management of space weather from a legal perspective is indispensable for China. • The space weather regime primarily addresses mitigation, preparedness, monitoring, early warning, response, and recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is the second-largest producer of plastic pollution in the world after China. Based on the data in 2018, there were about 1.29 million tonnes plastic waste end up in the ocean per annum. With that regard, Indonesia needs to be responsible for the negligence in doing the international obligation to prevent, reduce, and manage the pollution that affect marine environment. The purpose of this research is to observe Indonesia’s commitment in reducing plastic pollution on marine environment by doing some legal approach. Therefore, this research conducted by normative juridical and using descriptive analysis. Data analysis that obtained is done through literature study. The conclusion of this research is that the commitment of Indonesian Government on preventing plastic waste in marine environment relatively needs to be improved. There are some of regulations which already targeted that has not established yet by Indonesian Government.

This paper seeks to use economic and law approaches in looking at the problems that occur over the construction of New Yogyakarta International Airport (NYIA). According to the legal approach that is often done, it has not given a clear meaning of what the phrase "public interest" is. In fact, the meaning of this phrase becomes very important, considering that this is used as the basis by the state in seizing the right to land owned by people, which is then used for the construction of the airport. For the economic approach method, it is expected to be able to complete the approach, by analyzing whether the current development process can benefit the country economically or not. Thus, the use of economic approaches, in this case is the NYIA's development policy, in fact, can be ambiguous. On the one hand it can be a justification for the state to continue the development process. On the other hand, it can be a justification for the people who until now continue to expect the development of the NYIA to be halted.

This study investigates end-of-life decisions through Islamic and legal comparative approaches by focusing on the Albanian context. The methods applied in this paper are critical legal reasoning and legal comparison. The goal of this research is to review the impact of the Islam legal culture (Qur'an and hadith) on the Albanian law of end-of-life decisions. From a legal approach, this paper underlines the unconstitutionality of the Albanian Code of Medical Ethics. In addition, the review of the Islamic literature on medical jurisprudence demonstrates the attitude of Muslim community regarding end-of-life decisions in addition to scientifically examine the various rules governing end-of-life situations codified in the Islam legal sources by only considering the Qur'an and hadith. This investigation aims to understand the similarities and differences between these two different approaches by also underlying the importance of Islam approach on end-of-life situations on the Albanian legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Hacettepe Law Review is the property of Hacettepe Law Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nigeria’s oil industry encounters crude oil theft in commercial quantities, which is often exported to neighbouring countries. This has occasioned a loss of revenue and has caused environmental pollution due to oil spillages. There is a need for a stringent legal framework to combat the menace caused by incessant crude oil thefts, pipeline vandalisation by militants, and inadequate maintenance of existing crude oil refineries. The study adopts doctrinal legal research methods and a conceptual approach with the consideration of primary and secondary sources of law, for instance, the Petroleum Industry Act 2021, the Nigeria Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (NEITI Act 2007, International Conventions, law textbooks and peer-reviewed journals. The justification for using the method was to establish the trustworthiness of the findings on illicit crude oil refineries. The findings reveal that the Nigerian government has lost more than 150,000 barrels of crude oil daily valued at USD six billion as a result of crude oil theft. This has reduced oil revenues, which ought to have added to the national treasury. The Petroleum Production and Distribution (Anti-Sabotage Act) 2007, which proscribes disruption of petroleum products in Nigeria, has not been diligently enforced. There is also an absence of a specific oil and gas legal framework criminalising crude oil theft. Section 3(e)(f)(iv) of the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps Act only offers pipeline security as one of the functions of the corps, without distinctly stating the penalties to be imposed on those damaging crude oil pipelines. The study designs a hybrid model for the renovation of the country’s crude oil refineries. It also advocates the need to redefine legal regimes on illegal oil refineries by amending the Petroleum Industry Act to include specifically illegal oil refineries provision and to effectively criminalise crude oil theft. The implications of the main results are as follows: criminalising crude oil theft and pipeline vandalisation with vigorous punishments will serve as deterrence to others in the sector, increase revenues for the government and reduce environmental pollution.

Copyright of Journal of Research in Humanities is the property of Tarbiat Modares University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increasing gap in the space capabilities of different countries has led to the need for capacity building in modern times. Space capacity building of countries without or with limited space capacity via international cooperation with advanced spacefaring nations is a good practice towards intragenerational equity among all spacefaring countries, and between spacefaring and non-spacefaring countries at the same period of time. A case study is used here to show the current situation of the Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) and its member states that are associated with their space capacity building. The study finds that neither the satellite technology development model developed by Wood and Weigel (2011) nor the model developed by Ercan and Kale (2017) is a good fit for the development of space capability in all of the developing countries. Therefore, using the APSCO member states as a case study may offer guidelines towards the space capacity building of other developing countries. Moreover, an in-depth analysis of the merits and flaws of APSCO's capacity building programs through comparing them with similar projects carried out by the European Space Agency (ESA), the Asia-Pacific Regional Space Agency Forum (APRSAF) and some other countries is conducive to providing some references for regional cooperation in the field of space capacity building. While international space law and the APSCO Convention can provide the general principles for capacity building activities under the framework of APSCO, they are only relevant to the development of scientific and technological capacities for space and human resources rather than organizational development and legal frameworks. Some international soft laws can likewise provide guidance for the capacity building activities of APSCO and its member states in the areas of international direct television broadcasting, remote sensing and cooperative way. To enhance its and its member states' space capabilities, APSCO, in the context of space commercialization and maintaining the long-term sustainability of outer space activities (LTSOSA), should establish a comprehensive internal regime that addresses scientific and technological capacity building for space, human resources, organizational development and legal frameworks, a flexible regime for international cooperation with other developed spacefaring nations and international organizations with relevant technical capabilities and an internal research center for space law, and actively expand its membership by embracing other economically or technologically developed spacefaring nations in the Asia-Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic architecture has long been recognized as one of the most important part of architecture in the history of world architecture, and despite the statement expressed by many scholars and historians in this field; the question that is always concerned is that, what is Islamic architecture? What are the different interpretations raised regarding this architecture? What was the status of the Orientalists' view on Islamic architecture, and what was the difference in their interpretations? The history of art and Islamic architecture in the world dates back to about half a century, and the origin of "Islamic architecture" can be attributed to the beginning of the Orientalism movement in the West. Orientalists and Western theorists in defining Islamic architecture have expressed many different interpretations. The study of different perspectives in this field shows that not all interpreters and theorists are in the same position and have a different perception associated to the works of Islamic architecture. Considering the two historical (historiographer) and the legal (epistemological) views of this architecture shows the difference in their approach on this issue. In each of these approaches, the order of form and meaning are examined. The historical approach, in terms of form and framework, interprets the Islamic works and what was important for them to be considered has been the change in the form of architecture. However, legal approach, considers art and Islamic architecture as one of the manifestations of Islamic thought that has richness within itself, so that this architecture, as a language that tells the truth, has emerged from the level of meaning to the level of emergence. Using interpretive-historical methods as well as library and documentary information, this article seeks to review the Islamic architecture from the perspective of historians and Orientalists and provide a clear interpretation of Islamic architecture for today's audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contract cheating happens when students commission someone else to do assessed work for them. While it is already illegal in 18 jurisdictions, others are considering making the provision of contract cheating services illegal. To date, legal approaches to addressing contract cheating have faced little scrutiny in the peer reviewed literature. This article outlines some challenges with the legal approach to combating contract cheating. To this end it examines a segment of the contract cheating market to determine if contractors operate in localities where contract cheating services have been made illegal. The results suggest that contractors operate in plain sight, offering services to and from localities where services are prohibited by law. On the basis of the current challenges with enforcement of legal rules, this article recommends some alternative strategies for addressing contract cheating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE:The authors examined whether factors other than civil commitment criteria influence the involuntary retention of patients who are evaluated for civil commitment in psychiatric emergency services in California general hospitals. METHODS:Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether admission criteria, institutional constraints, social biases, and procedural justice indicators contributed to the use of coercive retention in the evaluations of 583 patients in the psychiatric emergency services of nine California county general hospitals. RESULTS:Of the 583 patients, 109 (18.7 percent) were retained against their wishes. Clinicians relied primarily on admission criteria in making the decision to retain a patient, which suggests that patients were generally afforded procedural due process during the evaluation in the psychiatric emergency service. Staff workload was a possible factor in violations of due process. CONCLUSIONS:Psychiatric emergency services need additional resources to ensure procedural due process protection for patients who are being evaluated for civil commitment.

The article analyzes the organization of the educational process in the Regional Institute of Social Work Aquitaine. It is found that the following departments of the Institute are responsible for organizing the educational process: the department of initial professional training in social work; the department of constant social formations; the department of management training; the research department; the centre for social action learning; the department of internal educational operations; the department of the educational process and symposia; the department of international activities; the centre for evaluation of skills in social professions; the centre for validation of acquired experience in social work. It is revealed that the Regional Institute of Social Work Aquitaine will be merged into the University of Bordeaux between 2019 and 2020 and become part of the National Union of Training and Research in the field of social intervention, which integrates all types of training in social work. The Regional Institute of Social Work Aquitaine is also under the direction of the Regional Association of Social Work. It must be noted that the Regional Institute of Social Work Aquitaine provides the protocol for certification and testing of the Level 3 Modules (ASS / ES / EJE / ETS / CESF). After all, the general conditions of this protocol ensure the support of candidates for such certification and testing. These conditions include the location of certification and testing; instructions and criteria: an invitation to certification and testing, the organization of certification and testing, the organization of module certification, the information about certification and testing committee, the submission of results from certification and testing (results of certification and testing, absence of candidates during certification and testing, module testing, violations and protection means). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the stages of organizing the education process in social schools in France based on the example of Regional Institute of Social Work Aquitaine, Bordeaux. It is found that the Institute pays specific attention to the basic courses: professionalization and methodology; social and solidarity economy; professional approach to service; social connections and exclusion; legal approaches; project development and management; sociology of education; human development; psychopedagogy of animation project; family law; social protection and social security; research methodology; legal approach to information management for the EU countries; humour and pedagogy; oral communication and education; anthropology of education; education and philosophy, the views on the education process: family education; mental disability: history and current events; self-study and lifelong learning; psychology of education: theoretical principles, methods, educational and social practices. It is clarified that the main characteristic of social careers in France, regardless of specialization, is the ability to provide permissive and appropriate mediation between the individual, family and society, state and social structures; to act as a partner, linking the personality and society, children and adults, family and society. It is justified that there is no distinction between "social worker" and "social educator" in France. French specialists consider social work to be "personal support services for people", which is based on certain sciences (law, psychology, sociology) and accumulated experience of practical sociopsychological, health-improving, rehabilitational and therapeutic support of the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at addressing the manner in which gender studies have penetrated the ancient sciences. And in particular the so-called "global" history of the ancient Roman society in that they have allowed a deep renewal of problematic approaches and working methods for researchers. Above all, I would like to recall how much Gender Studies, quite quickly perceived, particularly in the Anglo-Saxon literature, as a relevant object of study in many human sciences, have struggled to be accepted within the disciplines of antiquity. That is because they are marked by an exacerbated classicism and, it must be said, a certain ideological conservatism since their emergence and their growth from the eighteenth century. Faced with the history of events involving great men, the history of bodies, sex or gender, or even semiotics have long been considered sub-disciplines of very minor issues in a history preconstructed at the event plan and institutionalized around modern mental images. We have now arrived at the end of what the classic historical approach can produce from a methodological point of view, and the gendre studies have given a new impetus for a few years now to shape a new perspective on ancient society. This point of view is illustrated in the paper by two observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2002 the World Health Organization published a categorical definition of “Elder Abuse,” but the relevant social and legal interventions differ markedly even among Western-oriented countries. This article compares and contrasts approaches to this widespread and very serious problem in the New York City and the Israeli health-care systems. In today’s world, the members of a family do not all necessarily live on the same continent, so professionals must be aware of the way things are done in countries other than their own. The differences in the interventions employed, or not employed, in these two specific systems highlight the need to understand not only how elder abuse is dealt with in each place, but the conceptual framework that governs it. The present article can serve as a guide for American professionals and others concerned with the problems of elder abuse who function within the Israeli health care system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The lack of synergy between existing child marriage prevention initiatives and a systems approach to child protection limits children's access to holistic services that can help reduce their vulnerability to early marriage. From an integrated feminist and child rights standpoint, culture, religious traditions and poverty do not justify the sexual exploitation of female children, nor fixation on "soft" interventions as a strategy for eradicating child marriage. The slow pace of change in behaviours and attitudes towards child marriage in West Africa necessitates a rethinking of the nuances of community resistance to change, and the implementation of more vigorous actions to ensure just treatment of children. Initiatives to prevent and eradicate child marriage must be cognizant of the strength of multisectoral partnerships and the overarching legal frameworks for the protection of children. State parties need to ensure that the pathways for change reflect the interplay of robust child protection legislations, well-resourced child protection systems, viable local community resources, investments in research on child marriage, and state leadership in holding child marriage perpetrators accountable for their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of a historical and legal comparative method as a new way of special and scientific knowledge is investigated in this article. The theory place in the method structure is defined. The historical and legal comparative method is aimed at solving the main problem which content is analyzed. Historical, legal and comparative approaches which define the direction of realization of the main task in the theory of a historical and legal comparative method are considered. The principles underlying each approach are specified.

The purpose of this research, paying attention on the exaggerated advertisements on online sport media, was to investigate the illegality of the article typed advertisement of online sport media. The results of this research were as follows; First, the article typed advertisements are the assets of the media company as other articles or advertisements. Second, the persons of capacity to act are defined with sport online media, advertiser and customers. Third, the exaggerated advertisements of the sport online media and advertiser are regulated by Korean legal system. Fourth, when victims occurred, the rights of claim for damages could be activated based on the article 750 of the Korean Civil Law. Fifth, the liability for damages may be imposed by Korean Civil Law to the sport online media restrictively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For some 40 years, Bangladesh has fought a losing battle against the existence of dowries and their associated abuse with no indication of even a minimal impact as dowry demands inflate and violence increases. In one year alone, dowry related violence claimed the lives of 325 women and contributed to 66.7 per cent of the violent incidents against women. This article aims to investigate the appropriateness and effectiveness of legal approaches to dowry and propose a different standard for redressing women's disadvantaged situation in the traditional culture of Bangladesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Re F (Children) (Internal Relocation), the Court of Appeal again re-visited the issue of relocation within the United Kingdom, with Wilson LJ raising three points of confusion apparent in the present law. This note comments on those issues and suggests that, as the Court of Appeal implied, the time has come to review the approach of the courts in England and Wales to internal relocation disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's corporate governance system implements both American and German style mechanisms, but the supervisory board, a typical feature of German style governance is generally considered dysfunctional. After 2006, the newly amended Chinese Corporate Law significantly enhances the role played by supervisory boards. Our study examines if the new Corporate Law improves supervisory board's monitoring over executive compensation, which becomes one of the main agency concerns in China's emerging market, thus providing a quasi-experimental testing of the legal approach of governance (La Porta et al. in J Financ Econ 58:3-27, ). We examine the effects of both size and meeting frequency of supervisory boards on executive compensations in Chinese listed companies, by using data before and after the new Corporate Law became effective in 2006. We find that before the new Corporate Law became effective, supervisory boards did not affect executive compensation, although their role after that became significant; both supervisory board size and meeting frequency affect total executive compensation, and supervisory board size also influences pay-performance sensitivity. Furthermore, we find that there exists a non-linear effect of supervisory board meeting frequency on executive pay, and an optimal range exists. Policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention), which was adopted in 2001 and will come into force in September 2008, bans the use of TBT (tributyltin) antifouling paint on ships. The EU (European Union) effectively implemented the Convention on 1 January 2008 by enforcing a similar ban. Several states have national restrictions and bans in place. The regulation on TBT antifouling paint aims at checking the risk of adverse effects on marine ecosystems. The legal and political situation is, however, characterized by complex relations between different layers of legislation, the use of several different legal techniques, and levels of ambition. The international and EU bans thereby cause some indirect effects, which are only partly included in what is seen as ‘the TBT issue’ and so only partly assessed in the legal process of the ban. This article discusses the expediency of the existing legislation and legal strategies aimed at reducing the negative environmental effects of TBT-like toxins in marine ecosystems and indirect effects of such actions. It considers the adequacy and limits of current regulatory approaches for handling complex environmental problems, such as TBT in antifouling paint. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents the ethical and moral arguments in making a legislation for the use of cycle helmets in Great Britain. The effectiveness on the use of helmet in protecting serious head injury among cyclists is questioned. The authors argued that the legislation is slightly paternalistic in its justice-related grounds for making the choice collectively rather than individually. It was also argued that the prioritization is consistent with other injury-prevention legislation.