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Introduction. La pasteurisation est destinée à détruire la flore pathogène et la majorité de la flore non pathogène d’altération du lait. Objectif. La présente étude avait pour objectif l’évaluation de la qualité du lait pasteurisé et la vérification du procédé de pasteurisation dans une laiterie. Matériel et méthodes. Cinquante échantillons de lait pasteurisé (20 laits crus et 30 laits reconstitués) ont été prélevés aux points de vente. Dans la laiterie, 70 échantillons ont été réalisés à des temps différents pendant la pasteurisation. L’analyse microbiologique a concerné le dénombrement de la flore totale (FT) à 30°C. Résultats. Quatre-vingt-dix % et 43% des laits crus et reconstitués pasteurisés, respectivement, sont de mauvaise qualité avec une contamination moyenne de 4,95±1,62(x105) UFC.mL-1 et de 1,64±0,38(x105) UFC.mL-1. Pour le dérou-lement de la pasteurisation, il a été observé une baisse significative de la charge en FT entre la charge initiale du lait cru 28,5±8,3(x105) UFC.mL-1 et la charge finale 0,82±0,27(x105) UFC.mL-1 (p=0,001). Les laits obtenus ont été à 78,6% de qualité acceptable et 21,4% de mauvaise qualité. Conclusion. La mauvaise qualité du lait pasteurisé à la vente est due à la mauvaise qualité du lait cru mais probablement aussi à une contamination post-pasteurisation. [Introduction. Pasteurization is intended to destroy the pathogenic flora and the majority of the non-pathogenic flora of milk alteration. Objective. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of pasteurized milk, and to verify the pasteurization process in a dairy industry. Material and methods. Fifty samples of pasteurized milk (20 raw milks and 30 reconstituted milks) were taken at the sale points. In the dairy, 70 samples were taken at different times during pasteurization. The microbiological analysis concerned the total flora (TF) at 30°C. Results. Ninety % and 43% of pasteurized raw and reconstituted milks, respectively, were of poor quality with an average contamination of 4.95±1.62(x105) CFU.mL-1 and 1.64±0.38(x105) CFU.mL-1. For the pasteurization process, a significant decrease in the TF load was observed between the initial raw milk load 28.5±8.3(x105) CFU.mL-1 and the final load 0.82±0.27(x105) CFU.mL-1 (p=0.001). The milks obtained were 78.6% of acceptable quality and 21.4% of poor quality. Conclusion. The poor quality of pasteurized milk for sale is due to the poor quality of raw milk but probably also to post-pasteurization contamination.]

The transformation of cow milk to butter and cream is one of the many possibilities for diversifying dairy products. In this context, the aim of this study is to contribute in evaluating the effect of milking time on the physicochemical characteristics and fatty acids profile of milk, cream and butter. The study of physicochemical composition showed that milk contained an average of 12.3 % dry matter, 3.4 % of fat and 3.3 % of total nitrogenous matter. The pH and acidity were 6.66 and 16.01°D. For butter, the average contents of water (15.2 %), fat (83.1 %) and non-fat dry matter (1.75 %) comply with the requirements of international standards and Belgian regulations. Analysis of the other parameters of the butter revealed an average color of 28.95 (expressed on the yellow scale), a low oxidation rate of the order of 0.0005 mEq. O2.g-1 and a texture which correlates positively with the depth of the butter clods. The mean pH value is 4.51. The comparison between evening and morning milking showed that the difference in composition of milks remains not significant (p > 0.05). So it is for the composition and parameters of the butter, except for the color which is significantly more yellow for the evening butters (29.7) compared to those of morning (26.2).

Le mot désignant la première boisson de notre vie paraît peu original comme objet d’intérêt. Mais puisqu’il est des plus courants et connu de tous, nous présentons son fonctionnement dans le sens premier et dans d’autres acceptions dans le registre standard, dans la langue technique, dans le sens figuré ; nous observons les formations dérivées et composées et les expressions phraséologiques françaises et polonaises avec lait / mleko. Nous évoquons le lien entre le lait et le vin, présent uniquement en français et visible à travers quelques expressions. Nous essayons d’en tirer une image sémantique du mot et son emploi dans les expressions à partir des dictionnaires anciens et modernes français et polonais. Ce substantif concret, pouvant être compté parmi les universaux de la langue, ne présente pas de champ synonymique développé mais seulement quelques emplois métonymiques et métaphoriques qui nous paraissent néanmoins mériter une réflexion relative aux deux langues.

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La sécurité alimentaire est au cœur des débats actuels concernant les politiques de développement agricole. Il s’agit notamment d’arbitrer entre le soutien à la production locale et l’ouverture au commerce international pour répondre à l’essor rapide de la demande. Cette question se pose de manière originale dans le secteur laitier algérien, où l’intervention de l’État concerne l’ensemble des maillons de la filière de la production à la consommation. Or, en dépit de ces mesures particulièrement coûteuses, la progression de la collecte de lait local reste limitée. L’État intervient aussi par des mécanismes de prix administrés et de quotas, qui favorisent l’importation de la poudre de lait afin d’assurer l’offre de produits laitiers à bas prix. Ce compromis aboutit au maintien de la dépendance du pays vis-à-vis des marchés internationaux, et questionne sa capacité à élaborer une véritable stratégie de souveraineté alimentaire.

Background: Most Escherichia coli strains are harmless commensals, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in their hosts, and are infrequently responsible for product recalls due to food contamination. The present study was carried out to determine the occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 and other E. coli strains from raw and fermented (nono) milk in Benin City, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 66 (33 raw and 33 nono) milk samples were obtained from retailers from 3 different stations in Aduwawa market, Benin City, Nigeria between January and June, 2017. Samples were analysed by cultural methods for faecal coliforms using M-Fc agar, E. coli using Chromocult coliform agar, and E. coli O157:H7 using sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite. Presumptive E. coli and E. coli O157:H7 isolates were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using specific primers. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of confirmed isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, with zones of inhibition interpreted according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Data were analysed using the SPSS version 21.0. Results: From the 66 nono and raw milk samples assessed in this study, all (100%) were phenotypically positive for E. coli O157:H7. A total of 19 E. coli O157:H7 and 41 other strains of E. coli were confirmed by PCR. The resistance profile of the 19 E. coli O157:H7 isolates showed 100% (19/19) resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin; 94.7% (18/19) to chloramphenicol; 89.5% (17/19) to erythromycin; and 78.9% (15/19) to sulfamethoxazole and oxytetracycline, while the sensitivity profile showed that 100% (19/19) E. coli O157:H7 isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and ofloxacin. The resistance profile of other 41 E. coli isolates showed 100% (41/41) resistance to penicillin G and ampicillin; 97.6% (40/41) to chloramphenicol; and 92.7% (38/41) to erythromycin, while 97.6% (40/41) were sensitive to gentamicin and kanamycin. Ten E. coli O157:H7 isolates (52.6%) showed extensive drug resistance pattern to 11 antibiotics in 7 antimicrobial classes with multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.46. Conclusion: Findings from the present study clearly indicated that the safety and quality of fresh and fermented milk were not satisfactory and could be of public health concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In cattle, many serotypes of Salmonella enterica are responsible for a wide variety of clinical manifestations, which can cause considerable economic loss. Some serotypes can cause cows to abort sporadically, such as the Dublin serotype. This study was carried out on different cattle farms in the Algiers region to determine the prevalence of Salmonella Dublin using bacteriological and immunological methods. Methodology: The prevalence of Salmonella was determined by bacteriological analysis in accordance with the reference method AFNOR NF U 47-100 on faecal samples collected from 184 cattle belonging to 19 different farms, and serotyping for S. Dublin. Immunological analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for S. Dublin was carried out on milk samples collected from 91 cattle. A survey of case (n=5) and control (n=14) farms for comparative analysis was performed to demonstrate a link between abortion in cows and prevalence of S. Dublin with both bacteriological and immunological methods. Sensitivity, specificity, Cohen Kappa coefficient, McNemar test odds ratios, and confidence intervals were calculated using Winepiscope 2.0 and StatA 9.1 software, and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The bacteriological results showed a prevalence of 7.6% (95%CI: 3-10), for Salmonella and serotyping revealed a prevalence for S. Dublin of 2.7%. The immunological analysis of milk by the ELISA technique revealed a prevalence of 13.2% (95%CI: 5-20) for S. Dublin. The comparative study between immunological results from milk and bacteriological results from faeces for detecting S. Dublin showed poor agreement between the two tests (k=0.25), with enzyme immunoassay being significantly more sensitive than the bacteriological test (p<0.05). The results of the survey did not demonstrate a clear association between bacteriological detection of S. Dublin in faeces and abortion in cows (OR=8.66, 95%CI: 0.58-130.12). However, with the immunological analysis of milk for S. Dublin, there was a significant positive association (OR=62.33, 95%CI: 2.13-18.22) between a positive antibody response to S. Dublin in milk and the presence of abortions on the farm. Conclusion: In view of these results, we can conclude that Salmonella infections should systematically feature in the differential diagnosis of abortions in dairy cattle in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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L'ITO n'en est encore qu'à ses balbutiements. Elle est parfois présentée par les centres experts en allergie alimentaire comme une pratique régulière pour toutes les formes d'allergies, y compris pour des aliments à haut risque anaphylactique, comme l'arachide ou les fruits à coques. Ceci peut laisser croire que l'ITO peut être envisagée par tous les médecins prenant en charge des patients avec une allergie alimentaire. De notre point de vue, l'ITO aux aliments pose encore beaucoup de questions qui ne sont pas résolues. Nous proposons des éléments de réflexion pour une pratique raisonnée de l'ITO à ce jour. OIT is still in its infancy. It is occasionally presented by expert food allergy centers as a routine practice for all forms of allergies, and for foods carrying a high risk of anaphylaxis, such as peanuts or nuts. This seems to suggest that OIT may be considered by all physicians treating patients with food allergy. From our viewpoint, OIT to foods still poses many questions that remain unanswered. We propose elements for reflection to ensure reasoned practice as regards ITO at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Smallholder farms represent the largest population of dairy cattle farms in Indonesia. Dairy activities can play an important role to secure the livelihood of smallholder farms. However, small farms face several constraints and challenges to be sustainable in the future. To assess the sustainability of smallholder dairy farms and to understand in what conditions farms are more sustainable, we conducted a study in two districts of the West Java Province. Our method was based on participatory meetings that allowed us to identify "critical features" of the local farming systems, and associated indicators. From discussions with local stakeholders, we proposed 6 "strategic indicators" of sustainability. Five of those indicators were related to the social and economic dimensions of sustainability, which appeared to be crucial in the local context. To assess the sustainability of farms based on those 6 indicators, we collected secondary data from the local cooperative, and carried out a formal field survey to 355 farmers from May to August 2015. Results showed that the most sustainable farms were those who had highest capital and diversified activity. Farms which had low capital but had additional activity were more sustainable than specialized ones. Whereas the level of farm income appears to be linked directly to farm capital, pluriactivity contributes to reduce risks related to dairy business and to gain benefit from synergies between activities. In the future, policies and projects to enhance farm capital and farmers' pluriactivity will be needed to support the sustainability of smallholder farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Animal Science is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

INTRODUCTION: Evaluer la consommation quotidienne des produits laitiers dans une population d'enfants marocains et déterminer les facteurs associés pouvant influencer cette consommation. METHODES: étude prospective du 1 er octobre 2013 au 31 avril 2014. Les enfants âgés entre 2 et 16 ans ont été inclus. Le recrutement a eu lieu dans la ville de Fès. Le recueil des données s'est fait à l'aide d'un questionnaire fréquentiel. Les parents et les enfants inclus ont été interrogés sur la consommation des produits laitiers et les facteurs socio-démographiques avec une évaluation anthropométrique des enfants. L'association des variables à la consommation des produits laitiers a été analysée en analyse univariée et multivariée par un modèle de régression logistique. RESULTATS: l'enquête alimentaire avait intéressé 286 enfants dont 151 filles (52,8 %) et 131 garçons (45,8%). Les enfants âgés de 2 à 3 ans représentaient 26,4 %, ceux âgés de 4 à 7 ans 28,9 %, ceux âgés de 7 à 9 ans 18,3 % et les adolescents âgés de 10 à 16 ans 26,4 %. Les enfants consommaient en moyenne 2.5'1 produits laitiers par jour. Les enfants consommaient au moins 3 produits laitiers par jour dans 57,8% chez les enfants âgés de 2 à 3 ans, 53,6% chez les enfants âgés de 4 à 6 ans, 40% chez les enfants âgés de 7 à 9 ans et 41.2% chez les enfants âgés de 10 à 16 ans. Les facteurs associés à la consommation de trois produits laitiers minimum par jour en analyse univariée étaient le niveau d'instruction maternel analphabète p = 0.001 OR = 0.1 et primaire p=0.002 OR=0.1, le niveau socioéconomique familial moyen p = 0.001 OR = 3, l'âge p= 0.01 OR = 0.9 et l'indice de masse corporelle normal p = 0.01 OR = 2.5 et = 90, percentiles p = 0.001 OR = 6. Il existe un lien positif entre l'indice de masse corporelle = 90 percentiles p = 0.01 OR=3.9 est et la quantité consommée des produits laitiers et négatif avec le faible niveau de scolarité maternel analphabète p = 0.008 OR = 0.1 et primaire p=0.009 OR= 0.1. CONCLUSION: la consommation du lait et des autres produits laitiers était inappropriée en particulier chez l'enfant âgé de 7 à 9 ans et l'adolescent de 10 à 16 ans. Le faible niveau d'éducation maternel et un indice de masse corporelle supérieur au 90, percentiles était des facteurs indépendamment associés à la consommation de moins de 3 produits laitiers par jour. La sensibilisation des parents et des enfants sur l'intérêt du lait et de ses dérivés dans l'alimentation de l'enfant est indispensable.

Introduction: Determination of somatic cell counts (SCC) becomes more and more important also for ewe's milk. SCC can be a useful indicator of milk quality for milk processors while it can be a mastitis indicator for sheep keepers and an important selection criterion for breeders. The objective of our study was to acquire basic information about factors influencing SCC variability in lambing ewes of the Tsigai (T) and Improved Valachian (IV) breeds. Somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined in 866 milk samples in 2017 and 2018, during lamb sucking and during milking period. An instrument Fossomatic 90 (Foss Electric, Hillerød, Denmark) was used for analysis. Average SCC varied from 270 to 1897 × 103 cells/ml during lamb sucking and from 268 to 2139 × 103 cells/ml during milking period. Differences between the sampling periods were statistically significant in 2017. An increase in SCC was observed at the end of both sucking and milking periods. An overall evaluation of lactation brought about the average SCC at 364 × 103 cells/ml in 2017 (log(10) SCC - 2,25) and at 1,091 × 103 cells/ml in 2018 (log(10) SCC - 2,68). The indicator log(10) was significantly influenced by breed in 2017 (T - 2,61; IV - 2,75). The effect of lactation number and number of sucking lambs did not have any significant influence on SCC.

Résumé Introduction L’objectif de ce travail était d’évaluer par deux méthodes diagnostiques, la sensibilisation à 3 trophallergènes courants chez des enfants suivis pour asthme et ou rhinite allergique en milieu noir africain du Bénin. Méthode Le prick-test cutané et le dosage d’IgEs par REAST test à 3 trophallergènes courants : blanc d’œuf, lait de vache et arachide ont été réalisés chez des enfants de 3 à 15 ans suivis pour asthme et ou rhinite allergique. Les résultats positifs des deux méthodes ont été comparés. Résultats Des 130 enfants inclus, 11 ont été exclus pour inéligibilité au prick-test. L’étude a porté sur 119 (91,5 %) qui ont bénéficié à la fois des 2 tests. L’âge moyen était de 7 ± 1 an ; le sex-ratio (M/F) était de 1,6. L’association rhinite et asthme était la plus fréquente dans 66 cas (55,5 %). Les fréquences de sensibilisation pour le prick-test et le dosage étaient respectivement : 4,2 % vs. 20 % pour le blanc d’œuf, 4,2 % vs. 16,2 % pour le lait et 3,4 % vs. 0,0 % pour l’arachide. Conclusion La sensibilisation au blanc d’œuf était plus fréquente suivie du lait et de l’arachide. Il existe un désaccord entre le prick-test et le dosage par REAST test pour l’évaluation de la sensibilisation des ces trophallergènes. Introduction The aim of this study was to assess sensitization to three food allergens in children followed for asthma and/or allergic rhinitis in African blacks in Benin. Methods Skin prick-tests and REAST tests for IgE using 3 common food allergens — egg white, cow's milk and peanut — were carried out in children aged 3 to 15 years followed for asthma and/or allergic rhinitis. Positive results for the two methods were compared. Results Of the 130 children initially included, 11 were excluded for ineligibility for the prick-test. The study was conducted in 119 (91.5%) children who underwent both tests. The mean age was 7 ± 1 years and the sex ratio (M/F) was 1.6. The most common association was rhinitis and asthma, seen in 66 (55.5%) children. The sensitization frequency with the prick-test and assay was 4.2% vs. 20% for egg white, 4.2% vs. 16.2% for milk and 3.4% vs. 0.0% for peanuts. Conclusion Sensitization to egg white was the most common, followed by milk and peanut sensitization. A divergence was noted between prick-tests and REAST assay in the evaluation of sensitization for these food allergens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Le syndrome d’entérocolite induite par les protéines alimentaires (SEIPA) est une forme de plus en plus souvent retrouvée d’allergie alimentaire non IgE médiée. Différents phénotypes sont possibles, aigu ou chronique, avec des sous-phénotypes. Le SEIPA ne se manifestant que par des diarrhées est possible. Les aliments en cause sont avant tout le lait de vache mais des aliments inhabituels en allergie alimentaire sont parfois retrouvés. La répartition des aliments est variable suivant les continents. Food-protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is an increasingly common form of non-IgE-mediated food allergy. Different phenotypes are possible, acute or chronic, with sub-phenotypes. FPIES manifested only by diarrhea can also occur. The incriminated food is primarily cow's milk but unusual food allergies are occasionally observed. The distribution of incriminated foods varies according to the different continents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the milk fatty acid composition of female Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubatus (Schreber, 1776)) between and within maternal states (i.e., perinatal or foraging), milk samples were collected in 2010 and 2011 via gastric intubation from Steller sea lion pups on a small rookery in the central Gulf of Alaska. Maternal states of lactating females were determined upon reuniting with their sampled pups via remotely operated video cameras on the rookery. Milk fatty acid composition between Steller sea lion maternal states was significantly different, and thus can be utilized to distinguish between perinatal and foraging Steller sea lions of the same geographic region in the absence of direct observation. However, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant within perinatal Steller sea lions, suggesting steady mobilization of fatty acids from blubber to milk, and within foraging Steller sea lions, implying females forage on similar prey species within several days after their perinatal period. Differences in milk fatty acid composition between maternal states, including differences in the relative percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids, may have important implications for growth and development of offspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the daily consumption of milk products in a population of Moroccan children and to determine the factors influencing this consumption. Methods: We conducted a prospective study from 1 October 2013 to 31 April 2014. Children aged between 2 and 16 years were included in the study. The participants were recruited in the city of Fez. Data were collected using a frequency questionnaire. Enrolled parents and children were interviewed on their consumption of milk products and on sociodemographic factors. Children underwent anthropometric examination. The association between variables in milk products consumption was analyzed using univariate and multivariate analysis with logistic regression model. Results: Food survey involved 286 children: 151 girls (52.8%) and 131 boys (45.8%). Children aged 2 to 3 years accounted for 26.4%, those aged 4 to 7 years accounted for 28.9%, those aged 7 to 9 years accounted for 18.3% and adolescents aged 10 to 16 years accounted for 26.4%. Children consumed on average 2.5±1 milk products per day. 57.8% of children aged 2 to 3 years, 53.6% of children aged 4 to 6 years, 40% of children aged 7 to 9 years and 41.2% of children aged 10 to 16 years consumed at least 3 milk products per day. The factors associated with the consumption of at least three milk products per day in univariate analysis were an illiterate maternal education level p < 0.001 OR= 0.1 and an elementary maternal education level p = 0.002 OR = 0.1, a medium familial socio-economic status p < 0.001 OR = 3, age p = 0.01 OR = 0.9 and a normal body mass index p = 0.01 OR = 2.5 and > 90° percentiles p < 0.001 OR= 6. There was a positive correlation between a body mass index > 90° percentiles p= 0.01 OR = 3.9 and the quantity of consumed milk products while there was a negative correlation between a body mass index > 90° percentiles p = 0.01 OR = 3.9 and a low maternal schooling: illiterate p = 0.008 OR= 0.1 elementary p = 0.009 OR = 0.1. Conclusion: The consumption of milk and of other milk products was inappropriate in particular among children aged 7 to 9 years and adolescents aged 10 to 16 years. Low maternal schooling and a body mass index higher than 90° percentiles were factors independently associated with the consumption of less than 3 milk products per day. The awareness of parents and children about the role of the milk and its derivatives in children diet is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study demonstrates the inhibition of selective foodborne pathogenic bacteria by exposure to a 355 and 266 nm Nd:YAG laser. In baseline assay P. aeruginosa showed maximum inhibition followed by Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes grown on agar surface. Cell lysis was confirmed by confocal microscopy for all pathogens. In liquid media, P. aeruginosa was irradiated with the third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser pulse energy of 185 mJ, which was able to reduce the population of 1.65 × 105 by 4.7 logs, while P. aeruginosa could only be reduced by 0.73 log/cm2 on packaging material surface. In the final phase, the laser's potential was preliminarily tested for sterilization of raw cow milk. The reduction patterns of E. coli, Salmonella sp. yeasts and Lactobacillus sp. were 30%, 25%, 47%, and 30%, respectively, in raw milk, moreover, laser exposure had no significant impact on physio-chemistry of milk. Therefore, results indicate the potential application of laser in packing materials and milk sterilization at the industrial level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of beverages commonly consumed by children in-between or with meals on short-term food intake (FI) and glycemic control has received little attention. Therefore, 2 experiments were conducted in 9- to 14-year-old children following a randomized repeated-measures design. Experiment 1 ( n = 32) compared the effects of water (control) and isocaloric (130 kcal) amounts of 2% milk, chocolate milk, yogurt drink, and fruit punch on subjective appetite and FI. Experiment 2 ( n = 20) compared the effects of isocaloric (130 kcal) amounts of 2% milk and fruit punch on subjective appetite, FI, and glycemic and appetite hormone responses. One serving of the beverages was given as a pre-meal drink at baseline (0 min) and a second serving 60 min later with an ad libitum pizza meal. Meal FI in experiment 1 was lower by 14% and 10%, respectively, after chocolate milk and yogurt drink ( p < 0.001), but not milk, compared with water. Cumulative energy intake (beverages plus meal) was higher after caloric beverages than water. In experiment 2, no differences occurred in pre-meal but post-meal glucose was 83% higher in overweight/obese than normal-weight children ( p = 0.02). Milk led to higher pre-meal glucagon-like peptide-1 and post-meal peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) than fruit punch ( p < 0.01) but insulin did not differ between treatments. In conclusion, dairy products consumed before and with a meal have more favourable effects on FI, appetite, and satiety hormones than a sugar-sweetened beverage, but all caloric beverages result in more cumulative calories than if water is the beverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

None of the food classes is to be neglected, as each presents nutritional specificities, in terms of vitamins, oligo elements, minerals, essential amino-acids, omege-3 and 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Milk and milk products occupy a specific place. In terms of a diversified diet, their presence ensure a better health, because the reduction of number of pathologies. Since nay years, milk suffer many attacks, most of them not justified, intuitive or pseudo-scientific. Thus, milk products and milk detractors, are using, globally, two line of arguments. One is using false or abusive scientific and medical data. The other presents arguments not at all based on scientific arguments, possibly qualified as fantasist. Unfortunately, consumer is interested by them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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L’élevage camelin en Afrique du Nord connaît un regain d’intérêt après une période de déclin qui a suivi les indépendances. Ce regain se matérialise par une remontée des effectifs nationaux, une plus grande intégration du lait de chamelle dans l’économie marchande avec l’émergence de mini-laiteries, un développement notable de la filière viande de dromadaire pour laquelle les pays du Maghreb sont des importateurs importants, et des tentatives récentes de valorisation des sous-produits comme le cuir ou la laine. Par ailleurs, les activités de loisir et de tourisme représentent également une source de revenus pour les familles d’éleveurs dans les régions les plus touristiques. Au final, en dépit d’une certaine marginalité de cet élevage, sa place dans les économies nationales est grandissante et mérite d’être soutenue.

To satisfy Indian consumers’ rising demand for milk products, Indian breeders will have to boost their production rapidly, especially through improved feeding practices. Many experts point out that currently used crop by-products will not be sufficient to meet increasing feed requirements from cow and buffalo herds and that it will be necessary to turn to grains such as wheat and maize. But other experts think that grain will not be enough and that the increasing animal consumption of grain will affect human consumption, unless India decides on massive grain imports, putting pressure on the world grain market. The present survey carried out in two districts of Haryana showed that grain was not an essential feed for cattle and buffaloes, and that improving cotton and mustard by-products, and green fodder had great potential. A second finding was that wealthier farmers tended to underuse the genetic potential of milk cows and buffaloes. Moreover, biotechnical management of the herd, in particular the feeding system, was closely related to the socioeconomic management of the family farming system; family strategies aimed at ensuring sufficient milk production for the family in larger farms and to provide a regular income in smaller ones. This paper also stressed out the need to design, implement, and monitor development programs that integrate sociocultural and, especially, gender issues, to facilitate technological innovation with respect to forage storage.

A total of 164 dairy cattle farmers were surveyed in Niamey (sub)urban community (Niger) to identify criteria taken into consideration at the local level for cattle husbandry selection. The farmers interviewed were mainly male (57,0%), illiterate (81.1%) and mostly belonged to Fulani (56.1%) and Zarma (34.8%) ethnic groups. The study also concerned 1635 zebu cattle, including 26.5% milking cows and 28.8% calves. When purchasing cattle, farmers preferred milking cows (41,0%), heifers (33.5%), and males (23.9%). The breed was the main selection criterion: Djelli (66.4%), Azawak (12.2%) and Bororo (5.3%). In addition, farmers identified secondary selection criteria: coat (50.6%), udder shape (34.8%), animal health status (8.5%), testes (2.4%) and horns (2.4%).

In a Sahelian environment, the concession is a common, social, but also complex organization. An example is provided by dairy products management in pastoral and agropastoral environments. A schema of the social and zootechnical organization of such management was developed based on field work concerning farmers living in the Senegal River delta. Milking is a crucial step of milk management. It helps to shape the “milk sphere”, which contains both livestock and people who drive them. The proposed model distinguished different decision making levels: that of milkers/farmers who decided on milked quantities (production), and that of women collectors who decided individually if milked milk was for self-consumption, trade or gift. Besides, the present model helped avoid the common trap of confusing herd manager or concession head with dairy farm head.