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Since the 1980s spatial inequality within countries has been increasing. This thesis focuses in three parts on how certain agglomeration advantages of cities, known as agglomeration economies, have changed and why: 1) According to Marshall (1890) agglomeration economies consist of local advantages in exchanging, respectively, products, employees, and ideas. In this chapter, the relevance of each is measured over time by gathering historical U.S. data on the coagglomeration of industries and the extent to which these buy/sell products from each other, employ similar workers, and patent similar technologies. The results show that since 1970 the local exchange of ideas has become more relevant whereas exchanging products and employees has become less relevant. These changes are influenced by the rise of computer technology, as measured by the decreasing share of routine task intensive jobs, and trade competition from low-wage countries that make industries more knowledge-intensive. Surprisingly, the decreasing transportation costs of goods is not significantly associated with the decreasing importance of input-output linkages nor with the other two agglomeration determinants. 2) The division of labour as agglomeration advantage is often attributed to Adam Smith (1776), who argued that physical proximity facilitates the specialisation of individuals as the fruits of their labour are more easily exchanged. In this chapter is argued that this proximity is more relevant for complex activities where individuals are specialised in more narrow fields and need face-to-face contact to collaborate in larger networks. Results confirm that more complex jobs, industries, patents, and publications are more strongly concentrated in larger cities. U.S. patent data shows that since 1830 the concentration of complex activities in large cities has increased over time, in particular during technological revolutions, which is in line with the observation that the expanding frontier of human knowledge requires an ever-larger division of labour and a stronger spatial concentration of human activities. 3) Cities also have advantages in developing future activities by building on current regional capabilities, so-called dynamic agglomeration economies. This aspect is particularly relevant for regional resilience, as the ability to overcome crises lies partly in the possibility of regions to develop new economic activities when others fade. Using the same patent data, it is shown that cities with a larger variety in technological activities are better able to develop new activities during the great crises in the history of the U.S.A.: the Long Depression (1873-1879), the Great Depression (1929-1934), and the Oil Crisis (1973-1975). The former and latter crisis co-occur with technological revolutions when general purpose technologies come up that revolutionise work and production processes. During these time periods advantages in reinventing regional economic structures become particularly relevant to adapt to new economic realities. All in all, this thesis offers insights why larger more innovative cities grow faster than other regions: 1, they have more knowledge-oriented agglomeration advantages; 2, they accommodate the growing division of labour of complex activities; and 3, they reinvent themselves more easily. The technological computer revolution and globalisation are instrumental to understand the recent growth in spatial inequality.

In this brief chapter of the report we focus on the model that was developed as part of the evaluation strategy: the local CoP impact measurement model. This model has been described as part of the strategy report as well. For purposes of clarity (as it is one of the main deliverables of work package 3) we briefly present it in this document. Background: Promoting Healthy Ageing, and specifically an Active & Healthy Lifestyle, is one of the biggest societal and economical challenges the EU is facing. A paradigm shift from health care and cure to prevention is essential since the traditional ways have proven to be insufficient to solve this complex problem. An impact-driven multi-sector approach is necessary to develop innovative products and services to change this for the better.ObjectivesThe Knowledge Alliance for Communities of Practice for Healthy Lifestyle aimed at developing and sustaining communities of practice (COP) in order to stimulate innovation and socio-economic development in the area of Healthy Ageing.ImplementationThe Consortium comes from 7 EU Member States and in 5 countries Local COP were developed. A European COP Support Lab and a European COP Alliance were developed that facilitate the set-up and sustainability of COP. An open access Community Knowledge Hub provides pilot-tested formal and informal blended learning material for managing COP and implementing interventions; whilst an entrepreneurship competition lead into an intensive program to develop entrepreneurial skills and stimulate innovation.AchievementsIn total 6 local COP were fully established who all defined their shared interest, organized learning opportunities, meetings and effective local activities that contributed to a common agenda setting for Healthy Lifestyle. Furthermore, the Alliance between businesses and HEI was extended exponentially and over 30 businesses, 18 HEI and 73 public authorities were involved. All 6 COPs are still running beyond the project funding period and supported by an open online platform www.yanuz.eu.

In this brief chapter of the report we focus on the model that was developed as part of the evaluation strategy: the local CoP impact measurement model. This model has been described as part of the strategy report as well. For purposes of clarity (as it is one of the main deliverables of work package 3) we briefly present it in this document. Background: Promoting Healthy Ageing, and specifically an Active & Healthy Lifestyle, is one of the biggest societal and economical challenges the EU is facing. A paradigm shift from health care and cure to prevention is essential since the traditional ways have proven to be insufficient to solve this complex problem. An impact-driven multi-sector approach is necessary to develop innovative products and services to change this for the better.ObjectivesThe Knowledge Alliance for Communities of Practice for Healthy Lifestyle aimed at developing and sustaining communities of practice (COP) in order to stimulate innovation and socio-economic development in the area of Healthy Ageing.ImplementationThe Consortium comes from 7 EU Member States and in 5 countries Local COP were developed. A European COP Support Lab and a European COP Alliance were developed that facilitate the set-up and sustainability of COP. An open access Community Knowledge Hub provides pilot-tested formal and informal blended learning material for managing COP and implementing interventions; whilst an entrepreneurship competition lead into an intensive program to develop entrepreneurial skills and stimulate innovation.AchievementsIn total 6 local COP were fully established who all defined their shared interest, organized learning opportunities, meetings and effective local activities that contributed to a common agenda setting for Healthy Lifestyle. Furthermore, the Alliance between businesses and HEI was extended exponentially and over 30 businesses, 18 HEI and 73 public authorities were involved. All 6 COPs are still running beyond the project funding period and supported by an open online platform www.yanuz.eu.

The Knowledge Alliance for Communities of Practice for Healthy Lifestyle (COP4HL) aimed at developing and sustaining communities of practice (COP) in order to stimulate innovation and socio-economic development in the area of Healthy Ageing. Promoting Healthy Ageing, and specifically an Active & Healthy Lifestyle, is one of the biggest societal and economical challenges the EU is facing. A paradigm shift from health care and cure to prevention is essential since the traditional ways have proven to be insufficient to solve this complex problem. An impact-driven multi-sector approach is necessary to develop innovative products and services to change this for the better. The KA was composed of higher education institutes and businesses, supported by public authorities and non-for-profits, who are accepting the need of co-creating knowledge to stimulate innovation for an Active & Healthy Lifestyle. A local needs and assets mapping procedure, that assessed the national and local status quo in the area of Healthy Ageing/Healthy Lifestyles, served as starting point of the development of five communities or practice the communities of Groningen (the Netherlands), Odense (Denmark), Malaga (Spain), Kaunas (Lithuania) and Cascais (Portugal) plus an additional COP in Alcobaca (Portugal). These COP were focused on a common goal that was collectively decided in the local COP.

The Knowledge Alliance for Communities of Practice for Healthy Lifestyle (COP4HL) aimed at developing and sustaining communities of practice (COP) in order to stimulate innovation and socio-economic development in the area of Healthy Ageing. Promoting Healthy Ageing, and specifically an Active & Healthy Lifestyle, is one of the biggest societal and economical challenges the EU is facing. A paradigm shift from health care and cure to prevention is essential since the traditional ways have proven to be insufficient to solve this complex problem. An impact-driven multi-sector approach is necessary to develop innovative products and services to change this for the better. The KA was composed of higher education institutes and businesses, supported by public authorities and non-for-profits, who are accepting the need of co-creating knowledge to stimulate innovation for an Active & Healthy Lifestyle. A local needs and assets mapping procedure, that assessed the national and local status quo in the area of Healthy Ageing/Healthy Lifestyles, served as starting point of the development of five communities or practice the communities of Groningen (the Netherlands), Odense (Denmark), Malaga (Spain), Kaunas (Lithuania) and Cascais (Portugal) plus an additional COP in Alcobaca (Portugal). These COP were focused on a common goal that was collectively decided in the local COP.

ClimateCafé is a multi-, trans-, interdisciplinary and international event of several days in which young professionals, stakeholders and scientist come together to collect data and design (potential) solutions for climate change adaptation in rural or urban areas. ClimateCafé mainly aims to enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability of communities by sharing knowledge, raising awareness and building capacity. ClimateCafé addresses global issues, such as climate change and sustainable development, on a local scale. In a ClimateCafé, context specific challenges, related to climate change and sustainable development, are proposed by local stakeholders and often relate to a specific problem area. Over the past decade, more than 28 ClimateCafés have been organised around the globe, including the Netherlands-Rotterdam, Sweden-Malmö, the Philippines-Manila, and Peru-Pirua. Since the first edition in Thailand (2012), ClimateCafé evolved in content and adopted a ‘learning by doing’ paradigm. Our results indicate ClimateCafé fosters integrated thinking across disciplines, cultures and knowledge sectors while reducing uncertainties affiliated with climate change adaptation. This is demonstrated by participants of previous ClimateCafés having various backgrounds including: law, civil engineering, water management, art, urban planning and environmental engineering. Furthermore, co-production is composed through workshops facilitated by stakeholders of the, so called, quadruple helix including academia, government, civic society and industry. Workshops make use of scientifically embedded methods, always related to the contextual challenge. For example, urban heat stress is measured by sensors on a bike and collecting urban green with online platform ClimateScan, community perceptions are collected through interviews, water quality is measured with the use of drones and perceptions and responsibilities of institutional actors are identified by interviews and field visits. Additionally, data is processed and design workshops facilitate integrated design of potential solutions which is disseminated through participants presenting their findings at conferences. Although ClimateCafé is resource intensive, requires active participation of stakeholders and currently mainly attracts students of affiliated universities, we argue this multi-, inter-, transdisciplinary and international knowledge exchange methodology fosters the innovation that is dearly needed to address global sustainability challenges and climate change adaptation.

ClimateCafé is a multi-, trans-, interdisciplinary and international event of several days in which young professionals, stakeholders and scientist come together to collect data and design (potential) solutions for climate change adaptation in rural or urban areas. ClimateCafé mainly aims to enhance resilience and reduce vulnerability of communities by sharing knowledge, raising awareness and building capacity. ClimateCafé addresses global issues, such as climate change and sustainable development, on a local scale. In a ClimateCafé, context specific challenges, related to climate change and sustainable development, are proposed by local stakeholders and often relate to a specific problem area. Over the past decade, more than 28 ClimateCafés have been organised around the globe, including the Netherlands-Rotterdam, Sweden-Malmö, the Philippines-Manila, and Peru-Pirua. Since the first edition in Thailand (2012), ClimateCafé evolved in content and adopted a ‘learning by doing’ paradigm. Our results indicate ClimateCafé fosters integrated thinking across disciplines, cultures and knowledge sectors while reducing uncertainties affiliated with climate change adaptation. This is demonstrated by participants of previous ClimateCafés having various backgrounds including: law, civil engineering, water management, art, urban planning and environmental engineering. Furthermore, co-production is composed through workshops facilitated by stakeholders of the, so called, quadruple helix including academia, government, civic society and industry. Workshops make use of scientifically embedded methods, always related to the contextual challenge. For example, urban heat stress is measured by sensors on a bike and collecting urban green with online platform ClimateScan, community perceptions are collected through interviews, water quality is measured with the use of drones and perceptions and responsibilities of institutional actors are identified by interviews and field visits. Additionally, data is processed and design workshops facilitate integrated design of potential solutions which is disseminated through participants presenting their findings at conferences. Although ClimateCafé is resource intensive, requires active participation of stakeholders and currently mainly attracts students of affiliated universities, we argue this multi-, inter-, transdisciplinary and international knowledge exchange methodology fosters the innovation that is dearly needed to address global sustainability challenges and climate change adaptation.

Steeds meer organisaties werken samen en delen kennis over geografische- en organisatiegrenzen heen door middel van Enterprise Social Media (ESM). Het gebruik van ESM kan voor spanningen zorgen binnen organisaties. In dit onderzoek worden de mogelijke spanningen onderzocht door middel van de volgende onderzoeksvraag: Welke spanningen duiken op wanneer enterprise social media wordt gebruikt om kennisuitwisseling en samenwerking te ondersteunen binnen de bankensector? Uit de literatuurstudie bleek dat er nog geen onderzoek was gedaan naar ESM binnen de bankensector, dus was vervolgonderzoek noodzakelijk met een inductieve aanpak. Dit is gebeurd middels kwalitatief onderzoek waarbij semigestructureerd interviews zijn afgenomen bij acht respondenten. Uit de thematische analyse van de resultaten blijkt dat in de bankensector, wanneer ESM wordt gebruikt om kennisuitwisseling en samenwerking te ondersteunen, tien spanningen opduiken over het gebruik van ESM die voortvloeien uit de mogelijkheden, onmogelijkheden, implementatie en inrichting van ESM. Een voorbeeld van een spanning waar medewerkers mee te maken hebben is de wens om kennis met elkaar te delen, maar de omslachtigheid die dit met zich meebrengt wanneer men wordt geacht dit via ESM te doen. Er wordt in dit onderzoek aanbevolen om meerdere cases in deze sector te onderzoeken om zo de validiteit te verhogen.

De stad Rotterdam heeft de laatste jaren positieve ontwikkelingen doorgemaakt. Gelijke kansen en mogelijkheden voor iedere Rotterdammer blijft een grote opgave. De kwaliteit van onderwijs is essentieel om Rotterdams talent optimaal te ontwikkelen. De Kenniswerkplaats Rotterdams Talent draagt al sinds 2011 bij aan kennisontwikkeling en kennisuitwisseling op het gebied van onderwijsbeleid en de praktijk van het onderwijs in Rotterdam. Gevraagd en ongevraagd werken we met kennis- en onderwijsinstellingen aan een beter onderwijs in Rotterdam. Met dit manifest biedt de Kenniswerkplaats Rotterdams Talent het nieuwe college en onderwijsbesturen specifieke aanbevelingen voor robuust en passend Rotterdams onderwijs.

De stad Rotterdam heeft de laatste jaren positieve ontwikkelingen doorgemaakt. Gelijke kansen en mogelijkheden voor iedere Rotterdammer blijft een grote opgave. De kwaliteit van onderwijs is essentieel om Rotterdams talent optimaal te ontwikkelen. De Kenniswerkplaats Rotterdams Talent draagt al sinds 2011 bij aan kennisontwikkeling en kennisuitwisseling op het gebied van onderwijsbeleid en de praktijk van het onderwijs in Rotterdam. Gevraagd en ongevraagd werken we met kennis- en onderwijsinstellingen aan een beter onderwijs in Rotterdam. Met dit manifest biedt de Kenniswerkplaats Rotterdams Talent het nieuwe college en onderwijsbesturen specifieke aanbevelingen voor robuust en passend Rotterdams onderwijs.

De stad Rotterdam heeft de laatste jaren positieve ontwikkelingen doorgemaakt. Gelijke kansen en mogelijkheden voor iedere Rotterdammer blijft een grote opgave. De kwaliteit van onderwijs is essentieel om Rotterdams talent optimaal te ontwikkelen. De Kenniswerkplaats Rotterdams Talent draagt al sinds 2011 bij aan kennisontwikkeling en kennisuitwisseling op het gebied van onderwijsbeleid en de praktijk van het onderwijs in Rotterdam. Gevraagd en ongevraagd werken we met kennis- en onderwijsinstellingen aan een beter onderwijs in Rotterdam. Met dit manifest biedt de Kenniswerkplaats Rotterdams Talent het nieuwe college en onderwijsbesturen specifieke aanbevelingen voor robuust en passend Rotterdams onderwijs.

De stad Rotterdam heeft de laatste jaren positieve ontwikkelingen doorgemaakt. Gelijke kansen en mogelijkheden voor iedere Rotterdammer blijft een grote opgave. De kwaliteit van onderwijs is essentieel om Rotterdams talent optimaal te ontwikkelen. De Kenniswerkplaats Rotterdams Talent draagt al sinds 2011 bij aan kennisontwikkeling en kennisuitwisseling op het gebied van onderwijsbeleid en de praktijk van het onderwijs in Rotterdam. Gevraagd en ongevraagd werken we met kennis- en onderwijsinstellingen aan een beter onderwijs in Rotterdam. Met dit manifest biedt de Kenniswerkplaats Rotterdams Talent het nieuwe college en onderwijsbesturen specifieke aanbevelingen voor robuust en passend Rotterdams onderwijs.

Dit artikel bepleit te leren door te kijken wat anderen al hebben bedacht en te leren van hun ervaring op het gebied van klimaatbeheersing. Een manier die daarbij kan helpen is 'mappen' (in kaart brengen) van voorbeeldprojecten. Dat is precies wat via Climatescan.nl mogelijk is.

Dit artikel bepleit te leren door te kijken wat anderen al hebben bedacht en te leren van hun ervaring op het gebied van klimaatbeheersing. Een manier die daarbij kan helpen is 'mappen' (in kaart brengen) van voorbeeldprojecten. Dat is precies wat via Climatescan.nl mogelijk is.

(Inter-)nationaal staan we voor de uitdaging om onze leefomgeving klimaatbestendig in te richten zodat ons leefklimaat nu en in de toekomst aantrekkelijk blijft. Om (inter-)nationale kennisuitwisseling te bevorderen, zijn interactieve tools zoals Climatescan bruikbaar. Dit laat meer dan duizend locaties zien met beeldmateriaal, achtergrondverhalen en (wetenschappelijke) artikelen.

(Inter-)nationaal staan we voor de uitdaging om onze leefomgeving klimaatbestendig in te richten zodat ons leefklimaat nu en in de toekomst aantrekkelijk blijft. Om (inter-)nationale kennisuitwisseling te bevorderen, zijn interactieve tools zoals Climatescan bruikbaar. Dit laat meer dan duizend locaties zien met beeldmateriaal, achtergrondverhalen en (wetenschappelijke) artikelen.