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U radu definiramo novu oblikovnu kategoriju \(Sh^{\circledast}\) koju ćemo nazvati kategorijom konačnoga gruboga oblika. Ta će kategorija imati iste objekte kao kategorije oblika i gruboga oblika, ali će morfizmi među tim objektima biti drugačiji. Kategoriju konačnoga gruboga oblika konstruiramo korištenjem teorije inverznih sustava i poliedarskih ekspanzija topoloških prostora, to jest, vanjskim pristupom. Definirat ćemo dva odgovarajuća vjerna funktora, jednoga iz kategorije oblika u kategoriju konačnoga gruboga oblika, a drugoga iz kategorije konačnoga gruboga oblika u kategoriju gruboga oblika. Primjerima ćemo pokazati da ti funktori nisu puni, to jest, da je kategorija konačnoga gruboga oblika prava natkategorija kategorije oblika i prava potkategorija kategorije gruboga oblika. Kategoriju konačnoga gruboga oblika za kompaktne metričke prostore opisat ćemo i \textit{unutarnjim pristupom}. Da bismo to postigli, restringirat ćemo klasu objekata na skup svih zatvorenih podskupova Hilbertove kocke \(Q\), a teoriju inverznih sustava zamijeniti teorijom \(\epsilon\)-neprekidnih funkcija. Stoga ćemo prvo detaljno razraditi teoriju \(\epsilon\)-neprekidnosti definirajući osnovne pojmove i dokazujući najvažnija svojstva \(\epsilon\)-neprekidnih funkcija i relacije \(\epsilon\)-homotopije. Potom generaliziramo Borsukove fundamentalne i aproksimativne nizove te Sanjurjove približavajuće nizove definirajući \(\circledast\)-fundamentalne, \(\circledast\)-aproksimativne te \(\circledast\)-približavajuće nizove redom. Na skupovima \(\circledast\)-fundamentalnih, \(\circledast\)-aproksimativnih i \(\circledast\)-približavajućih nizova definirat ćemo odgovarajuće relacije ekvivalencije čije će klase biti morfizmi novih kategorija \(Sh^{\circledast}_f\), \(Sh^{\circledast}_a\) i \(InSh^{\circledast}\) redom. Kategoriju \(InSh^{\circledast}\) nazvat ćemo \textit{kategorijom unutarnjega konačnoga gruboga oblika}. Nadalje, definiramo tri odgovarajuća funktora, jedan među kategorijama \(Sh^{\circledast}|_Q\) (restrikcija kategorije \(Sh^{\circledast}\) na zatvorene podskupove od \(Q\)) i \(Sh^{\circledast}_f\), jedan među kategorijama \(Sh^{\circledast}_f\) i \(Sh^{\circledast}_a\) te jedan među kategorijama \(Sh^{\circledast}_a\) i \(InSh^{\circledast}\). Dokazat ćemo da će tako definirani funktori biti kategorijski izomorfizmi, što će značiti da je \(InSh^{\circledast}\) unutarnja reinterpretacija kategorije konačnoga gruboga oblika zatvorenih podskupova Hilbertove kocke. Uz to, definirat ćemo vjeran funktor među kategorijama \(InSh\) i \(InSh^{\circledast}\) koji objekte drži fiksnima, a svakom morfizmu unutarnjega oblika pridružuje inducirani morfizam unutarnjega konačnoga gruboga oblika. Stoga ćemo postojeću Sanjurjovu kategoriju \(InSh\) unutarnjega oblika smatrati pravom potkategorijom nove kategorije \(InSh^{\circledast}\) unutarnjega konačnoga gruboga oblika. Konačno, dokazat ćemo da unutarnji konačni grubi oblik ne ovisi o ulaganju metričkoga prostora u Hilbertovu kocku \(Q\), odnosno, da su svaka dva smještenja proizvoljnoga kompaktnoga metričkoga prostora istoga unutarnjega konačnoga gruboga oblika. Time ćemo klasifikaciju po unutarnjem konačnom grubom obliku proširiti na cijelu klasu \(\mathcal{MC}pt\) svih kompaktnih metričkih prostora i pritom dokazati da su kompaktni metrički prostori \(M\) i \(M'\) istoga konačnoga gruboga oblika ako i samo ako su \(M\) i \(M'\) istoga unutarnjega konačnoga gruboga oblika. In this thesis we will define a new shape category \(Sh^{\circledast}\) of topological spaces called the finite coarse shape category. Category \(Sh^{\circledast}\) will have the same class of objects as the categories of shape and coarse shape, but morphisms will be different. We will contruct the finite coarse shape category by using polyhedral expansions and inverse systems theory, i.e., using an external approach. Two appropriate faithful functors will be defined, one of them from the shape category \(Sh\) to the finite coarse shape category \(Sh^{\circledast}\) and the other one from the finite coarse shape category \(Sh^{\circledast}\) to the coarse shape category \(Sh^*\). We will prove by the examples that those functors are not full, i.e., that the finite coarse shape category is a proper subcategory of the coarse shape category and that it contains the shape category as its proper subcategory. The coarse shape category of metric compacta will also be given an intrinsic approach. To achieve that, we will restrict the class of objects to the set of all closed subsets of the Hilbert cube \(Q\) and replace the inverse systems theory by the theory of \(\epsilon\)-continuous functions. Therefore we shall give a detailed overview of the \(\epsilon\)-continuity theory by defining the main notions and proving the most important properties of the \(\epsilon\)-continuous functions and \(\epsilon\)-homotopy. We will generalise Borsuk's fundamental and approximative sequences and Sanjurjo's proximate sequences by defining so called \(\circledast\)-fundamental, \(\circledast\)-approximative and \(\circledast\)-proximate sequences, respectively. On the sets of the \(\circledast\)-fundamental, \(\circledast\)-approximative and \(\circledast\)-proximate sequences between any two closed subsets of the Hilbert cube \(Q\) we will define an appropriate equivalence relations, classes of which will be morphisms of the new categories \(Sh^{\circledast}_f\), \(Sh^{\circledast}_a\) and \(InSh^{\circledast}\), respectively. Category \(InSh^{\circledast}\) will be called the intrinsic finite coarse shape category}. Futhermore, three new functors will be defined, one of them between the categories \(Sh^{\circledast}|_Q\) (the restriction of the \(Sh^{\circledast}\) category to the set of all closed subsets of \(Q\)) and \(Sh^{\circledast}_f\), the second one between \(Sh^{\circledast}_f\) and \(Sh^{\circledast}_a\) and the third one between the categories \(Sh^{\circledast}_a\) and \(InSh^{\circledast}\). We will prove that each of these three functors is an isomorphism, which means that category \(InSh^{\circledast}\) is an intrinsic reinterpretation of the finite coarse shape category \(Sh^{\circledast}|_Q\) of all closed subsets of \(Q\). We will also define a faithful functor from \(InSh\) to \(InSh^{\circledast}\) which is an identity on the set of objects and which associates each intrinsic shape morphism with the induced intrinsic finite coarse shape morphism. Hence, Sanjurjo's intrinsic shape category \(InSh\) may be considered as a proper subcategory of the constructed intrinsic finite coarse shape category \(InSh^{\circledast}\). In the last section we will prove that the intrinsic finite coarse shape does not depend on the embedding of a compact metric space into the Hilbert cube \(Q\), i.e., that every two embeddings of any compact metric space have the same intrinsic finite coarse shape. That will allow us to extend the classification by the intrinsic finite coarse shape to the whole class \(\mathcal{MC}pt\) of metric compacta. Finally, we will prove that two compact metric spaces \(M\) and \(M'\) have the same finite coarse shape if and only if \(M\) and \(M'\) have the same intrinsic finite coarse shape.

U ovom završnom radu oblikovano je programsko rješenje kuharske aplikacije. Na samom početku su analizirana već postojeća rješenja te su definirani funkcionalni i nefunkcionalni zahtjevi koje bi aplikacija trebala ostvariti. Opisana je arhitektura sustava koja se temelji na višeslojnoj arhitekturi u 6 slojeva, svaki od slojeva je detaljno opisan sa slikama dijagrama razreda te dijelovima koda. Zatim su detaljno opisane sve funkcionalnosti napravljene aplikacije sa prikazom slika korisničkog sučelja. Na samom kraju opisane su sve korištene tehnologije koje su se koristile tokom razvoja aplikacije. In this bachelor's thesis, a software solution of a cooking application is formed. At the very beginning, already existing solutions were analysed. Also functional and non-functional requirements that this software application should actualize were defined. The system architecture is described based on a multi-layer architecture in six layers, each of the layers is described in detail with pictures of class diagrams and code snippets. Then, all the functionalities with the display of user interface images are described in detail. At the very end, all the technologies used during the application development are described.

Rad problematizira metonimiju kao kognitivni i jezični mehanizam, kao proces u mišljenju i jeziku, ali i prirodu konkretnih jezičnih oblikovanja nastalih tim procesom. Pri promišljanju o metonimiji polazi se od njezine definicije u antičkoj retorici te, uzimajući u obzir Jakobsonova vrlo suvremena i anticipatorska razmišljanja u vezi s tom pojavom, uspostavljaju se poveznice u shvaćanju metonimije unutar kognitivnolingvističke perspektive. Pritom se prvenstveno misli na svojevrsnu klasifikaciju metonimijskih pomaka Raddena i Kövecsesa (1999), pojam metonimičnosti koji spominje Barcelona (2003) te na zaključke o prototipnosti metonimijskih oblikovanja Geeraertsa i Peirsmana (2006). Cilj je provedenoga istraživanja dokazati da metonimijska oblikovanja tvore kategoriju koja je radijalna, prototipno ustrojena, stupnjevita, razlikujući pritom konkretno oblikovanje od samoga procesa. U tu je svrhu izrađen upitnik s metonimijama u minimalnim jezičnim kontekstima koji aktualiziraju ciljano značenje. Ispitanici su na skali trebali odrediti osjećaju li pomak u značenju jezične jedinice uporabljene u konkretnome kontekstu s obzirom na njezino značenje izvan konteksta. Pri izradi upitnika posebna je pozornost pridana učestalosti korištenih jezičnih jedinica te njihovoj potvrđenosti u korpusu. Nakon statističke obrade rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da se metonimijska oblikovanja mogu promatrati kao stupnjevita, radijalno i prototipno ustrojena kategorija u mišljenju i jeziku. U analizi je artikulirana povezanost između triju detektiranih obilježja: stupnja metonimičnosti, konvencionalnosti pojedinoga oblikovanja i stupnja pomaka u značenju. S tim su u vezi prepoznati kriteriji (njih pet) prema kojima se stupnjevi mogu odrediti, tj. obilježja koja utječu na spomenute stupnjeve te na (ne)primjetnost pomaka u značenju, same metonimičnosti. Svojim zaključcima rad može doprinijeti općem shvaćanju metonimije kao kognitivnoga i jezičnoga fenomena. Time se dijelom produbljuju i spoznaje o načinu funkcioniranja samoga uma.

Rad donosi komparativan prikaz filozofskog i književnog poimanja kategorije mosta. Filozofijski mišljen most propitkuje se na kronološkoj liniji od Platona, Aristotela, Aurelija Augustina, Renéa Descartesa do Immanuela Kanta. Metafizika mosta i njegova bit jest ono za čime se traga u opusima navedenih klasika. Književno građene mostove predstavlja poetika Ive Andrića unutar koje se most izlaže kao topos, a interpretacija njegovih djela utemeljena je na naznačenim filozofemima. Na primjeru dijaloga između filozofije i književnosti izložena su i oprimjerena neka od mogućih ozbiljenja mosta, ako ga promatramo kao metafizičku kategoriju. Tako se platonička ideja Dobra izlaže na primjeru usporedbe sa suncem, crtom i špiljom u Državi te romanu Na Drini ćuprija, aristotelovsko prijateljstvo oprimjereno je Nikomahovom etikom te iskušano u romanu Travnička hronika, augustinovska ljubav prema Bogu prepoznata je u Ispovijestima te uspoređena s ljubavlju prema ženi u Andrićevoj noveli Jelena, žena koje nema, kartezijanske Meditacije plod su sumnje kao mosta prema spoznaji te oprimjerene Andrićevim preokupacijama u mladenačkom djelu Ex Ponto, kantovska sloboda također je prikazana kao most, a njezina mogućnost propitkuje se u Prokletoj avliji. Iz svega toga želi se prikazati kako su filozofijska mišljenja znakovi pored puta, a Znakovi pored puta svojevrsna filozofija koja nas vodi premošćivanju vlastite ljudskosti. This paper discusses the philosophical and literal presentation of understanding of category of bridge. Bridge as a philosophical term questions from Plato, Aristotle, Augustine, Descartes to Kant. The metaphysics of bridge and its essence is what we are looking for in mentioned classics. Literary bridge represents Ivo Andrić's poetic in which bridge is presented as topos, while interpretation of his works is based on specified philosophers. In a dialogue between philosophy and literature is presented and given example, how bridge can become real, as we observe it as a metaphysical category. Plato's idea of the Good is compared with the sun and explained in the line and the cave example, presented in The Republic and a novel The bridge on the Drina, Aristotle's friendship is presented based on Nicomachean Ethics and Bosnian Chronicle, Augustine's love for God is recognized in his Confessions and compared with Andrić's love for a woman in the story Jelena, the Woman of My Dream, Cartesian Meditations are a product of doubt as bridge to knowledge and exemplified by Andrić's preoccupations in Ex Ponto, Kant's liberty is also presented as bridge, while its possibility is questioned in The Damned Yard. From all that it should be shown how philosophical opinions are signs by the roadside and Signs by the roadside is a sort of philosophy which lead us bridge our own humanity.

Ostvarena je mobilna aplikacija za evidenciju prehrambenih proizvoda za platformu iOS. U njenom razvoju je korištena razvojna okolina Xcode, programski jezik Swift te komponenta Core Data za bazu podataka. Ugrađen je alat za optičko prepoznavanje teksta Tesseract te je tako djelomično automatiziran unos teksta jednostavnim klikom na kameru. Aplikacija omogućuje pregled proizvoda, dodavanje novog proizvoda u listu proizvoda, pretraživanje, usporedbu te prikaz detalja o svakom proizvodu. Proizvodi se grupiraju u kategorije. Aplikacija je intuitivna i jednostavna za korištenje te prilagođena korisnicima iOS-a. Primjenu može naći među sportašima i alergičarima. Mobile application for food products ingredients is made for iOS operating system with use of Xcode integrated development environment. Core Data was used for saving data, and the project has been written in Swift programming language. Optical character recognition engine Tesseract was implemented in application, and it finds its use in automatic text input via camera with one simple click. Application allows searching through items, adding new ones and editing existing. It is also possible to compare two items, and grouping items into categories. Application is intuitive and simple to use, also very familiar in design to iOS users. It finds its use among sportsman and allergist.

Generalized inverse limits are generalization of standard inverse limits in a way that in the corresponding inverse system bonding functions are upper semicontinuous (u.s.c.) functions instead of continuous functions. Concept was introduced in 2004 in [31] and later in 2006 in [28] and since then, theory has been developing rapidly. In the first part we introduce categories CHU and CU in which u.s.c. functions are morphisms and compact Hausdorff and compact metric spaces, respectively, are objects. We also introduce the category ICU of inverse sequences in CU. Then we investigate the induced functions between inverse limits of compact metric spaces with u.s.c. bonding functions. We also show that taking such inverse limits is very close to being a functor (but is not a functor) from ICU to CU, if morphisms are mapped to induced functions. At the end of the third chapter we give a useful application of the mentioned results. In the second part new definition of topological entropy is considered, in which is used Mahavier product, introduced in [19]. It is shown that new notion is well defined and that is in line with previous definitions for regular functions [41], using entropy of the shift map. Then, entropy of various examples is calculated, new ones and some well known. Finally, some new results about generalized inverse limits are shown using newly defined objects. Inverzni limesi su imali ključnu ulogu u razvoju teorije kontinuuma u prošlom stoljeću. Također su bili važni i u dinamičkim sustavima. Jedan od razloga za to je njihovo svojstvo da inverzni nizovi s jednostavnim prostorima i jednostavnim veznim preslikavanjima mogu inducirati komplicirane prostore kao njihove inverzne limese. U dinamičkim sustavima, inverzni limesi se koriste za "kodiranje", na neki način, kompliciranih dinamičkih sustava. Generalizirani inverzni limesi su poopćenje standardnih inverznih limesa na način da u pripadajućem inverznom sustavu vezna preslikavanja nisu neprekidne funkcije nego odozgo poluneprekidne funkcije. Pojam je uveden u [31] 2004. godine, a zatim 2006. godine u [28] razvijen do forme koja se danas koristi. Od tada se teorija intenzivno razvija. U prvom dijelu rada se kategorijski opisuju ti objekti i ispituje se koje se tvrdnje iz standardnog slučaja mogu poopćiti, te se primjenjuje dobivene rezultate na neke konkretne slučaje. Uvodimo dvije kategorije, CHU i CU. Objekti u CHU su kompaktni Hausdorffovi prostori s odozgo poluneprekidnim funkcijama (skraćeno u.s.c.) kao morfizmima, a CU je potkategorija od CHU, s istim morfizmima i kompaktnim metričkim prostorima kao objektima. Pokazuje se da u kategoriji CHU inverzni limes inverznog sistema (s usmjerenim indeksnim skupom) s u.s.c. višeznačnim funkcijama (kako su ih definirali Ingram i Mahavier) zajedno s projekcijama nije nužno inverzni limes u CHU, ali je takozvani slabi inverzni limes, [10]. Nadalje, razmatraju se inverzni nizovi u kategoriji CU i dokazuje da s odgovarajućim morfizmima čine kategoriju, označenu s ICU. Promatraju se morfizmi između dvaju inverznih limesa, inducirani odgovarajućim morfizmima u kategoriji ICU: Dokazuju se nužni i dovoljni uvjeti za njihovu egzistenciju i njihova svojstva. Nadalje, razmatra se standardno pridruživanje između inverznog niza i njegovog inverznog limesa i pokazuje da nije funktor iz kategorije ICU inverznih nizova u kategoriju CU, ali je jako blizu istom. Naposljetku, na kraju trećeg poglavlja se pokazuje primjena navedenih rezultata. U drugom dijelu rada se razmatra poopćenje pojma topološke entropije na zatvorene podskupove od \([0, 1]^2\) koristeći Mahavierov produkt, uveden u [19]. Pokazuje se da je nova definicije topološke entropije zaista dobra i koristeći entropiju tzv. funkcije pomaka (funkcija u uobičajenom smislu) pokazuje se da je usklađena s prijašnjim definicijama entropije. Naime ako je dana neprekidna funkcija \(f : [0, 1] \to [0, 1]\) i zatvoreni podskup od \([0, 1]^2\) kao graf od \(f^{ -1}\), nova i tradicionalna topološka entropija su jednake. Zatim se pokazuju razna svojstva za novu definiciju koja se uspješno mogu poopćiti iz teorije s funkcijama te se proširuje definicija na zatvorene podskupove konačnih produkata jediničnog segmenta \([0, 1]\). Na kraju primjenjujemo dobivene rezultate za računanje entropije raznih primjera, važnih u teoriji o generaliziranim inverznim limesima i nekih novih.

Napravljena je baza podataka ulova riba te Android aplikacija koja njome upravlja. Aplikacija omogućava korisniku razne operacije nad bazom podataka: unos ulova, uređenje kategorije, ispis ulova iz baze te bri-sanje cijele baze. Aplkacija je napravljena u Android studiu a baza je SQlite. Rad se sastoji od više java klasa koje opisuju bazu te samu aplikaciju.U glavnom dijelu je opisan sam rad poraćen slikama a kod se nalazi u prilogu. In this work datebase that contains fish catch and Android application wich manages that database was craeted. The application allows the user to use various operations on the database: entry of catch decorating categories, show the catch from the database and delete the entire database.The application was made in Android studio and database is SQLite. The paper consists of several Java classes that describe the database and the application itself. In the main part, work was described and accompanied by pictures, code is added in contriubution at the end.

Šiuo tekstu siekiama pristatyti Angelo Daugirdo figūrą bei jo santykį su įvairiomis Immanuelio Kanto keltomis problemomis. Pagrindinis šio straipsnio tikslas – išskirti bei apibūdinti tas Daugirdo nuostatas, kurios tiesiogiai susijusios su transcendentalinio idealizmo keliamomis problemomis. Straipsnyje pateikiami svarbiausi Daugirdo biografijos duomenys, aptariama jo filosofinė koncepcija ATR Apšvietos kontekste, o pagrindinėje teksto dalyje atskleidžiami tie Daugirdo filosofijos elementai, kurie aiškiai prieštarauja Kanto nuostatoms. Darbe pateikiamomis analizėmis siekiama pagrįsti tezę, kad Daugirdo santykis su Kanto filosofija buvo daugialypis: nors Daugirdas buvo labai kritiškai nusiteikęs kantiškosios minties atžvilgiu, jo nuostatos smarkiai skyrėsi nuo kitų lenkakalbių XIX a. filosofų. Daugirdo išskirtinumas buvo tas, kad jo pateikta Kanto teorijos analizė, palyginti su kitais ATR Apšvietos atstovais, buvo kur kas konkretesnė, skrupulingesnė ir labai rafinuota, be to, daugelį Kanto nagrinėtų problemų Daugirdas traktavo kaip svarbius bei visaverčius filosofijos klausimus. The paper aims to present Dowgird’s attitude toward various topics in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Its main objective is to specify and characterize Dowgird’s convictions which are of a direct relevance to the issues posed within transcendental idealism. The paper delivers t important information concerning Dowgird’s life, a general outline of his philosophical conceptions against the background of philosophy during the Polish- Lithuanian Enlightenment, and – in the main part – an articulation of these elements in Dowgird’s philosophy which stand in a clear opposition to Kant’s views. The aim of the paper is to justify the thesis that Dowgird’s attitude toward Kant’s philosophy was a complex, highly critical one, though different from that of other philosophers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Dowgird’s uniqueness is twofold. First, in comparison with the efforts of his Enlightenment contemporaries, his analyses of Kant’s theories were more substantial, very scrupulous and exceptionally sophisticated. Second, many of the problems discussed by Kant were approved by Dowgird as rightful philosophical questions.

Sustav klasifikacije goveđih trupova u nekim se zemljama Europske unije usvojio već osamdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća. Svrha ovog sustava je osigurati jedinstveno razvrstavanje goveđih trupova kako bi se dobila objektivna osnovica za plaćanje goveda upućenih na klanje. Klasifikaciju u Republici Hrvatskoj provode ovlaštene osobe te goveda razvrstavaju prvo ovisno o kategoriji na telad u dobi manjoj od 8 mjeseci (V), mladu junetinu u dobi od 8 do 12 mjeseci (Z), mlade bikove u dobi od 12 do 24 mjeseca (A), bikovi stariji od 24 mjeseca (B), krave i ostala ženska grla osim junica (D), junice (E) te volovi, odnosno kastrirane muške životinje čije meso nosi oznaku C. Klasifikacija trupova na klase temelji se na subjektivnoj prosudbi razvijenosti mišićnog sustava te se razvrstavaju na pet klasa E, U, R, O, i P (E=najbolja ; P=najlošija). Postoje također i podklase koje se označavaju sa, „+“ ako je konformacija trupa bolja, sa „-“ ako je konformacija trupa lošija i sa „=“ ako je konformacija trupa jednaka toj klasi, a trup se ne može svrstati u višu ili nižu podklasu. Razvrstavanje goveđih trupova prema stupnjevima zamašćenosti temelji se na subjektivnoj prosudbi prekrivenosti trupova masnim tkivom (1=najmanje masnog tkiva ; 5=najviše masnog tkiva) i ovdje postoje podklase. Posao klasifikacije u nekim Europskim zemljama preuzimaju strojevi koji mogu na brži i jeftiniji način klasificirati veći broj polovica i trupova nego što bi to napravila ljudska radna snaga.

V diplomskem delu je predstavljen postopek avtomatizacije laboratorijskega XY CNC risalnika, posodobitve in dopolnitve sistema. Opisana je struktura pogonskega in krmilnega sistema, ki vključuje linearne jermenske pogone s servomotorji in pripadajočimi gonilniki, numeričnim in logičnim krmilnikom ter preprostim uporabniškim vmesnikom. Poseben poudarek je namenjen tudi varnostni problematiki pri tovrstnih CNC strojih. Krmilje je bilo izdelano z industrijskimi krmilnimi komponentami proizvajalca Omron. Tokovna shema krmilnega vezja je bila načrtovana v programskem paketu E-plan. V diplomskem delu je opisana tudi avtomatizacija glave risalnika z vsemi pripadajočimi modifikacijami tako v strojnem delu kot tudi v programskem delu sistema. Opisan je še postopek nastavitve regulacijskih parametrov obeh servo osi risalnika. Na koncu je med rezultati prikazanih še nekaj izrisov grafičnih elementov na belo tablo risalnika. In the following diploma paper I presented the procedure of automation of laboratory XY CNC plotter, as well as the update and completion of the system. I described the structure of drive and controlling system which includes linear belt drives with serve motors and corresponding drives, numerical and logical controller and simple user interface. Furthermore, I focused on safety precautions while using such CNC machines. The steering control was made of industrial controlling components by the OMRON producer. The current scheme of the controlling circuit was designed by using E-plan programme. There is also a description of the automation of the plotter head, containing all the corresponding modifications in the hardware as well as in the software. I described the procedure of setting control parametres in both serve axes of the plotter as well. Finally, amongst the results I presented some plottings of graphical elements on the white board of the plotter.

In the thesis we talk about two different constructions of continua. First we present the generalized inverse limits, with help of which we construct Wazewski's universal dendrite. What follows is a description of the compactifications of a ray and the presentation of results about their span. The first chapter will be an introduction to the continuum theory trough interesting examples, as sin(1/x)-continuum, Hilbert cube, Brouwer-Janiszewski-Knaster continuum and pseudoarc. We will present some of their properties, among which irreducibility, smoothness and span zero are the most important ones for us. In the continuation we intend to present some various constructions of continua. The main focus will be on the generalized inverse limits and compactifications of rays, which will also be a central part of the thesis. In this chapter, we also study inverse limits in the category of compact Hausdorff spaces with upper semi-continuous functions. We show that the inverse limits with upper semi-continuous bonding functions, together with the projections are weak inverse limits in this category. The following two are the most important chapters in the thesis. The first is a detailed description of a construction of the family of upper semi-continuous functions f, such that the inverse limit of the inverse sequence of unit intervals and f, as the only bonding function, is homeomorphic to Wazewski's universal dendrite for each of it. Among other results we will also give a complete characterization of comb-functions, for which the inverse limits of the type described above are dendrites. The next important chapter will be about compactifications of rays. In the first part of this chapter we will use compactifications to prove that for each continuum Y there is an irreducible smooth continuum that contains a topological copy of Y. The second part presents the main results of this chapter i.e. the span of a compactification of a ray with a remainder that has a span zero is also zero. In the proofs of this chapter we will help ourselves with a discretization of span. V disertaciji sta podrobneje opisani dve konstrukciji kontinuumov. Najprej so predstavljene posplošne inverzne limite s pomočjo katerih je konstruiran t.i. univerzalni dendrit Wazewskega. Temu sledi opis kompaktifikacij žarkov in predstavitev rezultatov o njihovem razponu. V uvodnem poglavju so predstavljeni kuntinuumi z najzanimivejšimi primeri, kot so sin(1/x)-kontinuum, Hilbertova kocka, Knasterjev kontinuum in psevdolok. Predstavljeni so hiperprostori in nekatere izmed lastnosti kontinuumov, kot so: ireducibilnost, gladkost in ničelni razpon. V nadaljevanju je predstavljenih nekaj različnih konstrukcij kontinuumov. Poudarek je na posplošenih inverznih limitah in na kompaktifikacijah žarkov, ki predstavljajo osrednjo vlogo disertacije. V tem poglavju so obravnavane tudi inverzne limite v kategoriji kompaktnih Hausdorffovih prostorov skupaj z navzgor polzveznimi preslikavami. Dokazano je, da so posplošene inverzne limite z navzgor polzveznimi veznimi preslikavami, skupaj s projekcijami šibke inverzne limite v tej kategoriji. Sledita najpomembnejši poglavji disertacije. Prvo podrobneje opisuje konstrukcijo družine navzgor polzveznih veznih preslikav f, takšnih, da je za vsako izmed njih inverzna limita inverznega zaporedja enotskih intervalov in f, kot edine vezne preslikave, homeomorfna univerzalnemu dendritu Wazewskega. Poleg drugih rezultatov je podana tudi popolna karakterizacija t.i. funkcij glavnik, katerih inverzne limite zgoraj opisanega tipa, so dendriti. Naslednje pomembno poglavje govori o kompaktifikacijah žarka. V prvem delu poglavja je s pomočjo takih kompaktifikacij dokazano, da za vsak kontinuum Y obstaja ireducibilen gladek kontinuum, ki vsebuje homeomorfno kopijo Y. Drugi del vsebuje osnovno tezo tega poglavja, ki pravi, da imajo vse kompaktifikacije žarka, katerih ostanek ima ničelni rapon, prav tako ničelni razpon. Dokazi tega dela poglavja so zapisani s pomočjo diskretizacije razpona. V zadnjem poglavju disertacije so predstavljeni še odprti problemi in možnosti za njihovo reševanje.

U radu se dokazuje teza da je metonimija stupnjevita, radijalna i prototipno ustrojena kategorija u mišljenju i jeziku. Polazeći od definicije metonimije u antičkoj retorici te uzimajući u obzir Jakobsonova vrlo suvremena i anticipatorska razmišljanja u vezi s metonimijom, donosi se kratak pregled shvaćanja metonimije unutar kognitivnolingvističke perspektive. Za potrebe je rada izrađen upitnik. Analizom upitnika pokazuje se da se metonimija može promatrati kao stupnjevita kategorija te je u analizi artikulirana povezanost između stupnja metonimičnosti, konvencionalnosti i pomaka u značenju. Na samome kraju naznačen je odnos metonimije i sinkronije i dijakronije te metonimije i stabilnosti i dinamike. Metonimija je povezana i s polisemijom. Rad predstavlja prije preliminarne zaključke i mišljenja (potkrijepljene rezultatima upitnika) nego što donosi jednoznačna određenja. U tome se smislu i sam rad može shvatiti kao metonimiju: njime se aktualiziraju samo neki segmenti koji karakteriziraju metonimiju kao jedan od osnovnih procesa u kogniciji i jeziku.

V diplomskem delu smo predstavili implementacijo naivnega Bayesovega klasifikatorja za samodejno razvrščanje elektronske pošte v uporabniško določene kategorije. Klasifikator je izveden v obliki vtičnika za poštni odjemalec Microsoft Outlook, ki ga razvrščanja naučimo na množici učnih primerov ter kasneje med samim delovanjem s popravljanjem napačnih klasifikacij. V uvodu predstavimo verjetnostno sklepanje in klasifikacijo kot algoritem strojnega učenja. Sledi opis uporabljene tehnologije VSTO. V zadnjem delu diplomskega dela je predstavljena struktura implementiranega klasifikatorja in rezultati testiranja učinkovitosti pri različnih velikostih učnih množic. In this diploma work we present the implementation of naive Bayes classifier for automatic classification of electronic mail into a user-defined categories. The classifier is implemented as a plug-in for Microsoft Outlook mail client that is trained with a set of training examples and later during the operation by correcting wrong classifications. In the introduction we present probabilistic reasoning and classification as a machine learning algorithm, followed by the description of the used technology named VSTO. In the last part of diploma work we present the structure of the implemented classifier and the test results of its effectiveness with various sizes of learning sets.

Pranešimu siekiama aptarti „DAUG“ ir „MAŽAI“ reikšmes turinčius vokiečių bei lietuvių kalbų frazeologizmus, juos gretinant kontrastinės frazeologijos bei frazeologizmų vertimo problematikos kontekste. Pranešimo empirinį pagrindą sudaro 19 vokiškų ir 123 lietuviški frazeologizmai, surinkti iš bendrųjų ir specialiųjų frazeologijos žodynų. Atsižvelgiant į šį frazeologizmų vaizdinį pagrindą, denotacinę bei ekspresinę reikšmę, stilistiką, vartojimo dažnumą ir pan., pamėginta surasti minėtų vokiečių kalbos frazeologizmų atitikmenis lietuvių kalboje. Atliktas tyrimas leidžia teigti, kad vokiečiai ir lietuviai, kategorizuodami minėtas sąvokas, pasitelkia iš dalies visiškai skirtingus frazeologinius vaizdus; dėl šių skirtumų galima kalbėti tik apie dalinius ekvivalentus arba apie jų nebuvimą – absoliučių ekvivalentų nerasta. Tą patį galima pastebėti ir patyrinėjus kai kurių nagrinėjamų frazeologizmų vertimus, pateikiamus dvikalbiuose vokiečių–lietuvių kalbų žodynuose. Pranešime taip pat aptariami ir nagrinėjami grožinėje literatūroje pasitaikančių vokiečių kalbos frazeologizmų, reiškiančių „DAUG“ ir „MAŽAI“, vertimai į lietuvių kalbą. Tenka pastebėti, kad vertėjai (greičiausiai dėl tų pačių minėtų priežasčių) dažniausiai renkasi prasminį vertimo būdą: pagal atitinkamą kontekstą ir stilių tinkamą vieną žodį ar nefrazeologinį žodžių junginį. An aim of the report is to discuss German and Lithuanian phraseological units that mean “MANY” and “LITTLE” by comparing them in the context of contrast phraseology and translation of phraseological units. The empirical base of the report consists of 19 German and 123 Lithuanian phraseological units that are taken from the general and specialised dictionaries of phraseology. Taking into account the visual base of phraseological units, their expressive meaning, stylistics, use frequency and etc., an attempt was made in order to understand the equivalents of the mentioned German phraseological units in Lithuanian. A research allows to state that in order to categorize the mentioned concepts, Germans and Lithuanians use different phraseological images; therefore, it is possible to talk only about partial equivalents or no equivalents because there are no absolute equivalents. The same may be said abour the translations of a few analysed phraseological units that are found in bilingual German–Lithuanian dictionaries. The report also contains an analysis of the translations of German phraseological units that mean “MANY” and “LITTLE” that are found in fiction. It is noted that translators (probably because of the mentioned reasons) usually use a notional way of translation: one word or non-phraseological unit that corresponds to the context and style.

Straipsnis skirtas piemenavimo kultūros tyrimui. Tyrimo objektas – su gyvulių ūkiu susijusioje veikloje dalyvaujanti samdinių kategorijai priklausančių asmenų grupė, t. y. piemenys. Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos piemens kategorijos prasmės skirtinguose kontekstuose. Šis tyrimas – vienas pirmųjų bandymų aptarti piemens kategorijos šiandienės ir tradicinės prasmės ženkliškumą. Reikšmingas tyrimo aspektas yra atskleisti piemenavimo kultūros vietą kaimo bendruomenės kultūrinėje terpėje. Siekiama parodyti, kad piemuo joje funkcionuoja kaip darbo jėga ir kaip atskiras individas. Tai padeda atskleisti piemenavimo kultūros istorinė raida. Bendro gyvulių ganymo tradicijos Lietuvoje susiklostė XVI a. bendruomeniniame kaime. Veikiant įvairiems sociokultūriniams veiksniams kaimo bendruomeninės gyvenimo formos pasiekė XX a. Šiandienėje visuomenėje ir tradicinėje kaimo bendruomenėje į piemenį žvelgiant teoriškai ir problemiškai kaip į kultūrinį ženklą ir jo prasmes, išryškėja sąvokos dviprasmiškumas, sietinas su amžiaus kategorija bei tam tikra veiklos specifika. Šiuolaikinės visuomenės požiūriu fiksuojami stereotipiniai vaizdiniai: „svetimas“ ir „savas“ piemuo, vargo metafora. Tradicinėje kultūroje tai atsiskleidžia per bendruomenėje gyvuojančias reikšmes: „tikro piemens“ vaizdinį, vyriškumo ženklus. Todėl ne tik šiuolaikinis pasaulis yra ženkliškas, bet ir tradicinėje kultūroje esama kultūros reiškinių ženkliškumo. The article is dedicated to the culture of shepherding. The object of the research is the group of individuals belonging to the category of hired persons participating in animal husbandry, i.e. shepherds. The article analyses the meaning of the shepherd category in different contexts. This research is one of the first attempts to look at the current significance and traditional meanings of the category of the shepherd. The significant aspect of the research is to reveal the place of the culture of shepherding in the cultural domain of the rural community. The author seeks to demonstrate the shepherd functions within this community as a labour force and as a separate individual. This helps reveal the historical development of the culture of shepherding. The traditions of shepherding in Lithuania emerged in the 16th c. in rural communities. Being under the influence of various socio-cultural factors, the forms of rural community life reached the 20th c. In the contemporary society and traditional rural community, the category shepherd is perceived from a theoretical problematic viewpoint as a sign of cultural expression and its meanings, the ambiguity of the concept, related to the category of age as well as to some of a person’s specific activities, often having a negative meaning in life, becomes clearer. From the viewpoint of contemporary society, stereotypical images are observe: “foreign” and “own” shepherd, the metaphor of hard life. In a traditional culture this is revealed through the practical meanings existing in the village community: the image of the real shepherd, signs of manliness. Thus, not only is the current world significant, but in the traditional culture there exists the significance of culture occurrence.

Rad donosi i analizira nastanak razredbenih/klasifikacijskih sustava koji su primjenjivani u stogodišnjem trajanju institucije C. k. Vlade/Namjesništva u Zadru, vrhovnog upravnog tijela na području Kraljevine Dalmacije. Radi boljeg razumijevanja učinjeno je sondiranje spisa i komparativna analiza klasifikacijskih sustava institucija iste administrativne razine u razdoblju koje je prethodilo Drugoj austrijskoj upravi u Dalmaciji i institucija iste administrativne razine u bližem okruženju. Rezultati usporedbe s institucijama u okruženju dokazuju da po razvoju i dinamici upravljanja dokumentima u središnjem tijelu uprave u 19. st. Dalmacija nije bila u začelju među zemljama Habsburške Monarhije., After Napoleon's defeat Austrians took government in Dalmatia for the second time, using military forces and negotiations to achieve that goal. The period of their second domination is known as the Second Austrian Government in Dalmatia. Austria was modernising public administration and system of justice, using precautionary and gradual measures, already implemented in other parts of the Monarchy and Europe. Record keeping is one of the areas changed in Dalmatia on both levels, on the level of the land, but also of the district administration. By Austrian arrival record-keeping systems started using classifications, with respective registers, in the first instance journals, being used in other parts of the Monarchy since 1760-ies and 1770-ies. Examples of preserved record keeping guidelines reveal how much of effort was spent to achieve standardization in record keeping procedures to regulate circulation of documents inside institutions, and to define rules of their completion and filing. Every of those issues was closely connected with use of subject "Registratur" system which followed jurisdictions and tasks of the administration, namely that of the Court Commission for Dalmatia, Istria and Albania, as a temporary governmental body of the Province, organised soon after military retaking of Dalmatia. Significant influence in the field of record keeping, especially in the development and implementation of classification systems, was that of Frenchmen, from whom titularii were taken, with use of titoli and rubriche, being implemented in the land but also in the district administration of Dalmatia. Comparisons with institutions of the similar level in the wider surroundings, strengthen conclusions related to the implementation, development, and legal basis of the record keeping and classification systems. It is obvious that the land governmental bodies were not supplied with record-keeping rules coming from Vienna, those days center of the Monarchy, and that they were creating such rules on their one.

Straipsnyje, remiantis tekstyno medžiaga, analizuojami kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje užfiksuoti atvejai, kai vaiko elgesys gali būti suvokiamas kaip pasaulio kategorizacijos atskaitos taškas. Dėmesys sutelktas į tuos atvejus, kai, verbalizuojant kokio nors abstraktaus fenomeno specifiką, pasitelkiamas palyginimas, kuriame yra minimos vaiko elgesio ypatybės. Pagrindinis vaiko elgesio bruožas – tikrumas, natūralumas. Suaugusio žmogaus polinkis elgtis vaikiškai kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje neretai gali būti laikomas nukrypimu nuo normos ir vertinamas neigiamai. Kategorizuojant pasaulį paranku remtis vaiko elgesiu kaip atskaitos tašku, savotišku prototipu, kadangi nėra tokio suaugusio žmogaus, kuris nebūtų buvęs vaikas. Lyginant vaiko elgesį su suaugusio žmogaus elgesiu visada brėžiama aiški riba: vaikas ir suaugęs priklauso skirtingoms kategorijoms. Jeigu suaugęs žmogus ima elgtis kaip vaikas, jis tarsi suardo kategorijos ribas, ima kategorizuoti pasaulį iš naujo. Rekategorizacijos rezultatas galėtų būti bent iš dalies naujas pasaulio vaizdas. Kalbos pasaulėvaizdyje užfiksuota nuostata, kad tai, kas leidžiama vaikui, turi būti nebūdinga suaugusiam žmogui. Daroma išvada, kad dažniausiai pačiame kontekste yra implikuotas netradicinio suaugusio žmogaus elgesio vertinimas. Tekste tiesiogiai nenurodoma, kaip turi būti vertinamas vaikiškas nevaiko elgesys, tačiau leidžiama suprasti, kad tai jau laikoma nukrypimu nuo normos, vadinasi, dažniausiai ir vertinama neigiamai. Kai kuriais atvejais vaikiškas elgesys gali būti pateikiamas ir kaip teigiamas pavyzdys (pvz. kalbant apie džiaugsmo raišką). The aim of the present paper is to analyze the cases recorded in the world-view when a child's behaviour can be grasped as the point of departure of the world categorization. The examples are drawn from the expository parts of the Lithuanian language corpus compiled at Vytautas Magnus University Computational Linguistics Centre. The method of conceptual analysis is employed in the present study. The things or phenomena make the categories represent them differently: some better, others - worse. The member of the category which is the closest to the prototype is a more prototypical exemplar. After some time the category is supplemented by new representatives. Thus the prototype may change. Comparison is one of the verbalization examples of the prototype theory. Informative and interesting are those examples which specify the particularity of abstract phenomena. A prototypical situation is recorded in a comparison, by evaluating particularity and cultural norms. Summing up the analyzed examples the conclusion is drawn that while categorizing the world it is convenient to rely on a child's behaviour as a point of departure, i.e. peculiar prototype, as there is no adult who was not a child. The attitude recorded in the world-view can be obvious to a child but sometimes goes unnoticed by an adult.

Atliekant edukologijos tyrimus fenomenografijos metodu siekiama rasti atsakymus į klausimus apie tai, kas yra mąstymas ir mokymasis, žmonių santykis su juos supančiu pasauliu. Straipsnyje pristatomu teoriniu tyrimu pagrindžiami metodologiniai fenomenografijos parametrai: tikslas, metodologinis išskirtinumas, tyrimo proceso specifika, rezultatų kompleksiškumas, patikimumas, generalizacija ir validumas. Tyrimo problemos klausimas yra: Koks yra fenomenografijos metodologinis išskirtinumas? In educational research phenomenography strives to find right answers to questions about thinking and learning, interaction/relationship among people, relationship between people and the world. Phenomenography is the theory of knowledge and methodology, specialisation of research, direction or autonomous methods such as method of qualitative diagnostics. The research is focused on phenomenography as a method of qualitative diagnostics. The method used in the research was the analysis of literature. The question that the research sought to answer was as follows: what is the methodological exceptionality of phenomenography?

Drugo, popravljeno i prošireno izdanje knjige pod istim naslovom iz 1980. godine, u kojoj su sadržane interpretacije Comtea, Schelera, Kanta, Descartesa, Marxa, Aristotela, Pitagorovaca i Leibniza. Uz djelomične izmjene formulacija iz 1. izdanja knjiga je u Dodatku I proširena tematski srodnim tekstovima "Uz knjigu Lambda Aristotelove Metafizike" i "Problem određivanja osnovnih kategorija filozofije", nastalim kratko nakon objavljivanja 1. izdanja, te u Dodatku II dvama novijim autorovim javno objavljenim razgovorima pod naslovima "Siti smo prevladavanja metafizike" i "Heidegger i Hrvati".

Straipsnyje pristatoma grindžiamoji teorija, kaip kokybinės edukologijos tyrimų metodologijos strategija, kuri yra ir tyrimo objektas. Tyrimo tikslas - aprašyti grindžiamosios teorijos taikymo ypatumus edukologinio kokybinio tyrimo procese. Straipsnyje pateikiamas grindžiamosios teorijos metodologinis tikslas, bendrieji tyrimo proceso ypatumai, trijų kodavimų - atviro, ašinio, atrankinio - specifika bei šiuos kodavimus iliustruojančios schemos. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė: grindžiamoji teorija yra viena iš natūralistinės - induktyvios paradigmos taikymo galimybių, kurios pagrindą sudaro fenomenologija ir simbolinė interakcija, o remiasi ji empiriniais rezultatais; „teorijos“ terminas susijęs su šios metodologinės paradigmos tikslu - išplėtoti arba pagrindžiančią tiriamą fenomeną edukologijos teoriją (tam tikrų realybės dalių aprašymas), arba formalią teoriją (generalistinę teoriją apie konkretų tiriamą fenomeną); pirminis grindžiamosios teorijos studijos rezultatas yra teorija, apimanti specifinius komponentus: centrinį fenomeną, priežastines būsenas, strategijas, kontekstą ir būkles, pasekmes / rezultatus ir visa tai atspindi išskirtos kategorijos, sudarančios iš tyrimo duomenų suformuotą teoriją; tyrimo studiją sunku pradėti be išankstinių teorinių idėjų ir prielaidų - praktiškai vykdant duomenų analizę, sudėtinga nuspręsti, kada kategorijos yra ,,prisotintos“ tyrimo duomenų bei kada sėkmingai išvystyta teorija; grindžiamosios teorijos tyrimo stiprybės yra tikslių procedūrų naudojimas generuojant teoriją, pristatomos tyrimo atlikimo strategijos lankstumas ir sistemiškumas, tikslios kokybinių duomenų analizės procedūros bei galimybė tokio pobūdžio tyrimus atlikti įvairiose profesinėse srityse. [...]., In the article here is presented the concept of grounded theory as qualitative research methodology, as it is the research focus of presented descriptive research too, Research aim is to describe the peculiarities of grounded theory in the process of qualitative research methodology in education. Questions from which consists the research problem are the following: whit are advantages, limits and specific features in collecting and analyzing the data of grounded theory research process? Grounded theory is one possibility within the naturalistic inductive paradigm. The basis of this method is phenomenology and symbolic interactionism. The term ''grounded" indicates that the theory is based on empirical findings. The term "theory'' stresses that the purpose of this method is to develop either a substantial theory (a description about some parts of reality) or a formal theory (a general theory about some phenomenon). The methodological aim of grounded theory is to generate or discover theory substantiated by abstract scheme of phenomenon, which is related to concrete studied situation, This is the situation where people interact, perform activities and are involved into process of content of concrete phenomenon. A category in the study based on grounded theory methodology, is the unit of information about events, interactions and etc. By performing research the researcher should visit the field (research area) several times, where he/she will collect the data. The data is analyzed straight after every visit. The data collection continues until the categories are formed. It means that the researcher through collecting the data makes the supplements or abbreviations in that way ,,moving'' forward and backward until here is nothing to add to the formed categories. The moving forward and backward means ,,going'' to concrete field to collect the information: backward - to substantiate the analyzed data; forward - again to the field to collect more information and again backward - to analyze the data and etc. It is adequate to process of dialogue and opposite to traditional one - way linear process, where firstly is collected the data, and after the data is analyzed. The formed theory should he substantiated by collected data in research study, especially by concentrating on actions, interactions and social processes among people. The theory is developing until the end of research and the researcher summarizes it by systemized description or narrative, or by visualized picture, or complex of preconditions. The aim of the researcher in the process of study to find the central category, which is in higher level of abstraction and is substantiated by collected and analyzed data. This is based on the following phases: 1) extracting the conceptual categories on collected data; 2) finding the relationships between extracted ''core'' categories, and this is achieving by three types of coding - open, (by extracting categories), axial coding (by interlinking those categories), selective coding (by forming the central category or categories). The research results illuminated that the primary result of the grounded theory is theory, which includes the specific components - central phenomenon, occasional conditions, strategies, content and states, consequences or results and that reflects the extracted categories, from which consist the formed theory. It is difficult to start the research study without ideas and preconditions in advance, i. e. it is difficult to decide, where categories are saturated by research data and when the theory is developed successfully. The strong sides of grounded theory are the use of definite procedures in theory generating, flexible and systemic strategy of research performance and possibility to realize such kind of research studies in various professional areas.

Šio straipsnio tikslas – aptarti kai kuriuos lingvokultūrinės palyginimų analizės aspektus. Analizuojami ir gretinami lietuvių ir rusų kalbų palyginimai, siejami su konkrečiais ir abstrakčiais tikrovės fragmentais. Tradiciškai teigiama, kad „palyginimas yra stilistinė priemonė, vartojama vienam daiktui ar reiškiniui sugretinti ar palyginti su kitu, norint pabrėžti, išskirti, išryškinti ar patikslinti kurį nors bruožą ar požymį“ (LKPŽ 1985, 3). Analizuojant palyginimus iš lingvokultūrologijos pozicijų atro-do pagrįsta juos susieti su prototipų teorija. The aim of the present paper is to discuss some aspects of the analysis of linguistic-cultural comparison. Com-parisons of the Lithuanian and the Russian languages are analyzed and compared. Moreover, those comparisons are associated with concrete and abstract fragments of reality. Comparisons are an alternative of phraseologisms. A comparison may be invoked in order to specify a descrip-tion of a particular object. In such constructions, an estimation standard, measure system, the most prototypical member of the category are fixed. The most prototypical members of the categories are revealed while collating comparisons of two or more languages, which are associated with the same object of reality. It is supposed that in the language world-views the same peculiarities are revealed on the basis of different points of departure. While analyzing particularities of linguistic-cultural comparisons it is necessary to pay attention to what objects and phenomena the most invoked are looking for comparison prototype in various languages. Languages compared may differ in what peculiarities are asso-ciated with the same comparing source. The paper also discusses peculiarities of comparisons, which are associated with concrete and abstract objects. Exemplifying and qualifying functions are analyzed as well. A conclusion is drawn that specifying peculiarities of concrete objects in the worldviews of the compared lan-guages such prototypes, which are well known for the language users and... [to full text]

Straipsnyje aiškinamasi, kaip Kleino (1653, KlG; 1654, KlC), Sapūno-Šulco (1673, SŠG) ir Hako (1730, HG) gramatikose aprašoma priesaginių veiksmažodžių daryba. Domimasi darybos kategorijų rinkiniais, priesagų segmentavimu, gramatikų tarpusavio ryšiais. Atkreiptas dėmesys į tai, kad daugiau medžiagos galima rasti KlG ir SŠG, nes jos turi savarankiškus veiksmažodžių darybos skyrelius, o KlC ir HG yra tik atskirų pastabų. Nustatyta, kad tirtose gramatikose nevienodai ir ne toje pačioje vietoje aprašomi priežastiniai ir parūpinamieji veiksmažodžiai: SŠG jie nurodyti darybos skyrelyje, KlG ir KlC teikiami kaip reikšminis potipis įvadiniame veiksmažodžio skyriuje, o HG minimi po asmenuočių aprašo. Iliustraciniai kauzatyvų pavyzdžiai turi priesagas -inti ir -dinti, pvz.: juokinti, pykinti, rašydinti, vadindinti. Iš kitų kategorijų KlG ir SŠG dar minimi inchoatyvai (tik KlG), frekventatyvai ir deminutyvai, o denominatyvinių veiksmažodžių daryba gramatikose liko visai neaprašyta. Inchoatyvais laikomi pora priesagų dėti ir -inėti vedinių (merdėti, puolinėti), mažybinė reikšmė įžiūrima formantų -inėti, -auti, -oti, -noti, -snoti ir -inoti (su abejone) dariniuose (pvz.: valginėti, gėrauti, sriūboti, lynoti, girsnoti, garbinoti), o kartotiniai iliustruojami priesagų -inėti, -uliuoti veiksmažodžiais (pvz.: siuntinėti, darbuliuoti). Be to, KlG frekventatyvų kategorijai priskiriamas ir būtasis dažninis laikas su priesaga -dav-. The history of old Lithuanian grammars has still not been studied in depth. The best information about this can be found in A. Sabaliauskas’ study History of Research into the Lithuanian language until 1940, published in 1979. The basic aim of this article is to initiate research into how verb formation was interpreted in the grammars of 17th–19th century Lithuania, how this field of grammatical science grew over time, what links there were among the above-mentioned grammars and what their relationship is to current word formation theory and present-day grammars. The study corpus was limited to four early grammars with close links between them – those of Klein, Sapūnas, Šulcas and Hack. The article endeavours to look at the old grammars in the light of present day theories of verb formation. The most interesting aspects: the place of description of verb formation in the grammar; verb formation methods; and the concepts of base word, derivative, derivational affix, type, category and meaning. In the first subsections of the article, there is discussion of verb formation through the use of verb suffixes and prefixes and the formation of reflexive verbs. Further on the categories of verbs that may be formed through the use of suffixes is discussed in more detail: these are inchoative, causative, procurative, iterative and diminutive verbs. At the end of the article, the problem of denominative derivatives is briefly reviewed.

Kao i u cijelom tržišno - razvijenom svijetu, i u Hrvatskoj su poslovni subjekti suočeni s novim okolnostima i izazovima koji potpuno mijenjaju ustaljene navike u odnosima proizvođač - trgovina - kupac. Category management je i proizvođaćima i trgovcima, uglavnom, donio nove konkurentske prednosti, jer se posluje racionalnije i učinkovitije, a tko ne upada u taj proces, ispada iz tržišne igre. S tim u svezi, planiranje merchandisinga obuhvaća asortiman, cijene, prostor i optimalizaciju police, te promotivne aktivnosti u trgovini.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas europeizmo terminas dabartinėje lingvistikoje ir euroleksemų naudojimas Lietuvos spaudoje, remiantis "Lietuvos ryto" Nr. 249 (2002 10 26). Šio tyrimo tikslas parodyti europeizmų integraciją į lietuvių kalbą. Istoriniai, kultūriniai ir socialiniai faktoriai nėra nagrinėjami. Europeizmo terminas pateikiamas remiantis lingvistiniais tyrimais. Prieš europeizmų integracijos analizę trumpai apžvelgiami terminologiniai ir metodiniai europeizmų tyrimo pagrindai. Europeizmai lietuvių kalboje gretinami su europeizmais vokiečių, anglų, rusų ir ukrainiečių kalbose. Straipsnyje pateikti statistiniai duomenys, europeizmų klasifikacija iliustruojami pavyzdžiais. Ši mokslinių tyrimų sritis yra pakankamai jauna ir todėl mažai ištirta, kas ir sąlygoja temos aktualumą. The paper analyses the term concerning europeisms in modern linguistics and the usage of eurolexemes in Lithuanian media, referring to the newspaper "Lietuvos rytas" NR. 249 ( 2002. 10.26). The aim of this investigation was to show the integration of europeisms into the Lithuanian language. Historical, cultural and social factors were not investigated. Before analysing the integration of europeisms we have to consider the terminological and methodological basis of investigation. Europeism in the Lithuanian language is compared with europeisms in the German English, Russian and Ukrainian languages. Statistic data is presented and the classification of europeisms is illustrated by giving examples. The domain of these scientific investigations is fairly new; therefore it determines the importance of this issue.

Članak je prikaz knjige Marije Znike "Kategorija brojivosti u hrvatskom jeziku" (Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, Zagreb 2002.). Autorica zaključuje da je ovom knjigom obuhvaćeno nedovoljno poznato područje gramatičke kategorije broja, odnosno kategorije brojnosti. Nada se da će u sljedećim hrvatskim gramatikama ova kategorija biti obrađena i u gramatici.

U radu se analizira kategorija brojivosti s posebnim obzirom na hrvatski jezik. Definira joj se sadržaj i promatra izraz u hrvatskom jeziku. Analizira se odnos između imenica singularia tantum i pluralia tantum. Navode se skupine nebrojivih imenica i njihova semantička podjela.

Straipsnyje supažindinama su „Lemuoklio“ kompiuterine programa, automatiškai lemuojančia lietuviškas žodžių formas iš pradinių tekstinių failų į rezultatinius tekstinius failus. Programa sukurta 2000 m. ir moksliniams lingvistiniams tyrinėjimams automatizuoti. Lemuoklis lemuoja tekstinių failų žodžių formas, įrašydamas lemavimo rezultatus į tekstinius rezultatų failus. Vienos užduoties metu Lemuoklis sulemuoja vieną jam nurodytą pradinį failą į vieną rezultatų failą; po to vartotojas gali užduoti lemuoti kitą pradinį tekstą. Lemuoklis kol kas dar neturi jokių priemonių automatiškai teksto sintaksinei ar semantinei analizei atlikti. Kiekvieną žodžio formą jis nagrinėja atskirai, atsietą nuo konteksto. Vartotojas, analizuodamas lemavimo rezultatų tekstą, turi pats atmesti klaidingas lemavimo hipotezes ir palikti teisingąsias. Žodžių formų lemavimo nevienareikšmiškumas šiuo metu yra didžiausias Lemuoklio trūkumas. Kol kas visiškai panaikinti automatiško lemavimo daugiaprasmiškumą, neturint automatiškos sintaksinių ryšių tarp teksto žodžių analizės priemonių, neįmanoma. Vis dėlto Lemuoklyje įdiegti tam tikri metodai, leidžiantys kai kuriais atvejais sumažinti perteklinį lemavimo rezultato daugiaprasmiškumą. Straipsnyje aprašomi Lemuoklio darbo eiga, lemavimo rezultatuose pateikiama leksinė ir gramatinė informacija, rezultatuose naudojama gramatinės informacijos žymėjimų sistema, lemavimo daugiaprasmiškumo mažinimo būdai. Taip pat straipsnyje lemavimo aspektu supažindinama su kompiuterinio manipuliavimo lietuviškų žodžių gramatinėmis formomis galimybėmis ir problematika. This paper introduces the software "Lemuoklis" software, which automatically lemmatizes Lithuanian word forms from the original text files into the output text files. The programme was created in 2000 also for the automation of scientific linguistic studies. It lemmatizes word forms of text files by assigning lemmatizing outputs to outputs of text files. By one task "Lemuoklis" lemmatizes one original file into one output file; later the user can have another original text lemmatized. "Lemuoklis" still has no tools for automatic text syntax or semantic analysis. Every word form is explored individually without taking into account the context. The user has to reject false lemmatizing hypotheses and leave true ones himself by analysing text of lemmatizing output. At present, ambiguity of lemmatizing word forms is the main weakness of "Lemuoklis". Meanwhile, there is absolutely no possibilities to eliminate ambiguity of automatic lemmatizing without having tools of automatic analysis of syntactic links between text words. However, particular methods have been implemented in "Lemuoklis". In some cases they allow to reduce excess ambiguity of lemmatizing output. The article describes the process of "Lemuoklis", lexical and grammatical information in lemmatizing output, notation system of grammatical information used in output and reduction methods of lemmatizing ambiguity. It also introduces the potentials and topics of computer manipulation by grammar forms of Lithuanian words in aspect of lemmatizing.

This paper gives an overview of the development of cognitive semantics, a framework based primarily on the relationship between language and cognition. Special emphasis is placed on early development during the seventies, when the notions of concept and prototype are taken over from psychology (as well as other disciplines) and integrated into linguistic theory. Some major developments during the eighties are also discussed.

Knjiga sadrži sljedeće kraće rasprave: 1. Prilog tumačenju porijekla i biti umjetnosti, 2. Napomena uz pojam praksis u Aristotela, 3. Mišljenje i ono jednostavno, 4. O filozofijskoj genezi samosvijesti, 5. Filozofija kao sustegnuće, 6. Korak k Nietzscheu, 7. Uz prvu analogiju iskustva, 8. Uz Lambda knjigu Aristotelove Metafizike, 9. Teškoće oko prevođenja Aristotelova izraza ousia, 10. Pogled na matematiku, 11. K iskustvu slike, 12. Schellingova genealogija vremena, 13. Povodom određivanja osnovnih katergorija filozofije.