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Buğday özellikle insanların beslenmesinde büyük rol üstlenmiştir. Yetiştirilmesi son derece zahmetsiz olsada yapılan araştırmalar, iklim değişikliğinden buğdayında olumsuz etkileneceğini ortaya koymuştur. Anadolu’da buğday ekili alanlarda verim ve kaliteyi arttırmak için gübreleme yapılmaktadır. Gübreleme yapılırken uygulanan miktara, uygulama zamanına ve gübre türüne dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Kontrolsüz yapılan gübreleme toprağa ve çevreye zarar vermektedir. Toprağı verimsiz hale getirirken, atmosferede sera gazı salınımına neden olacaktır. Bu durum ise buğday üretiminde ki karbon ayak izinin artmasına neden olacaktır. Yaptığımız bu çalışma da buğday üretimi yapılırken çiftçiler tarafından kullanılan gübrelerin, kullanım miktarına bağlı olarak ürettiği karbon ayak izini hesapladık.

Copyright of Anadolu University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences is the property of Anadolu University Journal of the Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anadolu (1300-0225) is the property of Anadolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents geochemical data for 171 core samples of the Carboniferous coal-bearing series and the Miocene cove from the central part of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin. Major oxide concentrations (Al2O3, SiO2, Fe2O3, P2O5, K2O, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, MnO, TiO2, and Cr2O3) were obtained using XRF. Trace and major elements (Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, U, Cr, V, Mn, As, Th, Sr, Cd, Sb, Bi, Ba, Ti, W, Zr, Ce, Nb, Ta, Be Sc) were analysed ICP-MS. The main goals of this study were to demonstrate the distribution, as well as the stratigraphical variability, of the selected elements and to determine whether chemostratigraphy tools could be effectively applied to analyze Carboniferous and Miocene deposits of the USCB. Geochemical studies have shown showed different geochemical features of the samples from the Carboniferous and the Miocene. The diversity is mainly expressed in the enrichment of Miocene sediments in Ca and Sr related to biogenic carbonate material. It was also stated that the concentrations of trace elements associated with the detrital fraction, such as Zn, Cr, Co, Ba, Ti, Zr, Nb, and Sc show slightly higher values in Carboniferous sediments. On the basis of the content of Ti, Zr, and Nb, as well as ratios such as Th/U, Zr/Th, Ti/Zr, and TiO2/K2O, units with different inputs of the terrigenous fraction can be identified in both Carboniferous and Miocene formations. The paper shows that chemostratigraphy can be used as a stratigraphic and correlation tool for the Carboniferous and the Miocene deposits of the USCB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research is the property of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was carried out in order to reveal the amount of litterfall according to the development stages in the oriental beech forests in the Marmara Region and the carbon stocks input into forest floor in this way. The research was conducted in a total of 18 sample plots, which differ in terms of aspect, elevation, slope, slope position and stand development stages namely the b (dbh=8.0-19,9 cm), c (dbh=20.0-35.9 cm) and d stages (dbh=36.0-51.9 cm). Five litter traps (50×50 cm) were set up each sample plot and litterfall material was collected monthly for three years. The litterfall materials taken from the field were separated into their components (leaf, branch, bark, miscellaneous) in the laboratory, dried at 65 °C until they reached a constant weight and weighed. Afterwards, carbon analysis was performed on the milled samples. The amount of litterfall in one-hectare area was determined by using the conversion coefficient to hectares of the masses of the litterfall components collected from the traps. Then, these values were multiplied by the carbon concentration obtained as a result of the analysis, and the carbon stocks into forest floor through litterfall in a hectare area were calculated. The data were evaluated with variance, correlation and stepwise multiple regression analyzes. According to the results of the research, the amount of litterfall increased depending on the growth of the development stage and the total litterfall ranged between 3959 and 5698 kg/ha/year. The weighted carbon concentration of the litterfall was determined to be 50.3%. C stock, which enters the forest floor with total litterfall, varies between 1988-2857 kg/ha/year according to the development stages. Total litterfall in beech forests was estimated by stand characteristics, climatic characteristics and physiographic factors. Using the models obtained, the amount of annual litterfall can be estimated in the beech stands in the region and in similar sites. The findings of this research can be used in modeling studies, which are among the long-term goals of the Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry sector.

Fase Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) dari arang tempurung kelapa melalui pemanasan baik menggunakan tungku maupun pembakar buatan telah berhasil dibentuk. Pemanasan dilakukan melalui 2 variasi temperatur yaitu 500 dan 1000ᵒC dengan waktu penahanan 5 jam. Pemanasan melalui pembakar buatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan bahan bakar minyak bekas yang dilengkapi termostat untuk mengukur suhu. Identifikasi fase dilakukan dengan menggunakan pengujian Xrays Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD) dengan sudut 2θ yaitu 15-50ᵒ. Pola difraksi menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel memiliki fase rGO dengan nilai intensitas yang berbeda. Semakin tinggi suhu maka semakin besar nilai intensitasnya dibandingkan dengan sampel lainnya. Nilai intensitas ini menunjukkan peningkatan kristalinitas sampel akibat peningkatan suhu. Lebih lanjut, kristalinitas sampel juga berpengaruh pada nilai kekuatan beton normaldibuktikan dengan penurunan nilai kekuatan beriringan semakin meningkatnya nilai kristalinitas material.

Copyright of Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi Part C: Tasarım ve Teknoloji is the property of Gazi University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Karasal ekosistemler içinde en önemli karbon havuzları ormanlardır. Özellikle orman alanlarındaki canlı biyokütle ve orman toprağı yoğun miktarda karbon depolamaktadır. Biyokütle miktarları meşcere tiplerinin hektardaki ağaç serveti verilerinden hareketle belirlenmektedir. Bu çalışmada biyokütle verisinin doğruluğunu artırmaya yönelik ağaç kapalılık yüzdesi haritası ile çakıştırılması yapılmış ve nihai biyokütle haritası elde edilmiştir. Biyokütle haritası ve topraktaki organik karbon miktarları da uydu görüntülerinden belirlenerek Düzce ilinin karasal karbon stoğu ortaya koyulmuştur. Çalışma alanında ağaç türü bazında en fazla biyokütle ve karbon birikimi Kn ağaç türünde ve toplam biyokütle ve karbonun yaklaşık ¾’ünü depoladığı belirlenmiştir. En düşük biyokütle ve karbon miktarı ise Düzce’deki yayılışı sınırlı olan Çm ağaç türünde tespit edilmiştir. Orman alanlarındaki toplam karbonun %69.7’si canlı biyokütlede depolanırken, %30.3’ü ise toprakta depolanmıştır. Orman dışı alanlardaki özellikle toprakta tutulan karbon miktarları da değerlendirildiğinde tüm karbonun %84.6’sı orman alanlarında depolanırken, %14.5’lik kısmı ise tarım alanlarındaki toprakta ve % 0.9’luk kısım da diğer arazi sınıflarında depolanmıştır. Orman ve orman dışı alanlar birlikte değerlendirildiğinde toplam depolanan karbon miktarının %41’i toprakta depolanırken, %59’u ise canlı biyokütle üzerinde depolandığı belirlenmiştir.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of representative land use types and land cover (LUT/LC) of heavily deforested areas on soil properties in semi-arid region of Türkiye. Some of the soil properties have been measured on a grid with a 50 m sampling distance on the top-soil (0-15 cm depth). Data has been analyzed by using Ordinary Kriging/Spherical geostatistical model. Results indicated that the soil properties differed in terms of organic carbon (SOC), pH, bulk density, and the amount of sand, depending on the land uses in the study areas. The SOC concentration of top-soil layers has referred a significant difference (P

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, carbon-based semiconductor technology was developed from tea waste biomass as a renewable, environmentally friendly and sustainable carbon source instead of fossil-sourced carbon, and a PN hetero-junction was formed with a P-type carbon layer on an N-type silicon substrate. The structure have the traditional diode characteristics, with a reverse saturation current Is=0.035 µA and ideality factor n=14.08. The large value of the ideality factor is attributed to the large series resistance in the structure. Additionally, it was demonstrated that that tea wastes can be considered as a technological product as a carbon source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Artvin Coruh University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the dynamism of forest areas was tried to be determined by determining the ecological differences between the areas where Fagus orientalis Lipsky. (Eastern beech, Fagaceae), a very important species for forestry in Turkey, and the soils of agricultural fields. lime %, total salt %, pH, texture, field capacity %, C%, N%, C/N ratios, 30-day carbon mineralization of the lands of Eastern beech forests and agricultural fields, which are naturally formed in Sivas province Koyulhisar district, under controlled conditions (28°C, 80 humidity %) was determined by the respiration method, and two areas in two different ecosystems were compared. When the carbon mineralizations of eastern beech soils were examined seasonally, it was determined as 19.54>18.23>17.87>17.18 mg C(CO2)/100g DS/30 day in spring>autumn>summer>winter seasons, while it was determined as 14.46>13.87>13.68>13.65 mg C(CO2)/100g DS/30 day in autumn>summer>spring>winter seasons in agricultural soils, respectively. Significant relationships were found between the C%, N%, 30-day carbon mineralization cumulative values and % carbon mineralization rates between both areas.

Emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor menyumbang 60-70% pencemaran udara di Indonesia. Salah satu gas berbahaya yang terkandung didalam gas buang kendaraan bermotor adalah gas karbon monoksida (CO). Emisi gas karbon monoksida dapat dikurangi menggunakan teknologi Catalytic Converter, yaitu penambahan logam katalis yang berfungsi sebagai oksidator gas karbon monoksida (CO) sehingga dapat bereaksi menjadi gas karbon dioksida (CO2). Pada umumnya, logam katalis yang digunakan adalah platinum dan palladium. Penelitian sebelumnya menyatakan bahwa tembaga dapat digunakan sebagai logam katalis alternatif. Tembaga berbentuk plat segiempat disusun pada sebuah mur sehingga membentuk sebuah lapisan katalis. Lapisan katalis kemudian dimasukkan kedalam pipa stainless steel yang berfungsi sebagai wadah. Penelitian ini menggunakan variasi 1 lapisan, 2 lapisan, 3 lapisan dan 4 lapisan. Emisi gas CO pada knalpot standar adalah 249.24 ppm. Emisi gas CO mengalami penurunan setelah pemasangan katalis tembaga. Emisi gas CO yang dihasilkan disetiap variasi lapisan secara berurutan adalah 235.10 ppm, 204.5 ppm, 176.67 ppm, 159.97 ppm. Semakin banyak lapisan katalis tembaga yang digunakan maka semakin besar luas permukaan (surface area) dari katalisator sehingga emisi gas CO yang dihasilkan semakin kecil. Katalisator dengan material tembaga dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi emisi gas karbon monoksida pada knalpot kendaraan.

Our country has a great importance in the world market in terms of the production of metal raw materials and end products, especially in the iron and steel industry. In order to realize an efficient and high quality production process, it is necessary to continuously monitor the Carbon (C) and Sulfur (S) concentrations of the material throughout the entire production process. During the marketing phase of the products in question, the material qualities must be reported by the conformity assessment bodies. At this stage, it is expected to increase the accuracy and reliability of the measurement results in the quality control tests of the products. For this purpose, the verification and validation of the analysis method which were employed should be carried out by the conformity assessment bodies. However, it is observed that there are different applications that fall outside the procedures described in the relevant international guidelines. In this study as an example to the best available techniques, method validation and uncertainty estimation studies were carried out for the total carbon (C) and total sulfur (S) analyses in metals and alloys following the procedures described in the standard of "General Requirements for the Competence of Test and Calibration Laboratories". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty / ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research was carried out to investigate some soil properties and carbon and nitrogen storage status in natural and plantation black pine forest establishments in Çankırı province, Eldivan District, Eldivan Mountain. Sample areas (400 m2) were taken from natural and artificial forest areas to determine stand parameters, soil and litter properties. Based on genetic horizon in soil pits and topsoil (0 - 15 cm) sampling in 50x50 m grid system was done in study areas. The physical and chemical properties of soils have been determined. The lowest (0.46 g.cm-3) bulk density has been measured in natural forest topsoil. The organic carbon amounts of the upper soils in hectare are between 30.36 – 66.73 t.ha-1in the natural forest and 20.33 – 53.14 t.ha-1 in the plantation forest. Total nitrogen amounts are between 3.53-6.78 ve 2.05-5.29 ton.ha-1 respectively. The average carbon amount of natural forest top soils in hectare is 47.3 t.ha-1, and 32.2 t.ha-1 of plantation forests, total nitrogen 4.9 ve 3.2 t.ha-1 respectively. According to the results of this research, plantation and natural forest soils showed similar characteristics. This situation has shown that afforestation is successful.

Time indications for the correlation and calibration of the Rotliegend of Germany are integrated and presented in a new way. The correlations are based on the visual balance of bio- and ecostratigraphic indications and radio-isotopic age determinations (RIA), whereby confidence limits, equivalent to those of the RIA, are applied also for other time indications (conchostracans, aquatic tetrapods, fishes, insects, macroflora, and ecostratigraphic indications). In contrast, terrestrial tetrapods and their tracks, chemo- and sequence stratigraphy, and magnetic susceptibility did not contribute to correlations in the Rotliegend in Central Europe. The Illawarra Reversal of the Earth' magnetic field (≈ 265 Ma) is fundamental for correlation and calibration. In general, however, the Regional Stratigraphic Scale is calibrated using U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS-RIA on zircon, Ar-Ar- and Rb-Sr-based RIA and, in addition, in the Early and Late Rotliegend using orbital-climatically controlled eccentricity cycles (≈ 100 ka, ≈ 400 ka). The boundary ages of the subgroups and of most formations are rounded to 0.5 Ma to avoid overinterpretation. Because of some inconsistent time indications alternative interpretations are also offered. The hitherto differing ages for the global Carboniferous-Permian boundary are the result of different dating methods: The ≈ 296 Ma in the Stratigraphic Tables of Germany 2002 and 2016 A (STG 2002; STG 2016 A) is an integrative age based on RIA from Central Europe, whereas the ≈ 299 Ma in the Global Stratigraphic Scales 2004 ff. and the STG 2016 B is based on a CA-ID-TIMS RIA on zircon from the southern Ural area. The age of ≈ 299 Ma is plausible from the perspective of the current Rotliegend RIA because the Rb-Sr age of 290.7 ± 0.9 Ma for the Donnersberg Formation (Lippolt & Hess 1989) has been replaced by the age of 294.5 ± 2.2 Ma, as recalculated in the present work. The updated time scale developed here will be integrated in the Stratigraphische Tabelle von Deutschland Kompakt 2022 (STDK 2022) and into the Stratigraphic Table of Germany Compact 2022 (STGC 2022). The age of the base of the Rotliegend in the Saar-Nahe Basin (SN, base Remigiusberg Formation and Glan Subgroup) is ≈ 299 Ma (U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS, zircon) resp. ≈ 300 Ma (Ar-Ar); the balanced compromise age of both is ≈ 299.5 Ma. In the Thüringer Wald (TW), the Rotliegend begins with the Ilmenau Formation (Subkommission Perm-Trias 2011) at ≈ 299.5 Ma (U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS). On the Flechtingen Block, at the southern margin of the Central European Basin, the oldest volcanic rock of the Altmark Subgroup is dated at 302 ± 3 Ma (U-Pb SHRIMP data). Accordingly, the Rotliegend in the STG 2002 and STG 2016 A starts at ≈ 302 Ma. However, the mean age calculated in the present work for the SHRIMP data of Breitkreuz & Kennedy (1999) is 298.6 ± 1.9 Ma, so that the base of the Altmark volcanic succession is here re-dated as ≈ 300.5 Ma. Thus, the ages of the present lithostratigraphic lower limits of the Rotliegend in northern Germany (CEB), in the TW and in the SN are, with ≈ 300.5 Ma to ≈ 299.5 Ma, only weakly diachronous if the nominal (face) values, which are both in the latest Carboniferous, are compared without the confidence intervals. For the first time, the Rotliegend of Germany is geochronologically subdivided into Early (≈ 300.5-295.5/294 Ma), Middle (≈ 295.5/294-266 Ma) and Late Rotliegend (≈ 266-257.5 Ma). The very long lasting Middle Rotliegend includes numerous and also extremely long stratigraphic gaps as a result of the amalgamation and the associated immense uplift of Pangaea in the area of Central and Western Europe. A very large stratigraphic gap in the Central European Basin (CEB) of ≈ 15 Ma (≈ 281-266 Ma, here called the Pangaea Gap) is supported by conchostracans, the Illawarra Reversal and the different palaeomagnetic properties of the sediments below and above the gap, which are discussed here for the first time. The Middle Rotliegend (duration of ≈ 29.5/28 Ma) is approx. twice as long as the Early (≈ 5.5/7 Ma) and Late Rotliegend (≈ 8.5 Ma) combined. The latter, however, contain the thickest successions in the Saar-Nahe Basin and the Central European Basin, respectively, which are free of gaps in the basin centre, with 'gaps' being defined in this context as time spans of ≤ 100 ka and ≤ 400 ka, respectively. In the CEB, the Elbe Subgroup is cyclostratigraphically calibrated to 5.6 Ma. A gapless area in the Saar-Nahe Basin is the Glan Subgroup, which covers only 4 Ma and 3 Ma, respectively; correspondingly, its subunits G1 to G10 (Glan 1 to Glan 10), introduced here, last on average 0.4 Ma and 0.3 Ma, respectively. This results in a maximum accumulation rate of 870 Bubnoff (Bub, m/Ma, mm/ka) and of 1150 Bub, respectively, which can be explained by a maximum of tectonic activity along the Hunsrück Southern Border Fault. For the lower Nahe Subgroup (N1 to N5, Nahe 1 to Nahe 5), the maximum accumulation rates are ≈ 450-200 Bub and for the upper Nahe Subgroup (N6-N8), at an estimated duration of 12 Ma ≈ 125 Bub and ≈ 50 Bub at a duration of 30 Ma, respectively. In the Central European Basin the maximum accumulation rates are much lower compared to the Glan Subgroup, with 200 Bub in the Elbe Subgroup and ≈ 360 Bub in the Havel Subgroup (Fig. 27), although here the subsidence rate may have been higher than the accumulation rate, as the basin was ≈ 130 m below sea level at the end of Folge ro4 (Top of the Hannover Formation; this paper). We recommend (1) Bubnoff (Bub) as unit of measure of the accumulation rate and (2) the stratigraphic terminology of the Subkommission Perm-Trias (2011) and the STG 2016 A. We here propose that numerous tuffs of the Glan Subgroup could originate from volcanic centres of the TW, whereas so far only source areas south of the SN were discussed: On the one hand, the tuff-rich time of the upper Jeckenbach Subformation - Odernheim Formation (= Glan units 7 and 8 = G7/G8) seems to correlate with the volcanogenic Oberhof time in the TW and, on the other hand, the tuff-poor time of the Wahnwegen Formation - middle Jeckenbach Subformation (G2/G6) seems to correlate with the upper Ilmenau, Manebach, Goldlauter and lowest Oberhof formations, which are devoid of volcanic rocks in the TW. Should causality exist here, an additional and also precise criterion for correlation would be established. At present there are two variants: On the one hand, volcanism in the Oberhof Formation, according to RIA (U-Pb CA-ID-TIMS on zircon), begins ≈ 1.8 Ma earlier and ends ≈ 0.8 Ma earlier than in the Donnersberg Formation (Ar-Ar, Rb- Sr recalculated). On the other hand, the conchostracan Lioestheria pseudotenella in the TW, if considered equivalent to L. cf. pseudotenella in the SN, the ecostratigraphic and lithofacial indications and the aquatic tetrapod D. pulcherrimus, point to for a similar age of these magmatites. The Sobernheim Lens (SN, Nahe units N4/N5) with its fossils so important for correlations is here assigned to the Jakobsweiler Member (N4, upper Donnersberg Formation), to the Quartzite-Conglomerate (N5, in literature often Wadern) and to the lowermost Standenbühl Formation (N4/N5). The youngest time indication Co13, the conchostracan Lioestheria arroyoensis sp. nov. correlates the upper Standenbühl Formation (N8, Martens 2020, where N8 may be extremely long), roughly with the Arroyo Formation in Texas (≈ early Kungurian). The here favoured age of the Tambach Formation of ≈ 294-292 Ma is significantly higher than the ≈ 286-283 Ma of STG 2016 A and the ≈ 284-281 Ma of STG 2016 B. It is based on RIA R25 (Table 9; lower Rotterode Formation, 295.8 ± 0.4 Ma; Lützner et al. 2021), which is the youngest CA-ID-TIMS RIA in the TW, and the duration estimate of the Rotterode - Tambach gap. In the SN, the youngest RIA R29 (Rb/Sr) is from the Donnersberg Formation (294.5 ± 2.2 Ma, this paper). From here on until ≈ 265 Ma (Illawarra Reversal), the numerical ages of all Rotliegend units and their connection to the Global Stratigraphic Scale (GSS) are uncertain and therefore correlations between Central Europe and the global reference section in the southern Ural area, partly biostratigraphically via North America, vary greatly. In this contect, the „series“ Wolfcampian and Leonardian (standard Permian units of the USA) played an important role. However, these lithostratigraphic units are at least unsuitabel as a reference system for large parts of North America, because they represent very variable time spans from region to region, similar with the "Lower Rotliegend" ("Autun") and "Upper Rotliegend" ("Saxon") of Central and Western Europe and therefore their assignement to the GSS is also very variable. This is due, among other things, to the fact that the Wolfcampian is often still understood as "lower Lower Permian", although considerable parts of it are now placed in the Carboniferous, because as a result of the introduction of the Global Stratigraphic Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Asselian Stage (= global base of the Permian in the southern Ural area), the conventional regional Carboniferous-Permian boundaries shifted to an higher stratigraphic level and thus to a younger age in the USA, China and the Donbass (Fig. 14). If the 57 sedimentary cycles in the Ottweiler and Glan subgroups (Königer & Stollhofen 2001: mean duration 245 ka each) in the SN are orbital-climatically induced, these cycles can only be 100 ka cycles (short eccentricity). This is also supported by the 6 cycles in units G7 and G8 that have been described in detail in the literature, which are consistent with the duration of the Glan Subgroup of 3 Ma and (preferred) 4 Ma, respectively. The total duration to be expected from 57 cycles à ≈ 100 ka is ≈ 5.7 Ma in contrast to the duration determined here according to RIA of ≤ 8 Ma. One reason for the difference could be that in the Ottweiler und Glan subgroups there are cycles that have not been recorded so far. The time span of ≤ 8 Ma is also an outcome of the new estimate for the duration of the Cantabrian Gap (early Stephanian) in the Saar-Nahe Basin of ≈ 3.6 Ma that is clearly longer than proposed in the STG 2002 and STG 2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of study is to investigate; the effect of increasing several doses P application on soil C, N and P concentration in Long term experiment conditions. Tested hypothesis; increasing P doses application increases soil C, N and P concentration, consequently plant yield can increase. The experiment has establish at University of Çukurova, Faculty of Agriculture, Research and Application field on Arık soil series from since 1998 until update. Four doses of P applied; such as 0 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P0), 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P50), 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P100) and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P200) with tree replications. Under rain fed condition Adana-99 species wheat (‎Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were sown in November 2017 and harvested at May 2018. Soil samples were taken at different depth (0-15 cm and 15-30 cm) of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere part at harvest. Soil P concentrations, organic C (OC), inorganic C (IC), soil total carbon C and N were analyzed. Result shown that there is a statistically difference as P concentration, especially in both depth of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils, the best application is P200 compared to the control. As the P dose increased, also soil P content increased linearly. In terms of soil OC content, there was a statistically significant difference at a depth of 15-30 cm in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils and, the best practice was got at P200 application compared to control treatment. In addition, due to increasing doses of P application, the mean soil OC, total N and C content increased. The founded results are support our hypothesis.

One of the ecological functions of the seagrass ecosystem is the ability to absorb carbon coming from the atmosphere. The ability of seagrass to absorb carbon is carried out through photosynthesis. The absorbed carbon will then be stored in the form of seagrass biomass in the seagrass body. This study aims to estimate the carbon stock content stored in seagrass ecosystems in the Northern waters of Papua including on Liki Island, Befondi Island, and Meossu Island. The calculation of carbon stock is done by converting seagrass biomass using constants derived from representative values of seagrass carbon content in Indonesian waters. In general, based on the results obtained indicate that the biomass at the bellow ground of the seagrass is greater than the biomass at above ground the seagrass. The value of organic carbon content in seagrasses is influenced by seagrass biomass. The carbon stock content in the seagrass ecosystem in the study area is in the range of 18,04 – 419,46 g C / m2. Stations on Liki Island have generally higher carbon stocks compared to stations on other islands. Salah satu fungsi ekologi dari ekosistem lamun yaitu memiliki kemampuan dalam menyerap karbon yang berasal dari atmosfer. Kemampuan lamun dalam menyerap karbon dilakukan melalui proses fotosintesis. Karbon yang terserap selanjutnya akan disimpan dalam bentuk biomassa lamun pada tubuh lamun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi kandungan stok karbon yang tersimpan pada ekosistem lamun di Perairan Utara Papua tepatnya di Pulau Liki, Pulau Befondi dan Pulau Meossu. Perhitungan stok karbon dilakukan dengan melakukan konversi biomassa lamun menggunakan konstanta yang berasal dari nilai representatif konsentrasi kandungan karbon pada lamun yang berada di Perairan Indonesia. Secara umum berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa biomassa pada bagian bawah lamun lebih besar dibandingkan dengan biomassa pada bagian atas lamun. Nilai kandungan karbon organik pada lamun dipengaruhi oleh biomassa lamun. Kandungan stok karbon pada ekosistem lamun di wilayah penelitian berada pada kisaran 18,04 – 419,46 gC/m2. Stasiun yang berada di Pulau Liki memiliki stok karbon yang umumnya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan stasiun yang berada di pulau lainnya.

In this study, the temporal and spatial amount of aboveground stand carbon was investigated between 1993 to 2015 in the upper watershed of Göksu River located in the Eastern Mediterranean region. For this purpose, the aboveground stand carbon maps were produced by using digital forest stand cover maps for these years with the ArcGIS 10.5TM software program. According to the results, a decrease (0.9%) in forest areas and an increase (11.6%) in productive forest areas were determined in the twenty-two years. It was seen that the total amount of aboveground stand carbon was increased by 47.6 thousand tons. The reason for this is the increase in the total productive forests areas and growing stock per hectares. This research revealed the importance of the increase in growing stock as well as the increase in the area of forests in the carbon management policies.

Copyright of Journal of Polytechnic is the property of Journal of Polytechnic and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, Organic Phase Change Material was produced using Paraffin, Polyethylene glycol 600, three different surfactants (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid, Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride and Cocoamidopropyl Betaine), and Recycled Carbon obtained as a result of chemical decomposition of waste tire. Organic Phase Change Materials are produced by a simple mixing and vacuum impregnation method. Samples were obtained in different compositions using different types of surfactants. Samples with the highest phase change temperature difference were determined by performing phase change temperature difference tests. The chemical and thermal properties of these samples (FM13; FM20 and FM26 Coded) were determined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer and Differential Scanning Calorimetry device. It was determined that the sample with the highest energy storage capacity (85.64 j/g) was FM-26 coded sample containing Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride as surfactant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is synthesized from the trans-esterification reaction of vegetable oil and alcohol using a catalyst such as acids, bases or enzymes. The acid catalyst that is often used is sulfuric acid; H2SO4, and HCl while most of base catalysts are NaOH and KOH. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of carbon derived from sugar heating in the synthesis of biodiesel with a sulfuric acid catalyst; H2SO4. Trans-esterification reaction of Jatropha oil and methanol with sulfuric acid catalyst was done with oil and methanol at 1:9 ratio. The results showed that (1) the physical properties of the biodiesel was synthesized with carbon-H2SO4 has a difference with physical properties the biodiesel was synthesized by sulfuric acid (2) carbon-H2SO4 was used in the trans-esterification reaction of Jatropha oil and methanol to produce methyl ester character is the density of 0.889 g / mL, 24.59 cSt viscosity and refractive index of 1.464, (3) methyl ester produced from the reaction of trans-esterification of Jatropha oil and methanol with sulfuric acid catalyst has a character that is a density of 0.882 g / mL, 11.70 cSt viscosity and refractive index of 1.458.

Bu çalışmada; Osmaniye’de demir, çelik ve metal sanayi işletmelerinin üç ayrı bölgesinden mesafeye bağlı olarak örneklenmiş toprakları ile bu işletmelerden uzakta bulunan Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi kampüs topraklarının bazı iz element [Cu, Mn, Fe ve Zn (mg/kg)] içerikleri ve karbon mineralizasyonu (28°C, 45 gün) karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Karbon mineralizasyonu için CO2 respirasyon yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Tüm topraklarda iz element içeriklerinin sınır değerlerden düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Sanayi Tesisleri yakınından örneklenmiş 1 nolu toprağın karbon mineralizasyonu [15,0 mg/C (CO2)/100 g KT] 4 nolu kampüs toprağından [30,0 mg/C(CO2)/100 g KT)] anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. Benzer durum dört toprağın karbon mineralizasyon oranları arasında da gözlenmiş olup Sanayi Bölgesi’nin üç toprağın da yine kampüs toprağından anlamlı düzeyde düşük bulunmuştur. Tüm bu bulgular toprakların karbon mineralizasyonu ve iz elementi içeriklerinin Sanayi Bölgesi’nden uzaklaştıkça değişmediğini; toprakların organik karbon ve azot içerikleri ile pH’larına bağlı olarak değişebileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan hasil destilasi kering 9 jenis kayu dari Maluku Utara dengan menggunakan retor listrik. Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa rendemen arang berkisar antara 26,00 - 32,98%, ter 5,73 - 10,40 %, cairan destilat 48,20 - 103,97 %, berat jenis kayu 0,39 - 0,89, nilai kalor kayu dan arang 4.095 - 4.277 cal/g dan arang 6.837 – 7.078 cal/g, kadar air 2,75 - 4,03, kadar abu 0,84 - 2, 77, kadar zat terbang 18,75 - 25,76 % dan kadar karbon terikat 69,52 - 15,73 %. Berdasarkan kadar zat terbang dan kadar karbon terikat, maka 9 jenis kayu dari Maluku Utara kecuali kayu Parinari corymbosa dan kayu Dracontomelon cukup baik untuk bahan peleburan logam dan sebagai bahan baku untuk arang aktif.

Penelitian nano teknologi dalam ranah hasil hutan dapat dieksploitasi dari lignoselulosa menjadi nano karbon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan struktur nano karbon yang potensial sebagai material bioenergi atau biosensor. Kayu jati dan bambu dikarbonisasi pada suhu 400-500oC, arang yang dihasilkan diaktivasi secara kimia dan fisika pada suhu 800oC selama 60 menit. Dari proses ini dihasilkan arang dengan derajat kristalinitas dan luas permukaan tinggi. Setelah pemurnian dan aktivasi, arang aktif yang dihasilkan dimasukkan logam Ni dan Zn yang kemudian dipanaskan secara vakum mengunakan spark plasma pada suhu 1300oC. Karbon yang dihasilkan diuji struktur dan sifatnya menggunakan perangkat Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometer, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Diffraction Xray Spectrometer, X-ray Diffractometer, I-V meter dan potensiometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan arang aktif terbaik dihasilkan dari aktivasi kimia-fisik (KOH uap air) menghasilkan kadar karbon 84,29%; luas permukaan 850,5 m2/g, derajat kristalinitas 38,99% dan hambatan sebesar 0,10. Sifat arang aktif kayu jati yang dimasukkan logam Ni dengan perbandingan 1:5 menghasilkan sifat terbaik dengan derajat kristalinitas 73,45% dan konduktivitas sebesar 433,86 S/m. Arang aktif jati hasil pemanasan vakum menghasilkan derajat kristalinitas sebesar 78,29% dengan pola I-V meter berbentuk sigmoid dan respon potensiometer berbentuk slope mendekati faktor Nerst. Nano karbon dari lignoselulosa kayu jati yang dihasilkan bersifat semikonduktor dan lebih sesuai digunakan sebagai biosensor.

ABSTRAK Ruang terbuka hijau di sekitar kawasan perkotaan yang semakin berkurang akan menyebabkan meningkatkan konsentrasi karbondioksida dan menurunnya konsentrasi oksigen di udara. Agar kondisi tersebut tidak terjadi atau setidaknya dapat terimbangi maka diperlukan luasan ruang terbuka hijau yang cukup agar jum­lah vegetasi penyerap karbon sebanding dengan jumlah zat- zat pencemar udara sehingga kualitas lingkungan tetap terjaga dengan baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) menganalisis kebutuhan hutan kota di Kota Mataram un­tuk menjaga kualitas lingkungan sekarang dan lima tahun mendatang, (2) menganalisis besarnya kemampuan berbagai jenis vegetasi hutan kota dalam mengurangi akumulasi karbon di udara dan (3) menyajikan sebaran hutan kota yang dibutuhkan yang disesuaikan dengan konsep tata ruang. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kawasan Hutan Kota/Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kota Mataram yang berupa taman kota dan median jalan. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif, sampel diambil secara purposif (purposive sampling) dimana data diambil pada titik -titik tertentu yang dianggap menarik. Pengamatan dilakukan pada petak ukur berukuran 10 x 10 m. Semua jenis pohon yang ma­suk dalam petak ukur dicatat jenis, diameter, tinggi dan dipangkas salah satu ran­tingnya untuk kemudian dianalisis berat keringnya dalam rangka menghitung biomassa agar diketahui tingkat penyerapan karbonnya. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) berdasarkan pertimbangan kebutuhan oksigen pada manusia, ternak dan ken­daraan bermotor, maka kebutuhan luasan Hutan Kota/Ruang Terbuka Hijau di kota Mataram pada tahun 2008 sebesar 3.996,76 Ha, sedangkan untuk li­ma tahun mendatang yaitu pada tahun 2013 meningkat menjadi 4.981,18 Ha, (2) luasan Ruang Terbuka Hijau di Kota Mataram saat ini ± 61.839,93 m2atau sekitar6,18 Ha sangatlah kurang bila dibandingkan dengan kebutuhan luasan Hutan Kota/Ruang Terbuka Hijau yang didasarkan pada kebutuhan oksigen tersebut dan (3) banyaknya karbon dioksida (CO2) yang diserap dalam per­satuan luas ton/Ha pada penelitian ini terbesar terdapat pada plot V yaitu se­besar 14,895 ton/Ha dan terendah pada plot VI sebesar 3,771 ton/Ha. Me­ngingat kurangnya luasan Hutan Kota/Ruang Terbuka Hijau yang tersedia, maka diperlukan penambahan luasan dengan pendistribusian lokasi yang disesuaikan dengan pola tata ruang yang ada. ABSTRACT A decreasing open green space in urban areas will stimulate Carbon dioxide’s concentration and on the other hand it will reduce the concentration of Oxygen in the atmosphere. To prevent this condition or to maintain stability of air quality, the total of open green space in urban areas should meet minimum requirement, thus vegetation will be able to absorb Oxygen in equal amount of pollutants in the air to maintain the environmental quality. Research objectives are (1) to analyze the optimal requirement of urban forest in Mataram city in order to maintain the current and the next five years of environmental quality (2). to analyze the capacity of varied urban forest’s vegetations in reducing the accumulation of CO2 in the air. (3) to present the proportion of urban forest in line with the spatial planning concept. Research was conducted around open green space in Mataram city which include city park and road median. Research method used is descriptive qualitative. Sample is determined purposively in which data collected from interested and selected points. Observation was conducted on plot 10 x 10 m. All vegetation within plot areas was identified in terms of species, diameter, height and then cut of the branch to analyze the dry matter (biomass) and to identify the degree of the carbon sequestration. The research presents (1).based on minimum need of human, cattle and vehicles on the availability of Oxygen in the air, the requirement of open green space in Mataram for 2008 is about 3.996, 76 ha, while for the next five years (2013) increase about 4.981,16 ha. (2) the total of open green space in Mataram is 61.839,93 ha or about 6,18 ha in which this figure is under minimum requirement compared to the need of open green space based on the need of oxygen (3) plot V shows the highest absortion of Carbon dioxide per ton/ ha (14,895 ton.ha) while plot VI presents the lowest (3,772 ton.ha). Considering the total of open green space is still under minimum requirement, it is recommended to increase the areas of urban green forest which incorporated city spatial planning.

ABSTRAK Kebijakan pemerintah untuk menurunkan tingkat emisi GRK (Gas Rumah Kaca) dari sektor kehutanan membutuhkan sistem pendugaan kandungan karbon hutan untuk cakupan wilayah geografis yang luas dan waktu pengukuran yang cepat. Salah satu alternatifnya melalui pemanfaatan citra satelit synthetic aperture radar (SAR). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan sensitivitas gelombang-L dari citra ALOS PALSAR terhadap nilai kandungan karbon di atas permukaan pada hutan mangrove. Penelitian dilakukan pada kawasan hutan mangrove, di Kabupaten Kubu Raya, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Metode penyusunan model dilakukan berdasarkan analisis quantitatif menggunakan persamaan regresi, dengan cara mengkorelasikan nilai backscatter yang diekstrak dari citra ALOS PALSAR Res.50m pada polarisasi HH dan HV dengan nilai kandungan biomassa aktual hasil pengukuran lapangan berbasis plot alometrik. Model penduga yang dihasilkan kemudian digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah cadangan karbon dan sebarannya secara geografis. Ditemukan hubungan yang kuat dengan koefisien determinasi (R2) mencapai 62% pada polarisasi HH dengan bentuk persamaan Y=1647e0,358BS_HH dan, 98,6% pada polarisasi HV dengan bentuk persamaan Y = 6,828BS_HV2 + 279,4BS_HV + 2870; Berdasarkan model persamaan tersebut dihasilkan dua buah peta kelas kerapatan karbon model-1 (HH) dan model-2 (HV). Kandungan biomassa di atas permukaan (Aboveground biomass-AGB) pada hutan mangrove di Kabupaten Kubu Raya diketahui sebesar 178,43 Mg/ha; sedangkan potensi karbon di atas permukaan (aboveground biomass carbon) diketahui sebesar 5.334.454,9 Mg (Megagram) atau 5,3 Mt (Megaton) karbon, dan kemampuan dalam menyerap karbondioksida (CO2) adalah sebesar 19,451 Mt (Megaton) CO2 equivalent. Sensitivitas gelombang-L citra ALOS PALSAR terhadap objek yang diamati diperkirakan akan menurun pada saat karbon aktual tertinggi di lapangan mencapai 335,15 Mg ha-1. Dalam konteks mitigasi perubahan iklim, hutan mangrove di Kubu Raya dengan luas 71.069,21 Ha apabila dipertahankan keberadaannya maka akan berkontribusi mengurangi tingkat emisi GRK dari sektor kehutanan sebesar 0,76 %. ABSTRACT The government policy to reduce the GHG (Green House Gas) emision from forestry sector, the need for sufficient forest carbon stock measurement system which encompass a faster measurement and covering broader geographic area to estimate the potential of forest carbon stock is now growing, one of which is the use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) in radar remote sensing systems. The objectives of this study are to demonstrate the strong relationship between the L-band backscatter of ALOS PALSAR and the aboveground carbon stock in mangrove forest; and its sensitivity level. The information resulted from this study can be useful in reducing strategies of GHG (Green House Gases) emision, due to the climate change mitigation efforts in Indonesia. The study site was located at the area of mangrove forest, in Kubu Raya regency, West Kalimantan. The estimation models for aboveground biomass carbon stock was obtained from a quantitative analysis using regression method; i.e. by correlating the values of ALOS PALSAR 50m Res. backscatters at HH and HV polarization with the actual biomass total amount resulted from field -based allometric plots measurements. The estimation models were subsequently use for forest carbon stocks quantification in mangroves, and its distribution geographically. Strong relationship was found with coefficient of determination (R2) 62 % on HH polarization based on the equation model of Y=1647e0,358BS_HH and , 98.6 % on HV polarization based on the equation model of Y = 6,828BS_HV2 + 279,4BS_HV + 2870; two models of carbon density classification maps i.e. model-1 (HH) and model-2 (HV) are also resulted from the two equation models. The quantity of AGB (aboveground biomass) of mangrove forest in Kubu Raya district found as 178.43 Mg/ ha, while the aboveground biomass carbon is 5,334,454.9 Mg (Mega grams) or 5,3 Mt (Mega tons) of carbon, and the capacity of carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration is 19.451 Mt (megatons) CO2 equivalent. The Sensitivity of L-band of ALOS PALSAR illumination on the object was expected to reach its saturation point when the highest total amount of actual carbon stock at field achieved the 335,15 Mg ha-1. In the context of climate change mitigation, the 71,069.21 ha area of mangrove forests in Kubu Raya if it remain save and be avoided from further deforestation and forest degradation, it will contribute to reduce the rate of GHG emissions from forestry sector by 0.76 %.

In this review, the studies on titanium matrix composites reinforced with carbon black, graphite, carbon nanotube and graphene are summarized. Especially, the importance of graphene reinforcement has been emphasized, and new trends for titanium composites will be addressed in the future. Furthermore, the effects of the reinforcements on the composite mechanics are explained by strengthening mechanisms. Graphene is one of the carbon-based materials which has one atomic thickness. It was first synthesized in 2004 and started to be used in metal matrix composite fabrication from 2008. Graphene is also preferred in the production of titanium matrix composite in recent years. When graphene is compared with other carbon based reinforcing materials, titanium composites with graphene addition have high hardness, high corrosion resistance, greater yield and tensile strength. In the literature, the effect of the amount of graphene, sintering temperature and time, processes of powder metallurgy method and secondary processes on the mechanical properties of the titanium composites have not been sufficiently revealed. Therefore, the use of graphene in titanium based materials will continue to be used in the near future. Because of these considerations, new generation titanium composites, especially with graphene additives, will be used in implant, automotive, defense industry, aerospace and space applications in the near future due to their lightness, high strength, high wear and corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK Pemanasan global saat ini menjadi isu lingkungan utama dan keberadaan ekosistem mangrove ternyata mempunyai peranan yang cukup penting dalam mitigasi pemanasan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui luasan dan status ekosistem mangrove, komposisi vegetasi penyusunnya, dan kandungan karbonnya di Pesisir Kota Bengkulu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah telaah peta untuk mengetahui sebaran, luasan dan status ekosistem mangrove; dan survey lapangan untuk mengetahui komposisi penyusun ekosistem mangrove dan kandungan karbon tersimpannya. Survey lapangan dilakukan dengan membuat 57 plot pengamatan. Pada setiap plot diamati jenis dan dimensi vegetasi sesuai dengan tingkatan pertumbuhan. Kandungan karbon tersimpan ditentukan melalui perhitungan biomassa total pohon dengan mempertimbangkan nilai faktor ekspansi biomassa, fraksi karbon, dan massa jenis kayu. Hasil analisis peta menunjukkan bahwa luas sebaran ekosistem mangrove di Pesisir Kota Bengkulu ± 214,62 ha. Status kawasan seluas 116,24 ha berada di dalam kawasan hutan Taman Wisata Alam Pantai Panjang-Pulau Bai; dan 98,38 ha berada di luar kawasan hutan. Vegetasi pohon dan pancang penyusun ekosistem mangrove yang ditemukan hanya 9 jenis, yakni Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnoriza, Xylocarpus granatum, Avicennia alba, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Lumnitzera littoreae, Ceriops tagal dan Acrostichum aureum. Kandungan karbon tersimpan pada tegakan ekosistem mangrovenya adalah sebesar 18,53 ton/ha. ABSTRACT Global warming is currently a major environmental issue and the mangrove ecosystem has an important role in mitigation of global warming. This study aimed to determine the extent and legal status, vegetation composition, and carbon storage of mangrove ecosystems in the coastal area of Bengkulu. Methods applied in this study included mapping, spatial analysis and field surveys. Carbon storage was determined by calculating the total biomass of the mangrove tree by considering the value of biomass expansion factors, carbon fractions and wood density. The results showed that the area of mangrove ecosystem in the coastal area of Bengkulu was about 214.62 hectares; in which 116.24 hectares within the Pantai Panjang-Pulau Baai Nature Tourism Park and 98.38 hectares outside the nature park area. Nine species were found on the mangrove area, i.e. Rhizophora apiculata, Sonneratia alba, Bruguiera gymnoriza, Xylocarpus granatum, Avicennia alba, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Lumnitzera littoreae, Ceriops tagal and Acrostichum aureum. The total carbon stored in the stand of mangrove was 18.53 tons/ha.

Salah satu masalah hutan mangrove di Kubu Raya yaitu berkurangnya luas hutan setiap tahun, hal ini diakibatkan adanya konversi lahan hutan mangrove. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juli 2013 bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang peran hutan mangrove, keragaman, potensi jenis, kandungan karbon dan kebijakan pengelolaan di Kubu Raya, Kalimantan Barat. Plot dibuat di tiga tempat dan masing-masing dibuat sepuluh contoh ukuran 10 x 10 m untuk inventarisasi pohon dan jarak antar plot 50 m, dalam plot dibuat sub plot ukuran 5 x 5 m untuk inventarisasi tingkat belta dan 2 x 2 m untuk inventarisasi tingkat semai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di hutan mangrove dijumpai 20 jenis pohon dengan 4 jenis dominan yaitu Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorhyza, Sonneratia alba dan Xylocarpus moluccensis. Peran hutan mangrove dicirikan oleh biomassa dan kandungan karbon di lokasi penelitian sebesar 438,79 ton/ha (setara 219,53 ton C/ha atau 805,68 ton CO2/ha). Pelestarian mangrove perlu dilakukan secara holistik dan kerja sama antar para pihak di antaranya Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Kementrian Dalam Negeri dan Pemerintah Daerah, untuk menghindari kebijakan tumpang tindih berdasarkan assessment dari masing-masing pihak.

ABSTRAK Provinsi Sulawesi Utara memiliki memiliki letak strategis di mana berada di jalur pelayaran kawasan pasifik serta kawasan segitiga terumbu karang dunia. Berbagai penelitian kelautan telah dilakukan di kawasan ini, namun demikian belum ada informasi ilmiah tentang karbon laut yang sangat penting untuk memahami dinamika fluks karbon dalam kerangka mitigasi perubahan iklim. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menyediakan informasi awal mengenai sebaran karbon di perairan Sulawesi Utara dan menganalisis potensi penyerapan dan pelepasan karbon dioksida (CO2) di beberapa perairan Sulawesi Utara. Pengukuran dilakukan secara langsung di lapangan pada parameter pCO2. Pengukuran pCO2 dilakukan di perairan Teluk Buyat, Teluk Totok, Teluk Manado, Selat Lembeh dan perairan Tongkaina. Data-data pCO2 hasil pengukuran di perairan Teluk Buyat berkisar 414,17 – 608,29 µatm, perairan Teluk Ratatotok berkisar 428,18 – 516,97 µatm, perairan Teluk Manado berkisar 385,16 – 395,52 µatm, perairan Selat Lembeh berkisar 342,90 – 492,12 µatm dan perairan Tongkaina berkisar 394,54 – 568,32 µatm. Nilai pCO2 terendah terletak di perairan teluk Manado sedangkan yang tertinggi terletak di perairan Teluk Buyat. Kisaran hasil pengukuran masih dalam batas normal pengukuran di daerah pesisir yang berkisar antara 200 – 4.600 μatm. Hasil analisis ∆pCO2 Teluk Buyat, Teluk Totok, perairan Tongkaina dan perairan Selat Lembeh berperan sebagai pelepas karbon dan untuk Teluk Manado berperan sebagai penyerap karbon. ABSTRACT North Sulawesi has strategically located in the shipping lanes of the Pacific region as well as in the Coral Reef Triangle. Various marine researches have been done in the area, however, there is no scientific information about the ocean carbon which is essential to understand the dynamics of carbon flux in terms of climate change mitigation. The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary scientific information on the distribution of carbon and to analyze the sink and source potency in North Sulawesi waters. In situ measurements performed on the parameter pCO2. Measurements of pCO2were taken in the waters of Buyat Bay, Totok Bay, Manado Bay, Lembeh Strait and Tongkaina waters. In the waters of Buyat Bay ranged from 414.17 to 608.29 μatm, Ratatotok Bay ranged from 428.18 to 516.97 μatm, Manado Bay waters ranged from 385.16 to 395.52 μatm, Lembeh Strait waters ranged from 342.90 to 492,12 μatm and Tongkaina waters ranged from 394.54 to 568.32 μatm. Lowest pCO2 values located in Manado Bay, while the highest in Buyat Bay. Range measurement results are within normal limits measurements in coastal areas ranging from 200 – 4.600 μatm. The result of ∆pCO2analysis shows that Buyat Bay, Totok Bay, Tongkaina waters and Lembeh Strait relatively act as carbon source and Manado Bay as carbon sink.

Carboniferous sedimentary and volcanic rocks occur in several small occurrences in the Black Forest (Southwestern Germany). Early Carboniferous flyschoid greywackes, andesitic to dacitic volcanics, and nonmarine molasse-type clastics are restricted to the Badenweiler-Lenzkirch Zone of the southern Black Forest and have been heavily faulted and partially folded. They have been dated by invertebrate and plant fossils from the sediments and few radiometric data from the volcanics. Late Carboniferous nonmarine deposits with tuff layers, minor coal measures and plant fossils are scattered through the central and northern Black Forest in several small occurrences, mostly representing the latest Carboniferous initial sedimentary fill of different extensional basins that further evolved into Permian Rotliegend internal molasse basins. Only the early Late Carboniferous Berghaupten Formation has some different structural position, since it has been folded and thrusted by gneiss in late Carboniferous time, just before the extensional Carboniferous to Permian basins initiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalam tulisan ini dikemukakan hasil destilasi kering 10 jenis kayu dari Nusa Tenggara Barat dengan menggunakan retor listrik. Hasilnya memperlihatkan bahwa rendemen arang berkisar antara 28,84 - 34,82 %, ter 6,15 - 11,57 %, cairan destilat 57, 79 - 87,85 %, berat jenis kayu 0,35 - 0,90 g/cm3, nilai kalor kayu dan arang 4115,49 - 4682,34 kal/g dan 5874,39 - 7418,04 kal/g, kadar air 2,15 - 4,20 %, kadar abu 1,24 - 3,41 %, kadar zat terbang 19,65 - 22,29 % dan kadar karbon terikat 71,04 - 75,76 %. Berdasarkan kadar zat terbang dan kadar abu, maka 10 jenis kayu dari Nusa Tenggara Barat cukup baik untuk bahan peleburan logam dan arang aktif.

Gewang (Corypha utan) merupakan jenis tanaman yang unik karena fungsinya sebagai sumber pangan, minuman, bahan bangunan (rumah, pagar, kandang) dan industri sederhana rumah tangga. Pemanfaatan oleh masyarakat dilakukan dengan penebangan pohon-pohon yang produktif sehingga mengancam kelestarian tanaman gewang. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) merupakan daerah sebaran alami yang potensial bagi pohon gewang. Di sisi lain tegakan gewang juga memiliki fungsi sebagai penyerap dan penyimpan karbon, sehingga keberadaan tegakan dan proses permudaan perlu dijaga sejalan dengan upaya untuk meningkatkan simpanan karbon hutan savana di NTT. Informasi mengenai kandungan karbon dalam gewang menjadi penting karena dengan informasi tersebut dapat diketahui ukuran yang paling layak bagi gewang untuk ditebang dan dimanfaatkan. Sampai saat ini belum ada persamaan allometrik yang khusus dikembangkan untuk pendugaan potensi simpanan karbon pada savana gewang (C. utan). Penyediaan data dengan tingkat kerincian (Tier) 3 memerlukan pendugaan cadangan karbon yang dimulai dari pendugaan biomassa dan karbon dengan menggunakan yang spesifik terhadap spesies dan tempat (site). Tulisan ini mengemukakan model persamaan allometrik untuk pendugaan biomassa pada tanaman gewang (C. utan) dengan metode destruktif. Disamping itu dikemukakan pula model persamaan allometrik untuk pendugaan simpanan karbon pada tanaman gewang (C. utan) dengan pengukuran langsung menggunakan metode karbonasi atau pengarangan. Model persamaan allometrik untuk pendugaan biomasa batang tanaman gewang (C. utan) y = 19703x , pendugaan biomasa daun y = 8449x dan pendugaan biomasa pelepah y = 16855x . Hasil studi menghasilkan model persamaan allometrik untuk pendugaan karbon secara langsung pada daun tanaman gewang (C. utan) y = 10704x , pendugaan karbon secara langsung pada pelepah y = 15069x dan pendugaan karbon secara langsung pada batang y =27110x.

Kegiatan konservasi hutan lindung (HL) melalui mekanisme REDD+ merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang sangat potensial untuk dapat menurunkan emisi global. Menjaga HL dari kegiatan deforestasi dan degradasi hutan dapat mencegah hutan untuk mengemisi karbondioksida. Informasi tentang jumlah cadangan karbon hutan lindung yang belum terganggu (hutan perawan) penting sebagai base line dan untuk mengetahui potensi penyerapannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi cadangan karbon yang tersimpan dalam biomassa tegakan hutan lindung Long Ketrok, yaitu hutan lindung yang dikelola oleh masyarakat desa Setulang, Kabupaten Malinau, Provinsi Kalimantan Timur. Metode perhitungan cadangan karbon yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode dengan menggunakan persamaan allometrik yang telah dibangun di hutan tropis. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa jumlah karbon tersimpan dalam hutan lindung Long Ketrok adalah 304 ton/ha yang terdiri dari karbon tersimpan dalam biomassa di atas permukaan tanah sebesar 255 ton/ha, biomassa akan sebesar 42 ton/ha, dan nekromassa sebesar 7 ton/ha. Proporsi batang, cabang, akar, dan daun dalam biomassa karbon berturut-turut sebesar 70,7%, 14,6%, 14,1% dan 0,6%.