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Typically, laboratory experiments suffer from homogeneous subject pools and self-selection biases. The usefulness of survey data is limited by measurement error and by the questionability of their behavioral relevance. Here we present a method integrating interactive experiments and representative surveys thereby overcoming crucial weaknesses of both approaches. One of the major advantages of our approach is that it allows for the integration of experiments, which require interaction among the participants, with a survey of non-interacting respondents in a smooth and inexpensive way. We illustrate the power of our approach with the analysis of trust and trustworthiness in Germany by combining representative survey data with representative behavioral data from a social dilemma experiment. We identify which survey questions intended to elicit people�s trust correlate well with behaviorally exhibited trust in the experiment. People above the age of 65, highly skilled workers and people living in bigger households exhibit less trusting behavior. Foreign citizens, Catholics and people favoring the Social Democratic Party or the Christian Democratic Party exhibit more trust. People above the age of 65 and those in good health behave more trustworthy or more altruistically, respectively. People below the age of 35, the unemployed and people who say they are in favor of none of the political parties behave less trustworthy or less altruistically, respectively.

Zwei wesentliche Perspektiven, Arbeitslosigkeit zu untersuchen, sind die der Gerechtigkeit und die der Effizienz. Unverschuldete Arbeitslosigkeit wird als ungerecht empfunden. Zugleich wird häufig argumentiert, dass Arbeitslosigkeit zu gesellschaftlichen Wohlfahrtseinbußen führt, da Arbeit als Produktionsfaktor in erheblichen Umfang nicht genutzt wird. Dieses zweite Argument ist unmittelbar ein Effizienzargument. Beide Argumente führen möglicherweise zu ganz unterschiedlichen Einschätzungen davon, (i) warum Arbeitslosigkeit überhaupt ein Problem ist und (ii) von welchen Grundlagen man ausgehen sollte, um diesem Problem zu begegnen. Wir werden diese Fragen zu beantworten suchen, indem wir sie aus den beiden genannten Perspektiven betrachten. (Abschnitt 1). Die Perspektive der Effizienz ist die der Neuen Politischen Ökonomie (Public Choice), die auf dem Menschenbild oder Modell des Homo oeconomicus beruht (Abschnitt 2). Dieser werden wir in Abschnitt 3 eine andere gegenüberstellen, deren Basis das Menschenbild des Homo politicus ist. Den Homo politicus verstehen wir als einen Menschen, der in seinem Handeln vom Interesse an der Errichtung und Erhaltung eines gerechten politischen Gemeinwesens geleitet ist. Im Abschnitt 4 wenden wir uns dem Thema der Gerechtigkeit zu, indem wir die Konzepte der Ordnungsgerechtigkeit und der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit darstellen und diskutieren. Die Beziehung zwischen Gerechtigkeit und Marktwirtschaft wird in Abschnitt 5 untersucht. Damit sind die Voraussetzungen geschaffen, um in Abschnitt 6 das Thema Marktwirtschaft und Arbeit und in Abschnitt 7 die Beziehung zwischen politischer Verantwortung und Arbeit.zu behandeln. Schließlich untersuchen wir in Abschnitt 8 wirtschaftspolitische Perspektiven für den Arbeitsmarkt am Beispiel von Hartz IV. In Abschnitt 9 erläutern wir, dass die Idee der Ordunungsgerechtigkeit als Orientierung in der arbeitsmarktpolitischen Debatte verwendet werden kann.

In this paper we outline how a future change in consumers’ willingness-to-pay can be accounted for in a consumer welfare effects analysis in antitrust. Key to our solution is the prediction of preferences of new consumers and changing preferences of existing consumers in the future. The dimension of time is inextricably linked with that of sustainability. Taking into account the welfare of future cohorts of consumers, concerns for sustainability can therefore be integrated into the consumer welfare paradigm to a greater extent. As we argue in this paper, it is expedient to consider changes in consumers’ willingness-to-pay, in particular if society undergoes profound changes in such preferences, e.g., caused by an increase in generally available information on environmental effects of consumption, and a rising societal awareness about how consumption can have irreversible impacts on the environment. We offer suggestions on how to conceptionalize and operationalize the projection of such consumers’ changing preferences in a “prospective welfare analysis”. This increases the scope of the consumer welfare paradigm and can help to solve conceptual issues regarding the integration of sustainability into antitrust enforcement while keeping consumer surplus as a quantitative gauge.

Social scientists, in particular sociologists, claim that the distinction between universalistic and particularistic values is relevant to explaining the social behaviour of individuals (and societies). This paper provides preliminary empirical evidence that supports the claim. It first defines a number of proxies for the degree of particularism embedded into long-celebrated dimensions of social behaviour (trust, political awareness, and associational activities). Then, it shows that the particularistic measures are positively correlated to each other and negatively correlated to some established generalist measures for all dimensions of social behaviour considered, both across and within countries and regions. Moreover, the paper relates that the various proxies for particularism share the same set of covariates (such as low education and income), which are neatly distinguishable from the determinants of the generalist measures.

赤面は嘘を暴露し、次の瞬間、言いしれぬ決まり悪さをもたらす。しかしながら、信頼が求められている状況で、「赤面する人」というレッテルは大きな優位性をもたらすかもしれない。本稿では、協働行動を事前に要求する問題（いわゆる、プリコミットメント問題）の解決を支援する装置として、個人的嗜好が極めて有効に機能するモデルを展開する。ここで示される嗜好は、単純に、「気持ちが晴れない」という理由のためだけで、効用関数の中で有用な役割を果たす。個人的嗜好を内生変数とするこのモデルは、伝統的合理的選択モデルの仮定とは大いに異なるものである。, 研究プロジェクト「外在的報酬の内発的動機付けに対する有害効果」（課題番号：26380462）への日本学術振興会の学術研究助成基金助成金の資金援助に深く感謝いたします。本レビューは、同研究プロジェクトの遂行にあたりなされた、一連の文献レビューの一環であり、主として、Robert H. Frank, “If Homo Economicus Could Choose His Own Utility Function, Would He Want One with a Conscience?” American Economic Review, Vol.77, No.4, 1987, pp. 593-604をレビューしたものである。

Our starting point is the following simple but potentially underappreciated observation: When assessing willingness to pay (WTP) for hedonic features of a product, the results of such measurement are influenced by the context in which the consumer makes her real or hypothetical choice or in which the questions to which she replies are set (such as in a contingent valuation analysis). This observation is of particular relevance when WTP regards sustainability, the “non-use value” of which does not derive from a direct (physical) sensation and where perceived benefits depend heavily on available information and deliberations. The recognition of such context sensitivity paves the way for a broader conception of consumer welfare (CW), and our proposed standard of “reflective WTP” may materially change the scope for private market initiatives with regards to sustainability, while keeping the analytical framework within the realm of the CW paradigm. In terms of practical implications, we argue, for instance, that actual purchasing decisions may prove insufficient to measure consumer appreciation of sustainability, as they may rather echo learnt but unreflected heuristics and may be subject to the specific shopping context, such as heavy price promotions. Also, while it may reflect current social norm, the latter may change considerably over time as more consumers adopt their behavior.

私たちは、本研究ノートで、1980年代に考察されるようになった心理ゲームをとりあげる。とりわけ、Matthew Rabin, “Incorporating Fairness into Game Theory and Economics,” American Economic Review, Vol. 83, No. 5, 1993, pp. 1281-1302を中心に検討する。伝統的ゲームでは、プレーヤーは、主として、物質的利得に動機付けられて行動するものとして分析されている。しかし、心理ゲームでは、伝統的ゲームに情緒的心理過程を組み込むことで、プレーヤーは、物質的利得（当該プレーヤーが相手プレーヤーの行動に対していだく信念）だけではなく、心理的利得（当該プレーヤーが相手プレーヤーの情緒的心理に対していだく信念）にも大きく依存すると考える。 Rabin（1993）は、心理的動機として公正概念を検討している。 • 伝統的ゲームに、心理的動機としての公正概念を反映させることを考えている。 － 人々は、自分を助けてくれる人を助けたいと思っている。 － 人々は、自分を傷つける人を罰したいと思っている。 さらに、心理的動機をモデルに反映させた結果は、ナッシュ均衡とは異なる新たな均衡が生じることを明らかにしている。 • 心理的動機をモデルに反映させた結果は、公正均衡（fairness equilibria）を生じることを明らかにしている。 － ある人が他のある人の物質的利得を最大化する相互最大（mutual-max）の結果は、公正均衡である可能性がある。 － ある人が他のある人の物質的利得を最小化する相互最小（mutual-min）の結果は、公正均衡である可能性がある。 － あらゆる相互最大のナッシュ均衡、あるいは、相互最小のナッシュ均衡は、公正均衡である可能性がある。 － 特に、自分が獲得する、あるいは、犠牲にする利得が小さいならば、相互最大の結果あるいは相互最小の結果の集合は、およそ、公正均衡である。 － また、自分が獲得する、あるいは、犠牲にする利得が大きいならば、ナッシュ均衡の集合は、およそ、公正均衡である。 本研究ノートでの私たちの視点は、あくまで、内発的動機付けのクラウディング・アウトを説明する有力な理論として、心理ゲームを検討することである。, 日本学術振興会の学術研究助成基金助成金の資金援助（課題番号：26380462）に深く感謝いたします。本研究ノートは、研究プロジェクトの遂行にあたり開催された研究会の報告資料（平成26年9月11日（木）於 広島大学）に加筆・修正したものである。

Using samples of both students and workers in China and comparing democratic decision making (i.e. being able to choose one's rules) to non-democratic decision making (i.e. exogenously imposed rule), we show that Chinese participants cooperate the most in a public goods game under the stylized authoritarian environment. This finding may be surprising in light of previous evidence for a “democracy premium” but is in line with authoritarian norms which are prominent in China. We further show that there is a systematic association between participants’ values and their relative contribution decisions in exogenous and endogenous implementation of the rule. Our major finding is that those subjects that place greater value on accepting authority are responsible for greater levels of cooperation under top-down governance. Our findings provide evidence that the effectiveness of a political institution depends on its congruence with individual values and societal norms.

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Physicians' treatment decisions determine the level of health care spending to a large extent. The analysis of physician agency describes how doctors trade off their own and their patients' benefits, with a third party (such as the collective of insured individuals or the taxpayers) bearing the costs. Professional norms are viewed as restraining physicians' self-interest and as introducing altruism towards the patient. We present a controlled experiment that analyzes the impact of professional norms on prospective physicians' trade-offs between their own profits, the patients' benefits, and the payers' expenses for medical care. Our data support the notion that professional norms derived from the Hippocratic tradition shift weight to the patient in physicians' decisions while decreasing their self-interest and efficiency concerns. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Professional norms and physician behavior: Homo oeconomicus or homo hippocraticus? journaltitle: Journal of Public Economics articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2015.08.009 content_type: article copyright: Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ispartof: Journal of Public Economics vol:131 pages:1-11 status: published

While extremely important and revolutionary, much feminist work on the economics of care has risked reinforcing an association of care with only women and with only women’s traditional activities. This essay revives the image of “husbandry,” understood as careful cultivation, tending, and management, as a complement to the image of mothering. A rich masculine prototype of care may be helpful in re-awakening male responsibility for care, and revitalizing the recognition of the necessity of concern and carefulness in all of economic life. The ''good husbandman'', in stark contrast to “economic man,” lives a fuller life, acting responsively and responsibly. This essay lays out the need for such a rich image; suggests applications to the environment, carework, and business management; and addresses some possible drawbacks.

This paper describes the intersection of the cooperative movement and Indigenous communities in Canada. The paper brings a lens of nation and race to an analysis of the cooperative movement in Canada, a perspective that has received limited attention in published literature. Cooperatives have had a dual role in Indigenous communities. The history of Indigenous cooperative development in Canada is inseparable from historical government colonization policies. In the current context, cooperatives have been utilized by Indigenous communities as a tool for economic and social development. Indigenous cooperatives demonstrate innovative combinations of “quadruple bottom line” business approaches, including financial, social, environmental and cultural goals. The extraordinary growth of Indigenous cooperatives in Canada, particularly in Inuit communities in the North, has also been supported by government policy implementation including financial and technical management support. A pan-Arctic comparison of government policies affecting development of cooperatives is provided as counter examples against the hypothesis of “cultural fit” between cooperatives and Indigenous communities. Ultimately, cooperatives are explained as an organizational form that can be co-opted for colonization or decolonization, capitalism or socialism, settler or Indigenous communities for their own specific purposes.

In crisis management, cooperation within the response network is seen as crucial. Usually, this network refers to authorities and nongovernmental organizations, such as the Red Cross. However, the authors argue that to improve societal resilience one should take a broader overview of the actors involved in crisis preparedness and mitigation, and also include the public. With this in mind, the role of communication is scrutinized and a conceptual framework developed as a starting point for further investigation into how communication may be developed to strengthen a community approach to crisis management that includes citizen groups in the broader response network. A model is presented along with four propositions for future research. These include developing inventory methods to assist in stakeholder mapping in the pre-crisis phase, investigating all-hazard approaches to preparedness, scrutinizing collaboration during crisis situations to identify barriers to community resilience, and clarifying the kinds of communication competence needed in crisis situations and reflecting on lessons learned. peerReviewed

Background: The work of contemporary school principals is intensifying in terms of its complexity and volume. Many factors moderate and drive such work intensification. This study aims to understand what and how factors interact to complicate principals’ work. Methods: Focus groups and an online survey were used for data collection. Three focus group sessions with eight principals were conducted to help develop and refine the online survey. The survey covers 12 key areas in principals’ work and was distributed among the members of Ontario Principals’ Council. Descriptive statistics, correlation and factor analysis were conducted on survey results. Results: The study shows that there are many key areas that moderate principals’ work, such as administrative duties and responsibilities, jurisdictional policies, external influences, partnerships, and challenges and possibilities. School principals are experiencing increased expectations at work in terms of the number of tasks they are expected to undertake, the duration of time they are required to complete those tasks, and the many challenges they face at their work. Conclusions: Principals’ choice of leadership approaches and practices is subject to factors that exist within and beyond schools. Such factors moderate the way that principals carry out their work and limit their choices in exercising their professional autonomy.

Cyberbullying is an international issue for schools, young people and their families. Whilst many research domains have explored this phenomenon, and bullying more generally, the majority of reported studies appear in the psychological and educational literatures, where bullying, and more recently, cyberbullying has been examined primarily at the individual level: amongst adolescents and young people, with a focus on the definition, its prevalence, behaviours, and impact. There also is growing evidence that younger children are increasingly accessing technology and engaging with social media, yet there is limited research dedicated to this younger age group. The purpose of this paper is to report on a systematic literature review from the psychological and educational research domains related to this younger age group, to inform future research across the disciplines. Younger children require different methods of engagement. This review highlights the methodological challenges associated with this age group present in the psychological literature, and argues for a greater use of sociological, child-centred approaches to data collection. This review examined studies published in English, between 2009 and 2014, and conducted with children aged 5–12 years, about their experiences with cyberbullying. Searches were conducted on seven key databases using keywords associated with cyberbullying and age of children. A Google Scholar search also examined published and unpublished reports. A total of 966 articles and reports were retrieved. A random peer review process was employed to establish inter-rater reliability and veracity of the review. Findings revealed 38 studies reported specifically on children aged 5–12 years. The dominant focus of these articles was on prevalence of cyberbullying, established through survey methodology. Few studies noted impacts, understanding and behaviours or engaged children’s independent voice. This review highlights current gaps in our knowledge about younger children’s experiences with this form of bullying, and the importance of employing cross-disciplinary and developmentally appropriate methodologies to inform future research. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The negative effects and the continuation of cyberbullying seem to depend on the coping strategies the victims use. To assess their coping strategies, self-report questionnaires (SRQs) are used. However, these SRQs are often subject to several shortcomings: the (single and topological) categorizations used in SRQs do not always adequately differentiate among various coping responses, in addition the strategies of general SRQs fail to accurately measure coping with cyberbullying. This study is therefore aimed to develop a SRQ that specifically measures coping with cyberbullying (i.e., Cyberbullying Coping Questionnaire, CCQ) and to discover whether other, not single and topological, categorizations of coping strategies can be found. Based on previous SRQs used in the (cyber)bullying (i.e., traditional and cyberbullying) literature (i.e., 49 studies were found with three different SRQs measuring coping with traditional bullying, cyberbullying or (cyber)bullying) items and categorizations were selected, compared and merged into a new questionnaire. In compliance with recommendations from the classical test-theory, a principal component analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis were done, and a final model was constructed. Seventeen items loaded onto four different coping categorizations: mental-, passive-, social-, and confrontational-coping. The CCQ appeared to have good internal consistency, acceptable test-retest reliability, good discriminant validity and the development of the CCQ fulfilled many of the recommendations from classical test-theory. The CCQ omits working in single and topological categorizations and measures cognitive, behavioral, approach and avoidance strategies.

There are many goals an instructor may wish to accomplish in a course on economic principles. For us one goal should be the education of a generation of sensible and active members of civil society. This is an ambitious goal: it requires that students internalize the economic way of thinking and learn to exercise active citizenry. After experimenting with a variety of methods, we have concluded that requiring students to write an op-ed is the most conducive to the development of the economic way of thinking. Here we share what we have learned in the process, hoping that the pedagogical capability of writing an op-ed will encourage others to adopt the assignment into their classrooms.

Prompted by the need to expand the criminological enterprise, this paper makes a case for a critical criminology of education, one that takes a governance approach. It seeks to illustrate what such a criminology might entail by developing an analytic framework with which to analyze the educational field. The framework is put to use to provide an analytic discussion of Ontario education policy reformations concerning student discipline. Education was conceptualized by policymakers as an institution for disciplining and governing students, specifically through the concept of “bullying”. From this analysis, the paper suggests it is possible to theorize education as a “security apparatus”, one that is increasingly concerned with the governance of social (in)security and public safety. The discussion suggests that education is an important institution for governing by identifying one regulatory project that concerns student behavior both within and beyond the school. In so doing, the paper illustrates the creative process in developing a criminology of education, and the value of imaginative thinking within criminology.

Due to the extent of markets globalization and of cross-border fragmentation of world production, the international value-added chains development brought about new challenges for emerging countries, many from SEE area, including Romania. The benefits for host countries arising from global production relocating on their territory could be significant in terms of employment, but maintaining active and even enriching the local work skills and cultural heritage. At the same time, these international transactions (through processing trade and/or FDI inflows) create vulnerabilities at the local level. The risks for host countries associated to other areas relocation of production could be mitigated by developing innovative and entrepreneurship heritage as drivers of sustainable growth and post-crisis economic recovery.

Social media, especially social network sites (SNS) such as Facebook have grown rapidly in popularity in the last ten years. [...]

Significant advancements have been made in cyber aggression literature, with many studies revealing the consequences associated with adolescents’ involvement in these behaviors. Few studies have focused on cyber aggression involvement in China, India, and Japan. The present study examined differences in cyber aggression perpetration and victimization among 1637 adolescents living in China, India, and Japan, while controlling for face-to-face bullying involvement, individualism, and collectivism. Another aim of the present study was to examine country of origin and cyber aggression involvement ( i.e ., the uninvolved, cyberaggressor-cybervictims, cyberaggressors, and cybervictims) differences in peer attachment. Findings revealed that adolescents from India had the highest levels of cyber aggression involvement when compared to adolescents from China or Japan. Chinese adolescents engaged in more cyber aggression perpetration and were victimized more by cyber aggression when compared to Japanese adolescents. No country of origin differences were found for peer attachment. However, uninvolved adolescents reported higher levels of peer attachment when compared to the other groups. Cyberaggressor-cybervictims had the lowest levels of peer attachment, followed by cybervictims and cyberaggressors. These results suggest that there should be concern about cyber aggression involvement among adolescents in these countries, especially in India, where cyber aggression research has been slow to develop.

In this paper I argue that one problem we face in understanding relations between school leadership and student learning is that core constructs in our work are often variably and weakly defined. Loose constructs pose problems because they contribute to fuzzy research, especially if constructs such as school leadership, management, or even instruction are weakly (or never explicitly) defined and operationalized. Fuzzy conceptualization makes comparing across studies, essential to the development of a robust empirical knowledge base, difficult if not impossible. Arguing that a critical but often overlooked challenge in studying relations between school administration and student learning is conceptual in nature, I begin by conceptualizing school administration and instruction from what I refer to as a distributed perspective, using theoretical work in distributed and situated cognition, activity theory, and micro sociology. I show how conceptualizing phenomena under study in particular ways shapes how we might frame and hypothesize relations among these phenomena. I contrast a distributed conceptualization with more conventional, individually focused conceptualizations of both phenomena. I then consider the entailments of my conceptualization of the two core phenomena for framing relations between them.

The aim of the proposed paper is to identify a possible cost benefit evaluation of assistive technologies in the context of promoting equal opportunities in life. Equal opportunities represent more than just ensuring an equitable framework for all individuals; equality represents recognition and respect for all individuals no matter the differences among us. The paper debates the issues of equality in the context of assistive technologies advance. The use of assistive technology was found to be predictive of enjoyment of human rights and increased capabilities for those with special needs. Because promoting equality among individuals necessitates more than doing nothing it is obvious that we should think of evaluating the costs and the benefits of such actions taking into consideration socio and economic aspects. The topic has a novelty and an applicability character mostly for our country.

The relationship between Facebook use and micro-level social capital has received substantial scholarly attention over the past decade. This attention has resulted in a large body of empirical work that gives insight into the nature of Facebook as a social networking site and how it influences the social benefits that people gather from having social relationships. Although the extant research provides a solid basis for future research into this area, a number of issues remain underexplored. The aim of the current article is twofold. First, it seeks to synthesize what is already known about the relationship between Facebook use and micro-level social capital. Second, it seeks to advance future research by identifying and analyzing relevant theoretical, analytical and methodological issues. To address the first research aim, we first present an overview and analysis of current research findings on Facebook use and social capital, in which we focus on what we know about (1) the relationship between Facebook use in general and the different subtypes of social capital, (2) the relationships between different types of Facebook interactions and social capital, and (3) the impact of self-esteem on the relationship between Facebook use and social capital. Based on this analysis, we subsequently identify three theoretical issues, two analytical issues and four methodological issues in the extant body of research, and discuss the implications of these issues for Facebook and social capital researchers.

Due to the ongoing debate regarding the definitions and measurement of cyberbullying, the present article critically appraises the existing literature and offers direction regarding the question of how best to conceptualise peer-to-peer abuse in a cyber context. Variations across definitions are problematic as it has been argued that inconsistencies with regard to definitions result in researchers examining different phenomena, whilst the absence of an agreed conceptualisation of the behaviour(s) involved hinders the development of reliable and valid measures. Existing definitions of cyberbullying often incorporate the criteria of traditional bullying such as intent to harm, repetition, and imbalance of power. However, due to the unique nature of cyber-based communication, it can be difficult to identify such criteria in relation to cyber-based abuse. Thus, for these reasons cyberbullying may not be the most appropriate term. Rather than attempting to “shoe-horn” this abusive behaviour into the preconceived conceptual framework that provides an understanding of traditional bullying, it is timely to take an alternative approach. We argue that it is now time to turn our attention to the broader issue of cyber aggression, rather than persist with the narrow focus that is cyberbullying.

Although principals are ultimately held accountable to student learning in their buildings, the most consistent research results have suggested that their impact on student achievement is largely indirect. Leithwood, Patten, and Jantzi proposed four paths through which this indirect influence would flow, and the purpose of this special issue is to examine in greater depth these mediating variables. Among mediating variables, we assert that trust is key. In this paper, we explore the evidence that points to the role that faculty trust in the principal plays in student learning and how principals can cultivate trust by attending to the five facets of trust, as well as the correlates of trust that mediate student learning, including academic press, collective teacher efficacy, and teacher professionalism. We argue that trust plays a role in each of the four paths identified by Leithwood, Patten, and Jantzi. Finally, we explore possible new directions for future research.

In recent years, economic and financial crimes have been increasing at a fast pace. No country, society, culture or community has been immune from its ravages, yet the international community has failed to cooperate to find a solution. A reason for this failure may be the lack of a clearly articulated moral foundation. A universal moral principle that could serve as the foundation must be concerned with harm and its prevention, and attract universal consent. We argue that the Golden Rule satisfies these requirements. The golden rule of “no harm” buttressed by the specificity of the four categories of generic rights and basic good, i.e. human dignity, trust, contract, and property, could emerge as a consensual global moral principle and allow the development of legislation, laws, standards, codes and conventions that would be accepted and respected by the international community in the fight against economic crimes. JEL codes: A13, A12, PSL Quarterly Review, V. 68, N. 272 (2015)

Whereas cross-sectional research has shown that transformational leadership, task interdependence, and self-efficacy are positively related to teachers’ engagement in reflective learning activities, the causal direction of these relations needs further inquiry. At the same time, individual teacher learning might play a mutual role in strengthening school-level capacity for sustained improvement. Building on previous research, this longitudinal study therefore examines how transformational leadership, task interdependence, self-efficacy, and teachers’ engagement in self-reflection mutually affect each other over time. Questionnaire data gathered on three measurement occasions from 655 Dutch Vocational Education and Training teachers was analyzed using a multivariate Latent Difference Score model. Results indicate that self-reflection and task interdependence reciprocally influence each other’s change. A considerate and stimulating transformational leader was found to contribute to this process. Change in self-efficacy was influenced by self-reflection, indicating that learning leads to competency beliefs. Together, the findings point to the important role transformational leadership practices play in facilitating teamwork, and sustaining teachers’ levels of learning in schools.

This issue of Environmental Values brings together some of the key problems in environmental values for the twenty-first century. What is the relationship between humans and Nature, is this changing and if so how; can the potential for domination and exploitation of others be counter-balanced and combated; what should be the role of humans in construction and manipulation of the world around them; does ecological restoration have a credible role; how can the values of male authoritarianism and cold blooded violence to others be countered; why is the evidence of on-going destruction and human-Nature conflict so easily brushed aside; what is the future of conservation and the environmental movement? Dressing the problems up as something they are not has become a strategic marketing exercise for ENGOs, undertaken to avoid scarring those living comfortable material lifestyles who have been numbed into a conformist existence of denial in which their donations buy penitence. As time runs out for more species and habitat and more greenhouse gases accumulate in the upper atmosphere, the main political agenda remains dominated by economic growth and advancing technology. Something substantive is now necessary to break this mould.

Because of the negative effects of cyberbullying, and because of its unique characteristics, interventions to stop cyberbullying are needed. For this purpose, more insightful information is needed about cyberbullying victims’ (i.e., the target group) experiences, perceptions, attitudes and motivations related to (coping with) cyberbullying. Five schools with 66 low-educated Dutch adolescents between 12 and 15 (53% female) participated in 10 focus group interviews. Results show that victims do not perceive all behaviors as cyberbullying and traditional bullying is generally perceived as worse than cyberbullying. Cyberbullies are perceived as sad, cowards and embarrassing themselves. Victims are perceived as easy targets, they wear strange clothes, act in a provocative manner and have a bad appearance. These perceptions often depend on context, the level of anonymity, being in a fight or not, the person sending the message and his/her behavior. Further, victims reacted to cyberbullying by acting nonchalant, by not actually saying anything and seeking help from others (i.e., parents are not often asked for help because they do not want to bother them, fear of restricted Internet privileges). It can be concluded that asking cyberbullying victims about their experiences in an open manner, and allowing them to discuss these experiences, likely results in new and insightful information compared to using self-reports. In this questioning the perception of adolescents is key to see what is perceived as cyberbullying.

This paper explores the central role of documentary filmmaking as a methodological practice in contemporary criminology. It draws from cultural criminology to develop emerging, open-ended practices for conducting ethnographically inflected audiovisual research that crafts sensory knowledge from aesthetic experience. First, it demonstrates how documentary criminology is an ethnographic practice that embraces audiovisual technologies to inflect, render, and depict the aesthetics of material, sensory, and corporeal experiences of crime and transgression as knowledge production. Second, it explores a particular type of lived experience that John Dewey terms “aesthetic” to demonstrate the sorts of tangible and intangible entities that documentary criminology can interpret, record and depict as knowledge. To demonstrate this approach, the article employs a variety of examples from cultural criminology and from the documentary Mardi Gras: Made in China. The final part of the paper turns to an analysis of Mardi Gras: Made in China itself to illustrate the overlap of theory, methods, and reflexive practices of documentary criminology within four broad aesthetic domains: temporality, topography, corporeality, and the personal. The inclusion of documentary within an open-ended methodological sensibility, both as a mode of analysis and as a means of producing sensory knowledge, can expand the criminological imagination. Mardi Gras: Made in China (23 minutes select scenes) from David Redmon.

The paper aimed to present consumption risks of pesticidecontaining products. It is based on the statistical data provided by Ministry of Agriculture, Forests and Rural Development and National Institute of Statistics. The data have been processed into the following indicators: consumption of agricultural products, vegetable consumption, fruit consumption, meat consumption, the amount of pesticides used in Romanian agriculture and pesticide effects on consumer health. During the analyzed period, the quantity of pesticide was decreased but the human health effects are worrisome

It is not fruitful to puzzle over the question whether economists and others ‘favor’ or ‘lean’ toward the regulatory or welfare state; that is an unhelpful and confusing question, one that orients people in the wrong way. It is better to begin by emphasizing that the first should be designed to handle market failures, and that the second should be designed to respond to economic deprivation and unjustified inequality.

Amartya Sen képességszemléletének középpontjában az emberek szabadsága áll, az arra való tényleges lehetőségük, hogy általuk értékesnek tartott életet élhessenek. E keretben a szegénység nem ragadható meg kizárólag az anyagi javak hiányával - az a ténylegesen megvalósítható cselekedetek és létállapotok szűkös voltát jelenti. Célunk, hogy a képességszemléletre támaszkodva javaslatot tegyünk a szegénységkezelési programok kialakításának legfontosabb szempontjaira. Majd megvizsgáljuk, hogy ez az elemzési keret - a képességszemlélettel összhangban meghatározott szempontok - hogyan jelenik meg a szegénységkezelésben érintett helyi döntéshozók, szakértők és civilek gondolkodásmódjában, először általánosságban majd egy konkrét projekt - a hátrányos helyzetűek számára tervezett szegedi lakópark ötletének - kapcsán. Eredményeink szerint a szegénységgel összefüggő gondolkodás illeszkedik a képességszemlélet érveihez, azonban értékelési keretünk egyes szempontjainak figyelembevétele eltérő súlyt kap a szegénységgel kapcsolatos általános gondolkodás és a konkrét esetről alkotott vélemények kapcsán. Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kód: A13, I30, I32, O15, O19., The capability approach of Amartya Sen focuses on the freedom of individuals: their real chances of leading a life they have a reason to value. Within this framework, poverty is not solely a shortage of material goods, but a shortage of valuable pursuits and positions that individuals are free to choose. The paper sets out to identify the main considerations for poverty-reduction initiatives based on the capability approach, and then to test this framework through qualitative empirical analysis carried out in Hungary. The authors analyse how the aspects of poverty reduction proposed in line with the arguments of the capability approach are reflected by various stakeholders of poverty-reduction initiatives (decision-makers, experts and civil activists). They first analyse the general thinking of stakeholders on poverty, then examine the opinion of these on a planned housing project for the disadvantaged in Szeged. It is found that general stakeholder thinking on poverty matches the arguments of the capability approach, but the given aspects of the proposed framework are considered to different extents when thinking generally about poverty and when evaluating a specific case.

This paper argues that the welfare state and regulation are not inevitably in harmony. In the post-Keynesian period of ‘austerity,’ the tendency is for state regulation to focus more on supporting market-creating activities of capital than of market-controlling features that would protect people and the environment.

The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown exponentially in the last two decades. There are different views of the role of the firm in society and disagreement as to whether wealth maximization should be the sole goal of a corporation. Nevertheless, there still remains a debate about the legitimacy and value of corporate responses to CSR concerns. This paper examines the effect of CSR on financial performance. It examines the effect CSR- related shareholder proposals lead to positive announcements returns and superior accounting performance. Also, the channels through which companies benefit from CSR are examined. The paper finds that CSR improves employee satisfaction and helps companies cater to customers that are responsive to sustainable practices and that the adoption of CSR proposals is associated with an increase in labor productivity and sales growth. The results indicate that the sign of the relationship is positive and statistically significant relationship between corporate social responsibility and financial performance, supporting the view that socially responsible corporate performance can be associated with a series of bottom-line benefits.

This article applies feminist theory with cultural criminology to explore the role of theatre in the lives of criminalized women. Theatre initiatives for criminalized populations are growing worldwide, and so we are seeking to better understand how these two realms intersect. This article is based on a case study which was conducted at the Clean Break Theatre Company in London, England in the summer of 2013. We explore some of the emerging themes, which took shape from a thematic analysis. First we describe how theatre can be used as a lens into the experiences of criminalized women, and then as a tool for growth in their lives. The role of environment at Clean Break, and the role of voice from practicing theatre in a women-only environment are then discussed. Lastly, the roles of transformation and growth overall for the participants are explored in relation to their experiences with theatre practices. This article works to understand how theatre practices can elevate and adapt cultural criminology into a new form of imaginative criminology, and questions how we can embrace this form of engagement between theatre and criminology within a Canadian context.

In heterogeneous markets, one of the many consumer groups is that of green product buyers. With rising ethical values, the green market is assuming its place in a general growth trend. Given this, it is important to determine the profile of green product buyers. This study aims to find out whether there are sub-markets for green product buyers, based on their personal values and consumption values, and to determine a detailed profile for these buyers. Both personal values and consumption values are basic factors guiding consumer behaviour and affecting consumption preferences. The data was collected, through surveys in Turkey, from green consumers who were members of the TEMA (the Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats) council. The result of our clustering analysis indicates that green product buyers could be segmented into sub-groups according to their personal values and consumption values.

The transition to adulthood is a developmental period marked by increased stress, especially among African Americans. In addition to stress related to emerging adulthood, neighborhood fear may contribute to depressive symptoms for African Americans. We examined gender differences in longitudinal associations between changes in perceived neighborhood fear, parental support, and depressive symptoms among African American youth who were in transition to adulthood. Five hundred and thirteen African American youths (235 males and 278 females) were included in the study. An increase in perceived neighborhood fear was associated with an increase in depressive symptoms, and change in perceived maternal support was predictive of depressive symptoms among males, but not females. The findings suggest that policies and programs should help parents provide support to young adult children who live in violent neighborhoods as a strategy to prevent depressive symptoms during emerging adulthood.

Moral narratives have a substantive effect on the research conclusions of economists. This is one of the findings from a recent survey of economists that we conducted, which found a relationship between views on empirical economic propositions and moral judgments. This finding may help to answer the question this symposium asks: Why don’t U.S. economists ever support the welfare state and oppose the regulatory state, or vice versa? We find the same moral narrative supports or opposes both states in tandem. To support one and oppose the other would be morally incoherent.

I suggest that the growing divide between economists on the left and right reflects three factors: epistemic differences (that is, differences in assessing empirical matters), values, and tribalism. I begin by sketching out a simple model to explain the epistemic divide between economists on the left and the right. I also provide some empirical data in support of that model. I will suggest that the deep chasm between economists on the left and the right did not exist as recently as the 1990s. Then I try to explain why the liberalization wave of the 1980s and 1990s first came about, and why it continued until relatively recently. Finally, I discuss some differences in values, and what seems like a growing pattern of tribalism in the economic profession, mirroring broader changes in American society.

Im Frühjahr 2013 wurde bekannt, dass bayerische Landtagsabgeordnete Verwandte als Mitarbeiter angestellt hatten und diese mit Steuergeldern bezahlt wurden. Eine neue Studie, die untersucht, ob die Verwicklung in den Skandal das Wahlergebnis der CSU und die Wahlbeteiligung beeinflusst hat, zeigt nicht, dass sich der Skandal auf das Wahlergebnis oder die Wahlbeteiligung der Bayerischen Landtagswahl 2013 ausgewirkt hat.

Social movements emerge as part of and in response to the prevailing relations of power. They emerge to make visible identities rendered invisible, abnormal or excluded by these relationships, to challenge currently dominant ideas as to how society should be organized, to draw attention to needs not currently attended to under existing social arrangements, or to argue that existing arrangements need protecting and deepening. The scholars agree that relatively few social movements emerge specifically around the issue of poverty, in particularly poverty as defined by lack. However, if poverty is a product of prevailing relations of power, to the extent that different movements emerge to challenge or deepen these relations, then social movements are necessarily relevant to the existing status of poverty and the likelihood that it may change.

The harmful effects of bullying and harassment on children have long been of concern to parents, educators, and policy makers. The online world presents a new environment in which vulnerable children can be victimized and a space where perpetrators find new ways to perform acts of harassment. While online bullying is often considered to be an extension of persistent offline behavior, according to EU Kids Online (2011), the most common form of bullying is in person, face-to-face. With the rise in use of mobile Internet technologies, this balance is changing. Increased levels of use and more time spent online accessed through a variety of devices has increased children’s exposure to a range of online risks, including cyberbullying. This article presents the findings of the Net Children Go Mobile project, a cross-national study of children aged 9–16 in seven European countries. The research builds on the work of EU Kids Online and supports the identification of new trends in children’s online experiences of risk and safety. The study finds that while overall levels of bullying have remained relatively static, levels of online bullying have increased, particularly among younger teens. The relationship between cyberbullying and the use of mobile Internet technologies is examined and factors contributing to increased levels of cyberbullying are highlighted.

Informed by body-phenomenology, pragmatism, and critical theory, this aphoristic essay comprises a consideration of some of the more dire consequences of human Empire-building among anthropic animals. The notion of human teleology, active beneath social class, gender, and other anthropic qualifiers, is theorized as a dead end, an abstraction translated into real power and propped up at the cost of actual bodyselves—fully corporeal living individuals—and attentiveness to their needs. In this context, animal liberation, usually referring to ending the domination of other animals at anthropic hands, is posited as pertinent to anthropic animality, especially under late modernity’s “desomatizing regime”. Animal liberation, it is held, speaks to each and every one of us, though in ways depending on the specificity of our lived situations, and unmasks the ultimate absurdity of attempts to overcome our animal condition, attempts historically coalescing precisely in human Empire.

The internet provides the means through which a “self-activating terrorist” may first self-radicalize through some imaginary or sympathetic connection with an organized terrorist network. Additionally, the internet allows such a self-activating terrorist to move into the stage of radical violent action. The internet serves both functions by providing the lone wolf with not only a rhetorical medium for self-justification and communication through the use of “monster talk” and its converse, the rhetoric about the “good citizen,” but it is also a source for relatively inexpensive and more unpredictable technologies of mass destruction. Crucial to this analysis is the distinction between radicalization of thought and radicalization of action, as a theoretical rhetoric of radicalization does not automatically convert into a rhetoric of radical action unless there are catalysts at work. The internet, as well as imagined relations cemented by the rhetorics of “jihadi cool” or “jihadi chic,” function as these crucial catalysts, galvanizing monster talk into monstrous action. The article focuses specifically on the case of self-activating terrorist Colleen LaRose to analyze how different factors—mental, psychological, social, and economic—interact with imaginative elements, such as surrogate father-mentor-lover relations for LaRose, and contribute to the formation of a self-activating terrorist, and what ultimately motivates and galvanizes her to move from a rhetoric of radical talk to a rhetoric of radical action, using Silber and Bhatt’s model of radicalization as an initial heuristic. In the case of Colleen LaRose, the romance of “jihadi chic” or “jihadi cool” (the converse of the rhetoric of the monstrous “infidel” or “lone wolf terrorist”) was an essential factor to her self-radicalization. It is this imagined status of “jihadi chic” or “jihadi cool” (that nevertheless must somehow have a look of “reality” or “authenticity” and command a response from its audience) that continues to be a crucial component of the success of recruitment strategies of radical jihadi groups, such as ISIS.

School leaders’ influence on student achievement is largely indirect. Using systematic review techniques, this chapter assesses the impact that leaders have on their students when they focus their improvement efforts on those teacher emotions or dispositions known to have direct effects on teaching and learning in the classroom. Building on an earlier conceptions of how leadership influences student learning and based on a review of research over the last 25 years, this chapter identifies four distinct teacher emotions which have significant effects on student learning – collective teacher efficacy, teacher commitment, teacher trust in others, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior. This chapters also describes leadership practices likely to foster productive teacher emotions, most such practices reflecting a transformational approach to leadership.

This study first examines the effects of parental divorce and paternal crime on offspring offending. Then, it tests whether parental divorce moderates the intergenerational transmission of crime. Diversity within the offending population is taken into account by examining whether effects are different for fathers who commit crimes at different points of the life-course and by distinguishing between violent and non-violent offending. A sample of 2374 individuals from three consecutive generations from 198 Dutch families was used. The results show that parental divorce increases offspring non-violent offending, but does not increase offspring violence after controlling for parental violence. Moreover, the intergenerational transmission of violence is moderated by parental divorce: empirical evidence for intergenerational transmission of violence is only found for children who did not experience parental divorce during their youth. This moderating effect of parental divorce is even stronger if the father committed violent crimes during the child’s youth. The moderating influence of parental divorce on the intergenerational transmission of non-violent crime is less clear, and the effects are overall stronger for violent crime than for non-violent crime. These results suggest that social learning mechanisms play an important role in the intergenerational transmission of violent crime, although genetic influences cannot be ruled out.

Mainstream academic economists fall disproportionately into two opposing groups. In one of these groups, the members see free markets as tending to fail relative to formal theoretical conditions for optimality. In the other group, the members see free markets as tending to work better than any alternative institutional arrangement, including an arrangement produced by pervasive government attempts to remedy perceived ‘market failures.’ Members of these two groups tend to favor different methodological precepts and research strategies. They also tend to embrace different ideologies and correspondingly different personal and professional identities. Economists who see nearly every real-world market as ‘failing’ naturally tend to favor welfare-state measures to ‘correct’ the distributions of income and wealth that such defective markets generate as a by-product of their operation.

In the United States, on matters of the welfare state and the regulatory state, virtually no economist favors one while opposing the other. Such pattern is a common and intuitive impression, and is supported by scatterplots of survey data. But what explains the pattern? Why don’t some economists favor one and oppose the other? The present article is a Prologue to a symposium co-sponsored by the Mercatus Center at George Mason University. This Prologue elaborates the thing to be explained, and it poses several questions. Responses to the Prologue have been contributed by Dean Baker, Andreas Bergh, Robert Higgs, Arnold Kling, Marjorie Griffin Cohen, Anthony Randazzo and Jonathan Haidt, Scott Sumner, and Cass Sunstein. The symposium can be accessed at this link.

The multidimensional challenges confronting humanity today, combined with our inability to fully harness the abundant human, social, technological, and financial resources to meet human needs, point to serious insufficiencies in prevailing economic theory modeled on the natural science. A paradigm change is needed in the social sciences akin to that which occurred in Physics a century ago. A human-centered theoretical framework is needed to bridge the divide between economics and human values, reintegrate economy with society, and unify the objective and subjective, individual and collective dimensions of social reality. This article identifies nine essential characteristics of new economic theory.