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Buchanania lanzan Spreng, a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is a valuable tropical fruit tree native to India. This tree species possesses enormous pharmacological properties and socio-economic significance but is underutilised due to inadequate genetic diversity and germplasm wealth resources data. The present investigation attempted to evaluate the diversity of nine accessions of B. lanzan obtained from three distinct geographical locations in the Chhattisgarh state of India using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers. Ten ISSR primers were used, of which eight ISSR primers produced remarkable bands selected for genetic diversity analysis. The ISSR primers produced a total of 127 loci, of which 63 loci exhibited polymorphism. On average, each primer yielded 7.87 loci. The maximum polymorphism was observed for primer BLA4 (77.77%), while primer BLA10 exhibited the lowest polymorphism (25%). An average 49.87% polymorphism was detected amongst nine accessions using eight ISSR primers. The Jaccard's similarity coefficient exhibited a range of values between 0.63 and 0.98. Genetic variability in B. lanzan accessions is low owing to low polymorphism percentage, although they belong to different agroclimatic regions of the Chhattisgarh state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Mugla Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Mugla Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plums have recently played a significant role in agriculture with their high fiber content, vitamins, and antioxidant substances. In addition to being consumed as fresh fruit worldwide, it is grown commercially in dried form or as various processed additives. In this study, the variation among plum genotypes growing naturally in the garden borders of Suşehri, Koyulhisar, and Akıncılar districts of Sivas province, located in the Kelkit Valley, Türkiye, was investigated using morphological, biochemical and molecular analyses. In terms of morphological characteristics, genotype E9 stood out as having the highest values in terms of fruit weight (25.92 g), fruit width (33.11 mm), and fruit height (34.70 mm). According to the results of biochemical analysis, statistically significant differences were found in total biochemical contents. Genotype E19 has 327.01 mg GAE/100 g for total phenolic content, genotype E11 with 109.98 mg QE/100 g for total flavonoid content, genotype E5 with 48.70% for total antioxidant value, and genotype E9 with 44.54 mg cyn-3-gluc/100 g for total anthocyanin content were the highest values. To determine the genetic diversity of plums at a molecular level, 10 different ISSR primers were used, and a total of 80.00 scorable bands were obtained. 67.00 of the bands obtained were polymorphic. According to the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method, the similarity index ranged between 0.69 and 0.99, and two different main groups were formed in the dendrogram. Genotypes 21 and 22 were in the first group. Genotypes E6 and E7 were the closest genotypes with a similarity index 0.99. Five of the 10 different inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers had 100% polymorphism, and eight had 80% or more polymorphism. It is thought that the results obtained in plum genotypes can guide researchers to understand the characteristics of plum species and to integrate the appropriate genetic material or trait of interest into modern plant breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation and research of genetic resources of key crops and their use in the global farming system present the main trends for developing sustainable agriculture and producing healthy food products. This study aims to investigate the available genetic resources of (Phaseolus spp. L.) landraces and breeding lines/varieties to identify promising genotypes with a view to their further use for breeding as a source of new germplasm. Investigation and evaluation of 18 accessions of Phaseolus spp. L. from Bulgaria for economically important agronomic traits and molecular approaches using ISSR and SCAR marker systems were carried out. The genetic characterization by seven SCAR markers was applied to the selected genotypes to determine the genes associated with the resistance to economically important diseases. The population structure of Phaseolus spp. L. was determined using the grouping method based on Bayesian models based on six ISSR markers and STRUCTURE software. Based on a comparison between the ISSR molecular marker and descriptors results and the higher Q value, the no admixture ancestry model and correlated allele frequencies were the parameters combination selected for describing the population structure of the selected genotypes. The correspondence between the ISSR-based analysis and the descriptors showed that 14 (77.78%) of the 18 Phaseolus accessions groups were in the same cluster in both methods. Promising genotypes have been identified based on the applied integrated research approach - phenotypic and

Türkiye is the homeland of many plant species and has a significant genetic diversity. It is seen that different natural almond species grown in the region were included in the breeding research conducted on almonds, which is one of these critical species. In this study, natural almond genotypes grown in Türkiye and different commercial foreign-origin almond cultivar and genotypes obtained from intraspecies hybridization were evaluated morphologically and molecularly. In the hybrid genotypes obtained, plant growth was determined as weak, medium, and strong; plant habitus was upright, upright to spreading, spreading, and drooping; anthocyanin coloration was determined as light, medium, and strong; shoot pubescence was weak and strong, leaf blade/leaf width ratio was determined as medium and high. To determine the genetic diversity of parent plants and hybrid genotypes molecularly, 10 different inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers were used, a total of 99 scoreable bands, 84 of which were determined as polymorphic. According to the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic means (UPGMA), the similarity index varied between 0.67 and 0.97, and two different main groups were formed in the dendrogram. Ninety-eight of 141 hybrid genotypes are in the first group. Genotypes Texas × A1-10 and Texas × A4-4 were included in the first group with a similarity index of 0.97. 100% polymorphism was determined in five different ISSR primers, and 80% or higher polymorphism was determined in seven of 10 primers. This group includes genotypes obtained from combinations using the Texas cultivar, mainly depending on the parent's parents. In the second leading group, there are 34 different hybrid individuals with mother and father parents. The results obtained would guide researchers in almond breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic characterization of plant genetic resources is a prerequisite for a strategic breeding programme. Bottle gourd is an important cucurbit grown throughout India for its tender fruits used for culinary purposes. For the present investigation, twenty-four genotypes of bottle gourd were collected from Eastern India to examine the magnitude of genetic diversity based on 16 quantitative traits and seven ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) markers. In the morphological study, genotypes performed significantly in all traits; however, BRBG-65 (591.10 q/ha) proved to be a high yielder with other attributing traits in a pooled analysis of two growing seasons, compared to all three check cultivars of the region. Almost all the traits under study showed a high percentage of genotypic coefficient of variation, phenotypic coefficient of variation and heritability with genetic advance. Quantitative traits like fruit weight, number of fruits per vine and yield of marketable fruits per vine displayed a strong character association with the yield per hectare. The principal component analysis of quantitative traits depicted six principal components, accounting for 79.33% of the total variations. The first two components accounted for 44.92 cumulative percent of the total variation, signifying a high degree of correlation between the analyzed traits. In the molecular study, the average polymorphism percentage was obtained by the ISSR marker pattern studied by seven primers. Totally, 48 reproducible amplicons were generated, with an average of around 6.85 amplicons per primer. The values of polymorphic information content, major allele frequency, Nei's gene diversity, and Shannon's information index were obtained in a wide range. A wide range of values regarding Jaccard's similarity coefficient was also ensured through ISSR markers. Dendrogram and similarity matrix produced from ISSR data were then compared and confirmed the discrimination among genotypes within these clusters. Most genotypes studied in the present experiment differed according to their geographic origin. The investigation highlights the potential utilization of these germplasms for further genetic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conservation and research of genetic resources of key crops and their use in the global farming system present the main trends for developing sustainable agriculture and producing healthy food products. This study aims to investigate the available genetic resources of (Phaseolus spp. L.) landraces and breeding lines/varieties to identify promising genotypes with a view to their further use for breeding as a source of new germplasm. Investigation and evaluation of 18 accessions of Phaseolus spp. L. from Bulgaria for economically important agronomic traits and molecular approaches using ISSR and SCAR marker systems were carried out. The genetic characterization by seven SCAR markers was applied to the selected genotypes to determine the genes associated with the resistance to economically important diseases. The population structure of Phaseolus spp. L. was determined using the grouping method based on Bayesian models based on six ISSR markers and STRUCTURE software. Based on a comparison between the ISSR molecular marker and descriptors results and the higher Q value, the no admixture ancestry model and correlated allele frequencies were the parameters combination selected for describing the population structure of the selected genotypes. The correspondence between the ISSR-based analysis and the descriptors showed that 14 (77.78%) of the 18 Phaseolus accessions groups were in the same cluster in both methods. Promising genotypes have been identified based on the applied integrated research approach - phenotypic and genotypic with the potential for integrating into breeding programs as a source of new germplasm of Phaseolus spp. L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an annual, outcross plant with medicinal properties. It is adapted to arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This research aimed to evaluate genetic parameters such as GCA and genetic distance based on molecular markers and important traits for parent selection among diverse genotypes of cumin. For this purpose, ISSR markers and a polycross assay were conducted. Forty-nine half-sib families were obtained from the polycross test and were evaluat ed for two years under normal and drought stress conditions. The measurements were aimed at 1000-seed weight, mechanized harvest height, and seed yield. The statistical analysis guided a selection of elite parents due to the high genetic diversity among half-sib families. An estimation of narrow sense heritability and general combining ability of the studied traits revealed the contribution of both additive and non-additive effects in genetically controlling the evaluated traits. According to the general combining ability, drought tolerance indices and genetic distance of 49 genotypes, the top 10 candidates were selected for the production of drought-tolerant seeds. From a molecular perspective, the banding patterns obtained from ISSR markers showed significant genetic diversity among all genotypes and indicated a proper distance among ten selected parents. The findings of this experiment provided a starting point for cumin breeding. It is likely that a breeding program would proceed with random pollinations among the ten select genotypes under controlled conditions to produce high-yield drought-to lerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DROUGHT is a significant abiotic stress that has a significant impact on rice growth, production, and quality. Furthermore, water scarcity is expected to become increasingly severe and frequent as a result of climate change, particularly in arid environments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of water deficit on morphological, physiological and agronomic of eight rice varieties with different genetic backgrounds. In addition to apply two PCR-based molecular marker systems ISSR and SCoT to assess the genetic diversity among the studied rice varieties. The results revealed that, water shortage stress significantly reduced relative water content, total chlorophyll content, grain yield, and yield characteristics. While, it significantly increased proline content and antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, APX, and SOD) compared to normal irrigation treatment. The combined analysis of variance demonstrated that the mean squares for environments, varieties, and their interaction were highly significant for all investigated traits. The evaluated genotypes exhibited varied responses to drought-stress conditions. The Puebla and Hispagran varieties possessed the highest performance for most of the evaluated parameters and surpassed the other tested genotypes under water-deficit conditions. Therefore, it could be exploited in rice breeding programs for waterdeficit tolerance. The ISSR primers produce 46 amplified bands with an average of 6.6 bands/primer and 49.64% polymorphism. The SCoT primers reveal 46 bands with a mean of 11.5 bands/primer and 57% polymorphism. Both marker systems were informative, and the average polymorphism information content (PIC) was 0.33 and 0.38 for ISSR and SCoT, respectively. The dendrogram generated by ISSR and SCoT markers combined data divided the varieties into two major clusters. Cluster I consisted of the genotype Sakha 106. Cluster II retained seven varieties, which were further divided into two sub-clusters; Sakha 101, Sakha 105, Sakha 106, Sakha 107 constituted the first subgroup, while Giza 177, Hispagran, and Puebla formed the second one. It could be concluded that, Puebla, Hispagran, and sakha 108, which recorded the highest desirable values for the majority of studied traits under water deficit stress, could be used as a doner in rice breeding programs to develop new promising lines under water shortage conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the propagation challenges faced by ‘Shine Muscat’, a newly introduced premium grapevine cultivar in South Korea, where multiple viral infections pose considerable economic loss. The primary objective was to establish a robust in vitro propagation method for producing disease-free grapes and to identify effective plant growth regulators to facilitate large-scale mass cultivation. After experimentation, 2.0 µM 6-benzyladenine (BA) exhibited superior shoot formation in the Murashige and Skoog medium compared with kinetin and thidiazuron. Conversely, α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) hindered shoot growth and induced callus formation, while indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) demonstrated favorable root formation, with IBA showing better results overall. Furthermore, inter simple sequence repeat analysis confirmed the genetic stability of in vitro-cultivated seedlings using 2.0 μM BA and 1.0 μM IBA, validating the suitability of the developed propagation method for generating disease-free ‘Shine Muscat’ grapes. These findings offer promising prospects for commercial grape cultivation, ensuring a consistent supply of healthy grapes in the market.

ISSR markers were used in the study of the genetic diversity of 46 imported lentil varieties. The lentil collection had a strikingly high level of polymorphism (76%). The UBC 810 and UBC 809 primers have the highest polymorphism rates among the primers, exceeding 85.7%. The use of nine ISSR markers resulted in 69 pieces, with 76% displaying polymorphism. The computed average genetic diversity index ranged from 0.56 to 0.81, indicating a wide range of genetic variation among lentil genotypes. Accessions were classified into six unique groups as a consequence of cluster analysis. The most divergent genotypes within their respective clusters were identified as Flip 2010-96 and Flip 2011-41, Flip 2011-32 and Flip 2011-97, 10932 and Flip 2011-20, and Flip 2010-81 and Flip 2011-19. These findings bear noteworthy implications for the future of lentil breeding, cultivation, and protection. The observed genetic diversity imparts valuable insights that can be harnessed to fortify lentil crops, fostering resilience and adaptability. The identified distant genotypes present promising avenues for targeted breeding initiatives, facilitating the development of lentil varieties harboring diverse and desirable traits. In summation, this study contributes pivotal information to the scientific community, establishing a framework for subsequent research and progress in the improvement of lentil crops.

ObjectivePulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss, known as Kak-Kosh, is a desert-adapted species that has been widely distributed throughout Iran. This plant is a source of flavonoids and terpenes that are used in traditional medicine. Considering the medicinal importance of this plant, the aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of molecular and morphological markers to separate the populations.Materials and methodsIn this research, 20 populations of this species were collected from Kerman, Fars, Yazd and Hormozgan provinces and their genetic diversity was analyzed using 10 morphological traits and 25 ISSR primers. Sampling for genetic and morphological studies were carried out in spring and late summer, respectively.ResultsA total of 150 ISSR marker fragments were scored and 139 bands were found to be polymorphic [the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB): 92.67%]. The average number of effective alleles (Ne) and expected Heterozygosity (uHe) for the amplification products were 1.470 and 0.288 respectively. Both Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and UPGMA cluster analysis supported the clustering of all the populations into two groups. Small cluster contained populations 15, 18 and 19 and other populations were placed in a large Cluster. A weak relationship was observed between genetic diversity and GIS data. The Factor Analysis (FA) results for morphological traits detected three principal components with Eigen value greater than one (reproductive, leaf area, and vegetative components), which explained 69.24% of the total variability. These three components explained 28.77, 21.05 and 19.42 percentage of variability respectively. The FA analysis separated a group from the other populations.ConclusionsIn the present study, high levels of genetic and morphologic diversity were found between P. gnaphalodes populations. So that geographical separations have a weak effect on genetic diversity of populations. It seems that some probable factors such as perianality, self-incompatibility, pollination system, seed dispersal by wind, and gene flow could support achieving the population in a high level of genetic diversity.

Objective This research aimed to identify Fusariums belonging to Elegans and Martiella-Ventricosum sections related to cucurbit plants in Tehran province and to evaluate the ability of ISSR markers to investigate the kinship relationships of these groups of Fusariums. Materials and methods In this research, five ISSR primers (AG)8C, (AG)8G, (AC)8YA, (ATG)6 and BHB(GA)7 were selected. Fungal isolates identified based on morphological and microscopic characteristics. For ISSR markers, the statistics of polymorphism information content (PIC), Marker Index (MI) and Effective Multiplex Ratio (EMR) were calculated. Relationships and similarity between Fusarium isolates were analyzed using NTSYS-PC V2.02. Results Out of 96 Fusarium isolates, 48 isolates were identified as Fusarium solani, 25 isolates as Fusarium oxysporum and 23 isolates as Fusarium redolens. A total of 408 bands were obtained from ISSR amplifications. 130 different bands were produced, of which 83 were polymorphic and 47 were monomorphic. The size of PCR fragments produced varied from 273 to 2428 bp. The polymorphism percentage, ranged from the highest (73%) for (ATG)6 to the lowest (56%) for (AG)8C. Primers (ATG)6 and BHB(GA)7 performed better in differentiation Elegans and Martiella-Ventricosum sections from each other. Primers (AG)8C with 26 gene loci, and BHB(GA)7 with 25 gene loci, produced the most bands in Elegans isolates and Martiella-Ventricosum isolates, respectively. Conclusions The results of this research showed that there was a high genetic diversity among the investigated Fusarium isolates and that the ISSR markers are efficient markers to reveal the molecular relationships between Fusarium populations.

Syntormon pallipes is one of the cosmopolitan species in the family Dolichopodidae. It has an important role in agriculture and forest ecosystems. We studied the genetic diversity of 10 populations of this species using seven ISSR primers and found 269 polymorphic loci. The polymorphism rate ranged between 34.6% and 72.1%. A molecular variance analysis showed that the main source of genetic variation originates from within the populations. In addition, the genetic differentiation value (GST) was found to be low, with a value of 0.13. The gene flow level (Nm) is high with a value of 3.11 per generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Genetic erosion increases the vulnerability of plants to environmental and biological stresses. The wild relatives of cultivated plants are undeniably very useful for the modern agricultural breeders in the richness of their vast gene pool, which, according to this genetic diversity, forms the basis of breeding programs and makes it possible to improve plants with desirable traits and characteristics.Materials and methods: The effectiveness of ISSR and leaf soluble proteins markers in examining the genetic diversity of 12 Agropyron elongatum genotypes collected from different regions of Kermanshah province in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Research and Education Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kermanshah Province were investigated in 2019.Results: Based on leaf soluble proteins, 14 bands were observed for genotypes, the highest number of bands were related to genotypes 2G, 5G and 7G with 13 bands and the lowest number of bands were related to 4G with 9 bands. Soluble proteins did not show a high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes and a total 36% of bands were polymorphic. Grouping of genotypes based on soluble proteins showed that genotypes 1G, 5G, 12G and 10G were in the first group, 4G, 3G and 9G were in the second group and 6G, 7G, 8G, 2G and 11G were in the third group. The grouping obtained from the genotypes did not correspond to their geographical distribution and due to the high similarity of the genotypes, no favorable polymorphism was observed with regard to leaf soluble proteins. In total, the soluble proteins did not have the ability to suitable separation within the species for the species of Tall wheatgrass. Based on ISSR primers, a total of 73 bands were observed, of which 70 bands were polymorphic among genotypes. The average percentage of polymorphism among genotypes was 96.25%. The lowest number of bands was related to IS3 primer (3 bands) and the highest number of bands was related to IS5 primer (10 bands). Primers IS3, IS10, IS11, IS13, and IS14 were introduced as suitable primers for investigating the populations of Tall wheatgrass species. The grouping of genotypes based on ISSR data was highly consistent with the geographical distribution of genotypes. The first group included 8G, 9G and 10G, and the genotypes of this group belonged to two cities of Javanrood and Ravansar. The second group included 5G, 6G and 7G. The genotypes of this group belonged to Eslamabad-e Gharb region. The third group was 11G and 12G. This group was also from Harsin region. The fourth group included 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G. The genotypes of this group belonged to Kermanshah. Genotypes from Javanroud and Ravansar had the highest genetic distance with other genotypes, and the genotypes from Harsin had the least genetic distance similarity with the genotypes from Kermanshah.Conclusion: The ISSR marker was more efficient than the soluble proteins in determining the intraspecies genetic diversity of the studied genotypes, and the genotypes of Javanrud and Ravansar (8G, 9G, and 10G) had the greatest genetic distance with the genotypes of Kermanshah (1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G).

Introduction: Knowledge of the amount of genetic diversity in germplasms provides plant breeders with valuable information for the effective preservation of genetic resources and their use. More knowledge about genetic diversity and genetic factors of diversity is very beneficial for exploring new genes. Maintaining such diversity and using it in breeding programs is one of the main principles of biological conservation and genetic breeding of crop plants.Materials and methods: This research was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity in 20 different durum wheat genotypes, including landraces, improved cultivars, and breeding lines using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers. In this research, 31 RAPD primers and 13 ISSR primers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity in durum wheat genotypes.Results: Based on the results, the studied genotypes had significant diversity based on both molecular markers. In RAPD analysis, 31 primers amplified 319 bands, of which 204 bands were polymorphic and the percentage of polymorphic bands was estimated at 63.94%. In ISSR markers, 13 primers produced 125 bands, of which 88 bands were polymorphic and the total percentage of polymorphic bands was estimated at 70.4%. Genetic similarity and cluster analysis of RAPD and ISSR were estimated using the Jaccard coefficient. For RAPD, the similarity index values ​​ranged from 0.22 to 0.90, and for ISSR from 0.22 to 0.94, which indicated the presence of high genetic diversity at the molecular level for the studied genotypes. The results of cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis based on each of the RAPD and ISSR markers grouped genotypes into four groups. The results of the research showed that RAPD and ISSR markers are suitable markers for genetic diversity studies in durum wheat. But the ISSR marker is preferable due to its greater compatibility with the geographical origin, high reproducibility, and the similar cost as RAPD. The results showed that the grouping patterns of durum wheat genotypes are not mainly due to their geographical origins. The results indicated that the grouping of populations in different geographical regions in similar groups is probably due to the gene flow between regions through the gradual exchange of grains between farmers. This could also be due to the previous selection for sum agronomical traits in the populations for tolerance to environmental stresses. Conclusion: Based on both markers, genotype # 20 (Stj3//Bcr/lks4) showed a different response from the other genotypes, so it was placed in a separate group in the analysis based on each of the markers. Therefore, this genotype can be used as one of the parents in crossing with other genotypes in subsequent studies.

Introduction: Genetic diversity in plant communities is the basis of breeding programs, and in conventional breeding programs, desirable populations are selected from within a population with high genetic diversity.Materials and methods: The genetic diversity for 13 genotypes of Agropyron intermedium was studied by ISSR markers and soluble leaf proteins in the biotechnology laboratory of Kermanshah Agricultural Research and Education Center in 2019.Results: Based on the results of molecular data analysis of proteins, 15 bands were observed, and polymorphism was seen in only four of them. The highest number of bands were related to genotype G12 with 15 bands and the lowest ones were related to G4 and G5 genotypes with 11 bands. In general, the leaf proteins did not have the ability to differentiate within the species. Although, based on the similarity matrix and cluster analysis for soluble leaf proteins, the genotypes were divided into three groups. The first group included genotypes G4, G5, G9, and G11. The second group consisted of genotypes G1, G2, G3, G6, G10, and G12. finally, the third group included genotypes G7, G8, and G13. The first group had the greatest genetic distance from the second group. In total, the ISSR primers were able to produce 86 bands, of which 10 bands were monomorphic and the other bands were polymorphic. The average number of bands produced by each primer for 13 genotypes was 7.17 bands. The primer of IS11, IS12, and IS14 showed the highest number of bands (10 bands), and IS3, IS9, and IS15 showed the lowest number of bands (5 bands). A desirable polymorphism between genotypes was observed based on ISSR markers and the primers of IS3, IS5, IS9, IS10, IS11, and IS14 were determined for the intraspecific diversity study of Ag. intermedium as desirable primers. According to the cluster analysis based on the data obtained from the ISSR primers, the genotypes were placed into three groups. The first group consisted of genotypes G1, G2, G3, and G5, and the average similarity coefficient for the genotypes of this group was 0.667. Genotypes G9, G11, G12, and G13 comprised the second group, and the average similarity coefficient for these three genotypes was 0.656. The third group included genotypes G4, G6, G7, G8, and G10 with an average similarity coefficient of 0.660. In addition, based on the ISSR marker, the genotypes G2 and G5 had the highest genetic distance with the genotypes G6, G7, G8, and G10.Conclusion: Genotypes G7 and G8 had the greatest distance with genotype G5. Therefore, due to their genetic distance, these two genotypes are suitable genetic materials for breeding programs and the use of heterosis in order to obtain cultivars with superior characteristics, and it is suggested to use them in future studies.

Tabebuia is the largest genus of the Bignoniaceae family, with great importance due to its beautiful decorative flowering trees, as well as, its remarkable biological activities. The exact identification of Tabebuia species is important, not only, for cultivation purposes but also for exploration of their phytochemical and biological potential. DNA fingerprinting technology is now considered an easily accessible, quick, and accurate method of species identification. The current study investigated the genetic diversity among five Tabebuia species, using start codon targeted (SCoT), and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Results indicated the efficiency of both markers for genetic fingerprinting of the five tested Tabebuia species with ISSR analysis being more polymorphic than SCoT analysis. The dendrogram generated from the combination of ISSR and SCoT analyses classified the tested species into two main clusters. Cluster I included T. guayacan, while Cluster II was separated into sub-cluster I comprising T. rosea and sub-cluster II that was further subdivided into sub-cluster IIa (T. pulcherrima) and sub-cluster IIb (T. argentea and T. pallida). Furthermore, the antitrypanosomal activity of the alcohol extracts of stems and leaves of the five tested Tabebuia was evaluated. Results revealed a variation in activity between extracts from different species. The highest antitrypanosomal activity was recorded for the stem and leaf extracts from T. pulcherrima, with IC50 (6.4-7.2 µg/mL) and (8.3 and 8.9 µg/mL) after 48 and 72 h respectively, followed by T. pallida leaf then T. rosea stem extracts.

• We present a new proposal, the so-called reproductive efficiency, which measures plants' efficiency in fertilizing their eggs. • We apply microsurgeries to the corolla tube to enable artificial self-fertilization. • Catharanthus roseus presents the mixed reproduction mode, namely: allogamy and autogamy, simultaneously. • We conclude that allogamy is the main pollination strategy. • Autogamy is a reproduction guarantee mechanism (back-up plan) that can be reinforced by cleistogamy. Despite the medicinal importance of Catharanthus roseus [L.] G. Don., the literature is still controversial about its mode of reproduction. The breeding of species depends on this information. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the preferential reproduction mode of C. roseus by using different genotypes of this species. We also sought to verify the relative importance of allogamy and autogamy on the species reproduction. Therefore, it was necessary to estimate the pollen:ovule ratio, the rates of open pollination and natural self-fertilization, the efficiency of allogamy and autogamy, and pollen viability and stigma receptivity. Furthermore, we applied fluorescence microscopy to analyze the emission and development of pollen tubes in vivo in floral buds and investigated the histochemistry of the pollen grains. Finally, through ISSR markers, we estimated the genetic diversity of the genotypes. In general, C. roseus has a mixed reproduction mode, with the possible simultaneous occurrence of allogamy and autogamy. However, allogamy was much more prevalent, and it was also more efficient as a reproductive strategy in the genotypes. The high magnitude of genetic diversity found corroborates allogamy as the most prevalent mode of reproduction. Nevertheless, autogamy occurred in all the genotypes, although the seed production efficiency was low. Autogamy can be understood as a supposed reproductive guarantee mechanism by C. roseus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to see how interstocks affected the anatomy, physiology, and genetic characteristics of grafted 'Borneo Prima' (BP) trees. 'Tangelo' (C. reticulata x C. paradisi) (TGL), 'Waturejo' (C. sinensis L.) (SW-W), 'Cina Licin' (C. reticulata Blanco) (M-CL), and 'Konde Purworejo' (C. reticulata Blanco) (M-KP) with Japanese Citroen/JC (C. limonin Osbeck) as their rootstocks have been planted at Tlekung Experimental Garden, Batu, Indonesia (950 asl) since 2002. In 2007, the top grafting technique was used to replace these with 'BP' mandarin. BP/TGL/JC, BP/SW-W/JC, BP/M-CL/JC, and BP/M-KP/JC were the new tree combinations, plus control (BP/JC). The TGL, SW-W, M-CL, and M-KP served as interstocks. The observation variables were monitored from January 2021 to May 2022. Interstocks significantly influenced the thickness of leaf, and palisade; oil gland diameter; stomatal density; peel thickness, and titratable acidity (TA) of grafted BP. 'M-CL' as an interstock had a significant impact on several grafted BP variables. Based on DNA analysis using six ISSR markers, the plant was grouped in two main clusters on the 0.63 coefficient, i.e., control and interstock treatments, respectively. In the second one, it was divided into three subclusters i.e., tangelo, mandarin group, and sweet orange interstocks. The genetic alteration was shown between the control (BP/JC), and BP grafted onto interstocks (BP/interstocks). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Pulicaria gnaphalodes (Vent.) Boiss, known as Kak-Kosh, is a desert-adapted species that has been widely distributed throughout Iran. This plant is a source of flavonoids and terpenes that are used in traditional medicine. Considering the medicinal importance of this plant, the aim of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of molecular and morphological markers to separate the populations. Materials and methods In this research, 20 populations of this species were collected from Kerman, Fars, Yazd and Hormozgan provinces and their genetic diversity was analyzed using 10 morphological traits and 25 ISSR primers. Sampling for genetic and morphological studies were carried out in spring and late summer, respectively. Results A total of 150 ISSR marker fragments were scored and 139 bands were found to be polymorphic [the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB): 92.67%]. The average number of effective alleles (Ne) and expected Heterozygosity (uHe) for the amplification products were 1.470 and 0.288 respectively. Both Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and UPGMA cluster analysis supported the clustering of all the populations into two groups. Small cluster contained populations 15, 18 and 19 and other populations were placed in a large Cluster. A weak relationship was observed between genetic diversity and GIS data. The Factor Analysis (FA) results for morphological traits detected three principal components with Eigen value greater than one (reproductive, leaf area, and vegetative components), which explained 69.24% of the total variability. These three components explained 28.77, 21.05 and 19.42 percentage of variability respectively. The FA analysis separated a group from the other populations. Conclusions In the present study, high levels of genetic and morphologic diversity were found between P. gnaphalodes populations. So that geographical separations have a weak effect on genetic diversity of populations. It seems that some probable factors such as perianality, self-incompatibility, pollination system, seed dispersal by wind, and gene flow could support achieving the population in a high level of genetic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This research aimed to identify Fusariums belonging to Elegans and Martiella-Ventricosum sections related to cucurbit plants in Tehran province and to evaluate the ability of ISSR markers to investigate the kinship relationships of these groups of Fusariums. Materials and methods In this research, five ISSR primers (AG)8C, (AG)8G, (AC)8YA, (ATG)6 and BHB(GA)7 were selected. Fungal isolates identified based on morphological and microscopic characteristics. For ISSR markers, the statistics of polymorphism information content (PIC), Marker Index (MI) and Effective Multiplex Ratio (EMR) were calculated. Relationships and similarity between Fusarium isolates were analyzed using NTSYS-PC V2.02. Results Out of 96 Fusarium isolates, 48 isolates were identified as Fusarium solani, 25 isolates as Fusarium oxysporum and 23 isolates as Fusarium redolens. A total of 408 bands were obtained from ISSR amplifications. 130 different bands were produced, of which 83 were polymorphic and 47 were monomorphic. The size of PCR fragments produced varied from 273 to 2428 bp. The polymorphism percentage, ranged from the highest (73%) for (ATG)6 to the lowest (56%) for (AG)8C. Primers (ATG)6 and BHB(GA)7 performed better in differentiation Elegans and Martiella-Ventricosum sections from each other. Primers (AG)8C with 26 gene loci, and BHB(GA)7 with 25 gene loci, produced the most bands in Elegans isolates and Martiella-Ventricosum isolates, respectively. Conclusions The results of this research showed that there was a high genetic diversity among the investigated Fusarium isolates and that the ISSR markers are efficient markers to reveal the molecular relationships between Fusarium populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cryopreservation technology has been developed, demonstrating safe, efficient, and economic benefits for the long-term preservation of genetic resources. It receives more attention because dramatic germplasm losses have been observed in field conservation, caused by many factors such as climate change, natural hazards, and diseases. Therefore, demands for cryobanking crops have been increasing. Cryopreservation methods have been developed for strawberries, the most preferred berry fruit, due to their nutritional and economic values. However, during the cryopreservation process, the explants are exposed to many steps under stressful conditions, which may induce somaclonal variations. The article describes a genetic stability assessment by the greenhouse performance of vegetative and fruit traits and molecular marker analysis for six strawberry accessions. Our results suggest that the cryopreservation protocol used in this study can be applied to implement cryobanking of strawberry germplasm. For the long-term preservation of genetic resources, cryopreservation techniques have been developed for strawberry germplasm, mainly using in vitro-grown shoot tips. In this study, genetic stability was tested under greenhouse conditions for six strawberry accessions (IT232511, PHS0132, IT245810, IT245830, IT245852, and IT245860) derived from the following procedures: (1) conventional propagation (GH: greenhouse maintained); (2) in vitro propagation (TC: tissue culture); (3) pretreatment before cryopreservation (−LN: non-liquid nitrogen exposure); and (4) cryopreservation (+LN: liquid nitrogen exposure). To test the performance of phenotypic traits, we measured six vegetative and five fruit traits. There were no distinct differences in most of the characteristics, but a few traits, such as sugar content and pH of fruits in three accessions, showed higher values in +LN compared to GH. However, the differences disappeared in the first runner generation. To test genetic variations, a total of 102 bands were generated by twelve inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. A few polymorphic bands were found only in plants derived from TC of IT245860, which was not cryopreserved. The sequencing analysis of four polymorphic bands produced by ISSR_15 showed that none of these sequences matched the characterized genes in NCBI. Phenotypic abnormality was not observed across all plants. This study indicates that cryopreserved plants of the six strawberry accessions are phenotypically and genetically stable. Therefore, the results of this study can help to implement cryobanking of strawberry germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The honey bee (Apis mellifera), as one of the most important pollinating insects, plays a critical role in biodiversity conservation and global food security. Genetic diversity monitoring is an important step to maintain diversity in animal populations, including honey bees. The current research aimed to evaluate the population genetic structure and molecular genetic diversity among 300 honey bee workers from 20 different populations in Iran using 10 ISSR primers. A total of 85 bands were detected using 10 primers of which 38 (44.7%) were polymorphic. The results showed that the evaluated Iranian honey bee (Apis mellifera meda) populations were characterized by low genetic diversity in terms of the number of alleles per locus, considering gene diversity and Shannon information index. Overall, gene diversity in the studied populations was low, and the average for each primer was observed 0.184 ± 0.211. Significant deviations from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) due to heterozygous deficiency were detected in most populations. Low FST values indicate the low genetic structure within and among Iranian honey bee populations. Cluster analysis showed that honey bee samples were classified into two groups. Our findings showed that the genetic diversity of Iranian honey bees has been declining and causing the population to become more homozygous. Results of the present study provide reference information set for future endemic honey bee biodiversity protection and other controlled breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Genetic erosion increases the vulnerability of plants to environmental and biological stresses. The wild relatives of cultivated plants are undeniably very useful for the modern agricultural breeders in the richness of their vast gene pool, which, according to this genetic diversity, forms the basis of breeding programs and makes it possible to improve plants with desirable traits and characteristics. Materials and methods: The effectiveness of ISSR and leaf soluble proteins markers in examining the genetic diversity of 12 Agropyron elongatum genotypes collected from different regions of Kermanshah province in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Research and Education Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kermanshah Province were investigated in 2019. Results: Based on leaf soluble proteins, 14 bands were observed for genotypes, the highest number of bands were related to genotypes 2G, 5G and 7G with 13 bands and the lowest number of bands were related to 4G with 9 bands. Soluble proteins did not show a high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes and a total 36% of bands were polymorphic. Grouping of genotypes based on soluble proteins showed that genotypes 1G, 5G, 12G and 10G were in the first group, 4G, 3G and 9G were in the second group and 6G, 7G, 8G, 2G and 11G were in the third group. The grouping obtained from the genotypes did not correspond to their geographical distribution and due to the high similarity of the genotypes, no favorable polymorphism was observed with regard to leaf soluble proteins. In total, the soluble proteins did not have the ability to suitable separation within the species for the species of Tall wheatgrass. Based on ISSR primers, a total of 73 bands were observed, of which 70 bands were polymorphic among genotypes. The average percentage of polymorphism among genotypes was 96.25%. The lowest number of bands was related to IS3 primer (3 bands) and the highest number of bands was related to IS5 primer (10 bands). Primers IS3, IS10, IS11, IS13, and IS14 were introduced as suitable primers for investigating the populations of Tall wheatgrass species. The grouping of genotypes based on ISSR data was highly consistent with the geographical distribution of genotypes. The first group included 8G, 9G and 10G, and the genotypes of this group belonged to two cities of Javanrood and Ravansar. The second group included 5G, 6G and 7G. The genotypes of this group belonged to Eslamabad-e Gharb region. The third group was 11G and 12G. This group was also from Harsin region. The fourth group included 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G. The genotypes of this group belonged to Kermanshah. Genotypes from Javanroud and Ravansar had the highest genetic distance with other genotypes, and the genotypes from Harsin had the least genetic distance similarity with the genotypes from Kermanshah. Conclusion: The ISSR marker was more efficient than the soluble proteins in determining the intraspecies genetic diversity of the studied genotypes, and the genotypes of Javanrud and Ravansar (8G, 9G, and 10G) had the greatest genetic distance with the genotypes of Kermanshah (1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to cultivate a high-quality new germplasm of Lilium lancifolium, JD-h-15 induced by colchicine was used to analyze the chromosome ploidy after 3 years’ planting in the field. The plant morphology, stigma and pollen fertility, leaf epidermis and starch grain characteristics, and active components of bulb were compared in JD-h-15 and L. lancifolium control. Further their difference on molecular levels was analyzed by ISSR marker technology. The results showed that JD-h-15 has restored to be a triploid plant from an aneuploid chimera before. The plant height, leaf interval and leaf area of JD-h-15 significantly increased compared with that in the control, as well as the stem diameter and leaf number per plant decreased, in addition the flowering period per plant was advanced in JD-h-15 by 14 d. The single head rate of bulb in JD-h-15 was 93.75%, significantly higher than 70.00% of that in the control. Analysis of stigma acceptability in different flower periods revealed the stigma in 50-60 mm flower bud of JD-h-15 had a higher acceptability than that in the control. 13.71% of the pollen for JDh-15 germinated normally, while the control pollen did not germinate, which was consistent with the expansion of ovary in JD-h-15 after self-pollination. Micromorphological analysis showed that the pollen grains of JD-h-15 were larger than those of the control, while the starch grains in bulbils and bulbs were much smaller than those of the control. In JD-h-15 bulbs, the contents of soluble sugar, total flavonoids and total saponins increased by 42.37%, 67.54% and 45.65% respectively, while ascorbic acid, total phenolic acids and total alkaloids decreased by 22.86%, 33.02% and 50.41% compared with that in the control. The 3 years’ old JD-h-15 and the control plants were genetically stable after ISSR marker analysis. Compared with the control, JD-h-15 plants experienced the genetic variation and the variation rate of JD-h-15 was 21.30%. These data provided a reference for the improvement of L. lancifolium genetic characters and the cultivation of new germplasm used by colchicine in lilies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A prime role in matters of agrobiodiversity is held by landraces, which serve as a repository gene pool able to meet sustainable development goals and to face the ongoing challenges of climate change. However, many landraces are currently endangered due to environmental and socio-economic changes. Thus, effective characterization activities and conservation strategies should be undertaken to prevent their genetic and cultural erosion. In the current study, the morphological, genetic, and biochemical analyses were integrated with stress response-related studies to characterize the diversity of seven Italian autochthonous common bean landraces. The results showed that the morphological descriptors and the neutral molecular markers represent powerful tools to identify and distinguish diversity among landrace populations, but they cannot correlate with the stress tolerance pattern of genetically similar populations. The study also supported the use of proline as a biochemical marker to screen the most salt-sensitive bean landraces. Thus, to fully elucidate the future dynamics of agrobiodiversity and to establish the basis for safeguarding them while promoting their utilization, a multi-level approach should always be included in any local and national program for the characterization/conservation/use of genetic resources. This study should represent the basis for further joint research that effectively contributes to set/achieve Italian priorities towards sustainability in the framework of emerging environmental, societal, and economic challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study described a protocol for genetically stable synseed production of Azadirachta indica using shoot tips of in vitro grown plantlets. For this, the shoot tips from in vivo grown tree were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media. The highest shoot response, number of buds per shoot and longest shoot were 94.44%, 5.07 and 3.73 cm, respectively, with 0.5 mg L−1 benzyladenine (BA) and 0.1 mg L−1α-naphthaleneacetic acid in combination. These shoots were further enhanced by subculturing and the second subculture yielded both maximum shoots per micro shoot (6.08) and longer shoot length (4.64 cm) on the same media composition. The shoot tips of this subculture were employed for encapsulation. The 3% sodium alginate and 75 mM calcium chloride with an anion exchange period of 20 min was found to be best for synseed production which displayed a quick response (3.17 days) for germination with 100% germination frequency. The maximum in vitro root response, the highest number of roots per shoot and longest root length were 91.67%, 4.78 and 3.18 cm, respectively, in 1/2 strength MS media with 0.5 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid and 0.1 mg L−1 BA in combination. The 24 °C stored synseeds showed more germination frequency and regeneration potentiality in all storage periods as compared to 4 °C stored synseeds. The soil: organic manure (1:1) exhibited the best result of plant survival (91.18%) for primary hardening after 1 month and it displayed 85.9% after two months in the vermiculite-soil mixture (2:1) after secondary hardening. This investigation certified the genetic fidelity of synseed-derived plantlets after storage at 4 °C and 24 °C using ISSR markers. None of the ISSR markers exposed polymorphism for hardened plants. Key message: This study reported first time the development of synseed of neem. The genetic fidelity of regenerants were performed after storage at 4°C and 24°C for different period of times (Days) using ISSR markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic diversity analysis contributes to the conservation, protection and utilization of genetic resources toward efficient management of germplasm. In this investigation, Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were used to analyze the genetic diversity of 32 genotypes of Acmella paniculata [(Wall. ex DC.) R. K. Jansen] collected from 12 different states of Gujarat, India. There were 113 loci amplified by 15 different ISSR markers with an average of 7.53 loci per primer. From the total 113 amplicons; 81 were polymorphic, 43 were monomorphic and 9 were found to be unique showing an average of 60.18% polymorphism. The primer (CT)8T produced a high value (0.65) of polymorphic information content; whereas, primer (TC)8RA produced a low value (0.21). The resolving power value of the primers ranged from 5.25 in primer (TC)8RA to 23.19 in primer (AC)8YT with an average of 12.17. The Jaccard's similarity coefficients value ranged from 0.48 to 0.94. The highest percentage of similarity (94%) was found between accessions AP6 and AP16 which were collected from Panchmahal and Narmada respectively, as they are geographically closely located. Whereas, accessions AP2 from Banaskantha and AP7 from Panchmahal were most distantly related with the similarity value of 48%, as expected to their collection locations. The study revealed that there is no correlation between geographical distance and genetic diversity among the populations studied. The resultant data generated from ISSR molecular marker-based genetic diversity analysis of A. paniculata in Gujarat can provide a reference for the conservation and efficient management of the important Indian genetic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tabebuia is the largest genus of the Bignoniaceae family, with great importance due to its beautiful decorative flowering trees, as well as, its remarkable biological activities. The exact identification of Tabebuia species is important, not only, for cultivation purposes but also for exploration of their phytochemical and biological potential. DNA fingerprinting technology is now considered an easily accessible, quick, and accurate method of species identification. The current study investigated the genetic diversity among five Tabebuia species, using start codon targeted (SCoT), and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Results indicated the efficiency of both markers for genetic fingerprinting of the five tested Tabebuia species with ISSR analysis being more polymorphic than SCoT analysis. The dendrogram generated from the combination of ISSR and SCoT analyses classified the tested species into two main clusters. Cluster I included T. guayacan, while Cluster II was separated into sub-cluster I comprising T. rosea and sub-cluster II that was further subdivided into sub-cluster IIa (T. pulcherrima) and subcluster IIb (T. argentea and T. pallida). Furthermore, the antitrypanosomal activity of the alcohol extracts of stems and leaves of the five tested Tabebuia was evaluated. Results revealed a variation in activity between extracts from different species. The highest antitrypanosomal activity was recorded for the stem and leaf extracts from T. pulcherrima, with IC50 (6.4-7.2 µg/mL) and (8.3 and 8.9 µg/mL) after 48 and 72 h respectively, followed by T. pallida leaf then T. rosea stem extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology (1008-0864) is the property of Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new and efficient method of direct shoot proliferation was developed here in two muskmelon genotypes (Cucumis melo L.), including ‘Khatooni’ and ‘Sooski Sabz’ (100%) using 4-day-old cotyledonary explants in vitro. The regeneration of muskmelon was evaluated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented separately with 17 treatments as combinations of two auxins (1-Naphthaleneacetic acid [NAA] and Naphthoxyacetic acid [NOA]) and four cytokinins (Benzylaminopurine [BAP], Thidiazuron [TDZ], Kinetin [KIN], and N-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea [CPPU]). The treatments were experimented on 4- and 8-day-old cotyledon explants. A significant degree of organogenesis occurred in 4-day-old cotyledons (P

A new and simple protocol has been developed and standardized for direct somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from aseptic seedlings derived from immature Brassica juncea seeds. Depending on the age of immature seeds and nutrient media, in vitro occurrence of embryogenesis and the number of embryos from each seedling have varied greatly. The largest number of somatic embryos, producing 12.7 embryos per seedlings, have been developed by seedlings obtained from immature seeds collected after 21 days of pollination (DAP). Effect of different nutrient media [Gamborg (B5), Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Linsmaier and Skoog (SH)] and carbon sources (fructose, glucose, maltose and sucrose) were assessed to induce somatic embryos and the maximum response were achieved on Nitsch culture medium fortified with sucrose (3% w/v) followed by fructose and maltose. The somatic embryo converted into complete plantlets within 04-weeks of culture on Nitsch medium containing half-strength of micro and macro salts. The regenerated plantlets were successfully established in soil with 90% survival rate. The acclimated plants were subsequently transferred to field condition where they grew normally without any phenotypic differences. Genetic stability of B. juncea plants regenerated from somatic embryos were confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-PCR analysis and flow cytometry. No significant difference in ploidy level and ISSR banding pattern were documented between somatic embryo’s plants and control plants grown ex vitro.

Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) is a valuable economic plant used worldwide for its wood and nut fruit. In the current study, the genetic variation of 21 selected walnut genotypes from different regions of Iran was described using nut pomological properties, ISSR primers, and DNA analyses based on SSR primers. Nut pomology revealed nut weight of selected genotypes ranged from 12.1 to 17.5 g (OR23). Kernel weight varied from 5.3 to 10.3 g (OR23), and kernel fill percentage ranged from 43.4 to 62.7% (T12). PCR amplification with ISSR primers revealed 112 bands obtained with 91% polymorphism. Numbers of amplified bands ranged from 9 to 14. The highest primer resolving power (Rp), 7.71, was obtained with the UBC.884 primer and highlights the ability of the most informative primers to differentiate between the genotypes. The average band informativeness (AvIb) varied from 0.14 (UBC.886) to 0.62 (UBC.887 and UBC.888). Using the Jaccard coefficient, genetic similarity values among walnut genotypes varied from 0.52 to 0.88. The dendrogram of UPGMA analysis with ISSR primers classified walnuts genotypes in two main groups and three sub-groups. PCoA largely confirmed cluster analysis results. Genotypes collected from Shahrood displayed lower genetic variation and the Tuyserkan and Urmia genotypes were more genetically distant. Unique DNA profiles were established for all studied genotypes based on three distinct microsatellite loci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Slovenica is the property of Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Tea plant (Camellia sinensis L., O.Kuntze) is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops worldwide. Although tea is important in Iran’s economy, little is known about the pattern of genetic variation among the various tea genotypes grown in Iran. Research method: The relationship and the genetic diversity of 20 genotypes of the tea germplasm belonging to three regions were analyzed to provide guidance for the breeding of tea tree using 10 RAPD and 8 ISSR markers. Main findings: Polymorphism percent was 78.6 in RAPD and 68.06 in ISSR fingerprinting. The results of the PIC analysis were in the range of 2 0.44 to 0.49 and 0.34 to 0.50 for RAPD and ISSR respectively. From these results, it can be seen that these primers can detect genetic differences very well. The pairwise similarity coefficient between the genotypes varied from 0.37 to 0.68 for RAPD and from 0.59 to 0.96 for ISSR. The 20 tea genotypes from genetic resources were grouped into three main groups by UPGMA cluster analysis based on RAPD data, and to five main groups by UPGMA cluster analysis based on ISSR data. Both molecular analyses showed a high degree of variation among the genotypes. Limitations: Application of others molecular markers such as AFLP, SSR and (cpDNA investigation can help to found the genetic relationships of samples better. Originality/Value: The present study revealed that RAPD and ISSR methods could be successfully utilized to identify genetic diversity and relationship of tea group and this will provide valuable information to assist parental selection in current and future tea breeding programs.

Objective According to economic value of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) medicinal plant, it is essential to do its genetic and phytochemical assessment to conserve genetic sources and achieve better quality of essential oil in breeding programs. This study purpose is to investigate genetic and phytochemical diversity of different cumin ecotypes in Yazd province. Materials and methods To study genetic diversity using 10 ISSR markers, cumin plants DNA extraction of four habitats, was done using CTAB method. The quantity and quality of DNA were determined using spectrophotometer and electrophoresis. Clear Bands resulting from electrophoresis of PCR products on 1.5% agarose gel were scored. To investigate phytochemical diversity using GC-MS method, essential oil from cumin seeds was extracted via water steam distillation method. Results The results showed that ISSR-14 and ISSR-13 primers had higher amount of PIC (0.39 and 0.38) and MI (13.3 and 12.48) and number of bands (35 and 32). Cluster analysis using Jacquard's coefficient and UPGMA method, grouped four populations into 8 groups. PCA analysis showed three components explained 57.17% of total variance. The results of this analysis correspond with cluster analysis and match with the geographical regions. Analysis of molecular variance showed genetic variation within and among populations 93% and 7% of total variation, respectively. On the basis of GC-MS results, Propanal, Benzenmethanol, 1-phenyl-1-butanol, γ-terpinene, β-Pinene and P-cymene compounds were identified as the main compounds. Cluster analysis of samples on the basis of phytochemical parameters put Taft, Mehriz and Ardakan habitats in one group and Bahabad habitat in another group so that it doesn’t correspond with geographical distance. Conclusions Based the results, it can be concluded that there is high potential of diversity among cumin ecotypes. ISSR application in assessing genetic diversity of the ecotypes was successful. Grouping on the basis of phytochemical compounds didn’t correspond with genetic grouping.

Abstract Background Moringa oleifera L. (moringa) is a promising plant for nutritionally and medicinally uses. The influence of laser radiation on moringa seeds (dry and wetted) was investigated, using helium–neon (He–Ne) laser source at ʎ = 632.8 nm wavelength and 5 cm beam diameter for 25, 45, and 90 min. Agro-morphological criteria, SDS-PAGE protein banding patterns, and ISSR markers were investigated to elucidate the influence of He–Ne laser on moringa. Results Most agro-morphological criteria increased especially with wetted seed group pre-laser treatments (25 min). SDS-PAGE and ISSR profiles showed changes which include the absence of some bands and the appearance of few novel bands. ISSR markers showed a change in band number in all investigated samples with a total number of 172 bands. The polymorphic bands were 91 bands with 19 unique bands. The average mean percentage of polymorphism was recorded 52.91% at samples treated with a laser at different times. Wetted seed treatment for 25 min recorded 40 bands as new bands. Genetic template stability (GTS) values were recorded in all treatments. The lowest GTS % was recorded 76.74 at 25 min (wetted seeds) while highest GTS % was recorded 83.72 at 25 min (dry seeds). According to the data of GTS, produced by laser treatment for 25 and 45 min for wetted and dry seeds, respectively, it is more effective on genome stability than other treatments. Conclusion He–Ne laser treatments of wetted seeds achieve biostimulation in many aspects of agro-morphological criteria. ISSR analysis is a highly sensitive method for the detection of DNA alteration induced by laser treatments. The exposure of dry and wetted seeds to He–Ne laser at different times affected the genomic template stability percentage (GTS %). Also, the laser treatments have a great effect on gene expression by switching on or off some genes that may lead to the presence or absence of certain proteins, respectively.

Genetic diversity information among a population is important in exploiting heterozygosity for the improvement of crop species through breeding programmes. This study was therefore, conducted to assess genetic diversity and establish molecular relationships among 20 selected exotic sugarcane accessions from the Unilorin Sugar Research Institute germplasm using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. Genomic DNA was extracted from the sugarcane leaf. Fragments amplification was then performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with ISSR markers and the data obtained were analyzed using MEGA 4 software. Analysis of the electropherogram showed a total of 39 loci consisting of 369 bands, out of which 95.8% were polymorphic. The biplot analysis showed all the markers contributed to the observed diversity with the least achieved with ISSR6. The principal co-ordinate analysis grouped the accessions into four clusters, comprising mixtures of all the six collection sites. The polymorphism obtained in the present study showed that the ISSR markers are effective for assessment of genetic diversity of the sugarcane accessions as it reveals the genetic similarity or divergence of the accessions regardless their place of origin or cultivation.