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BACKGROUND: Evaluation of herbicidal activity and identification of active compounds are important bases for the development of new botanical herbicides. RESULTS: This study confirmed that Symphoricarpos orbiculatus has high herbicidal activities against mono‐dicotyledonous weeds, including Echinochloa crusgalli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Amaranthus retroflexus and Portulaca oleracea. By bioassay‐guided isolation, 12 compounds were isolated and identified from S. orbiculatus for the first time, including iridoids: naucledal (K1), loganin (K2), loganigenin (K3), loganin acid (K4), glucologanin (K5) and vogeloside (K6), as well as flavonoids: quercetine (K7), luteolin (K8), nobiletin (K9), astragalin (K10), isorhamnetin 3‐d‐glucoside (K11) and rutin (K12). Biological assays showed that iridoids are the main active ingredients of S. orbiculatus. The compounds of K5 and K6 could inhibit both the root (IC50 = 37.54 and 38.91 μg mL−1, respectively) and shoot (IC50 = 42.78 and 45.72 μg mL−1, respectively) of Portulaca oleracea, which have a weeding toxicity similar to that of the commercialized plant‐based herbicide pelargonic acid. In addition, the results of pot culture assay showed that S. orbiculatus ethanol extracts had high fresh weight control effect against Digitaria sanguinalis and P. oleracea at the concentration of 40 g L−1. After 7 days, both the soil treatment and the stem and leaf spray method resulted in severe leaf necrosis and significant leaf etiolation. CONCLUSION: Symphoricarpos orbiculatus and its herbicidal active compounds have the potential to develop into botanical herbicides, and are first reported in the present study. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iridoid components have been reported to have significant neuroprotective effects. However, it is not yet clear whether the efficacy and mechanisms of iridoid components with similar structures are also similar. This study aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of eight iridoid components (catalpol (CAT), genipin (GE), geniposide (GEN), geniposidic acid (GPA), aucubin (AU), ajugol (AJU), rehmannioside C (RC), and rehmannioside D (RD)) based on corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were randomly divided into a normal control group (NC), model group (M), positive drug group (FLX), and eight iridoid administration groups. Firstly, PC12 cells were induced with CORT to simulate neuronal injury. Then, the MTT method and flow cytometry were applied to evaluate the protective effects of eight iridoid components on PC12 cell damage. Thirdly, a cell metabolomics study based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was performed to explore changes in relevant biomarkers and metabolic pathways following the intervention of administration. The MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis showed that the eight iridoid components can improve cell viability, inhibit cell apoptosis, reduce intracellular ROS levels, and elevate MMP levels. In the PCA score plots, the sample points of the treatment groups showed a trend towards approaching the NC group. Among them, AU, AJU, and RC had a weaker effect. There were 38 metabolites (19 metabolites each in positive and negative ion modes, respectively) identified as potential biomarkers during the experiment, among which 23 metabolites were common biomarkers of the eight iridoid groups. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the eight iridoid components regulated the metabolism mainly in relation to D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, the TCA cycle, purine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. In conclusion, the eight iridoid components could reverse an imbalanced metabolic state by regulating amino acid neurotransmitters, interfering with amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism, and harmonizing the level of oxidized substances to exhibit neuroprotective effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phlomoides (L.) Moench belongs to the Lamiaceae family. It has recently undergone significant changes in taxonomy, with many species from Eremostachys and Phlomis added to the genus. The aforementioned species were studied in terms of morphological and phytochemical systematics. Species of Phlomoides are distinguished from Phlomis by their densely bearded upper corolla lip and nutlet. However, Eremostachys and Phlomoides have a lot in common morphologically. Plant chemosystematics present iridoids, phenylethanoids, and furanolabdanes as dominant constituents of Phlomoides species. Long-term traditional uses, such as bone fracture therapy, local analgesic, and wound healing actions, pique researchers' interest in these plants. The species and their secondary metabolites have been implicated in drug discovery by their anti-inflammatory and bone-development properties in vitro, in vivo, and clinically. A review of the taxonomic status based on phytochemical and morphological characteristics, as well as the clinical importance of the Phlomoides genus, is presented in the current study to provide a basis for further investigations.

Main conclusion: The operation of 8HGO–ISY fusion enzymes can increase nepetalactol flux to iridoid biosynthesis, and the Gj8HGO–CrISY expression in Gardenia jasminoides indicates that seco-iridoids and closed-ring iridoids share a nepetalactol pool. Nepetalactol is a common precursor of (seco)iridoids and their derivatives, which are a group of noncanonical monoterpenes. Functional characterization of an 8HGO (8-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase) from Catharanthus roseus, a seco-iridoids producing plant, has been reported; however, the 8HGO from G. jasminoides with plenty of closed-ring iridoids remains uninvestigated. In this work, a Gj8HGO was cloned and biochemically characterized. In addition, the relatively low production of nepetalactol in plants and engineered microbial host is likely to be attributed to the fact that Cr8HGO and CrISY (iridoid synthase) are substrate-promiscuous enzymes catalyzing unexpected substrates to the undesired products. Herein, a bifunctional enzyme consisting of an 8HGO fused to an ISY was designed for the proximity to the substrate and recycling of NADP+ and NADPH cofactor to reduce the undesired intermediate in the synthesis of nepetalactol. Of four fusion enzymes (i.e., Gj8HGO–GjISY, Gj8HGO–GjISY2, Gj8HGO–GjISY4, and Gj8HGO–CrISY), interestingly, only the last one can enable cascade reaction to form cis-trans-nepetalactol. Furthermore, we establish a reliable Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system. The expression of Gj8HGO–CrISY in G. jasminoides led to a significant enhancement of nepetalactol production, about 19-fold higher than that in wild-type plants, which further resulted in the twofold to fivefold increase of total iridoids and representative iridoid such as geniposide, indicating that seco-iridoids in C. roseus and closed-ring iridoids in G. jasminoides share a nepetalactol pool. All results suggest that 8HGO and ISY can be manipulated to maximize metabolic flux for nepetalactol and iridoid production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iridoid glycosides are monoterpenoids synthesized in several plant species known to exhibit a diverse range of pharmacological activities. They are used as important bioactive ingredients in many commercially available drug formulations and as lead compounds in pharmaceutical research. The genus Picrorhiza comprises two medicinally important herbs endemic to the Himalayan region viz. Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle and Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora Hong. The medicinal properties of these two species are mainly due to iridoid glycosides present in their root, rhizome, and leaves. Unregulated harvesting from the wild, habitat specificity, narrow distribution range, small population size and lack of organized cultivation led to the enrolling of these species in the endangered category by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Therefore, there is a need for immediate biotechnological and molecular interventions. Such intercessions will open up new vistas for large-scale propagation, development of genomic/transcriptomic resources for understanding the biosynthetic pathway, the possibility of genetic/metabolic manipulations, and possible commercialization of iridoid glycosides. The current review article elucidates the phytochemistry and pharmacological importance of iridoid glycosides from the genus Picrorhiza. In addition, the role of biotechnological approaches and opportunities offered by next-generation sequencing technologies in overcoming challenges associated with the genetic engineering of these species are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new iridoid glucoside, 7- O - E -feruloylgardoside (1) and two new lignan glycosides, 8′-hydroxyphillyrin (2) and 6''-(p -hydroxybenzyl) phillyrin (3), together with three known compounds, khainaoside B (4), phillyrin (5), and lantibeside (6), were isolated from the whole plants of Lancea tibetica. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallographic analysis. A DPPH free radical scavenging assay showed that 1 and 4 exhibited moderate antioxidant activity (IC 50 45.05 ± 3.04 and 48.00 ± 3.29 μ g/ml) compared with vitamin C (IC 50 3.31 ± 0.16 μ g/ml). [Display omitted] • One new iridoid glucoside (1) was isolated from Lancea tibetica. • Two new lignan glycosides (2 and 3) were isolated from Lancea tibetica. • Two iridoid glucosides (1 and 4) exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) fruits, abundant in iridoids and anthocyanins, are natural products with proven beneficial impacts on the functions of the cardiovascular system and the liver. This study aims to assess and compare whether and to what extent two different doses of resin-purified cornelian cherry extract (10 mg/kg b.w. or 50 mg/kg b.w.) applied in a cholesterol-rich diet rabbit model affect the levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), and various liver X receptor-α (LXR-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) target genes. Moreover, the aim is to evaluate the resistive index (RI) of common carotid arteries (CCAs) and aortas, and histopathological changes in CCAs. For this purpose, the levels of SREBP-1c, C/EBPα, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), fatty acid synthase (FAS), endothelial lipase (LIPG), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), and adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) in liver tissue were measured. Also, the levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (Vaspin), and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) in visceral adipose tissue were measured. The RI of CCAs and aortas, and histopathological changes in CCAs, were indicated. The oral administration of the cornelian cherry extract decreased the SREBP-1c and C/EBPα in both doses. The dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. increased ABCA1 and decreased FAS, CPT1A, and RBP4, and the dose of 50 mg/kg b.w. enhanced ABCG1 and AdipoR2. Mitigations in atheromatous changes in rabbits' CCAs were also observed. The obtained outcomes were compared to the results of our previous works. The beneficial results confirm that cornelian cherry fruit extract may constitute a potentially effective product in the prevention and treatment of obesity-related disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One new iridoid named aureanin (1) was isolated from the leaves of Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook.f. ex S.Moore, together with eight known compounds, isoquercetin (2), astragalin (3), callicoside B (4), amphipaniculoside E (5), rehmaglutin D (6), quercetin-3-sambubioside (7), rutin (8), kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (9). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated and confirmed by spectroscopic methods, including 1 D and 2 D NMR experiments, as well as HR-ESI-MS. Compounds 1-9 were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines (A549, HepG2, and MCF-7) and Leishmania major. Compound 4 showed activity against A549 (IC50: 36.8 ± 1.5 μg/mL, etoposide (positive control): 28.1 ± 4.2 μg/mL), however, none of the compounds were active against L. major. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 112 fruit samples harvested in 2019 from six different cultivars of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.). These cranberry crops were cultivated in both New Jersey and Wisconsin, under the management of diverse growers. The six cultivars investigated include Stevens (ST), Crimson Queen (CQ), Demoranville (DM), Mullica Queen (MQ), Welker (WE), and Haines (HA). This study delved into the variability and determinants of secondary metabolite profiles in cranberry. Fuzzy chromatograph mass spectrometry (FCMS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography high-resolution accurate-mass multistage mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRAM-MSn) were used for analysis. Factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA)-principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to assess six experimental factors, including cultivar, cranberry growing state, grower, harvest times, and both analytical and biological replicates. The most substantial influence on the overall variability was observed with respect to cultivars and cultivation states. Specifically, the factor “cultivar” contributed 16.3 % to the total variance in the polar chemical profile, while the factor “state” contributed 31.5 %. Similarly, in the less polar chemical profile, the contributions were 29.0 % for “cultivar” and 22.3 % for “state” to the total variance. Consequently, the primary objective of this study was to examine the variations in the relative contents of secondary metabolite among cranberries cultivated in New Jersey and Wisconsin. The findings revealed that geographic factors exerted a significant effect on the levels of certain organic acids, flavonol glycosides, and iridoids even within the same cranberry cultivar.

Context: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant hematopoietic stem cell disease caused by excessive proliferation and abnormal differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Asperuloside (ASP) is considered to have good biological activity and may be a good anti-CML drug. Objective: This study aimed to explore the effects and possible mechanisms of ASP on the biological behavior of K562 cells based on RNA-seq. Materials and methods: The IC50 of ASP in K562 cells was calculated by the concentration-effect curve. Cell viability, apoptosis, and differentiation were detected by CCK8, flow cytometry, benzidine staining, and WB analysis, respectively. Further, RNA-seq was used to analyze the possible mechanism of ASP regulating K562 cells. Results: ASP significantly inhibited the proliferation, and promoted apoptosis and differentiation of K562 cells. A total of 117 differentially expressed genes were screened by RNA-seq, mainly involved in the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway. PD98059 was used to inhibit the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway in K562 cells, and results confirmed that PD98059 could not only inhibit the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, but also inhibit the regulation of ASP on the proliferation and differentiation of K562 cells. Conclusion: ASP inhibited the proliferation, promoted apoptosis and differentiation of K562 cells by regulating the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway, and played a good anti-CML role.

A new iridoid glucoside, moridoside (1), and nine known compounds, asperulosidic acid (2), 6-O-epi-acetylscandoside (3), geniposidic acid (4), 2-hydroxymethylanthraquinone (5), 2-hydroxymethyl-3-hydroxyanthraquinone (6), damnacanthol (7), lucidine-ω-methyl ether (8), 2-hydroxy-1-methoxyanthraquinone (9), and 3,8-dihydroxy-1,2-dimethoxyanthraquinone (10) were isolated from the methanol extract of Morinda officinalis How. roots. Their structural identification was carried out based on the spectroscopic evidence. All compounds were evaluated for their nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activities in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Compounds 5-7 significantly inhibited the production of NO with IC50 values of 28.4, 33.6, and 30.5 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new iridoids, (3 S ,4 R ,5 R ,6 S ,9 R)-eucommiate A (1) and (1 R ,2 R)-eucommiol-2-hydroxypropylate (2), one new flavonoid glucoside kaempferol 3- O -(6''- O - methylmalonyl)- β - D -glucoside (7), together with six known compounds (3–6 , 8–9) were isolated from the tender leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by NMR and HRESIMS. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD). Compounds 1–9 were evaluated in RAW264.7 macrophages to determine their inhibitory effect on LPS-induced NO production. Of the nine compounds extracted, only compound 9 had inhibitory activity (IC 50 = 58.4 μM), while the IC 50 values of the other eight compounds were > 100 μM. [Display omitted] • Three new compounds were isolated from the tender leaves of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. • Their structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. • The absolute configuration of 1 was established based on ECD spectra analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new compounds verboncin A (1) and verboncin B (4) and 14 known compounds (2–3 and 5–16) were isolated from Verbena bonariensis, and these 14 compounds were first obtained from this plant. Their chemical structures were established by one and two-dimensional NMR and HRESIMS analysis and the results were compared with literature values. The absolute configuration of 1 was determined by calculating electronic circular dichroism (ECD). The cytotoxicity of some of the compounds against MCF-7, HCT-116, MDA-MB-231, and SW620 human cancer cell lines were evaluated, in which compound 4 showed negligible cytotoxic activity with an IC50 value of 68.08 ± 0.35 µM against the MCF-7 cell line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aerial parts of Nepeta teucriifolia Willd. were extracted with the solvents of different polarities. The antiproliferative activities of the extracts were evaluated against rat brain tumor (C6) and human cervix carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines. The phytochemical screening of the extracts was performed with TOF-LC/MS. The CH2Cl2 and EtOAc extracts showed considerable antiproliferative activities against HeLa cells at higher concentration (250 µg mL−1). The CH2Cl2 extract was found more active than the others on both cells. The phytochemical studies of the active extract led to the isolation of three new iridoids, teucriifolian A-C (1–3). The structure elucidations of the new compounds were performed using HPLC-TOF/MS, 1D and 2D NMR techniques. The compounds 1–3 were evaluated in terms of their antiproliferative activities against HeLa and C6 cells, respectively. The results indicated that only 2 had moderate antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells at 250 µg mL−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five new iridoids, patriscabioins M-Q and a new monoterpene, eldanolide acid, together with three known iridoids, were isolated from the 95% aqueous EtOH extract whole plants of Patrinia villosa Juss. The structures were established by a variety of spectroscopic analysis, such as IR, 1 D and 2 D NMR spectra, MS, ECD and X-ray diffraction data. Bioactivity screening revealed the inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production of them in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells with Aminoguanidine Hydrochloride as the positive control. Among them, patriscabioin M (1), patriscabioin N (2), patriscabioin P (4), patriscabioin Q (5), 8,9-didehydro-7-hydroxydolichodia (7) were found to markedly reduce LPS-induced NO production in murine macrophage cells with IC50 values of 18.14, 18.93, 22.00, 13.64, 26.48 μM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside widely spread in the families Cornaceae, Garryaceae, Orobanchaceae, Globulariaceae, Eucommiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, and Rubiaceae. This review is intended to provide data on the physicochemical characteristics, isolation methods, and biological activities of aucubin and its producing plants. Aucubin is unstable and can be deglycosylated into its aglycone, aucubigenin. Various chromatographic methods (column chromatography, vacuum liquid chromatography, medium pressure liquid chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography) have been used together to isolate aucubin, mainly with the stationary phase C-18 and the mobile phase water–methanol solution made in gradients. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that aucubin has a wide range of activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anxiolytic and antidepressant, antidiabetic, antifibrotic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, gastroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, retinoprotective, neuroprotective, osteoprotective, and renoprotective. Even though aucubin has been extensively investigated, further research in humans is urgently needed primarily to substantiate the clinical evidence. Moreover, extensive studies on its drug delivery systems will help maximize efficacy and minimize side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease which causes breathing problems. YPL-001, consisting of six iridoids, has potent inhibitory efficacy against COPD. Although YPL-001 has completed clinical trial phase 2a as a natural drug for COPD treatment, the most effective iridoid in YPL-001 and its mechanism for reducing airway inflammation remain unclear. To find an iridoid most effectively reducing airway inflammation, we examined the inhibitory effects of the six iridoids in YPL-001 on TNF or PMA-stimulated inflammation (IL-6, IL-8, or MUC5AC) in NCI-H292 cells. Here, we show that verproside among the six iridoids most strongly suppresses inflammation. Both TNF/NF-κB-induced MUC5AC expression and PMA/PKCδ/EGR-1-induced IL-6/-8 expression are successfully reduced by verproside. Verproside also shows anti-inflammatory effects on a broad range of airway stimulants in NCI-H292 cells. The inhibitory effect of verproside on the phosphorylation of PKC enzymes is specific to PKCδ. Finally, in vivo assay using the COPD-mouse model shows that verproside effectively reduces lung inflammation by suppressing PKCδ activation and mucus overproduction. Altogether, we propose YPL-001 and verproside as candidate drugs for treating inflammatory lung diseases that act by inhibiting PKCδ activation and its downstream pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iridoid components have been reported to have significant neuroprotective effects. However, it is not yet clear whether the efficacy and mechanisms of iridoid components with similar structures are also similar. This study aimed to compare the neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of eight iridoid components (catalpol (CAT), genipin (GE), geniposide (GEN), geniposidic acid (GPA), aucubin (AU), ajugol (AJU), rehmannioside C (RC), and rehmannioside D (RD)) based on corticosterone (CORT)-induced injury in PC12 cells. PC12 cells were randomly divided into a normal control group (NC), model group (M), positive drug group (FLX), and eight iridoid administration groups. Firstly, PC12 cells were induced with CORT to simulate neuronal injury. Then, the MTT method and flow cytometry were applied to evaluate the protective effects of eight iridoid components on PC12 cell damage. Thirdly, a cell metabolomics study based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS) was performed to explore changes in relevant biomarkers and metabolic pathways following the intervention of administration. The MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis showed that the eight iridoid components can improve cell viability, inhibit cell apoptosis, reduce intracellular ROS levels, and elevate MMP levels. In the PCA score plots, the sample points of the treatment groups showed a trend towards approaching the NC group. Among them, AU, AJU, and RC had a weaker effect. There were 38 metabolites (19 metabolites each in positive and negative ion modes, respectively) identified as potential biomarkers during the experiment, among which 23 metabolites were common biomarkers of the eight iridoid groups. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the eight iridoid components regulated the metabolism mainly in relation to D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, the TCA cycle, purine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism. In conclusion, the eight iridoid components could reverse an imbalanced metabolic state by regulating amino acid neurotransmitters, interfering with amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism, and harmonizing the level of oxidized substances to exhibit neuroprotective effects.

Iridoid is a special class of monoterpenoids, whose basic skeleton is the acetal derivative of antinodilaldehyde with a bicyclic H-5/H-9β, β-cisfused cyclopentan pyran ring. They were often existed in Valerianaceae, Rubiaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Labiaceae family, and has various biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, neuroprotection, and soon. In this review, iridoids from Patrinia (Valerianaceae family), and the active ones as well as their mechanisms in recent 20 years were summarized. Up to now, a total of 115 iridoids had been identified in Patrinia, among which 48 had extensive biological activities mainly presented in anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and neuroprotective. And the mechanisms involved in MAPK, NF-κB and JNK signal pathways. The summary for iridoids and their activities will provide the evidence to exploit the iridoids in Patrinia.

The health benefits of Vaccinium bracteatum are well recorded in ancient Chinese medical books and were also demonstrated by modern researches. However, the relationship between its beneficial functions and specific chemical constituents has not been fully characterized. This study investigated the bioactive small-molecule constituents in the leaves of V. bracteatum, which afforded 32 compounds including ten new ones (1–9) and ten pairs of enantiomers (9–18). Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses, with 1–4 bearing a novel revolving-door shaped scaffold. While half-compounds exhibited decent antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, all except 19 and 20 exerted significant capturing activity against diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radicals. In addition, the new iridoids 1, 5, 6, and 7 exerted apparent neuroprotective activity toward PC12 cells, with 1 being comparable to the positive control, and selective compounds also displayed anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting α-glucosidase and NO production, respectively. The current work revealed that the bioactive small-molecule constituents could be closely related to the functional food property of the title species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patrinia punctiflora is a medical and edible Chinese herb with high nutritional and medicinal value. The continuing study of its chemical constituents led to the isolation of six iridoids, which were previously unreported compounds, patriscabioins P U (1–6). Their structures were characterized and confirmed with NMR (1D & 2D), HRMS, IR and UV. Among them, compound 5 was screened to evaluate its insulin resistance activity on an IR-HepG-2 cell model. Compound 5 had no cytotoxicity compared with the control group and could promote glucose uptake in IR-HepG-2 cells. Through further mechanism studies, the undescribed compound 5 could increase the expression levels of PI-3 K, p -AKT, GLUT4 and p -GSK3 β proteins. Moreover, the expression of PEPCK and G6Pase proteins, which are key gluconeogenic enzymes, was also inhibited. Thus, compound 5 promotes the transfer of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane by activating the PI-3 K/AKT signaling pathway, at the same time, promotes glycogen synthesis and inhibits the onset of gluconeogenesis, which in turn ameliorates insulin resistance. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. contains various phytochemicals with tremendous potential to fight against different infections. However, the effect of these phytochemicals on Mycobacterium tuberculosis is yet unknown. Treatment of multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of the tuberculosis bacterium are still challenging. Therefore, there is an urgent need to overcome this problem. The present review focuses on the potential action of the hypolipidemic phytochemicals obtained from N. arbor-tristis on the growth and survival of M. tuberculosis in the human host. The extracts from different parts of this plant are hypolipidemic by various established mechanisms. Phytochemicals like iridoids and flavonoids from plant origin exhibit a high capacity to regulate cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in vivo. The hypolipidemic properties of N. arbor-tristis-derived extracts are probably due to the presence of phytochemicals such as iridoids, flavonoids, etc. It may regulate fatty acid biosynthesis in M. tuberculosis by targeting bacterial fatty acid synthase enzyme. Additionally, these phytochemicals also inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in the host by interrupting the function of HMG-CoA reductase. M. tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen. It is also established fact as on date that entry of tuberculosis bacterium in the macrophage is macrophage membrane cholesterol-dependent. Host cholesterol is also otherwise necessary by multiple mechanisms for the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Based on the above facts, we believe that N. arbor-tristis derived phytochemicals can act both on the tuberculosis bacterium and on the host for prevention and cure of tuberculosis.

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. contains various phytochemicals with tremendous potential to fight against different infections. However, the effect of these phytochemicals on Mycobacterium tuberculosis is yet unknown. Treatment of multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of the tuberculosis bacterium are still challenging. Therefore, there is an urgent need to overcome this problem. The present review focuses on the potential action of the hypolipidemic phytochemicals obtained from N. arbor-tristis on the growth and survival of M. tuberculosis in the human host. The extracts from different parts of this plant are hypolipidemic by various established mechanisms. Phytochemicals like iridoids and flavonoids from plant origin exhibit a high capacity to regulate cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis in vivo. The hypolipidemic properties of N. arbor-tristis-derived extracts are probably due to the presence of phytochemicals such as iridoids, flavonoids, etc. It may regulate fatty acid biosynthesis in M. tuberculosis by targeting bacterial fatty acid synthase enzyme. Additionally, these phytochemicals also inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in the host by interrupting the function of HMG-CoA reductase. M. tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen. It is also established fact as on date that entry of tuberculosis bacterium in the macrophage is macrophage membrane cholesterol-dependent. Host cholesterol is also otherwise necessary by multiple mechanisms for the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Based on the above facts, we believe that N. arbor-tristis derived phytochemicals can act both on the tuberculosis bacterium and on the host for prevention and cure of tuberculosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new glycoiridoid (1) together with seven (7) known compounds were isolated from the methanol crude extract of the root bark of Stereospermum kunthianum using chromatography methods. Their structures were elucidated using HR-ESI-MS, 1 D- & 2 D-NMR spectroscopies in comparison with previous literature. The antioxidant activity was investigated by using FRAP, DPPH, ABTS and HRSA methods while the antibacterial activity was assays on Escherichia coli (ATCC25922) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC14028) strains. The results showed that the isolated compounds had significantly (p < 0.01) high radical scavenging (IC50) and reducing power activity. All bacteria strains showed important minimal inhibitory concentration activity against isolated compounds started at 5 mg/mL with an inhibition zone of 6 mm. Thus, the isolated compounds in S. kunthianum justify the use of the plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases in humans. These isolated compounds can be used for formulation of new drug discovery to treat infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main conclusion: Using virus-induced gene silencing, we demonstrated that the enzymes GES, ISY, and MLPL are responsible for nepetalactone biosynthesis in Nepeta cataria. Nepetalactone is the main iridoid that is found in the Nepeta genus and is well-known for its psychoactive effect on house cats. Moreover, there is a burgeoning interest into the effect of nepetalactone on insects. Although the enzymes for nepetalactone biosynthesis have been biochemically assayed in vitro, validation of the role that these enzymes have in planta has not been demonstrated. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a silencing method that relies on transient transformation and is an approach that has been particularly successful when applied to a variety of non-model plants. Here, we use a recently designed visual-marker dependent VIGS system to demonstrate that the nepetalactone biosynthetic enzymes GES, ISY, and MLPL impact nepetalactone biosynthesis in Nepeta cataria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of an ongoing project on Rehmannia species, three new pyridine alkaloides (glutinosines A − C), and one new iridoid analogue (rehmaglutin E), were isolated from the leaves of Rehmannia glutinosa. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligustrum lucidum Aiton is a flowering plant of the Oleaceae family, and its fruits have been traditionally used for skin nourishment and the treatment of skin diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory constituents for skin disease are not well-characterized. Phytochemical investigation of L. lucidum fruits resulted in the isolation of a new secoiridoid, secoligulene (1), together with (E)-3-(1-oxobut-2-en-2-yl)pentanedioic acid (2) and trans-(E)-3-(1-oxobut-2-en-2-yl)glutaric acid (3). Secoligulene (1) displayed the potent inhibitory effect on NO production with an IC50 value of 12.0 μg/mL. Secoligulene (1) also downregulated mRNA transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 α, IL-1β, IL-6 and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further investigation showed that secoligulene (1) inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB and JNK activated by LPS. In addition, secoligulene (1) downregulated the expression of chemokines such as CXCL8 and CCL20 in the TNF-α/IL-17/IFN-γ induced HaCaT psoriasis model. Taken together, these findings support the beneficial effects of L. lucidum and its constituents on inflammation-related skin diseases and can be further developed as therapeutic treatments for related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The phytochemical investigation on Vitex negundo leaves has led to the isolation of one new iridoid glucoside (8α-hydroxy-4-carboxyl-5βH-9βH-iridoid-1α-O-(6′-O-(6,7-dihydrofoliamenthonyl)-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside, 3), together with three known compounds, namely agnuside (1), 6′-O-E-caffeoylmussaenosidic acid (2), and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4). The HPLC analytical study was also performed to quantify the content of agnuside (1) in dried leaves. The results indicated the very high content of 1 (3.04 ± 0.02%). The method was also validated by various parameters, including linearity (R2= 0.9999), precision (intra-day RSD ≤ 2.50%, inter-day RSD= 0.76%), and accuracy (recovery rates 96.58-101.86%). The animal testing data showed that the extract did not reduce pain at the doses of 9.6 and 28.8 g /kg (leaf weight/body weight) in the hot plates and pain measuring models but showed the pain reduction in the acetic acid-induced pain model. The extract at the dose of 5.6 g/kg (leaf weight/body weight) also had effects on the acute inflammation in the carrageenin-induced edema model. The extract at the dose 9.6 and 28.8 g/kg (leaf weight/body weight) also showed significant chronic anti-inflammation, comparable to methylprednisolone at the dose 10 mg/kg on the mouse peritoneal.

Terpenoids are naturally occurring compounds involved in respiration, photosynthesis, membrane fluidity, and pathogen interactions and are classified according to the structure of their carbon skeleton. Although most terpenoids possess pharmacological activity, knowledge about terpenoid metabolism in medicinal plants is insufficient. Rehmannia glutinosa (R. glutinosa) is a traditional herb that is widely used in East Asia and has been reported to contain various terpenoids. In this study, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of terpenoid metabolism in R. glutinosa using two RNA sequencing platforms: Illumina and PacBio. The results show that the sterol, saponin, iridoid, and carotenoid pathways are active in R. glutinosa. Sterol and saponin biosynthesis were mevalonate pathway dependent, whereas iridoid and carotenoid biosynthesis were methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway dependent. In addition, we found that the homologous genes of key enzymes involved in terpenoid metabolism were expressed differentially and that the differential expression of these genes was associated with specific terpenoid biosynthesis. The different expression of homologous genes encoding acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, mevalonate kinase, mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, squalene synthase, and squalene epoxidase was associated with sterol and saponin biosynthesis. Homologous genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase were also differentially expressed and were associated with carotenoid and iridoid biosynthesis. These results suggest that the biosynthesis of specific terpenoids can be regulated by the homologous of key enzymes involved in plant terpenoid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sequestration of plant secondary metabolites by herbivores can vary across both host plant phenology and herbivore ontogeny, but few studies have explored how they concurrently change in the field. We explored variation in iridoid glycoside concentration and composition in white turtlehead, Chelone glabra, as well as sequestration of iridoid glycosides by its specialist herbivore, the Baltimore checkerspot, Euphydryas phaeton, across the development of both herbivore and host plant. In 2012 we sampled plants to describe seasonal variation in the concentrations of two iridoid glycosides, aucubin and catalpol. In 2017, we sampled both host plants and caterpillars over an entire growing season and explored the relationship between plant chemistry and herbivore sequestration. We also compared iridoid glycoside concentrations of plants with and without herbivory to gain insight into whether levels of secondary compounds were impacted by herbivory. We found that total plant iridoid glycosides varied across the season and that total sequestered iridoid glycosides in caterpillars closely mirrored concentration patterns in plants. However, the magnitude of sequestration by caterpillars ranged from 2 to 20 times the concentrations in host plants, with different proportions of aucubin and catalpol. In addition, plants with herbivory had lower iridoid glycoside concentrations than plants without herbivory, although this difference changed over time. These results suggest that while variation in host plant secondary metabolites may be a dominant factor driving sequestration, other ecological factors may mitigate the relationship between host plant chemistry and herbivore sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genipin and geniposide are iridoids from the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides. Both compounds have a methyl acetate (-COOCH3) group at C4 and a hydroxyl (-OH) group at C10. As an iridoid glucoside with a glucose moiety at C1, geniposide is also known as genipin-1-O-β-D-glucoside. Without the glucose moiety, genipin is an iridoid and the aglycone of geniposide. The -OH group at C1 of genipin is responsible for its cytotoxic effects. Geniposide without the -OH group at C1 lacks the cytotoxic effects. There are more publications on the anti-cancer properties of genipin than geniposide. Studies have reported the potentiation of genipin when used in combination with anti-cancer drugs. The anti-cancer properties of geniposide have been investigated using human intestinal microflora that hydrolyzes geniposide to genipin. Both genipin and geniposide exert anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities via different molecular targets and pathways. Other pharmacological properties of genipin and geniposide include antidepressant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-thrombotic, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Future research on genipin and geniposide is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three phenylpropanoid-conjugated iridoid glucosides, acetylgaertneric acid (1), acetyldehydrogaertneroside (2), and dehydrogaertneric acid (10), together with nine known related iridoid glucosides (3–9, 11, and 12), two coumaroyl alkaloids, one benzenoid, and three flavonoid glucosides were isolated from leaves of Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae). Structures of these isolated compounds were determined using spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 1–18 and previously isolated compounds (19–29) were evaluated for anti-trypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma cruzi Tulahuen strain (trypomastigote and amastigote) together with cytotoxicity against host cells, new-born mouse heart cells. Among them, molucidin (21) and prismatomerin (22) exhibited good anti-trypanosomal activity (IC50 of 4.67 and 5.70 µM, respectively), together with cytotoxicity (CC50 of 2.76 and 3.22 μM, respectively). Compounds 1–18 did not show anti-malarial activity against a chloroquine/mefloquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. & Auch. is one of the wild growing species of herbs found in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. These species are used in folk medicine for the healing of wound, treatment of snake bites, rheumatism and joint pains. The primary aim of this study was to obtain natural pure compounds and this was done by subjecting the aerial parts of Eremostachys macrophylla Montbr. & Auch. to phytochemical analysis. Methods: The air-dried and crushed aerial parts were respectively extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) solvents using a soxhlet apparatus. The 10%, 20% and 40% of MeOH in water Sep-Pak fractions of the MeOH extract were subjected to a preparative reversed- phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Also, the isolated pure compounds were identified by one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D-NMR) spectroscopic techniqueResults: The results obtained in this study showed the presence of seven pure components; (1) Lamalbide, (2) Sesamoside, (3) Phlomiol, (4) Verbascoside, (5) Luteolin-7-O- glucoside, (6) Apigenin-7-O- rutinoside and (7) Kaempferol-3-O- glucoside with iridoid, phenylethanoid and flavonoid structures. Conclusion: The results from the study demonstrated that the aerial parts of E. macrophylla could be a good source of iridoids, phenylethanoids and flavonoids.

The health benefits of Vaccinium bracteatum are well recorded in ancient Chinese medical books and were also demonstrated by modern researches. However, the relationship between its beneficial functions and specific chemical constituents has not been fully characterized. This study investigated the bioactive small-molecule constituents in the leaves of V. bracteatum, which afforded 32 compounds including ten new ones (1–9) and ten pairs of enantiomers (9–18). Their structures with absolute configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, especially nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) analyses, with 1–4 bearing a novel revolving-door shaped scaffold. While half-compounds exhibited decent antioxidant activity by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, all except 19 and 20 exerted significant capturing activity against diammonium 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) radicals. In addition, the new iridoids 1, 5, 6, and 7 exerted apparent neuroprotective activity toward PC12 cells, with 1 being comparable to the positive control, and selective compounds also displayed anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting α-glucosidase and NO production, respectively. The current work revealed that the bioactive small-molecule constituents could be closely related to the functional food property of the title species.

Plumieride (PLU), an iridoid isolated from Allamanda cathartica flowers, has been studied by our research group due to its anti-inflammatory potential, antidepressant-like and anxiolytic-like effects. This research investigated the involvement of GABAergic and monoaminergic systems in the anxiolytic-like effect elicited by PLU. Therefore, mice were pre-treated with GABAergic, serotonergic, adrenergic or dopaminergic receptor antagonists (i.p.), and exposed to Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) and Open-Field Test (OFT). The preliminary results revealed that PLU (p.o.) possibly interacts with the mentioned systems through the GABAA, GABAB, 5-HT1A, 5-HT3, α1, α2, and D2 receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two phenylpropanoid-conjugated iridoids, deglucosyl gaertneroside (1) and morindoidin (2), were isolated from the leaves of Morinda morindoides (Rubiaceae) by activity-guided fractionation using an anti-malarial activity assay. The known related iridoids molucidin (3) and prismatomerin (4), two lignans, abscisic acid, two megastigmanes, and two flavonol glycosides were also identified. The structures of isolated compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic analysis. The isolated compounds were evaluated for anti-malarial activity against the chloroquine/mefloquine-sensitive strains of Plasmodium falciparum together with cytotoxicity against adult mouse brain cells. Potent anti-malarial activity of 3 and 4 (IC50 of 0.96 and 0.80 μM, CC50 of 1.02 and 0.88 μM, and SI of 1.06 and 1.10, respectively) was shown, while new iridoids 1 and 2 and pinoresinol (5) displayed moderate activity (IC50 of 40.9, 20.6, and 24.2 μM) without cytotoxicity (CC50 > 50 μM). These results indicate that 1–5 may be promising lead compounds for anti-malarial drugs. In addition, our results imply the necessity of the quality control of the extract of M. morindoides leaves based on the contents of 1–5 in terms of the safety and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A number of iridoids and triterpene acids, such as pulchelloside, sesamoside, shanshiside methyl ester, barlerin, gypsogenin acid and acetate of gypsogenic acid were isolated from the aerial part of Phlomis linearifolia and their structures were confirmed by NMR, mass and IR spectroscopy. In addition, the hepatoprotective potential of iridoid fraction from P. linearifolia aerial parts was tested against CCl4 induced fibrosis in rats. The iridoid fraction not only prevented the manifestation of the hepatotoxic effect of CCl4, but rather quickly eliminated the effects of developing intoxication. The hepatoprotective activity of the SI was confirmed to be effective and exceeds knows drug carsil. Supplemental data for this article can be accessed at . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ligustrum lucidum Aiton is a flowering plant of the Oleaceae family, and its fruits have been traditionally used for skin nourishment and the treatment of skin diseases. However, the anti-inflammatory constituents for skin disease are not well-characterized. Phytochemical investigation of L. lucidum fruits resulted in the isolation of a new secoiridoid, secoligulene (1), together with (E)-3-(1-oxobut-2-en-2-yl)pentanedioic acid (2) and trans-(E)-3-(1-oxobut-2-en-2-yl)glutaric acid (3). Secoligulene (1) displayed the potent inhibitory effect on NO production with an IC50 value of 12.0 μg/mL. Secoligulene (1) also downregulated mRNA transcriptional levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 α, IL-1β, IL-6 and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further investigation showed that secoligulene (1) inhibited the phosphorylation of IκB and JNK activated by LPS. In addition, secoligulene (1) downregulated the expression of chemokines such as CXCL8 and CCL20 in the TNF-α/IL-17/IFN-γ induced HaCaT psoriasis model. Taken together, these findings support the beneficial effects of L. lucidum and its constituents on inflammation-related skin diseases and can be further developed as therapeutic treatments for related diseases.

Main observation and conclusion: The investigation of Morinda officinalis led to the isolation of twelve compounds (1—12), including three new iridoid glycosides morindalins A—C (1—3) and nine known compounds (4—12). Their structural identifications were conducted using HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra as well as quantum chemical computations. Compound 6 displayed the most significantly agonistic activity against farnesoid X receptor (FXR) with an EC50 value of 7.18 μM, and its agonistic effect was verified through the investigation of FXR downstream target genes including small heterodimer partner 1 (SHP1), bile salt export pump (BSEP), and organic solute transporter subunit alpha and beta (OSTα and OSTβ). The potential interaction of compound 6 with FXR was analyzed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics stimulation, revealing that amino acid residues Leu287, Thr288, and Ser332 played a crucial role in the activation of compound 6 towards FXR. These findings suggested that compound 6 could be regarded as a potential candidate for the development of FXR agonists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patrinia scabiosaefolia is a medical and edible Chinese herb with high nutritional and medicinal value. The continuing study of its chemical constituents led to the discovery of nine unique iridoids and iridoid glycosides, including three new iridoids (1-3) and six previously unknown irioid glycosides (5-10), and one known compound (4). Among them, compound 1 was a deformed iridoid, while compounds 3, 5-7, and 10 formed a new ring in their skeletons which was uncommon in this genus. For compound 3, the new ring existed between C-3 and C-10, while a 1,3-dioxane appeared between C-7 and C-10 in compounds 5-7 and 10. Moreover, compound 10 was a bis-iridoid glycoside, which was the first reported in P. scabiosaefolia. And the sugar of irioid glycosides (5-10) was glucose at C-11, except in 9 which had a 5-deoxyglucose moiety. All their structures were confirmed based on the extensive spectroscopic analysis, including IR, UV, HR-ESI-MS, ECD, and 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. Their cytotoxic activities against HL-60, A-549, SMMC-7721, MCF-7, SW480 were also tested.

Phlomis bruguieri is a native plant in Iran, which deserves phytochemical study. The aim of this study was evaluation of its iridoid contents along with its antioxidant capacity. Aerial parts of the plant material were extracted with methanol and applied on repeated normal column chromatography using hexane: chloroform (70:30), chloroform: methanol (90:10), and methanol (100%). The fraction eluted with methanol (100%) containing polar glycosides was selected and medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC) on a RP-18 cartridge. Fraction elute by MeOH: water 30:70 was loaded on HPLC on RP-18 column for final purification. Structure elucidation was done using 1D and 2D NMR, and mass spectra. Antioxidant activity including total antioxidant capacity, DPPH and FRAP methods were designated to assess the in vitro antioxidant capacities. This study indicated the presence of lamiide as iridoid compound in the aerial parts of Phlomis bruguieri for the first time in this plant [350 mg/2 kg; 0.0175 % (w/w)]. Lamiide showed moderate antioxidant activity using TAC (EC50: 55 μg/mL; ascorbic acid EC50: 7.5 μg/mL), DPPH (EC50: 116.2 ± 3.51 μg/mL; ascorbic acid:34.7 ± 0.97 μg/mL), and FRAP (EC50:>200 μg/mL; quercetin: 7.5 ± 0.68 μg/mL) methods.

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Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea) is a perennial plant of the Caprifoliaceae family that has captured considerable attention in recent years as a health functional food. Many distinct and unique phytoconstituents have been introduced alongside bioactivities, mounting the nutritional and biological uses of this plant as a functional food and in traditional medicine. The paper covers comprehensive information on the nutritional and phytochemical components of honeysuckle, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, organic acids, triterpenoids, iridoids, and fatty acids. Meanwhile, bioactivities that promote health, including antioxidant, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, cardio protective, antitumor, liver and lung protective, and antimicrobial activities based on in vitro and in vivo studies, have also been included. The review briefly summarizes a few published and unpublished human studies. In addition, it also outlines commercial applications and future perspectives and challenges. About 186 chemicals have been identified from different parts of the honeysuckle. Its newly identified compounds are triterpenoids, iridoids, and fatty acids. Overall, the plant has many pharmacological activities, as confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies. Since significant clinical data on blue honeysuckle are scarce, well-designed human intervention studies are required to further confirm the biological activity in humans. • Approximately 186 phytoconstituents have been characterized in Lonicera caerulea. • Lonicera caerulea has ample health-promoting activites. • Majority of the articles evaluated preclinical applications. • Future endeavors should consider human studies. • Lonicera caerulea is a promising plant to develop as a health food product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Adenocalymma axillarum (K.Schum.) L.G. Lohmann is a liana belonging to the family Bignoniaceae. In traditional medicine, the genus Adenocalymma is used to treat fever, skin ailments, and body, joint, and facial muscle pains, and it is also applied as cosmetic. Biological assays conducted with the A. axillarum crude leaf ethanol extract have indicated leishmanicidal activity and absence of cytotoxicity. This study aimed to analyze the A. axillarum leaf ethanol crude extract by high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry- diode array detector (HPLC-HRMS-DAD) and to evaluate the leishmanicidal and cytotoxic activities of this crude extract, its fractions, and isolated compounds. HPLC-HRMS-DAD analysis of this extract revealed that it consisted mainly of flavonoids, with nine major compounds. Extract purification yielded 4-hydroxy-N-methylproline, 6-β-hydroxyipolamiide, quercetin-3-O-robinobioside, hyperin, isorhamnetin-3-O-robinobioside, and 3’-O-methylhyperin, which were identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. The isolated compounds were inactive against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and human lung fibroblast cells.

Background and objectives: The rhizomes of Eremostachys azerbaijanica Rech. f.,as an indigenous plant in East Azerbaijan province of Iran, were studied for isolation and identification of possible phytoconstituents. Methods: The air- dried and ground rhizomes were extracted with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol (MeOH) using a Soxhlet apparatus. The 10%, 20% and 80% MeOH in water C18 cartridge solid phase extraction products )Sep-Pak fractions( of the MeOH extract were subjected to preparative reversed- phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and the isolated pure compounds were identified by one- dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D-NMR) spectroscopic technique. Results: The spectroscopic data of the compounds were compared with the respective published data and the obtained results showed the presence of four pure components, 6 - Hydroxy loganin (1), Shanzhiside methyl ester (2), Eremostachiin (β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester of phlomisoic acid) (3) and Phlomisoside II (4), with iridoid and furano labdane- type diterpene glycoside structures. Conclusion: The occurrence of these types of chemical structures might be a confirmation to close relation and similar pharmacological and biological activities between Eremostachys and Phlomis genera.

The genus Pentas belongs to the Rubiaceae family, which contains approximately 40 species. Several Pentas species were reported to be used as a folk treatment by African indigenous people in treating some diseases such as malaria, tapeworms, dysentery, gonorrhea, syphilis and snake poisoning. This article covers the period from 1962 to 2017 and presents an overview of the biological activity of different Pentas species and describes their phytochemical traits. As a conclusion, the main secondary metabolites from Pentas species are quinones, highly oxygenated chromene-based structures, and iridoids. Pentas species are widely used in folk medicine but they have to be more investigated for their medicinal properties.

Iridoids are a large family of monoterpenoids found in traditional medicinal plants and show significant effects for the human species. In addition to their wide range of biological activities, such as neuroprotective and antitumor activities, the cis‐fused bicyclic ring systems of iridoids are still attractive as synthetic targets to apply novel synthetic methodologies. Accordingly, recent progress regarding the biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of iridoids is covered in this minireview. Identification of new enzymes for the iridoid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus and ingenious synthetic strategies for the construction of the iridoid skeleton are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]