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Instrumental Analysis”is an important foundational course offered for chemistry related majors such as chemistry, chemical engineering, medicine, environment, materials, and life sciences. It has a wide range of applications and strong interdisciplinary nature. Curriculum ideological and political education is an important measure to implement the fundamental task of cultivating morality and talents, inherit the red gene, and cultivate new talents of the times. “Instrumental Analysis” is an important carrier and medium of ideological and political education in the curriculum. Based on the teaching background of“Instrumental Analysis”and experimental courses, this article deepens the reform of course objectives, content, structure, and mode, and organically integrates ideological and political elements such as patriotism, cultural confidence, craftsmanship spirit, exploration and innovation, and ideal beliefs with the content of the Instrument Analysis course, strengthen the guiding role of teachers in ideological and political education in the curriculum, enhance the professional quality and moral cultivation of students, achieve the unity of knowledge transmission and value shaping, and provide reference and guidance for the implementation of ideological and political education in the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the correlation between both the chemical compositions and physicochemical properties of pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre and their enzymatic saccharification/total glucose yield (TGY). Twenty OPEFB samples, pretreated with various aqueous pretreatments, with diverse cellulose (25.63–44.23%), hemicellulose (0.01–42.49%), and lignin (3.7–47.1%) levels, were examined for their correlation with TGY (8.5–40%). The quadratic regression model was verified significant (p-value = 0.0006, R2 = 0.8006). It was found that the pre-refined OPEFB experienced greater cellulose loss (35%) compared to unrefined ones (9%), adversely affecting TGY. Among physicochemical properties analysed using SEM, FTIR, XRD, Py-GCMS, and XPS, only crystallinity index (CrI) was significantly correlated with TGY based on theoretical glucose concentration (TGC) (R2 = 0.77, 0.91). Other characteristics (morphology, functional groups, crystallite size, S/G ratio, and O/C ratio) exhibited no significant correlation to saccharification efficiency, exhibiting random trends (R2 < 0.5). OPEFB fibres with CrI of 30–40 could achieve 100% TGY based on TGC. In conclusion, regardless of pretreatments, chemical compositions predominantly affected TGY in the enzymatic saccharification of biomass. Among commonly used physicochemical analytical methods, CrI is most significant in this evaluation and OPEFB should be unrefined before treatment to avoid cellulose loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the various compounds regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are of particular concern. Their continuous release into the environment has a negative global impact on human life. This review summarizes the sources, occurrence, persistence, consequences of exposure, and toxicity of PPCPs, and evaluates the various analytical methods used in the identification and quantification of PPCPs in a variety of solid and liquid environmental matrices. The current techniques of choice for the analysis of PPCPs are state-of-the-art liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2). However, the complexity of the environmental matrices and the trace levels of micropollutants necessitate the use of advanced sample treatments before these instrumental analyses. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with different sorbents is now the predominant method used for the extraction of PPCPs from environmental samples. This review also addresses the ongoing analytical method challenges, including sample clean-up and matrix effects, focusing on the occurrence, sample preparation, and analytical methods presently available for the determination of environmental residues of PPCPs. Continuous development of innovative analytical methods is essential for overcoming existing limitations and ensuring the consistency and diversity of analytical methods used in investigations of environmental multi-class compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chromatographic analysis represents a prevalent technique within modern instrumental analysis. Chromatography, encompassing both gas and liquid chromatographic methods, is a fundamental component of instrumental analysis experiment course in higher education institutions. Despite their shared separation principles, gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) exhibit distinct characteristics and applications. Leveraging the comparative teaching method, this study involves the execution of chromatographic separation of benzene, toluene and m-xylene using both GC and LC instruments within the framework of an instrumental analysis experimental course. This comparative approach facilitates a deeper understanding and appreciation of chromatographic techniques among students by elucidating the theoretical underpinnings, experimental conditions, operational methodologies, and outcomes associated with each method. Furthermore, this pedagogical strategy serves as a preparatory step for students’ future research endeavors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the challenges of traditional instrumental analytical methods in dealing with more complex chemical samples, more trace chemical analysis and more precise chemical measurements, this paper proposes a strategy for gradually integrating artificial intelligence into the applied research and teaching practice of scientific instrument analysis. By adopting a new paradigm of scientific research, the research and development and application of analytical instruments are discussed. From the perspective of integrating science and education, this approach aims to enhance experimental teaching effectiveness through artificial intelligence methods, and to integrate the virtual simulation experiment, intelligent experimental data analysis, and diversified intelligent evaluation. Leveraging the new technology of artificial intelligence, we align with contemporary trends to cultivate high-quality talents possessing comprehensive scientific knowledge, innovative abilities, and social responsibility, thereby fulfilling the fundamental task of fostering virtues and cultivating talents in higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment, Cu-pyropheophorbide-a methyl ester (Cu-MPPa) was designed to be synthesized for cancer therapy mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione depletion. Additionally, it facilitates the maintenance of high intracellular oxygen concentrations through cyclic oxygen production via a Fenton-like reaction. The reactive oxygen generation capacity, oxygen production capacity and glutathione consumption capacity of CuMPPa were investigated during the experiment. Mass spectrometry was used to characterize the structures of the synthesized intermediates. Combining Organic Chemistry synthesis, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry experiments, this experiment necessitates a team of three students and is estimated to take about 24 credit hours. It is designed to cultivate students' abilities in synthesis and innovation, complex problem-solving and teamwork enhancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of China’s scientific and technological advancement demands and the transformative epoch of the new century, particularly as the nation progresses from a “manufacturing giant” to a “manufacturing powerhouse”, this paper discusses the evolving mission of instrumental analysis course. The mission includes fostering students’ innovation consciousness and creativity at the level of basic chemistry education, and supporting the industrial development of national instrumentation. To fulfill this ambitious mission, the teaching of instrumental analysis should emphasize its pivotal role in bridging various chemical sub-disciplines and other fields, serving as an excellent introduction to intelligent manufacturing education. The paper also addresses the pedagogical challenges in training a generation proficient in understanding, using, and innovating in instrumentation to advance the industry, which is essential to better adapt to societal development trends and national strategic demands. Strategies to address these challenges within educational practices are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at determining the physicochemical properties of sewage effluent from microbial fuel cell (MFC). The physicochemical changes were monitored via scanning electron microscopy micrograph and EDS instrumental analysis of the influent in situ and after treatment in an MFC run for 30 days. The cells were constructed using BaZrO3/Akaso clay (AC) composite functioning as proton exchange membrane (PEM). The PEM performance was further enhanced by heating the BaZrO3/AC composite to higher temperatures. The Akaso clay material was characterized by FTIR and DSC thermogram analyses at room temperature and heated states. The proton conductivity variation with temperature of BaZrO3/AC was examined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor of 5117.93 J kmol−1 and 8.96 kmol s−1, respectively, were obtained for BaZrO3/clay chemical compounding process. The cell recorded an improved power performance to the tune of 503.23 mW m−2. The property changes with respect to wastewater quality indices in the effluent before (EBT) and after MFC treatment (EAT) were also presented. The pH of the EAT decreased from 7.90 to 6.88, within the optimum range suitable for crop production. The elemental compositions of sanitary wastewater showed the presence of essential elements (Ca, C, N, K, P) and trace elements (Fe, Ti, Ag, Nb, Ag, Y) in various weight concentrations. The increase in C/N ratio of 3:1 in EBT to 7:1 in EAT shows a relatively higher agricultural value of effluent from MFC operation for improved biochemical processes in plants for improved yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the increasing consumption of bottled water in recent years, to ensure the safety, we aimed to evaluate the concentration of 6 toxic heavy metals, nitrate and nitrite components in the commonly sold bottled water in Mashhad, Iran.Methods: The 11 best-selling bottled water brand in Mashhad were identified. Eight bottles from each brand were randomly collected and delivered at the same day to toxicology laboratory of Imam Reza Hospital and refrigerated at 4-6 °C. Spectrophotometry and atomic absorption spectrometry and were used to measure the nitrate, nitrite and heavy metals, respectively. The results were analyzed by SPSS version 16 and compared with the WHO and Australian guidelines. Also, the discrepancy between measured components and the depicted labels’ values were compared.Results: The mean and SD of concentrations of the heavy metals in 11 brand were as below: lead 1.62±0.86 [µg/L], chromium 1.03±0.84 [µg/L], cadmium 0.17±0.07 [µg/L], mercury 3.86±1.57 [µg/L], arsenic 0.89±0.46 [µg/L], aluminum 6.56±4.54 [µg/L]. The mean and SD measured quantities of nitrate, nitrite and pH were 9.96±5.95 [mg/L], 0.01±0.03 [mg/L] and 7.92±5.95, respectively. There was a significant difference between the label values and the quantitative levels except for 3 brands, which was observed with a p value of 0.518 and 0.642 for nitrate level in N4 and N11 brands, as well as 0.681 for pH level in N7 brand. The measured values of heavy metals, nitrate and nitrite in all samples were within domestic, WHO and Australian limits, except for mercury in 9 samples which exceeded the Australian standard [less than 1 µg/L].Conclusion: The heavy metals, nitrate and nitrite concentrations in all samples were within the domestic, WHO and Australian ranges, except for mercury in 9 samples that exceeded the Australian standard. There was a discrepancy between entries of the bottled labels and the measured quantities.

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and evasive in nature. They can be found in complex agricultural matrices like soil and compost. In the literature, extracting MPs from soil is more prevalent; nonetheless, the same instruments in extraction in soil samples can also be used to assess MPs in compost despite the high levels of organic material. MPs in agricultural environments have recently become a focus of research due to their status as emerging pollutants. However, the lack of standardized instruments and techniques for analysis is a major challenge in assessing MPs. Despite this limitation, this review article identified and suggested some important factors to consider when selecting suitable methods or instruments for MP analysis. This article also categorized instrumental analysis in MP studies as destructive and non-destructive and highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of methods and instruments such as visual inspection, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (RS), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These highlights will provide researchers with a useful guide to help them choose the most appropriate method and instrumentation technique for their MP analytical research. Additionally, the article discusses the combination of two or more of these analytical instruments to improve efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that significantly affects the social and professional life of patients, causing distortion of reality and loss of identity and cognitive abilities. Psychopharmacological treatment is an integral part of modern psychiatry, and the introduction of new "atypical" antipsychotic drugs has brought significant progress in the treatment of this disorder. One of these drugs is olanzapine, which has an effective effect on the productive symptoms of schizophrenia while having an almost minimal potential to cause extrapyramidal syndrome. However, its effectiveness is confronted with frequent side effects, referred to as "metabolic disorders". Therefore, to ensure the effectiveness of treatment and to minimize the side effects caused by olanzapine, it is recommended to monitor the drug level during therapy. This article reviews the bioanalytical methodologies that enable efficient extraction and sensitive analysis of olanzapine. We considered the advantages and disadvantages of different sample pretreatment methods, including traditional and novel strategies. The analytical conditions required for the separation and detection of olanzapine and its metabolites were analyzed using chromatographic methods combined with various detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The “Instrument Analysis Experiment” course offered by National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education (University of Science and Technology of China) is a demonstration course for ideological and political education in Anhui Province. In the teaching process of the experimental course “Determination of Plasticizer Content in Beverages by GC-MS”, the course team designed a series of ideological and political teaching cases based on the characteristics of the course. The construction of the ideological and political case library helps teachers fully explore the moral education elements in the course, stimulate students’ interest in learning, cultivate students’ awareness of independent innovation, which achieved good teaching results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous and evasive in nature. They can be found in complex agricultural matrices like soil and compost. In the literature, extracting MPs from soil is more prevalent; nonetheless, the same instruments in extraction in soil samples can also be used to assess MPs in compost despite the high levels of organic material. MPs in agricultural environments have recently become a focus of research due to their status as emerging pollutants. However, the lack of standardized instruments and techniques for analysis is a major challenge in assessing MPs. Despite this limitation, this review article identified and suggested some important factors to consider when selecting suitable methods or instruments for MP analysis. This article also categorized instrumental analysis in MP studies as destructive and non-destructive and highlighted the advantages and disadvantages of methods and instruments such as visual inspection, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy (RS), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). These highlights will provide researchers with a useful guide to help them choose the most appropriate method and instrumentation technique for their MP analytical research. Additionally, the article discusses the combination of two or more of these analytical instruments to improve efficiency.

As the combustibles are almost in contact with the oxidizers and mostly all conditions are available to start a fire, this review covers the fire scene which could be intentionally or unintentionally started using a combustible liquid. The first step in the way of investigation is identifying the starting point of the fire, followed by knowing the causes of the fire and collecting fire debris samples to determine the presence of ignitable liquid residues. The fire debris collected from the crime scene is subjected to different extractions that including solvent extraction, distillation, headspace, and solid phase micro-extraction. Among the commonly used extraction methods, headspace and solid phase micro-extraction are on top because they are fast, solvent-less, and have no loss of sample concentration. The sample is usually analyzed by the gas chromatography technique, which is the most sensitive and effective method for detecting and characterizing ignitable liquid residues, to identify the components.

Among the various compounds regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are of particular concern. Their continuous release into the environment has a negative global impact on human life. This review summarizes the sources, occurrence, persistence, consequences of exposure, and toxicity of PPCPs, and evaluates the various analytical methods used in the identification and quantification of PPCPs in a variety of solid and liquid environmental matrices. The current techniques of choice for the analysis of PPCPs are state-of-the-art liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2). However, the complexity of the environmental matrices and the trace levels of micropollutants necessitate the use of advanced sample treatments before these instrumental analyses. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with different sorbents is now the predominant method used for the extraction of PPCPs from environmental samples. This review also addresses the ongoing analytical method challenges, including sample clean-up and matrix effects, focusing on the occurrence, sample preparation, and analytical methods presently available for the determination of environmental residues of PPCPs. Continuous development of innovative analytical methods is essential for overcoming existing limitations and ensuring the consistency and diversity of analytical methods used in investigations of environmental multi-class compounds.

A comprehensive instrumental analysis experiment was designed based on persistent organochlorine pollutant detection. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of the organochlorine pollutants in red wine samples was carried out through infrared spectroscopy characterization, synchronous thermal analysis characterization, optimization of solid-phase microextraction conditions, and gas chromatography. The designed experiment allows students to participate in the entire instrumental analysis process and cultivates their ability to solve practical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the goal of cultivating innovative talents, aiming at the drawbacks of traditional instrumental analysis teaching, relying on the competition, the frontier of scientific research is introduced into the classroom, and the reform of "teaching, research and competition" integrated teaching mode is carried out with online teaching as a link. This teaching mode focuses on cultivating students' innovative consciousness, innovative thinking, innovative ability, as well as the ability to comprehensively analyze and solve problems. Meanwhile, the teaching mode also promotes the connection between theory and experiment teaching, forming a teaching system of "vitality and reality combining, theory-practice integration". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating ideological and political education into professional curriculum has become a challenge faced by educational reforms. Instrumental analysis, an indispensable component of modern chemical education, must also be intertwined with ideological and political education. This ensures that students, while mastering knowledge and skills, also possess high moral integrity and professional ethics, fostering comprehensive modern talents. This article presents a brief history of the development of instrumental analysis and the evolution of two common instrumental analysis methods, exploring the elements of ideological and political education within. It also discusses diverse approaches to incorporate these elements into modern teaching. The goal is to seamlessly integrate ideological and political elements into instructional language, teaching environments, and platforms, emphasizing role models, enabling students to experience the joy and sense of accomplishment in learning, and fostering a psychological identification with the discipline of chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In the past decade, the biopolymeric properties of chitosan (CH) have been largely exploited for various applications. This paper aims to study the use of CH in its nanoform, i.e. as nanofibers blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for various antimicrobial applications in detail. In particular, their ability toward bacterial growth inhibition, in vitro drug release and their biocompatibility toward tissue growth have been investigated in detail. Design/methodology/approach: Electrospinning technique was adapted for depositing CH/PVA blended nanofilms on the silver foil under optimized conditions of high voltage. Three different concentrations of blended nanofiber samples were prepared and their antimicrobial properties were studied. Findings: The bead diameter and average diameter of blended nanofibers increase with CH concentration. Antibacterial activity increases as CH concentration increases. Increased hydrophilicity in CH-enriched samples contributes to a higher drug release profile. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, chick chorioallantoic membrane assay analysis has been carried out for the first time for CH/PVA films which shows that CH/PVA blends are biocompatible. CH after being converted as nanoparticles exhibits higher drug release rate by in vitro method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy drinks produce various health effects. Adjusting the composition and content of the natural nutrients in drinks can enable them to meet the nutritional needs of special groups of people. The quality of ingredients in beverages is directly related to the health of the people that consume them, and it is also an important part of the national food quality monitoring work. Based on the instrumental analysis experimental course of the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Shandong University, students independently designed experimental plans while teachers reviewed, guided, and supervised them. Their plans, which were closely associated with practical problems related to health, aimed to strengthen and expand the significance and application value of experimental learning. With the help of atomic absorption spectroscopy, they determined the zinc/sodium/potassium ion contents in commercially available energy drinks. The determined contents were tested and compared with the reference content marked on the package to determine whether there was any food quality problem with the drinks. The experiment conducted by the students completely supported their subjective initiative, enabling them to strengthen their theoretical knowledge learning, improve their practical ability, and deepen their understanding and application of atomic absorption spectroscopy in practice. This experiment fully reflected that theory and practice informed each other and allowed students to flexibly exploit the knowledge they gained in the course to solve practical problems, enabling them to intimately experience the close connection between life and chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buttermilk and whey, despite their documented health and technological potential, are still not sufficiently utilized for the development of new products. In this research, the texture, color, gloss, cheese yield, and peptonization of fresh white cheeses made from buttermilk with the addition of whey proteins after heat treatment were analyzed. Additionally, the influence of the polymerization process on cheese yield and composition was examined. Four fresh white cheese samples were prepared: without a whey protein concentrate (FWC); with a whey protein concentrate (FWC/WPC); with single-heated polymerized whey proteins (FWC/SPWP); and with double-heated polymerized whey proteins (FWC/DPWP). The introduction of whey proteins in buttermilk cheese production increased the cheese yield by over 2-fold. There were no differences in color and gloss between the FWC/SPWP and FWC/DPWP samples. The cheese became glassy and transparent during melting. The content of uncrushed curd that remained white ranged from 27% in FWC/DPWP to 74% in FWC/SPWP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry-cured meat products hold a rich historical tradition of production and consumption across various global regions. These products have grown to become highly valued and sought-after meat items. Multiple factors influence consumers' choices in this regard. Notably, the product's color holds significant importance for consumers. In recent times, there has been a rising trend among consumers to opt for more naturally produced meat products. This research project focuses on examining the color attributes of dry-cured pork loin during storage, specifically when Swiss chard powder is used as a natural alternative to nitrites. The study was conducted under industrial conditions and involved the production of five distinct groups of dry-cured pork loin: Group I: Table salt, dextrose, Group II: Nitrite curing salt, dextrose; Group III: Nitrite curing salt, BactoFerm Rosa starter culture, dextrose; Group IV: Table salt, Swiss chard powder (manufacturer 1), BactoFerm Rosa starter culture; Group V: Table salt, Swiss chard powder (manufacturer 2), BactoFerm Rosa starter culture. Color measurements were carried out through instrumental analysis after 90 days of storage within the temperature range of 0 to 4°C. The color assessment was conducted on a fresh cross-section of the meat at intervals of 60 and 90 minutes at room temperature (20 ± 2°C) and normal daylight conditions. The L-value exhibited a range from 28.42 (Group III) to 34.24 (Group I). Over the 120-minute period of analysis, no statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) changes in L-values were observed across all five groups of dry-cured pork loin. The group with the highest red color intensity, represented by a-value, was Group III (10.86), with starter culture added showing a statistically significant impact on red color development compared to control Group II (9.62). Among the groups incorporating Swiss chard powder, Group IV had an a-value of 7.34, while Group V had an avalue of 6.72. The group with the least intense b-value, indicating yellow color, was Group I (2.11), while the highest b-value was observed in Group IV (2.84). The hue, or h-value, ranged from 14.050 (Group III) to 34.770 (Group I). Using BactoFerm Rosa starter culture showcased a positive effect on maintaining color stability in dry-cured pork loin. Incorporating Swiss chard powder in conjunction with the BactoFerm Rosa starter culture contributed to better color stability, presenting a promising alternative to nitrite usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato ketchup is one of the most popular foods eaten all over the world. To improve the texture of these sauces, modified starches are used most commonly. This may be negatively assessed by consumers. The solution to this problem could be the use of legume flours, as beyond thickening potential, they are recognized as plant foods of high nutritional value. The aim of the work was to estimate the applicability of pulse flour as a texture-forming agent for ketchup. A comprehensive assessment of the quality of ketchup was made, both in terms of sensory properties and instrumentally analyzed physicochemical features: acidity, color, texture, rheological properties, and dynamics of water molecules using the LF NMR method. It was stated that pulse flours are suitable for use as forming agents for ketchup, although they have slightly weaker thickening properties with a consistency index ranging from 5.06–6.82 Pa·sn, compared to acetylated distarch adipate (19.48 Pa·sn). Texture, which is the most important parameter for consumer acceptance of ketchup, can be successfully analyzed using instrumental methods. Firmness ranged from 0.51 N for lentil and pea-fortified ketchup to 0.55 N for the lupine variant. Ketchup thickened with different pulses and flours reveals slightly different individual sensory characteristics, so it makes it possible to create a new gamut of healthy tomato sauces. The highest overall sensory score was attributed accordingly to lentils (6.9), lupine (6.2), chickpeas (6.1), and peas (5.8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Instrumental analysis is a comprehensive course for third-year chemistry undergraduates in our school, which is of great significance to the integration and sublimation of students' previous knowledge. Given several major problems accumulated in the teaching of instrumental analysis course at present, our school actively integrated teaching resources and built micro-class assisted task-driven flipped classroom based on "one platform, two regions and five modules", aiming at creating "golden class" of instrumental analysis in colleges and universities, eliminating "water class", and improving teaching and learning quality. This teaching mode has achieved good results in the online and offline integrated teaching practice carried out by our university under the epidemic situation in recent years. It has improved the teaching ability of university teachers and cultivated students' good learning habits and scientific research spirit. It is of great significance to the construction of university teachers' teams and the output of instrumental analysis comprehensive talents in the new era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here, we propose that the instrumental analysis course should be reformed by combining online teaching resources and platforms to realize the teaching concept of "learning from practice". Briefly, before classes, the new contents of new chapters are introduced to students by taking examples of related real cases in daily life and in the real industrial or academic fields to promote interest on the new classes. The fundamental knowledge on instrument structures and principles could be introduced in class by showing the real parts of the instruments or associating the real conditions in analysis, so that the students could have a better understanding of abstract concepts. In the class activities, the establishment of real instrumental analytical methods is practiced utilizing online teaching platforms to enhance the students' ability to understand and apply knowledge. After classes, open projects to improve the analytical instruments are assigned to students as homework to further improve their innovation ability. Finally, a case study on "chromatography" is presented to introduce the detailed methods for practicing the teaching mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to make students adapt to the development trend of modern quality control of traditional Chinese medicine, design experiments are introduced into the teaching of Instrumental Analysis Experiment course, aiming to improve students’ spirit of exploration, exercise their innovative thinking, and cultivate professional pharmacy talents that better meet the needs of society. In this paper, students were instructed to construct a student-centered designed experiment to optimize the experiments for the simultaneous determination of ligustilide, dehydroandrographolide and magnolol in Jiawei Xianglian Pills by gas chromatography, including linear relationship, detection limit, precision, stability, repeatability and recovery rate, and complete the actual sample detection. Students design and complete the experiment independently, and implement diversified assessment, including write the experiment plan, experiment process and questions, operation practice, recording and processing of experimental data, the corresponding score ratio is 2:3:3:2. At the end of the course, a questionnaire was used to evaluate the teaching effect of students. The results showed that the teaching method could improve students’ interest in learning and train their thinking ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive literature review that investigates the distinctions between true and false cinnamon. Given the intricate compositions of essential oils (EOs), various discrimination approaches were explored to ensure quality, safety, and authenticity, thereby establishing consumer confidence. Through the utilization of physical–chemical and instrumental analyses, the purity of EOs was evaluated via qualitative and quantitative assessments, enabling the identification of constituents or compounds within the oils. Consequently, a diverse array of techniques has been documented, encompassing organoleptic, physical, chemical, and instrumental methodologies, such as spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Electronic noses (e-noses) exhibit significant potential for identifying cinnamon adulteration, presenting a rapid, non-destructive, and cost-effective approach. Leveraging their capability to detect and analyze volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles, e-noses can contribute to ensuring authenticity and quality in the food and fragrance industries. Continued research and development efforts in this domain will assuredly augment the capacities of this promising avenue, which is the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms in conjunction with spectroscopic data to combat cinnamon adulteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene exhibits excellent optical and electrical properties. Therefore, it presents remarkable potential application in "carbon neutral" technologies. We have recently developed a green mechanochemical method for preparation of edge-selectively hydroxylated graphene nanosheets using persulfate as the milling reagent. The asprepared graphene exhibited the typical intrinsic properties of graphene and good dispersity in water. The preparation process did not require organic solvents, it involved low energy consumption, and produced little eco-friendly waste. Based on the aforementioned study, we designed an experiment on the green preparation, characterization, and applications of graphene. Various instrumental analytical methods were used to explore the structure and physicochemical properties of graphene and the applications of graphene as an energy storage material. We also compared the properties of the as-prepared graphene with those of graphene samples previously reported in the literature. This experiment should cultivate student ability to comprehensively use basic chemistry knowledge to solve real-life problems, stimulate their innovative thinking, and cultivate their "green chemistry" consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) is one of the most important electrochemical research methods; however, many instrumental analysis textbooks only briefly discuss CV operating principles. The electrode reaction processes are not discussed in-depth; consequently, students can lack the necessary skills to interpret CV curves. This study analyzed the electrode processes to determine the changes in the concentration of electroactive materials at the electrode/interface. Furthermore, the characteristics of the CV curve and the effect of concentration and scanning speed on the CV curve are also described. Finally, the philosophical principles contained in CV are discussed. This study can provide reference information for both peer teaching and student learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of emerging engineering education, the cultivation of innovative practical ability has become the focus of talent training in colleges and universities. As the eyes of scientific research, instrumental analysis involves many fields, reflects the overall thinking and methodology of multidisciplines, and plays an important role in cultivating talents' innovation and practice ability. In view of the many pain points highlighted in the teaching of instrumental analysis course, our team adhered to the teaching reform concept of "student-centered, moral cultivation, integration of thinking and innovation and integration of knowledge and practice", reconstructed the curriculum teaching objectives and three-dimensional evaluation system guided by the cultivation of students' innovative practical ability. The four‐round integrated teaching modes including the combination of explicit knowledge and implicit values, online and offline, problem-driven teaching and visual teaching, and theoretical teaching and research practice, is adopted for teaching innovation. It has been proved that the new teaching model has greatly stimulated students' interest in learning and desire for knowledge. Based on this teaching reform effort, the students' curriculum performance has been continuously improved, and their comprehensive innovation practice ability has also been well shaped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To culture the applicability of innovating talents, a case-based teaching method involving "three-position and three-combination" learning was conducted with the course content and property. The satisfaction degree and gain sense of students were improved by the innovation of teaching methods, such as the construction of multiple teaching environments, incorporation of the course into multidisciplinary fields, and importance of students' training mode on divergent thinking. The objective of "knowledge ability, ability culture, and value creation" was achieved with great efforts, and the cultivation purpose of applicability of innovating talents was promoted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve students' theoretical level and practical ability, a comprehensive experiment, the determination of amino acids in Cerasus humilis fruit, was designed for instrumental analysis course. The sample analysis pretreatment process was introduced to construct a complete instrumental analysis process. Through the comparison of amino acid extraction methods and the exploration of solid phase extraction technology in the process of amino acid purification, students' theoretical knowledge and practical ability can be effectively fused and improved, and the scientific literacy and comprehensive thinking ability of students can thus be improved during the process of solving practical problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wettability, bonding strength and flexibility of modified melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin adhesive with hydroxymethyl lignin (LMUF) were investigated. Moreover, the curing performance, thermal properties and chemical structure of LMUF were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), X–ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (13C–NMR). The synthesis mechanism of LMUF was also discussed. The results demonstrated that: (1) LMUF resin is characterized by low free formaldehyde and a short pot life. (2) With the increase in hydroxymethyl lignin, the bonding strength and flexibility of the LMUF increased first and then decreased. They reached their maximum when the hydroxymethyl lignin content was 6%–8%, which represented increases of 36% and 102%, respectively. (3) The DSC and TG analyses showed that the LMUF resin had a high hot-pressing temperature, but its thermostability was increased. (4) The XRD and SEM analyses proved that the LMUF resin was characterized by flexibility failure, especially at 6% of hydroxymethyl lignin. (5) Hydroxymethyl lignin is a type of flexible long-chain molecule, which was introduced into spaces between the rigid triazine rings through adhesion and penetration, thus improving the regular single structural form of MUF resin and increasing the compactness of the system. As a result, the resin had stronger deformability and cohesion in the molecules. The bonding strength and flexibility were improved to different degrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that significantly affects the social and professional life of patients, causing distortion of reality and loss of identity and cognitive abilities. Psychopharmacological treatment is an integral part of modern psychiatry, and the introduction of new “atypical” antipsychotic drugs has brought significant progress in the treatment of this disorder. One of these drugs is olanzapine, which has an effective effect on the productive symptoms of schizophrenia while having an almost minimal potential to cause extrapyramidal syndrome. However, its effectiveness is confronted with frequent side effects, referred to as “metabolic disorders”. Therefore, to ensure the effectiveness of treatment and to minimize the side effects caused by olanzapine, it is recommended to monitor the drug level during therapy. This article reviews the bioanalytical methodologies that enable efficient extraction and sensitive analysis of olanzapine. We considered the advantages and disadvantages of different sample pretreatment methods, including traditional and novel strategies. The analytical conditions required for the separation and detection of olanzapine and its metabolites were analyzed using chromatographic methods combined with various detectors.

Comprehensive design experiment is an important way to cultivate the abilities of college students to independently solve problems and be innovative. A comprehensive design experiment titled "Comparison of two electrochemical sensor methods for determining glucose" was conducted. Students were asked to independently design two types of electrochemical sensors (i.e., a chemically modified electrode and biosensor) for determining glucose by conducting literature investigations. Comparing the linear ranges, sensitivities, and selectivities of the two sensor methods allowed students to independently choose the appropriate method for determining the glucose content in fruit juice. This project helped students to understand the advanced work involved in instrument-based analysis, improved their interest in learning and effective experimental teaching, and cultivated their scientific research skills through innovative learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of instrumental analysis, the blended teaching mode is designed, consisting of front analysis, the learning process online before class, online and offline linkage, classroom teaching offline, guidance after class, and learning evaluations. Taking the "Gas chromatography method" as an example, the practical applications of the blended teaching mode in the instrumental analysis course are fully studied, based on the comprehensive analysis of the learning conditions, the detailed collation of teaching contents, the designation of online and offline teaching processes, and the implementation of multi-dimensional learning evaluations. The advantages and problems in the applications of the blended teaching mode are discussed according to teaching reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are multicomponent liquids that are usually formed by coupling a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor leading to strong non-covalent (NC) intermolecular networking and profound depression in the melting point of the system. Pharmaceutically, this phenomenon has been exploited to improve drugs' physicochemical properties, with an established DES therapeutic subcategory, therapeutic deep eutectic solvents (THEDES). THEDES preparation is usually via straightforward synthetic processes with little involvement of sophisticated techniques, which, in addition to its thermodynamic stability, make these multi-component molecular adducts a very attractive alternative for drug enabling purposes. Other NC bonded binary systems (e.g., co-crystals and ionic liquids) are utilized in the pharmaceutical field for enhancing drug's behaviours. However, a clear distinction between these systems and THEDES is scarcely discussed in the current literature. Accordingly, this review provides a structure-based categorization for DES formers, a discussion of its thermodynamic properties and phase behaviour, and it clarifies the physicochemical and microstructure boundaries between DES and other NC systems. Additionally, a summary of its preparation techniques and their experimental conditions preparation is supplied. Instrumental analysis techniques can be used to characterize and differentiate DES from other NC mixtures, hence this review draws a road map to for this purpose. Since this work mainly focuses on pharmaceutical applications of DES, all types of THEDES including the highly discussed types (conventional, drugs dissolved in DES and polymer based) in addition to the less discussed categories are covered. Finally, the regulatory status of THEDES was investigated despite the current unclear situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fragments of single textile fibres are one of the most commonly found microtraces at crime scenes. Among them, the widespread blue and black/grey cotton fibres should be recognized. The analytical methods routinely used in fibre examination mainly focus on color assessment and determination of the fibres’ morphological features as well as chemical composition. This publication presents the physicochemical characteristics of blue and black/grey denim fabrics and fibres as well as an overview of the non-destructive and destructive methods used in the discrimination of these fibres. Usually, such fibre microtraces are very difficult to distinguish in forensic examinations due to their widespread abundance, and, thus, their evidential value is not significant. As previous research shows, most denim material samples were colored with indigo dye. However, due to the changing trends in denim production and the fashion market, indigo derivatives may play a more critical role. The literature review shows significant shortcomings in the development of techniques focusing on the analysis of the dyes contained in denim fibres, and this is a research direction worth pursuing.

Rationale: Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) in the dorsal striatum have been implicated in goal-directed behaviour. While activation of these receptors with several methods has resulted in an insensitivity to outcome devaluation, particular explanations for how they disrupt behaviour have not been explored. We both confirm a role for A2A receptors in goal-directed responding and evaluate additional behavioural aspects of goal-directed control to more fully understand the role of A2A receptors in instrumental behaviour. Objectives: To examine the effects of the adenosine A2A agonist CGS-21680 in the DMS on response-outcome encoding, updating representations of outcome value and on the ability to inhibit behaviour when reward is not available. Methods: Male rats were trained to lever press for food reward. The A2AR agonist CGS-21680 was infused into the dorsomedial striatum either before an outcome devaluation test, prior to training with two distinct response-outcome associations or prior to a test of discriminative stimulus control over instrumental performance. Results: Intra-DMS administration of CGS-21680 impaired sensitivity to outcome devaluation. CGS-21680 treatment did not impair acquisition of specific response-outcome associations, selective control of responding based on the presence of stimuli that signaled when reward was or was not available, discrimination between stimuli or lever choices nor did it influence the effect of devaluation on the amounts of food eaten in a consumption test. Conclusions: CGS-21680 impairs the ability to modulate responding based on recent changes to outcome value, an effect that is not accounted for by impairments in behavioural inhibition, discrimination, encoding the specific outcome of a response or the effectiveness of specific satiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problems existing in the instrumental analysis course may influence the top innovative talent cultivation, ideas for reforming the curricula content. The teaching mode, examination, and evaluation standards are proposed to solve the problems. By updating the theoretical content of modern instrumental analytical chemistry, such as the discovery and progress of classical principles, students can master the basics to excel professionally, and learn how to discovery and create new methods and principles. Simultaneously, advanced techniques, such as 3D animation and virtual simulation software, are used to present more vividly the quantities and concepts for students to understand the principles easily. This investigation can successfully stimulate students to learn and understand chemical principles more comprehensively, cultivate their problem identification and resolution abilities, and promote their creative quality, thus benefiting the cultivation of top innovative talents in chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the problems existing in the teaching of instrumental analysis for undergraduate students, such as the outdated teaching materials, course contents, lack of examination and evaluation standards, we summarize the current teaching materials and course systems related to instrumental analysis chemistry in some representative foreign universities. Through comparative analysis, we hope that this paper can provide a powerful reference for our future course construction of instrumental analysis, the improvement of teaching content and the reform of assessment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquafaba and liluva are names used to define the processing water of food legumes. Large volumes of liluva are generated by frozen pea manufacturers (blanching water) and tofu producers (tofu whey). Studies have shown the potential of aquafaba and liluva in food applications as texture improvers and sources of bioactive substances and prebiotics. Nonetheless, no information on consumer perception of these new food ingredients is available. Therefore, this study investigated consumer expectations of steam blanching pea water (SBPW) and tofu whey (TW), correlating it with their actual sensory qualities and functional properties. Specifically, liluva was used as a source of prebiotics and hydrocolloids in 3D-printed mashed potatoes to enhance their rheology and printability. A preliminary survey showed a limited understanding of SBPW and TW as food ingredients, with only 43% and 38% of subjects willing to try TW and SBPW, respectively, with most subjects unsure on whether they wanted to or not (34% tofu whey and 49% liluva). Once the actual sensory test was conducted, TW-added mashed potato received favorable scores for all sensory attributes (appearance, aroma, taste, and texture). In contrast, SBPW-added mashed potato had a negative score on the color, as all nine focus group subjects described the color as gray. Overall, TW enhanced the printability of mashed potatoes due to its emulsifying ability and possibly coagulants derived from tofu making, and it was more appreciated sensory-wise, resulting in being the most preferred out of three samples (SBPW, TW, and control). Therefore, emphasizing consumer education may be key when expanding these innovative food ingredients to other food areas.