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International audience; By relying on province-level data from Italy, this paper empirically studies the factors that correlate with the development of third sector organizations (TSOs) in the Italian territory. Moving beyond traditional explanations of TSOs development based on population heterogeneity theories, our analysis points to the role of public institutions as key driving factors of Italian TSOs development. It specifically suggests that public authorities may shape the development of TSOs through three different, albeit interconnected, institutional dimensions: (1) control of corruption—that is, design and implementation of policies and regulations to prevent corruption and strengthen trust in the relationships between public authorities and TSOs; (2) rule of law—that is, creation of stable legal frameworks to reduce the uncertainty faced by TSOs when collaborating with the public sector and to limit arbitrary decisions by politicians and bureaucrats; (3) government effectiveness—that is, improving governments’ credibility and administrative capacity to provide grants and funds to TSOs for social and public services delivery.

RESUMEN Con base en la concepción de la heterogeneidad de las condiciones de los diferentes territorios, se diseñó una encuesta social que involucra la multidimensionalidad tanto del individuo como de la comunidad, a partir de elementos teóricos provenientes de la teoría neoclásica involucrando ingresos, gastos y consumo junto con teorías heterodoxas como Sen, Max Neef y Sabogal, entre otros, con el fin de establecer las condiciones de pobreza con variables sociales, culturales, económicos, políticas e institucionales en el Municipio de Ancuya en el año 2019, para lo cual se estimó la pobreza multidimensional mediante modelos probabilísticos Logit. Entre los hallazgos se destaca que, mediante pobreza monetaria el 58,86% de la población se estima como no pobre, el 25,71% como pobre y 15,43% como extremadamente pobre, en tanto que en cuanto a la pobreza multidimensional en la categoría de no pobres se ubica un 54,76%, para pobres un 24,21% y para extremadamente pobre un 21,04%. JEL: O15; O18; O35; O21; O54 ABSTRACT Based on the conception of the heterogeneity of the conditions of the different territories, a social survey was designed that involves the multidimensionality of both the individual and the community, based on theoretical elements from neoclassical theory involving income, expenses and consumption together with heterodox theories such as Sen, Max Neef and Sabogal, among others, in order to establish the conditions of poverty with social, cultural, economic, political and institutional variables in the Municipality of Ancuya in the year 2019, for which estimated multidimensional poverty using Logit probabilistic models. Among the findings, it stands out that, through monetary poverty, 58.86% of the population is estimated as non-poor, 25.71% as poor and 15.43% as extremely poor, while in terms of multidimensional poverty in the category of non-poor is located at 54.76%, for poor a 24.21% and for extremely poor a 21.04%. JEL: O15; O18; O35; O21; O54 RESUMO Partindo da concepção da heterogeneidade das condições dos diferentes territórios, foi elaborado um inquérito social que envolve a multidimensionalidade do indivíduo e da comunidade, com base em elementos teóricos da teoria neoclássica que envolvem receitas, despesas e consumo em conjunto. com teorias heterodoxas como Sen, Max Neef e Sabogal, entre outras, a fim de estabelecer as condições de pobreza com variáveis sociais, culturais, econômicas, políticas e institucionais no Município de Ancuya no ano de 2019, para o qual estimativa da pobreza multidimensional usando modelos probabilísticos Logit. Dentre os achados, destaca-se que, pela pobreza monetária, 58,86% da população é estimada como não pobre, 25,71% como pobre e 15,43% como extremamente pobre, enquanto em termos de pobreza multidimensional em a categoria de não pobres situa-se em 54,76%, os pobres 24,21% e os extremamente pobres 21,04%. JEL: O15; O18; O35; O21; O54

The purpose of this study was to examine the role and influence of institutional variables in the adoption of localized irrigation technology (LIT) by farmers in the Draa- Tafilalt region. Given the nature of our problem and in order to test the hypotheses built around our conceptual model, we have adopted the hypothetical-deductive approach in this work, which is part of a "positivist" perspective, and the quantitative method by face-to-face survey as a research strategy. The estimation of the parameters of the binary logit model using SPSS version 25 software, carried out on the basis of data collected by questionnaire from 400 farmers in the Draa-Tafilalt region revealed that among the five institutional variables used in this study, four variables have a significant and positive effect on the probability of adopting the LIT. Three variables with less than 1% probability level ("access to credit", "access to subsidy" and "social influence") and one variable with less than 5% probability level ("contact with extension agents"). Unexpectedly, the result of the binary logistic regression also revealed that the role of the explanatory variable "membership in a cooperative or association" in the adoption of LIT in the study area is not significant. Keywords: Adoption, institutional variables, LIT, logit, Draa-Tafilalt region.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role and influence of institutional variables in the adoption of localized irrigation technology (LIT) by farmers in the Draa- Tafilalt region. Given the nature of our problem and in order to test the hypotheses built around our conceptual model, we have adopted the hypothetical-deductive approach in this work, which is part of a "positivist" perspective, and the quantitative method by face-to-face survey as a research strategy. The estimation of the parameters of the binary logit model using SPSS version 25 software, carried out on the basis of data collected by questionnaire from 400 farmers in the Draa-Tafilalt region revealed that among the five institutional variables used in this study, four variables have a significant and positive effect on the probability of adopting the LIT. Three variables with less than 1% probability level ("access to credit", "access to subsidy" and "social influence") and one variable with less than 5% probability level ("contact with extension agents"). Unexpectedly, the result of the binary logistic regression also revealed that the role of the explanatory variable "membership in a cooperative or association" in the adoption of LIT in the study area is not significant. Keywords: Adoption, institutional variables, LIT, logit, Draa-Tafilalt region.

There is limited research on the underlying institutional framework of tax policy and capacity: how tax collection efficiency changes over time and the importance of institutional factors in this process. This paper fills this gap by devising a measure of tax capacity distinct from commonly used measures of tax effort based on residuals from a tax performance (tax/gross domestic product ratio) regression. The paper uses annual data on 44 sub-Saharan African countries covering the period from 1980 to 2018. The empirical strategy separating performance from underlying fiscal capacity proceeds in three steps: estimating standard tax performance regressions, from which we generate measures of potential and actual tax revenue; decomposing the actual-to-potential tax revenue ratio to use the trend component as a measure of tax capacity; and applying general-to-specific analysis with a wide variety of economic and institutional variables as potential determinants of tax capacity to identify the most important correlates.

Lucasov paradoks govori o tome da kapital ne teče iz razvijenih zemalja u zemlje u razvoju unatoč tome što zemlje u razvoju imaju nisku razinu kapitala po radniku. Brojni su čimbenici koji mogu djelovati na rješavanje Lucasovog paradoksa. Rješavanje paradoksa se može promatrati kroz prizmu priljeva stranih direktnih investicija. Kvaliteta institucija je jedna od vodećih stvari za objašnjavanje paradoksa. Temeljem provedene višestruke linearne regresije nakon uklanjanja problema visoke korelacije između varijabli te zasebne analize došlo se do zaključka da sve institucionalne varijable (regulatorna kvaliteta, vladavina zakona i kontrola korupcije) pozitivno djeluju na priljev stranih direktnih investicija. Uz njih i GDP/ capita pozitivno utječe na priljev stranih direktnih investicija što se i slaže s teorijom da je GDP/capita jedan od glavnih za objašnjenje ekonomskog rasta zemlje. Budućnost Lucasova paradoksa uvelike ovisi o budućim velesilama, geopolitičkom razvoju te promjenama makroekonomskih varijabli zemalja u razvoju i razvijenih zemalja. Lucas paradox is observation that capital does not flow from developed countries to developing countries despite developing countries have low level of capital per worker. There are number of factors that can solve the Lucas paradox. Solving the Lucas paradox can be viewed through the prism of foreign direct investment (FDI). The quality of institutions is one of the leading things to explain the Lucas paradox. Based on the multiple regression and after eliminating problem of high correlation between some variables (regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) they have positive effect on the inflow of foreign direct investment. In addition, GDP/capita has a positive impact on the inflow of foreign direct investment which agrees with the theory that GDP/capita is one of the main reason for economic growth. The future of the Lucas paradox largely depends of the future of the economic superpowers, geopolitical development and changes in the macroeconomic variables of developing countries.

This study focused on finding out the “psychological unsafety perceptions” of administrators, teachers and other staff in Turkish schools and examining how it is affected by their personal and organizational variables. Psychological unsafety is a phenomenon that its nature must be understood for organizational development and organizational effectiveness. Psychological unsafety in work environment is defined as the level of perception about risky work environment hindering employee to speak out what they think and to behave in comfort because of possible negative consequences. The study was implemented on totally 557 school stuff randomly selected from the schools located in different regions and provinces of Turkey. Data were gathered by “the psychological unsafety scale” and analysed by logistic regression analysis. At the end of the study, we found that a medium level of psychological unsafety is experienced at Turkish schools and gender as one of the personal variables and school size as one of the organizational variables significantly affect the psychological unsafety. Female stuff and those who work in small size schools experience much more psychological unsafety. Based on discussion of the findings, we developed suggestions for macro and micro level educational administration. When we consider the scarcity of the study focused on the psychological un/safety, we argue that the study makes a significant contribution in understanding of the phenomenon., Bu çalışma Türk okullarındaki yönetici, öğretmen ve diğer çalışanların “psikolojik güvencesizlik” algılarını belirlemeyi; bireysel ve kurumsal değişkenlerden etkilenme durumunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Psikolojik güvencesizlik örgütsel gelişme ve etkililik açısından doğası anlaşılması gereken bir fenomendir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin farklı bölge ve illerinden tesadüfi yöntemle seçilen toplam 557 okul çalışanı üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, “psikolojik güvencesizlik ölçeği” ile toplanmış ve lojistik regresyon analizi ile incelenerek sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda Türk okullarında orta düzeyde psikolojik güvencesizlik yaşandığı; bireysel değişkenlerden cinsiyet değişkeninin, kurumsal değişkenlerden de okul büyüklüğünün psikolojik güvencesizlik üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kadın çalışanların ve küçük okullarda görev yapanların daha fazla psikolojik güvencesizlik yaşadıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, ilgili alan yazınla ilişkili bir biçimde tartışılarak bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais A crise da dívida soberana de 2011 provocou inúmeros efeitos no plano económico na Europa, nomeadamente um efeito generalizado de empobrecimento dos agentes económicos, em virtude das políticas de austeridade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto desta crise nas práticas de Gestão de Resultados na Europa. Recorreu-se ao modelo de Jones (1991) para mensurar as práticas de Gestão de Resultados, sendo essa medida os accruals discricionários. O estudo incide sobre 1305 empresas cotadas com sede em países da zona euro, entre os anos de 2009 e 2014. A análise empírica permite constatar que a crise de 2011 teve impacto na Gestão de Resultados, sendo esse impacto traduzido numa diminuição das suas práticas. Foi também elaborada uma regressão linear onde se pretendeu explorar de que maneira variáveis institucionais e macroeconómicas afetam as práticas de Gestão de Resultados. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as variáveis Produto Interno Bruto per capita e Fiscalidade afetam positivamente as práticas de Gestão de Resultados, enquanto Investimento Direto Estrangeiro, Central Govenment Debt, Rendibilidade Operacional do Ativo e Lending Interest Rate afetam negativamente as mesmas. The 2011 sovereign debt crisis had numerous effects economicly in Europe, including a generalized effect of impoverishment of economic agents, due to austerity policies. This study aims to evaluate the impact of this crisis on earnings management in Europe. Using the Jones (1991) model to measure the earnings management practices, the study focuses on 1305 listed companies in the euro area between the years 2009 and 2014. The empirical analysis reveals that the 2011 crisis had an impact on earnings management, and this impact translated into a decrease in their practices. It was also developed a linear regression intended to explore how institutional and macroeconomic variables affect the earnings management. Practice results suggest that gross domestic product per capita and total tax rates positively affect earnings management, while foreign direct investment, Central Govenment Debt, Lending Interest Rate and Assets Operating Profitability negatively affect th´t. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

En este artículo se analiza el comportamiento de la inversión directa estadounidense en el Sur de Europa (1966-2014), atendiendo a variables institucionales que sirven para explicar el mismo. Para ello se utiliza un modelo que pone en relación la rentabilidad anual de las inversiones, medida ésta a partir del Return On Assets (ROA) gap, con la economía y el régimen político de los PIGS, además de contar con la incidencia de los cambios metodológicos en la estructura. Los resultados confirman cómo la influencia del régimen político parece menor que, por ejemplo, la expectativa de entrada a instituciones supranacionales como las Comunidades Europeas. La inexistencia de patrones comunes al estimar el modelo para países de Europa del Sur –durante dictaduras, transiciones y democracias– prueba la complejidad que esconden las motivaciones de la inversión directa extranjera (IDE), mientras el caso de España resulta significativo por su originalidad This article analyzes the behavior of U.S. Direct Investment in Southern Europe (1966-2014), paying particular attention to the institutional variables. We use a model that connects the annual investment returns, measured through the Return on Assets (ROA) gap, with the economy and the political regimes of the PIGS, and also considering the impact of methodological changes in the model structure. The results support that the political conditions were less important than other factors as, for instance, the expectations to become members of supranational institutions like the European Communities. Within the absence of common patterns when checking the model estimates for Southern European countries –through dictatorships, transitional periods or democracies–, it remains clear the complexity of the motivations that guide the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), whereas Spain appears as a peculiar case

This paper examines in a descriptive manner how two groups of variables, institutional and socio-economic, correlate with voter turnout respectively and if their magnitude have changed over time in OECD countries. Previous research is often based on data from the 70’s and 80’s. Since then, voter turnout in democratic countries has decreased and more citizens do not use their fundamental democratic right of being involved in the process of choosing their representatives. To answer the paper hypotheses i.e. analyzing what factors that correlates with voter turnout, panel data between 1980 and 2012 are used which is estimated by an OLS approach. The outcome of the empirical estimations indicates that 13 out of 19 variables have a significant relationship with turnout. Most of the variables magnitudes are a bit lower than previous literature. From the time sensitivity analysis the result indicates that voters are less influenced by the significant variables that focus on the voting cost. It seems that voters in the 21st century meet voting costs in different manner than previously.

En este artículo se analiza el comportamiento de la inversión directa estadounidense en el Sur de Europa (1966-2014), atendiendo a variables institucionales que sirven para explicar el mismo. Para ello se utiliza un modelo que pone en relación la rentabilidad anual de las inversiones, medida ésta a partir del Return On Assets (ROA) gap, con la economía y el régimen político de los PIGS, además de contar con la incidencia de los cambios metodológicos en la estructura. Los resultados confirman cómo la influencia del régimen político parece menor que, por ejemplo, la expectativa de entrada a instituciones supranacionales como las Comunidades Europeas. La inexistencia de patrones comunes al estimar el modelo para países de Europa del Sur –durante dictaduras, transiciones y democracias– prueba la complejidad que esconden las motivaciones de la inversión directa extranjera (IDE), mientras el caso de España resulta significativo por su originalidad, This article analyzes the behavior of U.S. Direct Investment in Southern Europe (1966-2014), paying particular attention to the institutional variables. We use a model that connects the annual investment returns, measured through the Return on Assets (ROA) gap, with the economy and the political regimes of the PIGS, and also considering the impact of methodological changes in the model structure. The results support that the political conditions were less important than other factors as, for instance, the expectations to become members of supranational institutions like the European Communities. Within the absence of common patterns when checking the model estimates for Southern European countries –through dictatorships, transitional periods or democracies–, it remains clear the complexity of the motivations that guide the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), whereas Spain appears as a peculiar case

This paper deals with FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an emphasis on the determinants that influence FDI inflow. First, the conditions for investing in the region are examined, and then specific variables are chosen to be analyzed in the second part of the thesis. In the empirical part of the paper, the statistical significance of institutional and macroeconomic variables on the FDI inflow is researched. The concluding chapter evaluates the relationship between the accession process and FDI volume, and potential areas for FDI placement are recommended. As overall follow up to the preceding deductions, the investment outlook is finally presented.

The World Bank financed the Gujarat State Highway Project (GSHP) during 2001-07. The project development objective was to enhance the capacity of the Government of Gujarat (GOG) for effective and efficient planning and management of road infrastructure, while concurrently maximizing existing road infrastructure asset productivity through priority investments and increased maintenance funding. The project not only achieved its objective and targets successfully, but also was implemented with a significant cost reduction (about 23 percent). The GSHP resulted in a reduction in the backlog of major maintenance and an improved network to meet rapidly growing transport demand in the state. The project had the unique distinction of no contract disputes, a rarity among the highway development projects in India. The project also set best practices in developing and managing a very comprehensive asset management system, state of the art quality assurance framework and a very comprehensive training and capacity building program. The annual road sector allocation has grown from USD 30 million in 1995-1996 to an impressive USD 610 million in 2010-11, currently the second largest among all the Indian states. This study attempts to identify the key elements of the Gujarat road sector reforms and explores whether and, if so, how such reforms can be replicated across other Indian states and possibly even in other countries in the region.

After stagnating for much of its postcolonial history, economic performance in Sub?Saharan Africa has markedly improved. Since 1995, average economic growth has been close to 5 percent per year. Has Africa finally turned the corner? This paper analyzes growth accelerations and decelerations-that is, country level deviations from long?run trend growth. Seen from this perspective, Africa's record of slow and volatile growth reflects a pattern of offsetting accelerations and declines, and much of the improvement in economic performance in Africa post 1995 turns out to be due to a substantial reduction in the frequency and severity of growth decelerations. The fall in economic declines since 1995 is largely due to better macroeconomic policies, but changes in such 'growth determinants' as investment, export diversification, and productivity have not accompanied the growth boom. Lack of change in these variables and the significant role played by natural resources in sparking growth accelerations suggest that Africa's growth recovery was fragile, even before the recent global economic crisis. The paper concludes by setting out four elements of a strategy that can help move Africa from fewer mistakes to sustained growth: managing natural resources better, pushing nontraditional exports, building the African private sector, and creating new skills.

In this research paper we evaluate how corporate control around the world is defined and which variables, related to a firm's characteristics and the countries' infrastructures, influences this. We find that there is a small number of countries where firms are widely held. The role of financial institutions seems to be different in civil and common law-based countries. While they seem to act as a monitor of management in common law-based countries, in civil law countries they act as a monitor of large shareholders. Finally, we find that firm's size is the most important determinant of ultimate owners.

Se realizó un análisis multinivel para predecir calificaciones finales en cursos de carrera, para una muestra estratificada, por áreas académicas, de 848 estudiantes de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se utilizaron como variables independientes un conjunto de factores en dimensiones institucionales, sociodemográficas, psicosociales y pedagógicas. El mejor predictor fue el Promedio de Admisión, medida que combina notas de secundaria y el puntaje en una prueba de habilidades de razonamiento. También variables no cognitivas resultaron explicativas, siendo la más importante el puntaje de una escala de inteligencia emocional. La metodología empleada por el (la) docente mostró asimismo poder explicativo. A multilevel analysis was conducted to predict final grades in courses from different majors for a sample, stratified by academic areas, of 848 students at the University of Costa Rica. A group of factors from institutional, socio-demographic, psychosocial and pedagogical aspects were employed as independent variables. The best predictor was the Admission Average, which combines grades from high school and an aptitude test score. Some non-cognitive variables were also explicative; the most important being the score on a scale of emotional intelligence. The methodology employed by the professor showed explicative power as well. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIP) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Matemática UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Económicas::Escuela de Estadística

Many oil, mineral, and plantation crop-based economies experienced a substantial deceleration in growth following the commodity boom and bust of the 1970s and early 1980s. This article illustrates how countries dependent on point source natural resources (those extracted from a narrow geographic or economic base, such as oil and minerals) and plantation crops are predisposed to heightened economic and social divisions and weakened institutional capacity. This in turn impedes their ability to respond effectively to shocks, which previous studies have shown to be essential for sustaining rising levels of prosperity. Analysis of data on classifications of export structure, controlling for a wide array of other potential determinants of governance, shows that point source and coffee and cocoa exporting countries do relatively poorly across an array of governance indicators. These governance effects are not associated simply with being a natural resource exporter. Countries with natural resource exports that are diffuse relying primarily on livestock and agricultural produce from small family farms do not show the same strong effects and have had more robust growth recoveries.

The author examines the political and institutional processes that produced fundamental pension reform in three post-communist countries: Hungary, Kazakhstan, and Poland. He tests various hypothesis about the relationship between deliberative process and outcomes through detailed case studies of pension reform. The outcomes of reform were similar: each country implemented a mandatory funded pension system as part of reform, but the extent, and configuration of changes, greatly differed. Countries with more veto actors - social and institutional actors with an effective veto over reform - engaged in less radical reform, as theory predicted. Poland and Hungary generated less radical change than Kazakhstan, partly because they have more representative political systems, to which more associations, interest groups, and proposal actors have access. Proposal actors shape the reform agenda and influence the positions of key veto actors. Pension reform takes longer in countries with more veto and proposal actors, such as Poland and Hungary. Legacies of policy, the development of civil society, and international organizations, also profoundly affect the shape and progress of reform. The author sees pension reform as happening in three phases: commitment-building, coalition-building, and implementation. He presents hypothesis about tradeoffs among inclusiveness (of process), radicalism (of reform), and participation in, and compliance with, the new system. The hypothesis: including more, and more various, veto and proposal actors early in the deliberative process, increases buy-in and compliance when reform is implemented, but at the expense of faster and greater change. Early challenges in implementation in all three countries, nut especially in Kazakhstan, suggest the importance of improving buy-in through inclusive deliberative processes, where possible.