46 results on '"institutional variables"'
Search Results
2. The effects of terrorism on foreign direct investments: The case of OECD countries.
- Author
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Galović, Tomislav, Mišević, Petar, and Balaž, Davorin
- Subjects
FOREIGN investments ,PANEL analysis ,NATURAL disasters ,TERRORISM ,ECONOMIC impact - Abstract
This paper attempts to identify the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI), focusing especially on terrorism and keeping in mind that FDI is one of the key economic growth engines. The main goal of this paper was to determine the correlation between terrorism and investment activities. The method used is a dynamic panel data model (System 2 step-GMM estimator), based on a sample covering a total of 36 OECD economies in the period from 2005 to 2018. The findings indicate that terrorist incidents and economic, institutional, and natural variables have different impacts on FDI in the OECD Member countries. The research found a statistically significant impact of terrorist incidents and natural disasters and a strong impact of economic and institutional variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Dynamics of Sustainable Economic Growth in Emerging Middle Power Economies: Does Institutional Quality Matter?
- Author
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Phadke, Mithilesh, Raj, Jerold, Rao, Sujay, Bashir, Shahid, Jos, Jibrael, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Hamdan, Allam, editor, and Aldhaen, Esra Saleh, editor
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. The Impact of Culture on the Demand for Non-life Insurance Penetration in Developing Countries: Panel Data Analysis.
- Author
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Sihem, Ezdini
- Subjects
INSURANCE companies ,PANEL analysis ,REGRESSION analysis ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
Purpose: The impact of insurance market activity within financial development is gaining more attention in academia, as the sector experiences growth within emerging markets. The paper aims to understand which macro-economic and social variables impact the growth or decline of the non-life insurance sector broadly across European countries with a view to provide recommendations to drive increased penetration across the region. Methodology: Using Fixed Effects Panel Data Regression and annual data from 1990 to 2021 on 10 countries, the study examines the explanatory factors of non-life insurance demand in European countries (Australia, France, Austria, Italy, Canada, Luxemburg, Denmark, Norway, Finland and Portugal). Findings: The study found that GDP, and urbanization and education rates have a significant negative impact on non-life insurance penetration and density; urbanization, religion, education level and rule of law can explain positively variation in non-life insurance density and penetration across countries. Countries with higher urbanization levels, higher education level, Christian or Buddhist beliefs and more effective rule of law spend more on non- life insurance than other countries. The control of corruption and government effectiveness explain negatively variance in non-life insurance. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Notably, governments can develop the non-life insurance sector through policies that support urbanization. Similarly, ensuring an environment that promotes economic freedom (such as low tariff, high personal choice, low government spending and high security of property rights) could be an effective way of promoting non-life insurance demand. In contrast, policies that help to reduce the rate of urbanization may yield a double dividend: less population and congestion in cities and better opportunities for the development of non-life insurance markets. Also, countries with high level of education, can develop the development of non- life insurance demand. Among many socio-economic factors such as income, urbanization and education level, our analysis suggests that cultural dimensions such as beliefs and rule of law play a role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The Modeling Possibilities of the Comparative Analysis of Heterogeneous Diasporas: The Case of Armenia.
- Author
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Torosyan, Tigran and Vardanyan, Arax
- Abstract
The article discusses the problems of the effectiveness of a comparative analysis method used for diaspora studies. Depending on their nature, diasporas can be either comparable or non-comparable. The article provides a methodology for studying diasporas as well as its paradigm and implementation algorithm. It relies on the approach that one of the key factors of comparative analysis is whether the cases compared are comparable or not. Thus, it becomes necessary to reveal the nature of diasporas and their communities. To ensure the effectiveness of the analysis of comparable diasporas, the article proposes to classify the variables defining diasporas into two groups: identity variables and institutional variables. Identity variables can be used when there is a need for more detailed assessment of the nature of diasporas. The comparative analysis of diasporas or communities with the same nature should be based on institutional variables. The article examines the cases of the Armenian community in Russia and Lebanon to test the proposed methodology. It argues that these communities have different nature and thus their comparative analysis for the purpose of disclosing the prerequisites for the preservation of identity and effective functioning of institutions is senseless. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The impact of institutional factors on corporate mechanism of cash adjustment – New evidence from emerging Asia.
- Author
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Das, Santanu, Kumar, Ashish, and Bhattacharyya, Asit
- Subjects
CASH position of corporations ,CASH management ,BOARDS of directors ,PANEL analysis ,INFORMATION asymmetry - Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand how the business environment of a country has an impact on cash management policies of the firms and also to investigate if there is any asymmetry in cash adjustment dynamics when a firm deviates from its long-term target of cash holdings. Design/methodology/approach: Using a sample of seven emerging Asian countries in the period 2001–2019, the authors investigate the role of country specific variables in the corporate cash holdings and their cash adjustment mechanism. They use the panel data regression method to estimate the results. Findings: The authors find that the overall financial development of a country has a significant impact on corporate cash holdings and cash adjustment dynamics. When a firm has excess cash, the speed of adjustment towards the target is faster as compared to when it has deficit cash holdings. Further, when a firm holds excess cash, it adjusts towards the target using cash from investments; in case of deficit cash holdings, the adjustment happens via cash from financing activities. Practical implications: The results of the study are helpful to corporate managers as these are important references to them to understand and design cash management policies by considering factors that are measured at the country level. It also provides them a clearer understanding about the role of corporate board and information asymmetry in cash holdings. Originality/value: This is the first study which examines the role of country-specific variables on corporate cash holdings and their adjustment mechanism of firms in emerging Asia. Further, the study extends the literature by providing new evidence that there is asymmetry in cash adjustment dynamics of firms after controlling for the overall financial development of a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. تأثیر متغیرهای نهادی بر فرار مغزها در کشورهای درحا لتوسعه))MENA()مطالعه موردی کشورهای منطقه منا
- Author
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علی مفتخری, محمد جعفری, اسمعیل ابونوری, and یونس نادمی
- Abstract
Introduction: Despite the importance of specialized manpower in leading a country's economy, statistics show the departure of a large number of thinkers in various fields of science who for some reason prefer to live in developed countries to stay in their own country. In fact, brain drain represents the flow of human capital in which skills are transferred. Therefore, in this study, we will examine the effect of institutional variables on brain drain in developing countries. Method: The immigration data of the countries of the MENA region are selected as immigrant send countries and the United States is selected as an immigrant country during the years 2002-2018 have been used and the migration statistics based on nationality from the International Migration Database Has been collected. The software used is Eviews10 and the econometric method is the Generalized Method of Moment. Findings: The logarithm of the first lag of brain drain, government effectiveness and freedom of expression had a positive effect on brain drain and the rule of law, Economic growth, corruption control and the quality of law have had a negative effect on brain drain and elite migration. Also, The Arelano-Band test confirms the absence of much higher autocorrelation in the model error component. Discussion: considering the impact of the rule of law, control of corruption, economic growth and the quality of laws on reducing elite immigration, the necessary institutional reforms to improve property rights, contractualization, social security and transparency in the field of economic activities is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
8. Analyzing the Impact of Fundamental Factors and Institutional Variables on Exports of Emerging Countries (2000- 2015): Lessons for Iranian Economy
- Author
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Ali Sarkhosh-Sara, Khadijeh Nasrollahi, and Karim Azarbayjani
- Subjects
fundamental factors ,institutional variables ,export ,emerging countries ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
One of the most important factors in achieving sustainable economic growth and development is to increase exports, which is also the main goal of foreign trade policy. In this area, emerging countries have been able to achieve significant success in recent years. Therefore, studying the experiences of these countries can be effective in increasing Iranian exports. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fundamental factors and institutional variables on exports of a selection of emerging economies during the period 2000-2015 using the panel data econometric method. Our results show that the effects of fundamental factors, namely total factor productivity, human capital and R&D expenditures, on export performance of select emerging countries are positive and significant and the effect of labor cost variable is negative and significant. Also, our results show that, in general, the effect of good governance variables, as an indicator of institutional factors, on exports of emerging countries is positive and significant. These results indicate that reducing production- and risk-costs and strengthening institutional foundations in emerging countries has led to a boost in investment and production arrangements in these countries and ultimately to an increase in exports. Also, our results show that the effect of consumption expenditures on export performance of select emerging countries is negative and significant and the effect of government tax revenues on export performance is a reversed U shape. These results show that based on The experiences of emerging countries, different countries have to pay attention to fundamental factors and institutional variables, in addition to conventional methods such as increasing exchange rates, export awards, etc., and implement reforms that are curb inefficiencies in goods and labor markets.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Methodology and Data Description
- Author
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Acs, Zoltan J., Szerb, László, Lloyd, Ainsley, Acs, Zoltan J., Szerb, László, and Lloyd, Ainsley
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. THE IMPACT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK QUALITY ON THE OWNERSHIP STRATEGY. EVIDENCE FROM EU FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPE
- Author
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Constantinos CHOROMIDES
- Subjects
foreign direct investment ,south and central eastern europe ,institutional variables ,institutional distance ,ownership strategy ,decision making. ,Cities. Urban geography ,GF125 ,Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology ,HT101-395 - Abstract
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered by scholars as a critical factor for economic growth and development. The recent economic crisis in the European Union (EU) has brought up again the discussion of the key drivers specific to the attraction of FDI. In addition to strict economic factor, the literature emphasises the role of institutions in a country as determinants in attracting FDI inflows. This study is one of the first to address the ownership strategy of multinational enterprises from the EU region undertaking FDI in former transitional economies in South (SEE) and Central Eastern Europe (CEE) using the concept of the quality of institutions. An analysis of the impact that the quality of market supporting institutions in determining ownership structure has of foreign affiliates in former transitional economies is attempted using an econometric model on institutional, regulatory, country specific and company level data based on a sample of 285 EU companies undertook FDI in 4 South and Central Eastern European countries during 1995-2015. We apply and advance the institution-based view of strategy by integrating it with resource-based and transaction cost considerations, incorporating three of the most important theoretical paradigms of international business studies.
- Published
- 2018
11. CONDICIONES DE POBREZA MULTIDIMENSIONAL EN EL MUNICIPIO DE ANCUYA, NARIÑO, 2019. UNA APROXIMACIÓN ALTERNATIVA.
- Author
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ORTIZ LÓPEZ, Robert Wilson, OVIEDO ALVAREZ, Gali Alexander, and VALENCIA RAMOS, Jaime Alberto
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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12. The institutional shaping of third sector organizations: Empirical evidence from Italian provinces
- Author
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Giorgia Trasciani, Giovanni Esposito, Francesca Petrella, Vincenzo Alfano, Giuseppe Lucio Gaeta, Laboratoire d'Economie et de Sociologie du Travail (LEST), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Politecnico di Milano [Milan] (POLIMI)
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Sociology and Political Science ,third sector ,Institutional shaping ,institutional variables ,[SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences - Abstract
International audience; By relying on province-level data from Italy, this paper empirically studies the factors that correlate with the development of third sector organizations (TSOs) in the Italian territory. Moving beyond traditional explanations of TSOs development based on population heterogeneity theories, our analysis points to the role of public institutions as key driving factors of Italian TSOs development. It specifically suggests that public authorities may shape the development of TSOs through three different, albeit interconnected, institutional dimensions: (1) control of corruption—that is, design and implementation of policies and regulations to prevent corruption and strengthen trust in the relationships between public authorities and TSOs; (2) rule of law—that is, creation of stable legal frameworks to reduce the uncertainty faced by TSOs when collaborating with the public sector and to limit arbitrary decisions by politicians and bureaucrats; (3) government effectiveness—that is, improving governments’ credibility and administrative capacity to provide grants and funds to TSOs for social and public services delivery.
- Published
- 2023
13. THE IMPACT OF THE INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK QUALITY ON THE OWNERSHIP STRATEGY. EVIDENCE FROM EU FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL EASTERN EUROPE.
- Author
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CHOROMIDES, Constantinos
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,FOREIGN investments ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is considered by scholars as a critical factor for economic growth and development. The recent economic crisis in the European Union (EU) has brought up again the discussion of the key drivers specific to the attraction of FDI. In addition to strict economic factor, the literature emphasises the role of institutions in a country as determinants in attracting FDI inflows. This study is one of the first to address the ownership strategy of multinational enterprises from the EU region undertaking FDI in former transitional economies in South (SEE) and Central Eastern Europe (CEE) using the concept of the quality of institutions. An analysis of the impact that the quality of market supporting institutions in determining ownership structure has of foreign affiliates in former transitional economies is attempted using an econometric model on institutional, regulatory, country specific and company level data based on a sample of 285 EU companies undertook FDI in 4 South and Central Eastern European countries during 1995-2015. We apply and advance the institution-based view of strategy by integrating it with resource-based and transaction cost considerations, incorporating three of the most important theoretical paradigms of international business studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
14. The impact of institutional variables in new high‐tech product development processes : The moderating roles of perceived risk and project duration
- Author
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Shekhar Mishra, Shashi, Saji, K.B., Malhotra, Naresh, and Dash, Satyabhusan
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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15. Analyzing the Psychological Unsafety in Schools in Terms of Individual and Institutional Variables.
- Author
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Yenipınar, Şenyurt and Yıldırım, Kamil
- Abstract
Copyright of Educational Administration: Theory & Practice is the property of Educational Administration: Theory & Practice and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. CONDIÇÕES DE POBREZA MULTIDIMENSIONAL NO MUNICÍPIO DE ANCUYA, NARIÑO, 2019. UMA ABORDAGEM ALTERNATIVA
- Author
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Robert Wilson Ortiz López, Gali Alexander Oviedo Alvarez, and Jaime Alberto Valencia Ramos
- Subjects
variables políticas ,institutional variables ,sociocultural variables ,variáveis políticas ,lcsh:Economic theory. Demography ,variables institucionales ,encuesta social ,lcsh:Business ,political variables ,variáveis institucionais ,social survey ,variáveis socioculturais ,lcsh:HB1-3840 ,economic variables ,pobreza multidimensional ,pesquisa social ,variáveis econômicas ,variables socioculturales ,lcsh:HF5001-6182 ,multidimensional poverty ,variables económicas - Abstract
RESUMEN Con base en la concepción de la heterogeneidad de las condiciones de los diferentes territorios, se diseñó una encuesta social que involucra la multidimensionalidad tanto del individuo como de la comunidad, a partir de elementos teóricos provenientes de la teoría neoclásica involucrando ingresos, gastos y consumo junto con teorías heterodoxas como Sen, Max Neef y Sabogal, entre otros, con el fin de establecer las condiciones de pobreza con variables sociales, culturales, económicos, políticas e institucionales en el Municipio de Ancuya en el año 2019, para lo cual se estimó la pobreza multidimensional mediante modelos probabilísticos Logit. Entre los hallazgos se destaca que, mediante pobreza monetaria el 58,86% de la población se estima como no pobre, el 25,71% como pobre y 15,43% como extremadamente pobre, en tanto que en cuanto a la pobreza multidimensional en la categoría de no pobres se ubica un 54,76%, para pobres un 24,21% y para extremadamente pobre un 21,04%. JEL: O15; O18; O35; O21; O54 ABSTRACT Based on the conception of the heterogeneity of the conditions of the different territories, a social survey was designed that involves the multidimensionality of both the individual and the community, based on theoretical elements from neoclassical theory involving income, expenses and consumption together with heterodox theories such as Sen, Max Neef and Sabogal, among others, in order to establish the conditions of poverty with social, cultural, economic, political and institutional variables in the Municipality of Ancuya in the year 2019, for which estimated multidimensional poverty using Logit probabilistic models. Among the findings, it stands out that, through monetary poverty, 58.86% of the population is estimated as non-poor, 25.71% as poor and 15.43% as extremely poor, while in terms of multidimensional poverty in the category of non-poor is located at 54.76%, for poor a 24.21% and for extremely poor a 21.04%. JEL: O15; O18; O35; O21; O54 RESUMO Partindo da concepção da heterogeneidade das condições dos diferentes territórios, foi elaborado um inquérito social que envolve a multidimensionalidade do indivíduo e da comunidade, com base em elementos teóricos da teoria neoclássica que envolvem receitas, despesas e consumo em conjunto. com teorias heterodoxas como Sen, Max Neef e Sabogal, entre outras, a fim de estabelecer as condições de pobreza com variáveis sociais, culturais, econômicas, políticas e institucionais no Município de Ancuya no ano de 2019, para o qual estimativa da pobreza multidimensional usando modelos probabilísticos Logit. Dentre os achados, destaca-se que, pela pobreza monetária, 58,86% da população é estimada como não pobre, 25,71% como pobre e 15,43% como extremamente pobre, enquanto em termos de pobreza multidimensional em a categoria de não pobres situa-se em 54,76%, os pobres 24,21% e os extremamente pobres 21,04%. JEL: O15; O18; O35; O21; O54
- Published
- 2020
17. Macroeconomic Shocks' Responses of Small and Large Banks in the Bank-Based Countries?
- Author
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Kapounek, Svatopluk and Kučerová, Zuzana
- Subjects
MACROECONOMICS ,BANK loans ,COMMUNITY banks ,BANKING industry ,INTEREST rates ,FINANCIAL crises - Abstract
Banking institutions play a really important role in the process of providing credit to economic agents and are responsible for recovery after the financial crisis in the Europe. The objective of the paper is to identify the link between the European bank lending activities, main macroeconomic shocks, and institutional variables in the sample of EU-27 countries within the period 1998 - 2013. To increase macroeconomic implications we removed possible market based economies in final results. In addition, we distinguish between large and small banks in the sample. The microeconomic data are provided by the Bankscope database, macroeconomic shocks and institutional data are drawn from Eurostat on-line database. We employ robust OLS estimator to identify the main determinants of bank lending activities. The results confirm significant impact of macroeconomic shocks, banking controls and institutional variables on European lending activity. Not surprisingly, the impact of monetary policy interest rates is debatable; this variable proved to be non-significant in all models. Instead, central bank financial assets played an important role in the process of bank lending activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
18. Sustainability comes from within: carbon dioxide emissions, FDI origin factor and institutional qualities in developing countries
- Author
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Dang, Phuong Thao
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Institutional Determinants of the Adoption of Innovations in Moroccan Agriculture: The Case of LIT in the Draa-Tafilalt Region: Déterminants institutionnels de l'adoption d'innovations dans l'agriculture marocaine: le cas du LIT dans la région de Draa-Tafilalet
- Author
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Mohamed Elboukhary, El INTIDAMI, Fatiha, BENAMAR, Mohamed Elboukhary, El INTIDAMI, and Fatiha, BENAMAR
- Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role and influence of institutional variables in the adoption of localized irrigation technology (LIT) by farmers in the Draa- Tafilalt region. Given the nature of our problem and in order to test the hypotheses built around our conceptual model, we have adopted the hypothetical-deductive approach in this work, which is part of a "positivist" perspective, and the quantitative method by face-to-face survey as a research strategy. The estimation of the parameters of the binary logit model using SPSS version 25 software, carried out on the basis of data collected by questionnaire from 400 farmers in the Draa-Tafilalt region revealed that among the five institutional variables used in this study, four variables have a significant and positive effect on the probability of adopting the LIT. Three variables with less than 1% probability level ("access to credit", "access to subsidy" and "social influence") and one variable with less than 5% probability level ("contact with extension agents"). Unexpectedly, the result of the binary logistic regression also revealed that the role of the explanatory variable "membership in a cooperative or association" in the adoption of LIT in the study area is not significant. Keywords: Adoption, institutional variables, LIT, logit, Draa-Tafilalt region.
- Published
- 2021
20. Variáveis institucionais explicativas do desempenho de estudantes de Ciências Contábeis e Administração
- Author
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Nasu, Vitor Hideo, Silva, Breno Gabriel da, Borges, Yana Miranda, Melo, Brian Alvarez Ribeiro de, Nasu, Vitor Hideo, Silva, Breno Gabriel da, Borges, Yana Miranda, and Melo, Brian Alvarez Ribeiro de
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the association between institutional variables and the performance of Accounting and Administration students. The microdata of Enade 2018 were used, obtaining 152,491 valid observations. Performance was measured in three ways: final performance, performance in the general training test and performance in the specific component test. In addition, the following institutional variables were considered: academic organization, region, modality and shift. The data were examined using zero adjusted Box Cox Cole Green (BCCG) regression models. The results indicated the institutional variables were relevant to explain the performance. Specifically, it was staked students enrolled in federal centers of technological education had superior performance than the other forms of academic organization. Another relevant point was the students in the North region performed worse than other regions in general. However, they outdid the students from Central-East region in the issues of general training. Regarding the teaching modality, it was found that students of face-to-face teaching presented higher performance than the distance learning students (DL). And the full-time students had better performances overall. As implications, it is pointed out that institutions offering Accounting and Administration courses in the Northern region may want to improve the quality of education, as well as those of the Centre-Western shall want to do so in relation to general training education. Similarly, the teaching on the DL modality can be improved and the offer of full-time courses can be thought of and potentially implemented., O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre variáveis institucionais e o desempenho de estudantes de ciências contábeis e administração. Foram utilizados os microdados do Enade 2018, obtendo-se 152.491 observações válidas. O desempenho foi mensurado de três formas: desempenho final, desempenho na prova de formação geral e desempenho na prova de componente específico. Ademais, foram consideradas as seguintes variáveis institucionais: organização acadêmica, região, modalidade e turno. Os dados foram examinados a partir de modelos de regressão Box Cox Cole Green (BCCG) com zeros ajustados. A partir dos resultados, concluiu-se que as variáveis institucionais foram relevantes para explicar o desempenho. Especificamente, destaca-se que os estudantes matriculados em centros federais de educação tecnológica tiveram desempenho superior aos das outras formas de organização acadêmica. Outro ponto é que os alunos da região Norte performaram pior do que o das outras regiões de modo geral. Todavia, superaram os alunos da região Centro-Oeste nas questões de formação geral. Quanto à modalidade de ensino, verificou-se que alunos do ensino presencial apresentaram performance superior a dos estudantes do ensino a distância (EaD). E os alunos do turno integral tiveram melhores performances de modo geral. Como implicações, aponta-se que as instituições que oferecem cursos de contabilidade e administração na região Norte podem querer aprimorar a qualidade do ensino, assim como as do Centro-Oeste podem querer fazê-lo em relação ao ensino de formação geral. Da mesma forma, o ensino da modalidade EaD pode ser aprimorado e a oferta de cursos em período integral pode ser pensada e, potencialmente, implantada.
- Published
- 2021
21. Institutional Determinants of the Adoption of Innovations in Moroccan Agriculture: The Case of LIT in the Draa-Tafilalt Region
- Author
-
Elboukhary, El INTIDAMI Mohamed and BENAMAR Fatiha
- Subjects
Draa-Tafilalt region ,logit ,Adoption ,LIT ,institutional variables - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role and influence of institutional variables in the adoption of localized irrigation technology (LIT) by farmers in the Draa- Tafilalt region. Given the nature of our problem and in order to test the hypotheses built around our conceptual model, we have adopted the hypothetical-deductive approach in this work, which is part of a "positivist" perspective, and the quantitative method by face-to-face survey as a research strategy. The estimation of the parameters of the binary logit model using SPSS version 25 software, carried out on the basis of data collected by questionnaire from 400 farmers in the Draa-Tafilalt region revealed that among the five institutional variables used in this study, four variables have a significant and positive effect on the probability of adopting the LIT. Three variables with less than 1% probability level ("access to credit", "access to subsidy" and "social influence") and one variable with less than 5% probability level ("contact with extension agents"). Unexpectedly, the result of the binary logistic regression also revealed that the role of the explanatory variable "membership in a cooperative or association" in the adoption of LIT in the study area is not significant. Keywords: Adoption, institutional variables, LIT, logit, Draa-Tafilalt region.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Institutional Determinants of the Adoption of Innovations in Moroccan Agriculture: The Case of LIT in the Draa-Tafilalt Region
- Author
-
El INTIDAMI Mohamed Elboukhary and BENAMAR Fatiha
- Subjects
Draa-Tafilalt region ,logit ,Adoption ,LIT ,institutional variables - Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the role and influence of institutional variables in the adoption of localized irrigation technology (LIT) by farmers in the Draa- Tafilalt region. Given the nature of our problem and in order to test the hypotheses built around our conceptual model, we have adopted the hypothetical-deductive approach in this work, which is part of a "positivist" perspective, and the quantitative method by face-to-face survey as a research strategy. The estimation of the parameters of the binary logit model using SPSS version 25 software, carried out on the basis of data collected by questionnaire from 400 farmers in the Draa-Tafilalt region revealed that among the five institutional variables used in this study, four variables have a significant and positive effect on the probability of adopting the LIT. Three variables with less than 1% probability level ("access to credit", "access to subsidy" and "social influence") and one variable with less than 5% probability level ("contact with extension agents"). Unexpectedly, the result of the binary logistic regression also revealed that the role of the explanatory variable "membership in a cooperative or association" in the adoption of LIT in the study area is not significant. Keywords: Adoption, institutional variables, LIT, logit, Draa-Tafilalt region.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. What are the drivers of tax capacity in sub-Saharan Africa?
- Author
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Tagem, Abrams Mbu Enow and Morrissey, Oliver
- Subjects
ComputingMilieux_GENERAL ,O43 ,tax capacity ,general-to-specific ,O23 ,ddc:330 ,ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING ,H20 ,tax performance ,institutional variables ,C23 - Abstract
There is limited research on the underlying institutional framework of tax policy and capacity: how tax collection efficiency changes over time and the importance of institutional factors in this process. This paper fills this gap by devising a measure of tax capacity distinct from commonly used measures of tax effort based on residuals from a tax performance (tax/gross domestic product ratio) regression. The paper uses annual data on 44 sub-Saharan African countries covering the period from 1980 to 2018. The empirical strategy separating performance from underlying fiscal capacity proceeds in three steps: estimating standard tax performance regressions, from which we generate measures of potential and actual tax revenue; decomposing the actual-to-potential tax revenue ratio to use the trend component as a measure of tax capacity; and applying general-to-specific analysis with a wide variety of economic and institutional variables as potential determinants of tax capacity to identify the most important correlates.
- Published
- 2021
24. LUCASOV PARADOKS : Diplomski rad
- Author
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Sajević, Ivana and Visković, Josip
- Subjects
strane direktne investicije ,kvaliteta institucija ,Lucas paradox ,SOCIAL SCIENCES. Economics. Finance ,foreign direct investment ,institucionalne varijable ,makroekonomske varijable ,quality of institutions ,Lucasov paradoks ,DRUŠTVENE ZNANOSTI. Ekonomija. Financije ,institutional variables ,macroeconomic variables - Abstract
Lucasov paradoks govori o tome da kapital ne teče iz razvijenih zemalja u zemlje u razvoju unatoč tome što zemlje u razvoju imaju nisku razinu kapitala po radniku. Brojni su čimbenici koji mogu djelovati na rješavanje Lucasovog paradoksa. Rješavanje paradoksa se može promatrati kroz prizmu priljeva stranih direktnih investicija. Kvaliteta institucija je jedna od vodećih stvari za objašnjavanje paradoksa. Temeljem provedene višestruke linearne regresije nakon uklanjanja problema visoke korelacije između varijabli te zasebne analize došlo se do zaključka da sve institucionalne varijable (regulatorna kvaliteta, vladavina zakona i kontrola korupcije) pozitivno djeluju na priljev stranih direktnih investicija. Uz njih i GDP/ capita pozitivno utječe na priljev stranih direktnih investicija što se i slaže s teorijom da je GDP/capita jedan od glavnih za objašnjenje ekonomskog rasta zemlje. Budućnost Lucasova paradoksa uvelike ovisi o budućim velesilama, geopolitičkom razvoju te promjenama makroekonomskih varijabli zemalja u razvoju i razvijenih zemalja. Lucas paradox is observation that capital does not flow from developed countries to developing countries despite developing countries have low level of capital per worker. There are number of factors that can solve the Lucas paradox. Solving the Lucas paradox can be viewed through the prism of foreign direct investment (FDI). The quality of institutions is one of the leading things to explain the Lucas paradox. Based on the multiple regression and after eliminating problem of high correlation between some variables (regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) they have positive effect on the inflow of foreign direct investment. In addition, GDP/capita has a positive impact on the inflow of foreign direct investment which agrees with the theory that GDP/capita is one of the main reason for economic growth. The future of the Lucas paradox largely depends of the future of the economic superpowers, geopolitical development and changes in the macroeconomic variables of developing countries.
- Published
- 2020
25. Factores institucionales, pedagógicos, psicosociales y sociodemográficos asociados al rendimiento académico en la Universidad de Costa Rica: un análisis multinivel. [Institutional, pedagogical, psychosocial and socio-demographic factors related to academic performance at the University of Costa Rica: a multilevel analysis]
- Author
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Montero Rojas, Eiliana, Villalobos Palma, Jeannette, and Valverde Bermúdez, Astrid
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Higher education ,academic achievement ,associated factors ,multilevel models ,hierarchical models ,predictor variables ,institutional variables ,pedagogical variables ,psychosocial variables ,socio-demographic variables ,Educación superior ,rendimiento académico ,factores asociados ,modelos multinivel ,modelos jerárquicos ,variables predictoras ,variables institucionales ,variables pedagógicas ,variables psicosociales ,variables sociodemográficas ,Theory and practice of education ,LB5-3640 - Abstract
A multilevel analysis was conducted to predict final grades in courses from different majors for a sample, stratified by academic areas, of 848 students at the University of Costa Rica. A group of factors from institutional, socio-demographic, psychosocial and pedagogical aspects were employed as independent variables. The best predictor was the Admission Average, which combines grades from high school and an aptitude test score. Some non-cognitive variables were also explicative; the most important being the score on a scale of emotional intelligence. The methodology employed by the professor showed explicative power as well. Se realizó un análisis multinivel para predecir calificaciones finales en cursos de carrera, para una muestra estratificada, por áreas académicas, de 848 estudiantes de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se utilizaron como variables independientes un conjunto de factores en dimensiones institucionales, sociodemográficas, psicosociales y pedagógicas. El mejor predictor fue el Promedio de Admisión, medida que combina notas de secundaria y el puntaje en una prueba de habilidades de razonamiento. También variables no cognitivas resultaron explicativas, siendo la más importante el puntaje de una escala de inteligencia emocional. La metodología empleada por el (la) docente mostró asimismo poder explicativo.
- Published
- 2007
26. The determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in the Central and Eastern European Countries: The importance of institutions.
- Author
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Tintin, Cem
- Subjects
- *
FOREIGN investments , *GROSS domestic product , *INTERNATIONAL trade , *SOCIAL institutions ,EUROPEAN Union membership - Abstract
This study investigates the determinants of FDI inflows in six Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC) by incorporating the traditional factors and institutional variables over the 1996-2009 period. The study identifies whether and how these determinant factors differ across four investor countries (EU-15, the US, China, and Japan). The results verify, the positive and economically significant role of GDP size, trade openness. EU membership, and institutions (measured by economic freedoms, state fragility, political rights, and civil liberties indices) on FDI inflows. The results also reveal the existence of notable differences in the determinant factors across four investor countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The impact of institutional variables in new high-tech product development processesThe moderating roles of perceived risk and project duration.
- Author
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Mishra, Shashi Shekhar and Saji, K.B.
- Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is first, to identify the institutional variables that influence the technology acquisition intent (TAI) in new high-tech product development (NPD) process; second, to identify and confirm the consequence of TAI in the Stage-Gate system of NPD process; and third, to validate the moderating role of Perceived Risk and Project Duration on the "TAI to new product commercialization (NPC) relationship" in the NPD process. Design/methodology/approach – The research design for this generic study involved two phases: exploratory and descriptive. The theoretical framework emanated from the exploratory phase and is validated by conducting a global survey on 215 high-tech product marketing firms. Findings – The institutional variables – Dominant Design and Network Externalities – directly influence a firm's TAI that in turn leads to NPC. While the study confirms that the longer project duration negatively moderates to TAI to NPC relationship, no support was found for the influence of increased risk perception on the same. Practical implications – The study explains the rationale for marketer's efforts toward dominant design and network externalities. Also, the NPD teams should be cautious about project duration, as uncertainty associated with longer project duration reduces the TAI, and thereby inhibits the successful NPC. Originality/value – By empirically investigating the influence of institutional variables on a firm's TAI, the study significantly contributes to extant theories on NPD. Also, the study results have significant implications for high-tech product marketing theory and practice in the context of emerging market economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Institutional and Transaction Cost Influences on Partnership Structure of Foreign Affiliates.
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Demirbag, Mehmet, Tatoglu, Ekrem, and Glaister, Keith W.
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BUSINESS partnerships ,TRANSACTION costs ,FOREIGN investments ,JOINT ventures ,SUBSIDIARY corporations - Abstract
• This paper considers the determinants of foreign affiliate structure in the context of foreign equity ventures in Turkey. Institutional variables and transaction costs variables are examined as determinants of choice between wholly owned subsidiary, dyadic joint venture and multipartner joint venture. • The findings support the majority of the hypotheses. We find that research and development (R&D) intensity, cultural distance, location of affiliate, affiliate size, political risk and corruption perception distances are particularly important in determining the choice of affiliate structure. Some partial support has also been found for the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) concentration and linguistic distance on partnership structure of foreign affiliates. No support, however, has been noted for the effect of advertising intensity of the target industry. Both transaction cost specific and institution specific variables were found to be significant in explaining affiliate formation decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. A Cross-Country Empirical Analysis of International Reserves.
- Author
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Cheung, Yin-Wong and Ito, Hiro
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INTERNATIONAL economic relations ,ECONOMIC indicators ,ECONOMIC forecasting ,INTERNATIONAL finance - Abstract
Using data from more than 100 economies for the period of 1975 to 2005, we conduct an extensive empirical analysis of the determinants of international reserve holdings. Four groups of determinants, namely, traditional macro variables, financial variables, institutional variables, and dummy variables that control for individual economies' characteristics are considered. We find that the relationship between international reserves and their determinants is significantly different between developed and developing economies and is not stable over time. The estimation results indicate that, especially during the recent period, a developed economy tends to hold a lower level of international reserves than a developing one. Furthermore, there is only limited evidence that East Asian economies including China and Japan are accumulating an excessive amount of international reserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Public sector corruption and major earthquakes: A potentially deadly interaction.
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Escaleras, Monica, Anbarci, Nejat, and Register, Charles
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CORRUPTION ,PUBLIC sector ,EARTHQUAKES ,NATURAL disasters ,MORTALITY ,POPULATION - Abstract
Recent studies have identified various negative effects of public sector corruption. We add to these by considering the association between corruption and deaths due to major earthquakes. After developing a brief theoretical model of the relation between these two variables we test the proposition by analyzing 344 quakes occurring between 1975 and 2003. The empirical model takes into account the endogeneity of corruption and controls for factors, such as earthquake frequency, magnitude, distance from population centers, and a country’s level of development which influence quake destructiveness. The results indicate that public sector corruption is positively related to earthquake deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Okullarda psikolojik güvencesizliğin bireysel ve kurumsal değişkenler açısından incelenmesi
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Şenyurt Yenipinar, Kamil Yildirim, and Eğitim Fakültesi
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Schools ,Turkish ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Institutional Variables ,Affect (psychology) ,language.human_language ,Education ,Scarcity ,Kurumsal Özellikler ,Bireysel Özellikler ,Personal Variables ,Organization development ,Phenomenon ,Perception ,Scale (social sciences) ,language ,Okullar ,Organizational effectiveness ,Psychology ,Psychological Unsafety ,Social psychology ,Psikolojik Güvencesizlik ,media_common - Abstract
This study focused on finding out the “psychological unsafety perceptions” of administrators, teachers and other staff in Turkish schools and examining how it is affected by their personal and organizational variables. Psychological unsafety is a phenomenon that its nature must be understood for organizational development and organizational effectiveness. Psychological unsafety in work environment is defined as the level of perception about risky work environment hindering employee to speak out what they think and to behave in comfort because of possible negative consequences. The study was implemented on totally 557 school stuff randomly selected from the schools located in different regions and provinces of Turkey. Data were gathered by “the psychological unsafety scale” and analysed by logistic regression analysis. At the end of the study, we found that a medium level of psychological unsafety is experienced at Turkish schools and gender as one of the personal variables and school size as one of the organizational variables significantly affect the psychological unsafety. Female stuff and those who work in small size schools experience much more psychological unsafety. Based on discussion of the findings, we developed suggestions for macro and micro level educational administration. When we consider the scarcity of the study focused on the psychological un/safety, we argue that the study makes a significant contribution in understanding of the phenomenon., Bu çalışma Türk okullarındaki yönetici, öğretmen ve diğer çalışanların “psikolojik güvencesizlik” algılarını belirlemeyi; bireysel ve kurumsal değişkenlerden etkilenme durumunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Psikolojik güvencesizlik örgütsel gelişme ve etkililik açısından doğası anlaşılması gereken bir fenomendir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin farklı bölge ve illerinden tesadüfi yöntemle seçilen toplam 557 okul çalışanı üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, “psikolojik güvencesizlik ölçeği” ile toplanmış ve lojistik regresyon analizi ile incelenerek sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma sonunda Türk okullarında orta düzeyde psikolojik güvencesizlik yaşandığı; bireysel değişkenlerden cinsiyet değişkeninin, kurumsal değişkenlerden de okul büyüklüğünün psikolojik güvencesizlik üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Kadın çalışanların ve küçük okullarda görev yapanların daha fazla psikolojik güvencesizlik yaşadıkları sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, ilgili alan yazınla ilişkili bir biçimde tartışılarak bazı öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
- Published
- 2017
32. A crise da divida soberana de 2011 e a gestão de resultados : o caso europeu
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Barrocas, João Manuel Almeida and Silva, Cristina Martins da
- Subjects
variáveis macroeconómicas ,Earnings Management ,Accruals Discricionários ,variáveis institucionais ,Crise da dívida soberana de 2011 ,institutional variables ,macroeconomic variables ,Discretionary accruals ,Gestão de Resultados ,2011 sovereign debt crisis - Abstract
Mestrado em Contabilidade, Fiscalidade e Finanças Empresariais A crise da dívida soberana de 2011 provocou inúmeros efeitos no plano económico na Europa, nomeadamente um efeito generalizado de empobrecimento dos agentes económicos, em virtude das políticas de austeridade. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o impacto desta crise nas práticas de Gestão de Resultados na Europa. Recorreu-se ao modelo de Jones (1991) para mensurar as práticas de Gestão de Resultados, sendo essa medida os accruals discricionários. O estudo incide sobre 1305 empresas cotadas com sede em países da zona euro, entre os anos de 2009 e 2014. A análise empírica permite constatar que a crise de 2011 teve impacto na Gestão de Resultados, sendo esse impacto traduzido numa diminuição das suas práticas. Foi também elaborada uma regressão linear onde se pretendeu explorar de que maneira variáveis institucionais e macroeconómicas afetam as práticas de Gestão de Resultados. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as variáveis Produto Interno Bruto per capita e Fiscalidade afetam positivamente as práticas de Gestão de Resultados, enquanto Investimento Direto Estrangeiro, Central Govenment Debt, Rendibilidade Operacional do Ativo e Lending Interest Rate afetam negativamente as mesmas. The 2011 sovereign debt crisis had numerous effects economicly in Europe, including a generalized effect of impoverishment of economic agents, due to austerity policies. This study aims to evaluate the impact of this crisis on earnings management in Europe. Using the Jones (1991) model to measure the earnings management practices, the study focuses on 1305 listed companies in the euro area between the years 2009 and 2014. The empirical analysis reveals that the 2011 crisis had an impact on earnings management, and this impact translated into a decrease in their practices. It was also developed a linear regression intended to explore how institutional and macroeconomic variables affect the earnings management. Practice results suggest that gross domestic product per capita and total tax rates positively affect earnings management, while foreign direct investment, Central Govenment Debt, Lending Interest Rate and Assets Operating Profitability negatively affect th´t. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
- Published
- 2016
33. Us direct investment in southern europe. The role of the institutional variables (1966-2014)
- Author
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Tascón Fernández, Luis Julio and López Zapico, Misael Arturo
- Subjects
Europa del Sur ,Variables Institucionales ,Southern Europe ,Inversión directa extranjera (IDE) ,Spain ,Estados Unidos ,España ,Institutional Variables ,PIGS ,Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ,Return on Assets (ROA) gap ,United States - Abstract
En este artículo se analiza el comportamiento de la inversión directa estadounidense en el Sur de Europa (1966-2014), atendiendo a variables institucionales que sirven para explicar el mismo. Para ello se utiliza un modelo que pone en relación la rentabilidad anual de las inversiones, medida ésta a partir del Return On Assets (ROA) gap, con la economía y el régimen político de los PIGS, además de contar con la incidencia de los cambios metodológicos en la estructura. Los resultados confirman cómo la influencia del régimen político parece menor que, por ejemplo, la expectativa de entrada a instituciones supranacionales como las Comunidades Europeas. La inexistencia de patrones comunes al estimar el modelo para países de Europa del Sur –durante dictaduras, transiciones y democracias– prueba la complejidad que esconden las motivaciones de la inversión directa extranjera (IDE), mientras el caso de España resulta significativo por su originalidad This article analyzes the behavior of U.S. Direct Investment in Southern Europe (1966-2014), paying particular attention to the institutional variables. We use a model that connects the annual investment returns, measured through the Return on Assets (ROA) gap, with the economy and the political regimes of the PIGS, and also considering the impact of methodological changes in the model structure. The results support that the political conditions were less important than other factors as, for instance, the expectations to become members of supranational institutions like the European Communities. Within the absence of common patterns when checking the model estimates for Southern European countries –through dictatorships, transitional periods or democracies–, it remains clear the complexity of the motivations that guide the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), whereas Spain appears as a peculiar case
- Published
- 2016
34. The determinants of voter turnout in OECD : An aggregated cross-national study using panel data
- Author
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Olsén Ingefeldt, Niclas
- Subjects
socio-economic variables ,Institutional variables ,time sensitivity analysis ,OECD ,Voter turnout ,aggregated level - Abstract
This paper examines in a descriptive manner how two groups of variables, institutional and socio-economic, correlate with voter turnout respectively and if their magnitude have changed over time in OECD countries. Previous research is often based on data from the 70’s and 80’s. Since then, voter turnout in democratic countries has decreased and more citizens do not use their fundamental democratic right of being involved in the process of choosing their representatives. To answer the paper hypotheses i.e. analyzing what factors that correlates with voter turnout, panel data between 1980 and 2012 are used which is estimated by an OLS approach. The outcome of the empirical estimations indicates that 13 out of 19 variables have a significant relationship with turnout. Most of the variables magnitudes are a bit lower than previous literature. From the time sensitivity analysis the result indicates that voters are less influenced by the significant variables that focus on the voting cost. It seems that voters in the 21st century meet voting costs in different manner than previously.
- Published
- 2016
35. La inversión directa estadounidense en el sur de Europa. El papel de las variables institucionales (1966-2014)
- Author
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Tascón Fernández, Luis Julio and López Zapico, Misael Arturo
- Subjects
Europa del Sur ,Variables Institucionales ,Southern Europe ,Inversión directa extranjera (IDE) ,Spain ,Estados Unidos ,España ,Institutional Variables ,PIGS ,Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) ,Return on Assets (ROA) gap ,United States - Abstract
En este artículo se analiza el comportamiento de la inversión directa estadounidense en el Sur de Europa (1966-2014), atendiendo a variables institucionales que sirven para explicar el mismo. Para ello se utiliza un modelo que pone en relación la rentabilidad anual de las inversiones, medida ésta a partir del Return On Assets (ROA) gap, con la economía y el régimen político de los PIGS, además de contar con la incidencia de los cambios metodológicos en la estructura. Los resultados confirman cómo la influencia del régimen político parece menor que, por ejemplo, la expectativa de entrada a instituciones supranacionales como las Comunidades Europeas. La inexistencia de patrones comunes al estimar el modelo para países de Europa del Sur –durante dictaduras, transiciones y democracias– prueba la complejidad que esconden las motivaciones de la inversión directa extranjera (IDE), mientras el caso de España resulta significativo por su originalidad, This article analyzes the behavior of U.S. Direct Investment in Southern Europe (1966-2014), paying particular attention to the institutional variables. We use a model that connects the annual investment returns, measured through the Return on Assets (ROA) gap, with the economy and the political regimes of the PIGS, and also considering the impact of methodological changes in the model structure. The results support that the political conditions were less important than other factors as, for instance, the expectations to become members of supranational institutions like the European Communities. Within the absence of common patterns when checking the model estimates for Southern European countries –through dictatorships, transitional periods or democracies–, it remains clear the complexity of the motivations that guide the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), whereas Spain appears as a peculiar case
- Published
- 2016
36. International and Cultural Implications on Internationalization Analysis of Multinational Firms
- Author
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Vargas-Hernández, José G. and Vargas-Hernández, José G.
- Abstract
This paper is aims to analyze some of the institutional and cultural implications on internationalization analysis of multinational firms. The analysis begins questioning what the main institutional and cultural variables are considered in the involvement of internationalization of multinational firms. To answer this question, a literature review types approach in areas like internationalization of multinational firms based on institutional and cultural frameworks is followed. Secondly, these institutional and cultural variables are analyzed to integrate findings. Finally, the paper argues the need to design a better institutional and cultural balance among the development of a glocal-regional transformation, convergence and governance.
- Published
- 2015
37. The Mystery of Original Sin
- Author
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Eichengreen, Barry, editor, Hausmann, Ricardo, editor, and Panizza, Ugo, editor
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Foreign Direct Investment in Western Balkans
- Author
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Odstrčilíková, Linda, Řehořová, Veronika, and Vošta, Milan
- Subjects
FDI ,makroekonomické proměnné ,západní Balkán ,institucionální proměnné ,PZI ,Institutional variables ,Western Balkans ,Macroeconomic variables - Abstract
This paper deals with FDI in the Western Balkan countries with an emphasis on the determinants that influence FDI inflow. First, the conditions for investing in the region are examined, and then specific variables are chosen to be analyzed in the second part of the thesis. In the empirical part of the paper, the statistical significance of institutional and macroeconomic variables on the FDI inflow is researched. The concluding chapter evaluates the relationship between the accession process and FDI volume, and potential areas for FDI placement are recommended. As overall follow up to the preceding deductions, the investment outlook is finally presented.
- Published
- 2013
39. Modelling the inflation process in transition economies: Empirical comparison of Poland, Hungary and Czech Republic
- Author
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Qin, Duo and Vanags, Alf
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Institutional Development and Good Governance in the Highway Sector : Learning from Gujarat
- Author
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Bandyopadhyay, Arnab and Stankevich, Natalya
- Subjects
AIRPORT ,COMPETITIVE BIDDING ,HIGHWAY PROJECT ,SURFACE TRANSPORT ,DECISION-MAKING ,ROAD MANAGEMENT ,RAILWAYS ,ROAD ,INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,AVERAGE TRAVEL SPEEDS ,ROAD WORKS ,ROUTES ,EMPLOYMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ,PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION ,TOLL PLAZA ,TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT ,NATIONAL LEVEL ,PSP ,INCOME ,HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ,GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS ,ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,TRANSPORTATION NETWORK ,MANAGEMENT OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE ,FISCAL CRISIS ,MUNICIPALITIES ,CENTRAL AGENCIES ,PASSENGER ,PUBLIC PROCUREMENT ,TRANSPORT SECTOR ,ADMINISTRATIVE HIERARCHY ,BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,NATIONAL HIGHWAYS ,TOLL ,TRANSPARENCY ,CADRES ,ROAD PLANNING ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,CARRIAGEWAY ,PAVEMENT STRUCTURE ,TOLL SCHEME ,HIGHWAY DESIGN ,ROAD INFORMATION ,ADMINISTRATIVE COSTS ,ROUGHNESS ,LAND ACQUISITION ,ROAD PROJECTS ,PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ,STATE AGENCIES ,ASSET MANAGEMENT ,TOLL ROAD DEVELOPMENT ,RAIL ,ROAD AGENCIES ,MOTOR VEHICLES ,DISTRICT ROADS ,COMPETITIVE BIDDING PROCESS ,TRUE ,CULVERTS ,PAVEMENT ,ACQUISITION ACT ,AMBITION ,FINANCIAL SERVICES ,ROAD FINANCING ,ROAD LENGTHS ,VEHICLE OWNERSHIP ,PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT ,THROUGH TRAFFIC ,EFFICIENT TRAVEL ,LOCAL TRAFFIC ,TECHNOCRAT ,ROAD USER COSTS ,ROAD USERS ,CITIZENS ,VEHICLE OPERATION ,TRANSPORT SYSTEM ,ROADS ,TOLL REVENUES ,SHARING ,CAPITAL PROJECTS ,TOLL ROAD ,PERIODIC MAINTENANCE ,ROAD USER ,ROAD IMPROVEMENTS ,POLICE ,ROAD AUTHORITIES ,CORE ROAD NETWORK ,ROAD INVESTMENT ,VEHICLE OPERATING ,GOOD ROADS ,TOLLS ,BANKS ,CONSTRUCTION METHODS ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,EXECUTION ,RESETTLEMENT ,TRAFFIC INFORMATION ,EFFECTIVE GOVERNANCE ,PUBLIC FINANCE ,ROAD CATEGORIES ,GOVERNMENT SERVICES ,HIGHWAY NETWORK ,SUBSIDIARY ,ROAD DEVELOPMENT ,ASSET VALUE ,HOUSING ,STATE HIGHWAYS ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ,ROAD MAINTENANCE ,POLITICIANS ,RURAL ROAD IMPROVEMENTS ,INSPECTION ,COMPETING ROUTES ,MAJOR ROADS ,TRANSPORT ,LAWS ,TRANSPORTATION ,INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,ROAD TRANSPORT ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,PUBLIC INFORMATION ,CONCESSIONS ,MOTOR VEHICLE DENSITY ,DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION ,TOLL COLLECTION ,TRANSPORT STRATEGY ,PUBLIC SERVICE ,TAX ,PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT ,OPERATIONAL RISK ,PUBLIC SUPPORT ,DRIVERS ,PATH ,ROAD IMPROVEMENT ,VEHICLE ,CONSTRUCTION ,PRODUCTIVITY ,EMERGENCY RESPONSE ,PUBLIC INVESTMENTS ,RESOURCE ALLOCATION ,ROUTINE MAINTENANCE ,PRIVATE SECTOR INVOLVEMENT ,ROAD CONSTRUCTION ,INSTITUTIONAL VARIABLES ,FOREST ROADS ,AXLE LOADS ,PUBLIC FINANCING ,STATE GOVERNMENT ,VEHICLE CLASS ,GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES ,REPRESENTATIVES ,REHABILITATION ,PUBLIC ROADS ,RURAL ROAD ,ROAD QUALITY ,LAND TRANSPORT ,ENACTMENT ,SANITATION ,RECONSTRUCTION ,ROAD SAFETY ,PAVEMENTS ,SPEED ,DECISION MAKING ,MAIN ROAD ,PAVED ROADS ,ROAD NETWORK ,VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,PRIVATE SECTOR CONCESSIONAIRE ,MOTOR VEHICLE ,PUBLIC HOUSING ,SHRINKAGE ,GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ,HIGHWAYS ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,BUREAUCRATIC PROCEDURES ,DISCLOSURE ,STRUCTURES ,ROAD NETWORKS ,ROAD ROUGHNESS ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,ROAD PAVEMENTS ,MINISTERS ,ACCESSIBILITY ,EXPRESSWAYS ,BRIDGE ,DECISION-MAKERS ,ROUTE ,ROAD SECTOR ,TRAVEL TIME ,TRANSPORT CORRIDORS ,HIGHWAY ,STATE BUDGET ,TRANSPORT RESEARCH ,GOVERNMENT STAKEHOLDERS ,TOLL RATES ,VILLAGE ROADS ,VEHICLES ,INSURANCE ,STATE HIGHWAY ,PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ,HEAVY VEHICLE ,BRIDGES ,NATIONAL POLICY ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,BUREAUCRACY ,TRANSPORT DEMAND ,RURAL ROADS ,TRAFFIC ,PASSENGER TRAFFIC ,ROAD SYSTEM ,ROAD AGENCY ,ROAD TRAFFIC ,ISO ,NATIONAL POLICY FRAMEWORK ,URBAN TRANSPORT ,ALL WEATHER ROADS ,HIGHWAY PROJECTS ,NATIONAL POLICIES ,LEGAL FRAMEWORK ,TRAFFIC COUNTS ,FINANCIAL SUPPORT ,CAPACITY BUILDING ,PORTS ,PUBLIC WORKS ,SERVICE ROADS ,LEGITIMACY ,ROAD EXPENDITURES ,GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ,LOCAL CONTRACTORS ,EXPENDITURE ,HIGHWAY AGENCIES ,HUMAN RESOURCE ,UNDERPINNING - Abstract
The World Bank financed the Gujarat State Highway Project (GSHP) during 2001-07. The project development objective was to enhance the capacity of the Government of Gujarat (GOG) for effective and efficient planning and management of road infrastructure, while concurrently maximizing existing road infrastructure asset productivity through priority investments and increased maintenance funding. The project not only achieved its objective and targets successfully, but also was implemented with a significant cost reduction (about 23 percent). The GSHP resulted in a reduction in the backlog of major maintenance and an improved network to meet rapidly growing transport demand in the state. The project had the unique distinction of no contract disputes, a rarity among the highway development projects in India. The project also set best practices in developing and managing a very comprehensive asset management system, state of the art quality assurance framework and a very comprehensive training and capacity building program. The annual road sector allocation has grown from USD 30 million in 1995-1996 to an impressive USD 610 million in 2010-11, currently the second largest among all the Indian states. This study attempts to identify the key elements of the Gujarat road sector reforms and explores whether and, if so, how such reforms can be replicated across other Indian states and possibly even in other countries in the region.
- Published
- 2010
41. Africa's Growth Turnaround : From Fewer Mistakes to Sustained Growth
- Author
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Page, John
- Subjects
GROWTH RATES ,MEAN GROWTH ,PRIVATE INVESTMENT ,COMMODITIES ,INFLATION ,POLICY PERSPECTIVE ,FISCAL DEFICIT ,MULTILATERAL INSTITUTIONS ,POLICY MAKERS ,AGGREGATE LEVEL ,FINANCIAL SECTOR REFORMS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,EXPORT GROWTH ,FORMAL ECONOMY ,MARKET REGULATION ,CAPITAL FLIGHT ,COMPETITIVENESS ,POVERTY RATES ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,COMPETITION POLICY ,CONSUMER PRICE INDEX ,INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ,PER CAPITA INCOME ,TELEPHONES ,LONG-RUN GROWTH ,BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ,FINANCIAL SYSTEMS ,POLITICAL COMPETITION ,POLICY REFORMS ,RATE OF GROWTH ,REGULATORY REGIME ,DEVELOPMENT PRACTITIONERS ,HIGH INFLATION ,TRANSPARENCY ,REAL EXCHANGE RATE ,RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE ,EXPORT PROMOTION ,POLITICAL SUPPORT ,RAPID EXPANSION ,EXCESS DEMAND ,MACRO POLICY ,TOTAL COSTS ,GLOBAL ECONOMY ,PURCHASING POWER ,DEREGULATION ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,FISCAL DEFICITS ,POVERTY REDUCTION ,PUBLIC DEBT ,SOCIAL OUTCOMES ,BUSINESS CLIMATE ,AUCTIONS ,HIGH GROWTH ,FIXED CAPITAL ,WEALTH ,PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES ,COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY ,DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ,LONGRUN ,EXTERNAL SHOCKS ,INCOME DATA ,WTO ,GDP ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENTS ,ESTIMATED COEFFICIENTS ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ,EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION ,AVERAGE GROWTH ,EXPORTS ,GDP DEFLATOR ,MASSIVE INVESTMENTS ,BARRIERS TO ENTRY ,CAPITAL MARKETS ,CURRENT ACCOUNT BALANCE ,OUTPUT RATIOS ,FISCAL POLICY ,YOUTH ,EXCHANGE RATE ,FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,HEALTH CARE ,ECONOMETRIC MODELS ,TELECOMMUNICATIONS ,SHARP REDUCTION ,EMPIRICAL LITERATURE ,NEGATIVE IMPACT ,COUNTRY COVERAGE ,INVESTMENT RATE ,INVESTMENT RATES ,DIRECT INVESTMENT ,INCOME LEVEL ,SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE ,PER CAPITA GROWTH ,ECONOMIC HISTORY ,COMMODITY PRICES ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,GLOBAL MARKETS ,TRADE REGIME ,MARKET INFRASTRUCTURE ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ,PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT ,CORRUPTION ,INCOME GROWTH ,ECONOMIES OF SCALE ,PUBLIC INVESTMENT ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ,RICH COUNTRIES ,INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,VOLATILITY ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL ,ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,AVERAGE GROWTH RATE ,STRUCTURAL BREAK ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,EXCHANGE RATES ,COMMODITY ,TRANSACTION COSTS ,INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL MARKETS ,OIL EXPORTERS ,POOR COUNTRIES ,DEPENDENT VARIABLE ,FINANCIAL SECTOR ,NATIONAL ACCOUNTS ,PRODUCTIVITY ,INSTITUTIONAL WEAKNESSES ,ECONOMIC CRISIS ,RULE OF LAW ,INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES ,FOOD PRICES ,CRIME ,INSTITUTIONAL VARIABLES ,POLITICAL LEADERS ,PERFORMANCE INDICATORS ,POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ,ECONOMIC DECLINE ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,ABSOLUTE VALUE ,PUBLIC SECTOR MANAGEMENT ,REGULATORY QUALITY ,RAPID GROWTH ,AVERAGE INCOMES ,ECONOMIC OUTLOOK ,PRIMARY EDUCATION ,FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT ,GOVERNANCE INDICATORS ,WAGES ,COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,NATIONAL INCOME ,LABOR MARKET ,DECISION MAKING ,TRANSPARENCY INITIATIVE ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ,GDP PER CAPITA ,PUBLIC SECTOR ,DEBT ,ECONOMIC EXPANSION ,GROWTH LITERATURE ,COMMODITY PRICE ,INEQUALITY ,TRADE REFORMS ,CONTRACT ENFORCEMENT ,FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT ,AGRICULTURE ,INFANT MORTALITY ,INVESTMENT CLIMATE ,MACROECONOMIC POLICIES ,ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ,STRUCTURAL POLICIES ,MACROECONOMIC MANAGEMENT ,GROWTH DETERMINANTS ,GOVERNANCE INDICATOR ,COUNTRY CASE ,GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS ,COUNTRY LEVEL ,INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ,PURCHASING POWER PARITY ,STANDARD DEVIATION ,AVERAGE INCOME ,SMALL ENTERPRISES ,OUTPUT ,SOCIAL VARIABLES ,INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ,BUREAUCRACY ,ECONOMIC POLICY ,PUBLIC POLICY ,GROWTH RATE ,EMPIRICAL RESULTS ,COUNTRY DATA ,PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ,FISCAL POLICIES ,PRICE MOVEMENTS ,DEVELOPING REGIONS ,DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,JOB CREATION ,STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,LABOR FORCE ,SAVINGS ,TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY ,PUBLIC WORKS - Abstract
After stagnating for much of its postcolonial history, economic performance in Sub?Saharan Africa has markedly improved. Since 1995, average economic growth has been close to 5 percent per year. Has Africa finally turned the corner? This paper analyzes growth accelerations and decelerations-that is, country level deviations from long?run trend growth. Seen from this perspective, Africa's record of slow and volatile growth reflects a pattern of offsetting accelerations and declines, and much of the improvement in economic performance in Africa post 1995 turns out to be due to a substantial reduction in the frequency and severity of growth decelerations. The fall in economic declines since 1995 is largely due to better macroeconomic policies, but changes in such 'growth determinants' as investment, export diversification, and productivity have not accompanied the growth boom. Lack of change in these variables and the significant role played by natural resources in sparking growth accelerations suggest that Africa's growth recovery was fragile, even before the recent global economic crisis. The paper concludes by setting out four elements of a strategy that can help move Africa from fewer mistakes to sustained growth: managing natural resources better, pushing nontraditional exports, building the African private sector, and creating new skills.
- Published
- 2009
42. Who owns the largest firms around the world?
- Author
-
Alves, Paulo and Ferreira, Miguel
- Subjects
Pyramidal structures ,jel:G3 ,Corporate ownership ,jel:G30 ,Corporate Control ,Institutional Variables ,jel:G00 - Abstract
In this research paper we evaluate how corporate control around the world is defined and which variables, related to a firm's characteristics and the countries' infrastructures, influences this. We find that there is a small number of countries where firms are widely held. The role of financial institutions seems to be different in civil and common law-based countries. While they seem to act as a monitor of management in common law-based countries, in civil law countries they act as a monitor of large shareholders. Finally, we find that firm's size is the most important determinant of ultimate owners.
- Published
- 2008
43. Revista electrónica de investigación y evaluación educativa
- Author
-
Jeannette Villalobos Palma, Eiliana Montero Rojas, and Astrid Valverde Bermúdez
- Subjects
Variables pedagógicas ,demografía ,Rendimiento académico ,Academic achievement ,modelo ,ambiente social ,Education ,Factores asociados ,Modelos jerárquicos ,Predictor variables ,Pedagogical variables ,Hierarchical models ,datos estadísticos ,influencia ,Modelos multinivel ,Higher education ,Variables psicosociales ,Variables institucionales ,Psychosocial variables ,Multilevel models ,Variables sociodemográficas ,Associated factors ,Variables predictoras ,factor económico ,Socio-demographic variables ,Educación superior ,Institutional variables ,rendimiento ,universidad - Abstract
Se realizó un análisis multinivel para predecir calificaciones finales en cursos de carrera, para una muestra estratificada, por áreas académicas, de 848 estudiantes de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se utilizaron como variables independientes un conjunto de factores en dimensiones institucionales, sociodemográficas, psicosociales y pedagógicas. El mejor predictor fue el Promedio de Admisión, medida que combina notas de secundaria y el puntaje en una prueba de habilidades de razonamiento. También variables no cognitivas resultaron explicativas, siendo la más importante el puntaje de una escala de inteligencia emocional. La metodología empleada por el (la) docente mostró asimismo poder explicativo. A multilevel analysis was conducted to predict final grades in courses from different majors for a sample, stratified by academic areas, of 848 students at the University of Costa Rica. A group of factors from institutional, socio-demographic, psychosocial and pedagogical aspects were employed as independent variables. The best predictor was the Admission Average, which combines grades from high school and an aptitude test score. Some non-cognitive variables were also explicative; the most important being the score on a scale of emotional intelligence. The methodology employed by the professor showed explicative power as well. UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas (IIP) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Matemática UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Sociales::Facultad de Ciencias Económicas::Escuela de Estadística
- Published
- 2007
44. La escuela i el éxito/fracaso de su alumnado
- Author
-
Rosselló Ramón, Maria Rosa and Rosselló Ramón, Maria Rosa
- Abstract
Studies as Pisa (2006, 2010), that of Ferrer i Albaigés (2008) or the Report of the Educational System of the Balearic Islands (2010), state the high percentage of school abandon that takes place in Spain before finishing the Secondary Obligatory Education, quantifying the school failure in some educational communities concerning 40 %. In spite of it, the specialists do not put in agreement on the dimensions that have major repercussion and the subject matter is approached from very unlike positions. In the report we propose to address some key questions: - When will initiate studies on this subject? - What dimensions discussed educational research? What is your assessment? - What are the risk factors? What protective factors? - How to tackle this issue?, Estudios como Pisa (2006, 2010), el de Ferrer i Albaigés (2008) o el Informe del Sistema Educativo de las Islas Baleares (2010), constatan el alto porcentaje de abandono escolar que se produce en España antes de finalizar la Enseñanza Secundaria Obligatoria, cuantificando el fracaso escolar en algunas comunidades educativas en torno al 40%. A pesar de ello, los especialistas no se ponen de acuerdo sobre las dimensiones que tienen mayor repercusión y la temática es abordada desde posiciones muy dispares. En la comunicación nos proponemos abordar algunos interrogantes clave: ¿Cuándo se inician los estudios sobre esta temática? ¿Qué dimensiones analiza la investigación educativa? ¿Qué balance hace? ¿Cuáles son los factores de riesgo? ¿Cuáles los factores protectores? ¿Cómo afrontar esta problemática?
- Published
- 2011
45. The Varieties of Resource Experience : Natural Resource Export Structures and the Political Economy of Economic Growth
- Author
-
Jonathan Isham, Michael Woolcock, Lant Pritchett, and Gwen Busby
- Subjects
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ,REGULATORY BURDEN ,INSTITUTIONAL MEASURES ,GROWTH RATES ,TAX ,COUNTRY RISK ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,POLITICAL STRUCTURES ,WORLD TRADE ,COMMODITIES ,THIRD WORLD ,SOCIAL DIMENSIONS ,COMMODITY ,DETERMINANTS OF GROWTH ,Economics ,LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT ,INSTITUTIONAL REFORM ,Open economy ,CIVIL LIBERTIES ,POPULATION GROWTH ,media_common ,AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,INCOME ,FACTOR ENDOWMENTS ,POLITICAL CONDITIONS ,BANANAS ,CIVIL WAR ,RULE OF LAW ,POLITICAL POWER ,URBANIZATION ,INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY ,WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS ,Natural resource ,INSTITUTIONAL VARIABLES ,POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ,MOTHER ,GNP PER CAPITA ,POLITICAL STABILITY ,COFFEE ,FERTILIZERS ,COTTON ,GOVERNMENT CAPACITY ,TRANSPARENCY ,PRIME MINISTER ,media_common.quotation_subject ,SUGAR ,Development ,DEMOCRACY ,DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS ,OLIGARCHY ,INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY ,CLIENT COUNTRIES ,NATURAL ENDOWMENTS ,ECONOMICS RESEARCH ,FARMS ,GOVERNANCE INDICATORS ,YIELDS ,OPEN ECONOMY ,POLITICAL INFLUENCE ,PURCHASING POWER ,COLLECTIVE ACTION ,GROWTH PERFORMANCE ,PROPERTY RIGHTS ,GEOLOGY ,NET EXPORTS ,MODERNIZATION ,VEGETABLES ,EXPORT CROPS ,RURAL PRODUCER ,AGGREGATING GOVERNANCE INDICATORS ,TEA ,NATURAL RESOURCE ,ECONOMIC HISTORIANS ,INCOME INEQUALITY ,MORTALITY ,PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS ,ANIMALS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,LOW-INCOME COUNTRY ,SOCIAL COHESION ,CROP ,GDP PER CAPITA ,Terms of trade ,DEBT ,SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS ,SPICES ,WARS ,Industrialisation ,ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ,DEMOCRATIC REFORMS ,MEASUREMENT ERROR ,INEQUALITY ,VESTED INTERESTS ,WORLD ECONOMIES ,VEGETABLE OILS ,POLITICAL INSTABILITY ,ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ,CORN ,WEALTH ,AGRICULTURE ,COCOA ,Natural resource economics ,INNOVATION ,DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE ,International trade ,DEVELOPING ECONOMIES ,GDP ,MINORITY ,Good governance ,CAPITAL INTENSITY ,CITIZENS ,POLITICAL ECONOMY ,DETERMINANTS OF GOVERNANCE ,INCOME DISTRIBUTION ,TAXATION ,GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS ,USE OF RESOURCES ,EXPORTS ,TOBACCO ,MEAT ,REMITTANCES ,POLITICAL LEGITIMACY ,PURCHASING POWER PARITY ,ECONOMETRICS ,INTERNATIONAL TRADE ,FASCISM ,OILSEEDS ,REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ,CD ,OUTPUT ,URBAN DWELLERS ,CITIZEN ,SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ,DISEASE VECTORS ,Prosperity ,MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES ,TREE CROPS ,RESPECT ,SECONDARY SCHOOL ,Economics and Econometrics ,GNP ,GOOD GOVERNANCE ,BUREAUCRACY ,WHEAT ,ECONOMIC HISTORY ,PUBLIC POLICY ,SMALLHOLDERS ,SOCIAL CONFLICT ,SOCIAL STRUCTURE ,World Development Indicators ,POLICY RESEARCH ,POOR PERFORMANCE ,GROWTH RATE ,ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ,POOR GOVERNANCE ,GOVERNANCE INSTITUTIONS ,Accounting ,ECONOMIC PROGRAMS ,GROWTH REGRESSION ,EXPOSURE ,FERTILIZER ,RICE ,Agricultural productivity ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,WORKFORCE ,CROPS ,business.industry ,POLITICAL CHANGE ,POLITICAL RIGHTS ,CORRUPTION ,FOREIGN AID ,COERCION ,COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE ,NATURAL RESOURCES ,PLANTATIONS ,COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS ,MONETARY ECONOMICS ,ECONOMIC RESEARCH ,INSTITUTIONAL PERFORMANCE ,business ,ACCOUNTABILITY ,PRODUCE ,TECHNICAL SKILLS ,VOLATILITY ,Finance ,INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS ,STATE UNIVERSITY - Abstract
Many oil, mineral, and plantation crop-based economies experienced a substantial deceleration in growth following the commodity boom and bust of the 1970s and early 1980s. This article illustrates how countries dependent on point source natural resources (those extracted from a narrow geographic or economic base, such as oil and minerals) and plantation crops are predisposed to heightened economic and social divisions and weakened institutional capacity. This in turn impedes their ability to respond effectively to shocks, which previous studies have shown to be essential for sustaining rising levels of prosperity. Analysis of data on classifications of export structure, controlling for a wide array of other potential determinants of governance, shows that point source and coffee and cocoa exporting countries do relatively poorly across an array of governance indicators. These governance effects are not associated simply with being a natural resource exporter. Countries with natural resource exports that are diffuse relying primarily on livestock and agricultural produce from small family farms do not show the same strong effects and have had more robust growth recoveries.
- Published
- 2005
46. How Politics and Institutions Affect Pension Reform in Three Postcommunist Countries
- Author
-
Orenstein, Mitchell A.
- Subjects
PRICE INDEXATION ,PUBLIC INFORMATION ,INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS ,SOCIAL POLICY ,CONTRIBUTION RATES ,INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE ,MINISTERS ,PENSION FUND ,PUBLIC PILLAR ,PUBLIC PILLARS ,RETIREMENT INCOME ,PROGRAMS ,CITIZENSHIP ,SUPPLEMENTAL BENEFITS ,RADICALISM ,TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ,COUNCILS ,SOCIAL POLICIES ,POLITICAL SYSTEMS ,MULTI-PILLAR SYSTEMS ,PUBLIC MANAGEMENT ,SAFETY NETS ,CIVIL SOCIETY ,COMMITMENT-BUILDING PHASE ,PENSION REFORM DESIGN ELEMENTS ,INDIVIDUAL ACCOUNTS ,PRIVATE PILLARS ,INSTITUTIONAL VARIABLES ,POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS ,PRIVATE PENSION ,SOCIAL SECTOR ,DEFINED CONTRIBUTIONS ,SOCIAL SAFETY NETS ,STATE BUREAUCRACY ,WAR ,REPRESENTATIVES ,CONSTITUENCIES ,NATIONAL POLICY ,FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE ,PENSION SYSTEMS ,INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ,POLITICAL PROCESS ,PRIVATE PILLAR ,PENSIONS ,HUMAN RESOURCES ,PRIVATE MANAGEMENT ,PENSION REFORM PROCESS ,PRIVATE PENSION FUNDS ,BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS ,PUBLIC AFFAIRS ,VETO ,PENSION REFORMS ,DEMOCRATIC SYSTEMS ,INNOVATIONS ,TAX REVENUES ,LEGISLATION ,PENSIONERS ,DEVELOPMENT ,SOCIAL SAFETY ,SOCIAL SCIENCES ,RETIREMENT ,LABOR MARKET ,SOCIAL SECURITY REFORM ,PENSION SAVINGS ,FUNDED SYSTEMS ,PAY-AS-YOU-GO SYSTEMS ,POLITICIANS ,PENSION REFORM DESIGN ,REFORM POLICY ,COMMUNIST ,INVESTMENT RETURNS ,LEGISLATIVE PROCESS ,PENSION SYSTEM ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,GOVERNMENT POLICIES ,PENSION REFORM ,POLITICAL PARTIES ,GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ,CONSENSUS ,EXPENDITURE ,RATIONALIZATION - Abstract
The author examines the political and institutional processes that produced fundamental pension reform in three post-communist countries: Hungary, Kazakhstan, and Poland. He tests various hypothesis about the relationship between deliberative process and outcomes through detailed case studies of pension reform. The outcomes of reform were similar: each country implemented a mandatory funded pension system as part of reform, but the extent, and configuration of changes, greatly differed. Countries with more veto actors - social and institutional actors with an effective veto over reform - engaged in less radical reform, as theory predicted. Poland and Hungary generated less radical change than Kazakhstan, partly because they have more representative political systems, to which more associations, interest groups, and proposal actors have access. Proposal actors shape the reform agenda and influence the positions of key veto actors. Pension reform takes longer in countries with more veto and proposal actors, such as Poland and Hungary. Legacies of policy, the development of civil society, and international organizations, also profoundly affect the shape and progress of reform. The author sees pension reform as happening in three phases: commitment-building, coalition-building, and implementation. He presents hypothesis about tradeoffs among inclusiveness (of process), radicalism (of reform), and participation in, and compliance with, the new system. The hypothesis: including more, and more various, veto and proposal actors early in the deliberative process, increases buy-in and compliance when reform is implemented, but at the expense of faster and greater change. Early challenges in implementation in all three countries, nut especially in Kazakhstan, suggest the importance of improving buy-in through inclusive deliberative processes, where possible.
- Published
- 2000
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