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Cette étude montre que les ressources minières dont dispose le sous-sol congolais ont toujours attiré les convoitises des chercheurs, explorateurs et investisseurs venant de différents horizons depuis l'époque coloniale jusqu’à ce jour. C’est ainsi que l'Etat congolais a légiféré sur la recherche et l'exploitation des ressources minières dans l’optique d'éviter tous les abus et les conflits d'intérêts. Les données en série chronologiques sont utilisées pour mesurer les effets des décisions de l’Etat en terme des codes miniers sur la production et l'exportation de Coltan et de Cobalt. Le recours à la MANOVA a permis déterminer si les facteurs qualitatifs ont des effets sur une ou plusieurs variables dépendantes quantitatives prises collectivement et le recours à l'ANOVA a permis de voir si la différence entre les valeurs moyennes de différents groupes sont statistiquement différentes. Ainsi, il ressort de nos analyses que les décisions de l'État influent négativement et significativement sur la production et l’exportation de Coltan. Pour le Cobalt les décisions de l'État ont des effets négatifs et non significatifs sur la production et sur l'exportation.

La présente étude s’inscrit dans le cadre de la recherche d’une meilleure compréhension de l’insécurité alimentaire et les différentes logiques que les acteurs impliqués sont porteurs dans ce milieu, depuis des décennies. Vécu au quotidien, le phénomène de l’insécurité alimentaire dans ce territoire n’épargne personne. Tous les acteurs chacun en ce qui le concerne, se caractérisent par une logique propre, en dépit de la lutte menée contre l’insécurité alimentaire. Les conflits qui se dégagent s’ouvrent à des affrontements, aux contradictions loin de toute cohésion sociale. Ainsi donc, c’est plus leurs intérêts qui comptent au premier plan en lieu et place du fléchissement de la famine.

A haven for articles of association freedom, in that it constitutes a company tailored to the will of its shareholders, the Simplified Public Limited Company has henceforth imposed itself as a commercial entity whose introduction into the OHADA space has crystallized the contractual design of the commercial company. It allows the partners to freely insert in their articles of association anything that is not expressly prohibited and relating to the constitution, governance, and dissolution of the company. Nevertheless, this exuberant articles of association freedom, which contrasts sharply with the absence of personal liability of the shareholders for company debts, may be detrimental to the interests of the shareholders, the company, and the economy. Mandatory commercial companies' rules and the general theory of commercial companies then timidly take it upon themselves to try to tame articles of association freedom and correct the defects of the Simplified Public Limited Company. All this heightens the feeling of distrust vis-à-vis articles of association freedom, which, in the absence of serious limitations, enslaves more than it releases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’homme ne s’installe jamais au hasard dans un endroit donné, sauf contraintes absolues. De buissonnants mobiles guident en effet ses choix. Il recherche des sites offrant des abris sûrs, des gisements de matières premières, des terres fertiles, du gras pâturage et des points d’eau potable et/ou salée. Dans cette quête des sites d’implantation, il évite ceux qu’il juge hostiles, notamment les zones marécageuses à cause de l’insalubrité et des inondations permanentes vectrices de maladies. Il esquive les plaines alluviales parce que facilement inondables. Il préfère d’occuper la montagne. Qu’est ce qui justifia cette prédilection pour les altitudes élevées ? Les impératifs tels que l’insécurité, la culture et la recherche du bien-être poussent l’homme à arpenter la haute altitude. Cependant, quand cette dernière devient répulsive, il se trouve contraint de l’abandonner pour se diriger vers un autre lieu juger plus favorable à la vie.

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Review of African Political Economy is the property of Review of Political Economy (ROAPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article contributes to contemporary debates on self-entrepreneurship in cultural work by focusing on project-based theatre actors in Italy. Drawing on in-depth interviews, the study considers performing artists' narratives of success, unsuccess, and future expectations to shed light on how entrepreneurial projects are negotiated in neoliberal cultural work. The article expands current research by considering how self-entrepreneurial projects are lived out in insecure working environments, taking into account a geographical area and a creative sector often overlooked by studies of creative labour. In a context where precariousness is normalised, actors' discourses point at the emergence of disaffection towards neoliberal entrepreneurial ideals of autonomy and competition and to the loss of a progressive idea of biographical projects. The research highlights that an ongoing status of insecurity can mine optimistic and entrepreneurial orientations, questioning the sustainability of neoliberal ethos of work as a future-oriented project in times of enhanced insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nourishing vein of Mali as well as numerous other African countries, the Niger River, which spans 1700 km across Mali's territory, constitutes a natural and cultural reservoir of exceptional value. Since 2012, insecurity has disrupted the activities and practices of communities linked to the river, including collective fishing, which has endured but under unstable conditions. This article analyses the mechanisms and organising conditions of collective fishing in the locality of Markala along the Niger River in the new security crisis. In Markala the "people of the water" (the Bozo and the Somono) play a leading role in organizing this event, creating a space for collective celebration and social cohesion. Since the decentralisation reform of 1999, the organisation of collective fishing on the Niger River has become a political arena for local actors with sometimes conflicting interests. More recently, with the insecurity, collective fishing takes place under increasingly challenging conditions, leading to a significant involvement of security forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the security crisis in Burkina Faso through the perceptions of people in the town of Djibo. Since 2016, Djibo has been an epicenter of this crisis amid acts of armed violence claimed by terrorist group Ansarul Islam, led by radical preacher Malam Ibrahim Dicko. The article considers the primary reasons behind the rise of insecurity in the town of Djibo through the lens of local actors. It demonstrates that the origin of the security crisis is linked to the exploitation of social and religious cleavages, and to a governance crisis stemming from frustration over social hierarchies and inequalities, the sentiment of state absence, and the problematic relationship between local populations and elements of the government security forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’insécurité est un phénomène qui n’épargne aucun territoire, ni aucun secteur. Au Sénégal, elle est observable lors des manifestations sportives. C’est pourquoi ce travail cherche à contribuer à l’analyse des raisons qui expliquent l’insécurité lors desdites manifestations sportives. Partant d’une méthodologie axée sur une approche mixte qualitative et quantitative et en mettant en avant la théorie des parties prenantes, l’influence des supporters, des fédérations et des pouvoirs publics ont pu être appréciées au niveau comportemental, organisationnel et infrastructurel. Par contre, si la légitimité d’agir a été plus notée plus chez les fédérations sportives et les pouvoirs publics, l’urgence à réclamer des droits a été plus en vue chez les supporters.

Résumé : Le présent article a pour objectif de montrer les liens existants entre le droit à l’alimentation et l’insécurité. Il met en évidence les violations des obligations des Etats en matière de droit à l’alimentation. Notre théorie est fondée sur le respect de droit à l’alimentation. Elle se focalise sur le principe selon lequel la promotion de la sécurité alimentaire est une obligation des Etats et non une forme d’acte de philanthropie. Elle insiste sur le fait que les Etats sont tenus de rendre compte aux titulaires des droits en leurs organisant l’accès à une alimentation saine et de qualité et culturellement appropriée. Le droit à l’alimentation, la sécurité et la sécurité alimentaire sont loin d’être garantie en République Démocratique du Congo (RDC), précisément en Ituri. Malgré, des potentialités agricoles, des dispositions légales, la multiplicité diverse des programmes des agences d’urgence humanitaire et de développement volet sécurité alimentaire. Il ressort que la pauvreté, les conflits fonciers, les crises identitaires, le cycle des violences récurrentes et les problèmes de gouvernance sont la cause sous-jacente de l’insécurité alimentaire. L’examen de ces problèmes exige une méthode. Ainsi, dans le cadre de notre article, nous avons fait recours à la méthode juridique. A cela, nous avons intégré l’approche sociologique et l’analyse stratégique, appuyées par la technique documentaire.

Résumé : La sécurité alimentaire est le droit inaliénable pour tout le monde. Malheureusement d’après le PAM, il existe beaucoup de groupes vulnérables à l’insécurité alimentaire. Cela étant, la présente étude porte sur«l’insécurité alimentaire dans la commune rurale de Dekese ». Cette insécurité est aggravée par des facteurs conjoncturels comme : pandémie à covid-19 ; manque de professionnalismes des TDR et ingénieurs locaux ; manque de partenaires pour accompagner les paysans et petits entrepreneurs aux domaine agro - vétérinaires et agro- industriels, mauvaise gestion du marché public. Outre ces facteurs conjoncturels, la seconde solution à l’insécurité alimentaire de la commune rurale de DEKESE est d’encourager le peuple à la production et à la consommation des légumineuses inhabituelles.

Gold mining areas are often associated with multiple insecurities at local, national and global levels. This paper emphasizes the simplicity of the "security-(economic) development" paradigm while examining the impact of moments of crisis on different scales of the mining economy in Burkina Faso. More specifically, it studies the adaptation and resilience practices of state and private actors in a context of increasing insecurity linked to the presence of armed groups in gold mining areas. Although insecurity is a reality for all actors in the sector (artisanal gold miners, governments, multinationals), they are not all affected in the same way and do not have the same capacity to respond. This is often the result of (the absence of) certain security measures and policies taken by public authorities vis-à-vis small-scale and large-scale extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Clivajes - Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Foro Internacional is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Studies of violence in Ecuador have been characterized by theorization and measurement of criminal frequency, without taking into account subjective dimensions. The present study aimed to explore the social representation that young Ecuadorians have of violence. Thus, an open questionnaire was administered to understand the content and meaning of violence. A sample of 298 university students from Ambato city, with a mean age of 21.28 years (SD = 1.61) participated in this study. The results show that the participants perceive a climate of insecurity, defined by common crime (muggings and robbery) and failures in the structure of the governmental system (police). Consequently, a collective climate defined by fear and uncertainty exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Debates about 'security' rarely feature children or younger people, whilst research with children and young people seldom focuses upon issues traditionally found within security studies. Building upon long-standing debates about political geographies of youth and political participation as well as feminist geopolitics and emerging discussions about children's and young people's geopolitics, we chart young people's everyday landscapes of security and insecurity. Key themes explored here include: secure pasts and insecure futures; ontological security and insecure selves; online security and digital insecurities; home(land) securities and insecure households and families; and global securities and insecure worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Politix is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: L'insécurité est devenue une donnée quasi permanente sur toute l'étendue du territoire du Mali. Les autorités diverses tentent, par tous les moyens, de rassurer les populations et leur demandent de ne pas avoir peur. Pourtant, l'insécurité et la peur fonctionnent ensemble. Et la seconde alimente et entretient la première. Si l'éradication de l'insecurité entraîne ipso facto la disparition de la peur, la maîtrise ou le contrôle de celle-ci réduisent considérablement les objectifs et les impacts de celle-là. Toutefois, cela ne se fait pas sans courage et bravoure ou du moins sans l'acceptation de la possibilité du sacrifice de sa vie pour sauver celle des autres. Cela ne se fait pas non plus sans prise de conscience de la nécessité d'organiser collectivement la résistance à l'échelle du pays tout entier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Politix is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le conflit qui a débuté en 2012 a fortement affecté les campagnes centrafricaines, déjà fragilisées par des décennies de marginalisation et par les précédentes crises sécuritaires. Pillages et insécurité prolongée déstabilisent les villages. Tant individuellement que collectivement, les paysans tentent de s’adapter à ce contexte de crise et aux transformations qu’il induit. Mais face à une insécurité qui demeure forte, beaucoup ne parviennent qu’à résister au quotidien à l’adversité vécue. La résilience des paysans, tant souhaitée par les acteurs de l’aide humanitaire, demeure peu apparente dans ces campagnes.

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite rising urbanization and its tendency to undo pre-existing social bonds in neighbourhood communities like the chōnaikai, local bonds are being developed in big cities as a means of preventing public insecurity. Based on the analysis of archives from the 1970s onwards and on fieldwork carried out in Tokyo, Osaka and Kōbe, this article studies the way this phenomenon has been supported by the police, urban planners and the government. In addition to explaining how the preventive measures adopted by residents take place within the neighbourhood, it describes the differences that may exist depending on the residents' status and the neighbourhood bonds they aim to develop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Language & Literacy: A Canadian Educational E-Journal is the property of Language & Literacy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Espiga is the property of Revista Espiga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this enquiry carried out in different secondary schools is to observe which areas of the school are seen by pupils to be safest and least safe. In other words, what spatial modifications could be thought out in order to guarantee a feeling of security and pupils' wellbeing. The results show that spaces which are not under surveillance are seen as risky by secondary school children (n =544). Among younger pupils, the playground causes most anxiety, whereas the older children feel at risk just outside the school gates. Within the group of younger pupils, the boys feel unsafe in the toilets whereas the girls see the stairs as a risky place. In the older group, the boys feel more fear in the sports changing rooms. The trends revealed in this article call for thought about the different areas within schools in view of the new pedagogical perspectives and the well being of those using the schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Strategic Universe Journal / Univers Strategic is the property of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University, Institute for Security Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)