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Purpose: To determine whether visible light is needed to elicit axial eye shortening by exposure to long wavelength light. Methods: Incoherent narrow‐band red (620 ± 10 nm) or near‐infrared (NIR, 875 ± 30 nm) light was generated by an array of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and projected monocularly in 17 myopic and 13 non‐myopic subjects for 10 min. The fellow eye was occluded. Light sources were positioned 50 cm from the eye in a dark room. Axial length (AL) was measured before and after the exposure using low‐coherence interferometry. Results: Non‐myopic subjects responded to red light with significant eye shortening, while NIR light induced minor axial elongation (−13.3 ± 17.3 μm vs. +6.5 ± 11.6 μm, respectively, p = 0.005). Only 41% of the myopic subjects responded to red light exposure with a decrease in AL and changes were therefore, on average, not significantly different from those observed with NIR light (+0.2 ± 12.1 μm vs. +1.1 ± 11.2 μm, respectively, p = 0.83). Interestingly, there was a significant correlation between refractive error and induced changes in AL after exposure to NIR light in myopic eyes (r(15) = −0.52, p = 0.03) and induced changes in AL after exposure to red light in non‐myopic eyes (r(11) = 0.62, p = 0.02), with more induced axial elongation with increasing refractive error. Conclusions: Incoherent narrow‐band red light at 620 nm induced axial shortening in 77% of non‐myopic and 41% of myopic eyes. NIR light did not induce any significant changes in AL in either refractive group, suggesting that the beneficial effect of red laser light therapy on myopia progression requires visible stimulation and not simply thermal energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of infrared (IR) light in dentistry has developed rapidly over the past few decades. Devices do not require an external energy source but can be activated by body heat. IR can be used to improve diagnosis or treatment. Currently, the use of infrared thermography (ITR) in modern medicine is experiencing continuous growth due to the technological advantages of the method in the prevention and monitoring of some diseases, the selection and evaluation of treatments, as well as its high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity reported by specialized studies. Technological advances in the new generations of infrared detectors have led to an increase in the level of precision offered by thermal imaging as an alternative method of medical diagnosis or treatment. The improved thermal sensitivity has contributed to the expansion of the use of IR in all medical fields, including dentistry, in specialities such as endodontics, odontology, periodontics, prosthetics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, TMJ pathology, implantology, allergology, oral pathology, photostimulation. Thermograms can be stored, processed and sent digitally, which makes them compatible with other modern technologies. Colour coded thermograms are easier to interpret. Infrared thermography has numerous advantages, such as speed of realization, comfort for the patient, absence of contraindications and side effects, qualitative evaluation of the examined affection.

Abstract We propose a phoxonic cavity with structural hierarchy to enhance acousto-optic interaction in acoustically dissipative media. In a conventional phoxonic cavity, interaction between infrared light and hypersound with the same wavelength scale became weak due to large acoustic attenuation whose coefficient is proportional to the square of the frequency. To alleviate the acoustic attenuation, it is necessary to use low-frequency sound with much longer wavelength than the infrared light, but the conventional phoxonic cavity is not suitable for confining such hypersound and infrared light simultaneously. In this study, we employ the concept of structural hierarchy into the phoxonic cavity to control infrared light and hypersound with different wavelength scales. A phoxonic cavity with two different scales achieves the acousto-optic interaction approximately 1.6 times that in the conventional one. To further enhance the interaction, we adjust geometrical constitution and material properties of the two-scale phoxonic cavity using quasi-static homogenization theory, leading to the interaction about 2.1 times that in the conventional cavity.

In this study, a plastic infrared sorting machine was used to conduct sorting tests on the normal polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottles with blue, white, and green colors as well as the other plastic bottles made from polycarbonate (PC), [polyethylene (PE), and polypropylene under the dual-path excitation environment of visible and infrared light. Three common Retinex color enhancement algorithms were further utilize to identify the white -, blue-, and green-color PET bottles, and the recognition effect of plastic infrared sorting machines was investigated. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the imaged images between PP, PC, and PET bottles with a white color under visible light. However, under infrared imaging, PP, PC, and PET bottles reflected green, purple, and blue light with significant differences. The HSV range value was expanded from 0-46 to 0-61, the background saturation was adjusted from 72 to 80, the missing proportion of white and blue PET bottles was reduced from 4. 58 % to 1. 26 %, and the misidentification rate of white bottles made from PP, PC, and PE was reduced from 3. 88 % to 2.69 %. There was no impact on the misidentification rate of the PE bottle, maintaining a recognition rate of 100 %. The best removal effect was obtained through the MSR color enhancement algorithm with removal rates of 94. 8 %, 95. 83 %, and 95. 83 % for the recognition of white, blue, and green PET bottles, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper mainly introduces related research of the full screen technology for face recognition under OLED screen. By analyzing and studying the influence of infrared light irradiation on OLED screen, especially the influence of infrared light irradiation on TFT, the relevant mechanism analysis is completed, and the corresponding optimization solution is proposed, so as to realize face recognition under the screen, achieve the perfect technical combination of full screen and infrared face recognition, and realize true full screen display. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-cost, small-sized, and easy integrated high-performance photodetectors for photonics are still the bottleneck of photonic integrated circuits applications and have attracted increasing attention. The tunable narrow bandgap of two-dimensional (2D) layered molybdenum ditelluride (MoTe2) from ∼0.83 to ∼1.1 eV makes it one of the ideal candidates for near-infrared (NIR) photodetectors. Herein, we demonstrate an excellent waveguide-integrated NIR photodetector by transferring mechanically exfoliated 2D MoTe2 onto a silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguide. The photoconductive photodetector exhibits excellent responsivity (R), detectivity (D *), and external quantum efficiency at 1550 nm and 50 mV, which are 41.9 A W−1, 16.2 × 1010 Jones, and 3360%, respectively. These optoelectronic performances are 10.2 times higher than those of the free-space device, revealing that the photoresponse of photodetectors can be enhanced due to the presence of waveguide. Moreover, the photodetector also exhibits competitive performances over a broad wavelength range from 800 to 1000 nm with a high R of 15.4 A W−1 and a large D * of 59.6 × 109 Jones. Overall, these results provide an alternative and prospective strategy for high-performance on-chip broadband NIR photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition and structure of Sherobod quartz sand and man-made waste were fully investigated using chemical, scanning electron microscope, X-ray, infrared spectroscopic and differential thermal analysis methods. It was found that the content of lead and manganese oxides in Handiza lead concentrate and manganese waste is 25 - 26 %, respectively, and silicon oxide in Sherabad quartz sand is more than 80 %. According to the results of chemical and physico-chemical analyzes of Sherabad quartz sand and man-made waste, it was found that they can be added as glass components by cleaning them from various additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sol-gel technology is a versatile method for the functionalization of textiles. This study reports on the use of an industrial sol-gel product in combination with an IR absorber to create textiles with a reduced transmission for near infrared light (NIR light). Sol-gel coatings with increasing content of IR absorber are applied on cotton and polyester fabrics. A regular distribution of the coating agents on the textile fabrics is reached. Analytical methods used are scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), optical transmission spectroscopy in diffusive arrangements and heat measurements by infrared heat camera. The applied coatings lead to a significant decrease of transmission in optical range of near infrared light (700 nm to 1400 nm). Further, heat up-take properties of the produced textiles are improved as well as the heat keeping properties. Finally, it can be stated that the realized materials can support a certain protection against infrared light. Additionally, they can be also applied as heat collecting materials. Such dual functional textiles could lead to applications in out-door clothes for winter situation there the combination of protection against UV and IR light is wished and ideally combined with a warming effect by heat collections from absorbing of IR light.

In recent years, with the rapid development of optical technology, infrared light has been increasingly used in biomedical fields. Research has shown that infrared light could play roles in light stimulation and biological regulation. Infrared light has been used to regulate neural function due to its high spatial resolution, safety and neural sensitivity and has been considered a useful method to replace traditional neural regulation approaches. Infrared neuromodulation methods have been used for neural activation, central nervous system disorder treatment and cognitive enhancement. Research on the regulation of neural function by infrared light stimulation began only recently, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This article reviews the characteristics of infrared light, the advantages and disadvantages of infrared neuromodulation, its effects on improving individual health, and its mechanism. This article aims to provide a reference for future research on the use of infrared neural regulation to treat neuropsychological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ginseng has long been widely used for its therapeutic potential. In our current study, we investigated the impact of abiotic stress induced by infrared (IR) radiations and sodium silicate on the upregulation of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase levels, as well as the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of the Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) variety Yeonpoong. The RSM-based design was used to optimize ultrasonic-assisted extraction time (1–3 h) and temperature (40–60 °C) for better anti-tyrosinase activity and improved antioxidant potential. The optimal extraction results were obtained with a one-hour extraction time, at a temperature of 40 °C, and with a 1.0 mM sodium silicate treatment. We recorded maximum anti-tyrosinase (53.69%) and antioxidant (40.39%) activities when RSM conditions were kept at 875.2 mg GAE/100 g TPC, and 3219.58 mg catechin/100 g. When 1.0 mM sodium silicate was added to the media and extracted at 40 °C for 1 h, the highest total ginsenoside content (368.09 mg/g) was recorded, with variations in individual ginsenosides. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rd, and F2 were significantly affected by extraction temperature, while Rb2 and Rc were influenced by the sodium silicate concentration. Moreover, ginsenoside F2 increased with the sodium silicate treatment, while the Rg3-S content decreased. Interestingly, higher temperatures favored greater ginsenoside diversity while sodium silicate impacted PPD-type ginsenosides. It was observed that the actual experimental values closely matched the predicted values, and this agreement was statistically significant at a 95% confidence level. Our findings suggest that the application of IR irradiation in hydroponic systems can help to improve the quality of ginseng sprouts when supplemented with sodium silicate in hydroponic media. Optimized extraction conditions using ultrasonication can be helpful in improving antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Hindering the recombination of photoinduced electron-hole pairs is of significance for enhancing photocatalytic performance. Applying a voltage to separate carriers offers an option to realize it. Thermoelectric materials own the ability to continuously sustain a voltage when a temperature difference exists between its two sides. However, maintaining the thermoelectric effect without wasting additional energy remains a challenge. Herein, a C 3 N 4 /Polyaniline/Poly(vinylidene fluoride) cilia array was fabricated to reach efficient photocatalysis through thermoelectric effect and photothermal effect. The cilia array structure offers more than 40% of light absorbance compared to the film. Hence, the infrared light in sunlight, which was usually omitted in photocatalysis, was transformed into heat. Through the unique design which draws upon the huge difference in thermal conductivity of air and water, a temperature gap was formed between the top and bottom sides of the cilia array by half-submerging it in water. Therefore, the photocatalytic efficiency was improved by 84.4%. This work achieves an energy-saving method to enhance photocatalytic performance by activating thermoelectric effect through infrared light, shedding light on the application of multi-modes enhanced photocatalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since photocatalytic reactions are surface reactions, enhancing gas movement around the photocatalyst could improve photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. A new approach using black body material to enhance the gas movement around the photocatalyst based on the natural thermosiphon movement of gases around a photocatalyst has been proposed and confirmed experimentally, but the heat-transfer mechanism of the phenomena has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study is to clarify the corresponding heat-transfer mechanism. This study calculated the temperature of the CO2/NH3 gas mixture around a P4O10/TiO2 photocatalyst using the heat-transfer formula. No difference was found between the temperature increase (Tg) from the temperature at the beginning of the CO2 reduction experiment (Tini) and the temperature of the CO2/NH3 gas mixture measured experimentally via thermocouple (Te) under the following illumination conditions: a Xe lamp with visible light (VIS) + infrared light (IR) and IR only. The heat-transfer model proposed in this study predicts Tg well under illumination from a Xe lamp with VIS + IR as well as under IR illumination only. On the other hand, the difference found between Tg and Te was as large as 10 °C under illumination from a Xe lamp with ultraviolet light (UV) + VIS + IR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are widely used in power transmission line inspection nowadays and they need to navigate automatically by recognizing the category and accurate position of transmission pylon equipment in line inspection. Semantic segmentation is an effective method for recognizing transmission pylon equipment. In this paper, a semantic segmentation algorithm that fuses infrared and natural light images is proposed. A cross-modal attention interaction activation mechanism is adopted to fully exploit the complementation between natural light and infrared images. Firstly, a global information block with a feature pyramid structure is used to deeply mine and fuse multi-scale global contextual information of fused features, and then the block is used to conduct feature aggregation in the decoding processing, and enough aggregation with multi-scale features of infrared and natural light images is used to enhance the expression ability of the model and improve the accuracy of semantic segmentation of transmission pylon equipment in complex scenes. Our method guides the process of low-level up-sampling and restoration by denser global and high-level features. Experimental results on a dataset of transmission pylon equipment collected by us show that the proposed method achieved better semantic segmentation results than the state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionExposure to solar radiation can cause a range of skin damage, including sunburn, erythema, skin carcinogenesis, the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation, DNA damage, and photoaging. Other wavelengths beyond UVB, such as UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation, can also contribute to the harmful effects of solar radiation. Reconstructed full-thickness human skin has the potential to serve as effective predictive in vitro tools for evaluating the effects of solar radiation on the skin. The aim of this work was to evaluate the damaging effects of UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation in a full-thickness skin model in terms of viability, inflammation, photoaging, tissue damage, photocarcinogenesis.MethodsFull thickness skin models were purchased from Henkel (Phenion FT; Düsseldorf, Germany), and irradiated with increasing doses of UVA, blue light, or infrared radiation. Different endpoints were analyzed on the tissues: Hematoxylin-eosin staining, inflammation mediators, photoaging-related dermal markers and oxidative stress marker GPX1, evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR, as well as photocarcinogenesis markers by Western Blot.Results and DiscussionThe results showed differential responses in cytokine release for each light source. In terms of photoaging biomarkers, collagen, metalloproteinases 1 and 9, elastin, and decorin were modulated by UVA and blue light exposure, while not all these markers were affected by infrared radiation. Furthermore, exposure to UVA and blue light induced loss of fibroblasts and modulation of the photocarcinogenesis markers p53 and p21. In conclusion, the presented results suggest that the various wavelengths of solar light have distinct and differential damaging effects on the skin. Understanding the differential effects of UVA, blue light, and infrared radiation can serve as a valuable tool to investigate the efficacy of photoprotective agents in full thickness skin models.

The left and right occipital arteries provide blood supply to afferent cell bodies in the ipsilateral nodose and petrosal ganglia. This supply is free of an effective blood-ganglion barrier, so changes in occipital artery blood flow directly affect the access of circulating factors to the afferent cell bodies. The application of infrared (IR) light to modulate neural and other cell processes has yielded information about basic biological processes within tissues and is gaining traction as a potential therapy for a variety of disease processes. To address whether IR can directly modulate vascular function, we performed wire myography studies to determine the actions of IR on occipital arteries isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on our previous research that functionally-important differences exist between occipital artery segments close to their origin at the external carotid artery (ECA) and those closer to the nodose ganglion, the occipital arteries were dissected into two segments, one closer to the ECA and the other closer to the nodose ganglion. Segments were constricted with 5-hydroxytryptamine to a level equal to 50% of the maximal response generated by the application of a high (80 mM) concentration of K+ ions. The direct application of pulsed IR (1,460 nm) for 5 s produced a rapid vasodilation in occipital arteries that was significantly more pronounced in segments closest to the ECA, although the ECA itself was minimally responsive. The vasodilation remained for a substantial time (at least 120 s) after cessation of IR application. The vasodilation during and following cessation of the IR application was markedly diminished in occipital arteries denuded of the endothelium. In addition, the vasodilation elicited by IR in endothelium-intact occipital arteries was substantially reduced in the presence of a selective inhibitor of the nitric oxide-sensitive guanylate cyclase, 1H-[1,2,4] oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). It appears that IR causes endotheliumdependent, nitric-oxide-mediated vasodilation in the occipital arteries of the rat. The ability of IR to generate rapid and sustained vasodilation may provide new therapeutic approaches for restoring or improving blood flow to targeted tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying large particles are a prerequisite for slurry health monitoring. This study presents a real-time monitoring system using an infrared coaxial light source to detect large particles in slurry. The imaging system acquires real-time images under infrared light, which are processed and analyzed to quantify the particles within the fluid flowing through the monitored area. The proposed approach consists of different illumination modes—fixed, random, and continuous. For particles with regular and irregular shapes, various scintillation modes are applied. The results show that the method is highly feasible and effective, and enables real-time monitoring of the slurry. Moreover, the real-time detection approach for different particle samples, particularly, undiluted opaque fluids, is proposed. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified in the irregular particle detection experiment, where the difference between the detection value and the real value is very small. The accuracy and intuitive properties of the method indicate a massive potential across diverse applications in the forthcoming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We design a rain sensor to automatically control the car wiper action. In the circuit and optical path design, innovative design of four rain detection channel, that increase the rain sensing area. In the design of optical lens, the main compensating lens and airfoil compensating lens are designed to enhance the signal strength and improve the sensitivity of detection. In the software design, we use self-calibration technology, anti-interference technology, so that wiper control accurate and reliable. We also design a device to test the rain sensing area of the sensor, and evaluated the sensor performance by compared the rain sensing area. The results show that the sensing area of the designed rain sensor is far beyond the standard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PurposeCompare results obtained using infrared two-photon microperimetry (2PM-IR) with conventional visual function tests in healthy subjects of varying ages with and without simulated media opacities.MethodsSubjects from two separate cohort studies completed cone contrast threshold (CCT) testing, conventional microperimetry, visible light microperimetry from a novel device (2PM-Vis), and infrared two-photon microperimetry. The first cohort study, which consisted of six healthy volunteers (23 to 29 years of age), evaluated the effects of simulated media opacities on visual performance testing. Subjects underwent testing on four visual function devices nine separate times under the following conditions: no filter, red filter, green filter, blue filter, light brown filter, dark brown filter, polarized black filter (0° rotation), and polarized black filter (90° rotation). Subjects subsequently performed 2PM-IR and 2PM-Vis testing without a filter in the mydriatic state. The second cohort study evaluated the effect of age on visual test performance in 42 healthy subjects split between two groups (ages 20-40 years and 60-80 years).ResultsRetinal sensitivity measured by 2PM-IR demonstrated lower variability than all other devices relying on visible spectrum stimuli. Retinal sensitivity decreased proportionally with the transmittance of light through each filter. CCT scores and retinal sensitivity decreased with age in all testing modalities. Visible spectrum testing modalities demonstrated larger test result differences between young and old patient cohorts; this difference was inversely proportional to the wavelength of the visual function test.Conclusions2PM-IR mitigates media opacities that may mask small differences in retinal sensitivity when tested with conventional visual function testing devices.Translational relevanceConventional visual function tests that emit visible light may not detect differences in retinal function during the early stages of age-related diseases due to the confounding effects of cataracts. Infrared light, which has greater transmittance through ocular tissue, may reliably quantify retinal sensitivity and thereby detect degenerative changes early on.

In recent years, with the rapid development of optical technology, infrared light has been increasingly used in biomedical fields. Research has shown that infrared light could play roles in light stimulation and biological regulation. Infrared light has been used to regulate neural function due to its high spatial resolution, safety and neural sensitivity and has been considered a useful method to replace traditional neural regulation approaches. Infrared neuromodulation methods have been used for neural activation, central nervous system disorder treatment and cognitive enhancement. Research on the regulation of neural function by infrared light stimulation began only recently, and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This article reviews the characteristics of infrared light, the advantages and disadvantages of infrared neuromodulation, its effects on improving individual health, and its mechanism. This article aims to provide a reference for future research on the use of infrared neural regulation to treat neuropsychological disorders.

Hemoglobin, the protein that gives blood its bright red color, has always been an essential part of diagnosing if any anomaly regarding blood can be found in the human body. The lack of hemoglobin in the blood can cause many diseases like hemophilia, skin irritation, nervousness, etc. And the brightness of the red color of the blood can be reduced. This research aims to develop an advanced non-invasive method to determine hemoglobin utilizing infrared light. The emitted infrared light is reflected from the surface of printed different shades of red color (Different red pixel values) papers. The infrared detector detects the reflected light. These colored paper surfaces were used as phantoms to represent the color of blood capillaries in the inner lower eyelid. Different light intensities were reflected and produced various voltage fluctuations in the infrared detector, which was observed through an oscilloscope. The measured voltage shows a linear nature. With the increase in pixel values, the amplitude voltage also increases, which helps us easily find out the level of hemoglobin using the range of voltage. The obtained result successfully helps us find out the range of hemoglobin counts. The World Health Organization's (WHO's) hemoglobin color scale can be used to evaluate hemoglobin measurement. This approach can assess the proportion of hemoglobin in the inner lower eyelid. The preliminary results hold high potential in measuring hemoglobin non-invasively and require further in-depth study for the clinical trial.

The left and right occipital arteries provide blood supply to afferent cell bodies in the ipsilateral nodose and petrosal ganglia. This supply is free of an effective blood-ganglion barrier, so changes in occipital artery blood flow directly affect the access of circulating factors to the afferent cell bodies. The application of infrared (IR) light to modulate neural and other cell processes has yielded information about basic biological processes within tissues and is gaining traction as a potential therapy for a variety of disease processes. To address whether IR can directly modulate vascular function, we performed wire myography studies to determine the actions of IR on occipital arteries isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats. Based on our previous research that functionally-important differences exist between occipital artery segments close to their origin at the external carotid artery (ECA) and those closer to the nodose ganglion, the occipital arteries were dissected into two segments, one closer to the ECA and the other closer to the nodose ganglion. Segments were constricted with 5-hydroxytryptamine to a level equal to 50% of the maximal response generated by the application of a high (80 mM) concentration of K+ ions. The direct application of pulsed IR (1,460 nm) for 5 s produced a rapid vasodilation in occipital arteries that was significantly more pronounced in segments closest to the ECA, although the ECA itself was minimally responsive. The vasodilation remained for a substantial time (at least 120 s) after cessation of IR application. The vasodilation during and following cessation of the IR application was markedly diminished in occipital arteries denuded of the endothelium. In addition, the vasodilation elicited by IR in endothelium-intact occipital arteries was substantially reduced in the presence of a selective inhibitor of the nitric oxide-sensitive guanylate cyclase, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo [4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ). It appears that IR causes endothelium-dependent, nitric-oxide-mediated vasodilation in the occipital arteries of the rat. The ability of IR to generate rapid and sustained vasodilation may provide new therapeutic approaches for restoring or improving blood flow to targeted tissues.

Noninvasive delivery of near‐infrared light (IRL) to human tissues has been researched as a treatment for several acute and chronic disease conditions. We recently showed that use of specific IRL wavelengths, which inhibit the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (COX), leads to robust neuroprotection in animal models of focal and global brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. These life‐threatening conditions can be caused by an ischemic stroke or cardiac arrest, respectively, two leading causes of death. To translate IRL therapy into the clinic an effective technology must be developed that allows efficient delivery of IRL to the brain while addressing potential safety concerns. Here, we introduce IRL delivery waveguides (IDWs) which meet these demands. We employ a low‐durometer silicone that comfortably conforms to the shape of the head, avoiding pressure points. Furthermore, instead of using focal IRL delivery points via fiberoptic cables, lasers, or light‐emitting diodes, the distribution of the IRL across the entire area of the IDW allows uniform IRL delivery through the skin and into the brain, preventing "hot spots" and thus skin burns. The IRL delivery waveguides have unique design features, including optimized IRL extraction step numbers and angles and a protective housing. The design can be scaled to fit various treatment areas, providing a novel IRL delivery interface platform. Using fresh (unfixed) human cadavers and isolated cadaver tissues, we tested transmission of IRL via IDWs in comparison to laser beam application with fiberoptic cables. Using the same IRL output energies IDWs performed superior in comparison to the fiberoptic delivery, leading to an up to 95% and 81% increased IRL transmission for 750 and 940 nm IRL, respectively, analyzed at a depth of 4 cm into the human head. We discuss the unique safety features and potential further improvements of the IDWs for future clinical implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In case of distorted airway anatomy, awake intubation with a flexible bronchoscope can be extremely difficult or even impossible. To facilitate this demanding procedure, an infrared flashing light source can be placed on the patient's neck superficial to the cricothyroid membrane. The light travels through the skin and tissue to the trachea, from where it can be registered by the advancing bronchoscope in the pharynx and seen as flashing white light on the monitor. We hypothesised that the application of this technique would allow more proximal and easier identification of the correct pathway to the trachea in patients with severe airway pathology. Methods: As part of awake intubation, patients underwent insertion of a flexible video bronchoscope via the mouth into the trachea. The procedure was performed twice, in random order in each patient, with and without the aid of the transcutaneous flashing infrared light. All insertions were video recorded to determine at which anatomical landmark within the airway the correct pathway was identified. The videos are accessible via this link: https://airwaymanagement.dk/infrared%5fcomparative. The predefined landmarks were in successive order: oral cavity, oro‐pharynx, tip of epiglottis, arytenoid cartilages, false cords, vocal cords and trachea, as well as the spaces between them. Results: Twenty‐two patients had a total of 44 awake insertions with the flexible bronchoscope. The median anatomical level, at which correct identification of the trachea was obtained on the monitor, was, past the epiglottis, with the conventional technique, and at the level of the oropharynx, when using the infrared flashing light (p =.005). The time until the flashing light or the vocal cords were seen was 21 (22) S, mean (SD), and 48 (62) S, during the insertion with and without infrared flashing light activated, respectively (p =.005). Endoscopists rated it easier (p =.001) to recognise the entrance to the trachea in the infrared‐group. Conclusion: During awake intubation of patients with airway pathology, the application of trans‐cricothyroid infrared flashing light to guide the insertion of a flexible bronchoscope significantly facilitated the recognition of the pathway into the trachea and the correct advancement of the flexible endoscope. Registration of Clinical Trial: NCT03930550. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, and heating capabilities, gold nanomaterials are considered excellent candidates for the advancement of photothermal therapy techniques and related applications in cancer treatment. Various morphologies of gold nanomaterials have been shown to heat when exposed to high-powered laser irradiation, especially that which is from the near-infrared (NIR) region. While these lasers work well and are effective, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may offer a safe and low-powered alternative to these high energy lasers. We investigated the heating capability of NIR-dye conjugated gold nanorods when exposed to an 808 nm LED light source using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanorods as the control. In this way, since the rods exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak between 795 and 825 nm for both the PEG-coated rods and the dye-conjugated rods, which are fairly close to the frequency of the 530 mW, 850 nm LED light source, we were able to reveal the heating effect of the dye modification. While both morphologies heat when irradiated with the LED light, we demonstrated that the addition of an NIR dye increases the rate of heating and cooling, compared to the PEGylated counterpart. To our knowledge, the complementary effect given by the conjugated NIR-dye has not been previously reported in the literature. The targeting abilities of the NIR-dye combined with the increased heating rate of the modified particles used in this proof-of-concept work suggests that these particles may be exceptional candidates for theranostic applications.

The swift rise in acceptance of molecular principles defining phase separation by a broad array of scientific disciplines is shadowed by increasing discoveries linking phase separation to pathological aggregations associated with numerous neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, that contribute to dementia. Phase separation is powered by multivalent macromolecular interactions. Importantly, the release of water molecules from protein hydration shells into bulk creates entropic gains that promote phase separation and the subsequent generation of insoluble cytotoxic aggregates that drive healthy brain cells into diseased states. Higher viscosity in interfacial waters and limited hydration in interiors of biomolecular condensates facilitate phase separation. Light, water, and melatonin constitute an ancient synergy that ensures adequate protein hydration to prevent aberrant phase separation. The 670 nm visible red wavelength found in sunlight and employed in photobiomodulation reduces interfacial and mitochondrial matrix viscosity to enhance ATP production via increasing ATP synthase motor efficiency. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant that lowers viscosity to increase ATP by scavenging excess reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Reduced viscosity by light and melatonin elevates the availability of free water molecules that allow melatonin to adopt favorable conformations that enhance intrinsic features, including binding interactions with adenosine that reinforces the adenosine moiety effect of ATP responsible for preventing water removal that causes hydrophobic collapse and aggregation in phase separation. Precise recalibration of interspecies melatonin dosages that account for differences in metabolic rates and bioavailability will ensure the efficacious reinstatement of the once-powerful ancient synergy between light, water, and melatonin in a modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polydopamine doped dendritic silica (SiO 2 /PDA) nanocarriers were prepared for pesticide delivery. [Display omitted] The stimuli-responsive pesticide delivery system provides a powerful strategy for enhancing the effective utilization of pesticides and reducing environmental pollution. Here, we prepared a new polydopamine doped dendritic silica (SiO 2 /PDA) nanocarriers for pesticide delivery. The SiO 2 /PDA nanocarriers present uniform spheres with an average diameter of 250 nm and carry center-radial inner pores. After loading dinotefuran (DNF) insecticide, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used to cap the loaded-pesticide pores. The resulting SiO 2 /PDA@PEI displays high photothermal conversion effect (η = 35.1 %) and pH and near infrared (NIR) light-responsive release behavior. Meanwhile, the SiO 2 /PDA and SiO 2 /PDA@PEI carriers displayed high adhesion and wettability to leaves, and the photostability of DNF encapsulated in SiO 2 /PDA@PEI was improved by nearly 10 times greater than for free DNF. Importantly, the SiO 2 /PDA carriers possessed a benign biocompatibility on Escherichia coli (E. coli), seed and cells. Therefore, this work provides a promising approach to improve the utilization of pesticide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Noninvasive delivery of near‐infrared light (IRL) to human tissues has been researched as a treatment for several acute and chronic disease conditions. We recently showed that use of specific IRL wavelengths, which inhibit the mitochondrial enzyme cytochrome c oxidase (COX), leads to robust neuroprotection in animal models of focal and global brain ischemia/reperfusion injury. These life‐threatening conditions can be caused by an ischemic stroke or cardiac arrest, respectively, two leading causes of death. To translate IRL therapy into the clinic an effective technology must be developed that allows efficient delivery of IRL to the brain while addressing potential safety concerns. Here, we introduce IRL delivery waveguides (IDWs) which meet these demands. We employ a low‐durometer silicone that comfortably conforms to the shape of the head, avoiding pressure points. Furthermore, instead of using focal IRL delivery points via fiberoptic cables, lasers, or light‐emitting diodes, the distribution of the IRL across the entire area of the IDW allows uniform IRL delivery through the skin and into the brain, preventing “hot spots” and thus skin burns. The IRL delivery waveguides have unique design features, including optimized IRL extraction step numbers and angles and a protective housing. The design can be scaled to fit various treatment areas, providing a novel IRL delivery interface platform. Using fresh (unfixed) human cadavers and isolated cadaver tissues, we tested transmission of IRL via IDWs in comparison to laser beam application with fiberoptic cables. Using the same IRL output energies IDWs performed superior in comparison to the fiberoptic delivery, leading to an up to 95% and 81% increased IRL transmission for 750 and 940 nm IRL, respectively, analyzed at a depth of 4 cm into the human head. We discuss the unique safety features and potential further improvements of the IDWs for future clinical implementation.

Since photocatalytic reactions are surface reactions, enhancing gas movement around the photocatalyst could improve photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance. A new approach using black body material to enhance the gas movement around the photocatalyst based on the natural thermosiphon movement of gases around a photocatalyst has been proposed and confirmed experimentally, but the heat-transfer mechanism of the phenomena has not yet been clarified. The aim of this study is to clarify the corresponding heat-transfer mechanism. This study calculated the temperature of the CO2/NH3 gas mixture around a P4O10/TiO2 photocatalyst using the heat-transfer formula. No difference was found between the temperature increase (Tg) from the temperature at the beginning of the CO2 reduction experiment (Tini) and the temperature of the CO2/NH3 gas mixture measured experimentally via thermocouple (Te) under the following illumination conditions: a Xe lamp with visible light (VIS) + infrared light (IR) and IR only. The heat-transfer model proposed in this study predicts Tg well under illumination from a Xe lamp with VIS + IR as well as under IR illumination only. On the other hand, the difference found between Tg and Te was as large as 10 °C under illumination from a Xe lamp with ultraviolet light (UV) + VIS + IR.

Venesection is common procedure performed in day to day life of every doctor. Conventional vein finders available are costly and not easily available. The present paper highlights the use of makeshift vein finder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their biocompatibility, ease of surface modification, and heating capabilities, gold nanomaterials are considered excellent candidates for the advancement of photothermal therapy techniques and related applications in cancer treatment. Various morphologies of gold nanomaterials have been shown to heat when exposed to high-powered laser irradiation, especially that which is from the near-infrared (NIR) region. While these lasers work well and are effective, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) may offer a safe and low-powered alternative to these high energy lasers. We investigated the heating capability of NIR-dye conjugated gold nanorods when exposed to an 808 nm LED light source using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated gold nanorods as the control. In this way, since the rods exhibited a surface plasmon resonance peak between 795 and 825 nm for both the PEG-coated rods and the dye-conjugated rods, which are fairly close to the frequency of the 530 mW, 850 nm LED light source, we were able to reveal the heating effect of the dye modification. While both morphologies heat when irradiated with the LED light, we demonstrated that the addition of an NIR dye increases the rate of heating and cooling, compared to the PEGylated counterpart. To our knowledge, the complementary effect given by the conjugated NIR-dye has not been previously reported in the literature. The targeting abilities of the NIR-dye combined with the increased heating rate of the modified particles used in this proof-of-concept work suggests that these particles may be exceptional candidates for theranostic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noninvasive measurement of the viscoelastic properties of both natural and synthetic polymers is important for the analysis of implant design and performance as well as in industrial material development. In this study, we used vibrational optical coherence tomography (VOCT) to compare the elastic and viscoelastic properties of silicone polymers with standard tensile stress–strain measurements. VOCT uses acoustic vibrations and infrared light to measure the resonant frequency of viscoelastic materials. The elastic modulus was calculated from the in-phase deformation of the material at fixed frequencies using an empirical calibration curve. Viscous loss was measured after pulsing the samples based on the ratio of mechanovibrational peak widths to heights. The results showed that the optimal cure time and modulus values obtained using VOCT were like those obtained using conventional tensile testing. VOCT could capture results that were comparable to conventional testing while not destroying the material, suggesting its usefulness for in vivo and in situ measurements as well as for early quality control environments during end-use application and fabrication experiments. We conclude that VOCT is a new technique that is comparable to conventional testing for noninvasively and nondestructively measuring the viscoelastic properties of polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate detection of pavement cracks is an important task in road maintenance and safety management. However, accurate segmentation of road cracks at night is still challenging due to light conditions. In this study, an automatic segmentation method for nighttime road cracks based on infrared-visible fusion and deep learning is proposed. First, a fusion method of infrared and visible light images is proposed to improve the visibility of road cracks under low light conditions. Afterwards, a deep learning network integrating a dynamic sparse attention mechanism is proposed to segment the cracks in the enhanced road images. In this study, a dataset of infrared and visible light images of nighttime road cracks is acquired to test the effectiveness and sophistication of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method can achieve accurate segmentation of nighttime pavement cracks (77.89 % mIoU、85.68 % mPA、97.74 % Accuracy、87.53 % Precision、81.55 % Recall、84.44 % F1-score) and better than the existing segmentation models (Unet, Pspnet, DeepLabv3+). Integration of the proposed method into an unmanned inspection robot helps to achieve 24/7 pixel-level pavement crack detection. • A nighttime infrared-visible pavementcrack segmentation dataset was produced. • A deep learning method for nighttime pavement crack segmentation is proposed. • Light enhancement of pavement cracks at night is achieved through image fusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its diverse crystal configurations with varying bandgaps, Silicon Carbide (SiC) has been widely utilized by numerous researchers in the preparation of photodetectors. In this paper, we propose high performance tunable photodetector with graphene-based SiC grating structure. The photodetector can achieve perfect absorption and the responsivity of 10.61 A/W at 11.7 μm wavelength. The tunable broadband photodetection from 11.4 μm to 12 μm can be obtained by adjust graphene's Fermi level. Compared with existing graphene-based photodetector with or without SiC structures, our structure has more flexible detection and higher performance. In addition, we explain the standing wave phenomenon observed during the tuning of the photodetector structure. This provides a new direction for the development of high-quality infrared photodetectors. • We proposed the High-performance perfect absorption infrared photodetectors with garphene-based SiC grating microstructures. • Compared with existing graphene-based photodetector with or without SiC structures, our structure has better performance. • The photodetector can achieve perfect absorption and the responsivity of 10.61 A/W at 11.7 μm wavelength. • The proposed structure has significant application for the development of high-quality infrared photodetectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Narrow band-gap semiconductor Bi 2 S 3 is deposited on the surface of WO 3 nanosheets for PEC water splitting. The photothermal effect of Bi 2 S 3 induced by the absorption of infrared light leads to the temperature elevation, which accelerates charge carrier migration and finally increases the efficiency of solar energy conversion. [Display omitted] Infrared light absorbed by semiconductors hardly contributes to the solar energy conversion due to its low photon energy. Herein, photothermal effect activated by infrared part of solar light is introduced to promote the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting of photoanodes. Narrow band-gap semiconductor Bi 2 S 3 is deposited on the surface of WO 3 nanosheets, exhibiting a broad-spectral response. In addition to the enhanced density of photo-generated electrons, significant temperature elevation is observed for the Bi 2 S 3 /WO 3 composite photoanode under the illumination of infrared part of solar light because of the photothermal conversion property of Bi 2 S 3. The moderately enhanced temperature accelerates charge carrier migration and finally increases the efficiency of solar energy conversion. With the assistance of photothermal effect, a remarkable photocurrent density of 4.05 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V vs. reversible reference electrode (V RHE) is achieved by Bi 2 S 3 /WO 3 composite photoanode, over 880% higher than that of the pristine WO 3. The introduction of photothermal effect activated by infrared light provides general and robust strategy to promote the PEC performance of photoanodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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NaYF 4 :Yb3+/Er3+Tm3+@TiO 2 -CQDs showed excellent upconversion luminescence performance and the efficiency of photovoltaic cells was enhanced by 3.10% under 1 sun intensity irradiation and 1.24% under infrared light (＞760 nm) irradiation. [Display omitted] • NaYF 4 :Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+@TiO 2 -CQDs was developed as dual-upconversion luminescent material for photovoltaic cells. • Core@shell structure profit to enhance the upconversion luminescence intensity. • CQDs played a synergistic role in dual-upconversion with NaYF 4 :Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+. • NaYF 4 :Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+@TiO 2 -CQDs improved the utilization of infrared light. Rare-earth doped upconversion luminescence (UCL) is of great significance in improving the utilization of infrared (IR) light from solar radiation, especially in the efficiency enhancement of photovoltaic (PV) cells. However, the low level of luminescence efficiency remains a great challenge. Here, we designed NaYF 4 :Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+@TiO 2 -CQDs upconversion luminescent materials. The construction of the core–shell structure and the loading of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) resulted in a 9-fold enhancement of upconversion luminescence and a 3.02% enhancement of the efficiency of the photovoltaic cell. These data indicate that the construction of the core–shell structure can effectively inhibit the surface quenching of the luminescent particles, and that the energy transfer between the carbon quantum dots and the rare earth ions has a synergistic effect on the efficiency enhancement of the photovoltaic cell. Meanwhile, the TiO 2 shell layer also enables the prepared materials to have better properties of self-cleaning and degradation of organic pollutants, which will further improve the visible light utilization of PV cells. NaYF 4 :Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+@TiO 2 -CQDs provides new ideas for the practical application of PV cell efficiency enhancement and the design of new materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Purpose Infrared monitor-guided bleb revision (IRGBR), an alternative needling system, visualizes anterior-segment tissues around the bleb not visible during needle revision after trabeculectomy. This study determined the safety and efficiency of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as an adjunctive anti-metabolite in IRGBR. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 43 consecutive eyes (40 patients; 14 eyes, primary open-angle; 29 eyes, secondary glaucoma) treated with IRGBR for failing filtering blebs. The patients were divided into two groups. The first one had IRGBR without adjunctive 5-FU subconjunctival injection, and the second one had IRGBR with 5-FU. We performed Kaplan-Meier survival analysis using log-rank tests after 2 years of follow-up and Cox proportional hazards regression model to analyze the dependence of the survival time on predictor variables. Two failure criteria were defined as the need for additional surgery for intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction and the IOP at two consecutive follow-up visits based on definition 1, IOP ≧22 mmHg and definition 2, IOP ≧17 mmHg. Results Thirty eyes (29 cases) underwent IRGBR with subconjunctival 5-FU injection (group A in the second term) and 13 eyes (11 cases) without 5-FU (group B in the first term). The success rates 24 months after IRGBR were 73.3 and 23.1%, respectively, in groups A and B based on the definition 1 failure and 56.7 and 7.7% based on the definition 2 failure. Complications included transient bleb leaks (group A, 3 eyes; group B, none) and choroidal detachment (group A, 1 eye; group B, none). No use of 5-FU and IOPs ≧10 mmHg 1 week after IRGBR were significant risk factors. Conclusions Adjunctive 5-FU in IRGBR achieved a better success rate for failing trabeculectomy blebs.

Infrared optoelectronic devices are capable of operating in harsh environments with outstanding confidentiality and reliability. Nevertheless, suffering from the large band gap value, most semiconductor materials are difficult to detect infrared light signals. Here, Mg2Si/Si heterojunction photodetectors (PDs), which possess the advantages of low-cost, easy process, environmental friendliness, and compatibility with silicon CMOS technology, have been reported with a broadband spectral response as tested from 532 to 1550 nm under zero-bias. When the incident light wavelength is 808 nm, the Mg2Si/Si photodetector (PD) has a responsivity of 1.04 A Wâˆ'1 and a specific detectivity of 1.51 × 1012 Jones. Furthermore, we find that the Ag nanoparticles (Ag_NPs) assembled on the Mg2Si layer can greatly improve the performance of the Mg2Si/Si PD. The responsivity and specific detectivity of Mg2Si/Si device with Ag_NPs under 808 nm illumination are 2.55 A Wâˆ'1 and 2.60 × 1012 Jones, respectively. These excellent photodetection performances can be attributed to the high-quality of our grown Mg2Si material and the strong built-in electric field effect in the heterojunction, which can be further enhanced by the local surface plasmon effect and local electromagnetic field induced by Ag_NPs. Our study would provide significant guidance for the development of new self-powered infrared PDs based on silicon materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: At present, diabetes is treated with oral antidiabetic medicines, such as sulfonylureas and thiazolidine, as well as insulin injection. However, these methods have several shortcomings. Therefore, alternatives for treating diabetes mellitus (DM) are needed. This study aims to determine the combined effect of magnetic and electric fields on blood sugar levels and the diameter of Langerhans islets of diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: Induction of DM in mice was carried out by administering lard for 2 weeks and continued with an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, dissolved in a 4.5 pH citrate buffer, and administered in a dose of 30 mg/kg bodyweight for 5 days. Treatments were used in combination with magnetic and electric fields using on/off infrared light. Blood samples were pipetted through the tip of mice's tails to establish the blood sugar level for each individual mouse. Histology preparation of the pancreas organ was affected using the histology standard as well as hematoxylin and eosin staining methods. Langerhans islet diameter data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test. Data analysis was performed at α=0.05. Results: The results showed that the combined treatment of permanent magnetic and unidirectional electric fields (PS) caused changes in blood sugar levels that were not significantly different from the normal control group. The PS treatment improved the diameter of the Langerhans islets but not to a significant degree compared to other treatments. Conclusion: The use of PS treatment is effective for reducing the blood sugar levels of diabetic mice and improving the diameter of their Langerhans islets.

Background: The human heart rhythm can be quantified by analyzing the heart rate variability (HRV). A major influencing factor of the HRV is the circadian rhythm. The ocular light and the hormone melatonin play decisive roles in the circadian rhythm.The beat rate variability (BRV) is considered to be the in vitro equivalent of the HRV. Previous studies have demonstrated the influence of melatonin on cardiomyocytes. Also, the influence of light on cardiomyocytes has been described before. Nevertheless, the effect of light on the BRV of cardiomyocytes has not yet been examined. Material and methods: The BRV of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes was measured with microelectrode arrays over a time period of 30 min. The experiments were either performed with light exposure (with and without an infrared filter) or in complete darkness. Results: The BRV was higher and the beating frequency was lower when the cardiomyocytes were exposed to the full spectrum of light, compared to the measurements in darkness as well as to the measurements with an infrared filter. In contrast, the differences of BRV between the measurements in darkness and the measurements with an infrared filter were not as distinct. Conclusions: This is the first study demonstrating the influence of light on the beating rhythm of heart tissue in vitro. The results indicate that especially the infrared spectrum of light alters the BRV. These findings could be of interest for clinical applications such as the field of optical pacing as well as in neonatal patient care.

Nitric oxide (NO) is omnipresent in the body and synthesized by 3 isoenzymes (nNOS, eNOS and iNOS), all detected in human skin. NO can be stored in a pool of compounds readily converted to NO following skin irradiation by UVR and blue light. This non-enzymatic (without NOS involvement) photolytic reaction mobilizes cutaneous stores of NO derivatives to the bloodstream, lowering blood pressure. However, with the likelihood of skin deleterious effects caused by UVR/blue light, safer wavelengths in the red/near-infrared (NIR) spectrum are becoming potential contenders to release cutaneous NO, possibly via NOS temperature-dependent effects. The use of red/NIR light to mobilize NO stores from the body's largest organ (the skin) is auspicious. This review focuses on UVR, blue, red, and NIR spectra and their capacity to release NO in human skin. PubMed and Google Scholar were used as article databases to find relevant publications related to this particular field. [Display omitted] • This extensive review summarizes light-induced nitric oxide (NO) release mechanisms in the skin. • Established UVA and blue light spectra are capable of releasing NO in human skin through enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. • Alternatively, the use of safer non-ionizing wavelengths in the red / near-infrared spectra can also release cutaneous NO, presumably using enzymatic pathways. • A brief overview on rising polymeric NO donors promoting skin NO release explains potential medical applications. • Lastly, most recent light-induced therapeutic approaches and biomedical applications involving NO release are portrayed, with their potential local and distant effects in the body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anisakiasis is a common disease in countries such as Japan, where raw or undercooked marine fish are frequently consumed. The disease is caused by accidental ingestion of a live larva of Anisakis in raw or undercooked marine fish. In typical cases, it causes abrupt gastrointestinal symptoms, such as epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting. According to a published report, the disease was alleviated by oral ingestion of an over-the-counter drug containing wood creosote. Methods: We performed an in vitro experiment to elucidate whether wood creosote can inhibit the motor activity of Anisakis larvae, using infrared locomotion tracking and agarose gel penetration techniques. Results: Our results clearly demonstrate that wood creosote inhibits the motor activity of Anisakis larvae. The concentration of wood creosote used in our experiment is similar to that found in stomach juice when a usual oral dose is taken of the medicine containing wood creosote. Discussion/Conclusion: Our results suggest the potential usefulness of the medicine containing wood creosote in the treatment of acute Anisakis infection of the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The needle revision procedure to address failing filtering blebs is a blind technique that might easily damage the scleral flap, conjunctiva, and choroid. We propose a new surgical procedure, infrared monitor-guided bleb revision, to perform bleb revision minimally invasively and effectively, and demonstrate the procedure in a patient. We developed the guided procedure with the infrared monitor to observe the bleb interior with greater contrast. Under the monitor, we dissect the hard fibrotic tissue with a bleb knife and, if necessary, remove adhesions using a needle and vitreous forceps. Finally, 5-fluorouracil is injected into the subconjunctiva. We have performed bleb revisions safely with clear visualization of the scleral flap using an infrared light. In the current case, the patient had good intraocular pressure control for about 1 year. The new infrared monitor-guided bleb revision procedure facilitates successful bleb revisions without damage to the underlying structures.