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To analyze the clinical characteristics of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) caused by crossing vessels (CV) in infants and young children. A retrospective analysis was performed on children with UPJO who underwent primary surgery. Patients were classified into laparoscopic pyeloplasty (LP) and open pyeloplasty (OP) groups and classified as ≤3 or >3 (years old) groups. Children with CV-caused UPJO were identified. A total of 747 patients were included. Ninety cases of CV were identified. The CV discovery rate was higher in the LP group (78/457, 17.1%) than in the OP group (12/290, 4.1%) (P < 0.001). In the ≤3 group, the CV discovery rate in the LP group (27/144, 18.8%) was higher than that in the OP group (11/274, 4.0%) (P < 0.001). In the LP group, there was no significant difference between ≤3 (27/144, 18.8%) and >3 (51/313, 16.3%) groups in the CV discovery rate. The rate in children with UPJO was not significantly different at any age (P > 0.05). Progressive aggravation of hydronephrosis (21/27, 77.8%) and symptomatic hydronephrosis (44/51, 86.3%) were the main surgical indications in the ≤3 and > 3 groups, respectively. There were no preoperatively confirmed cases of CV in the ≤3 group. In the OP group, five patients underwent reoperation, three of whom were due to failure to detect CV during the initial operation. The CV distribution is similar in children with UPJO across all ages; CV in infants and young children are not rare. LP should be considered as CV are prone to being missed during OP. III. • What is currently known about this topic? Crossing vessels-caused UPJO was reported to be more common in older children. There are few studies on crossing vessels-caused UPJO in infants and young children and on the age distribution of crossing vessels in children with UPJO. • What new information is contained in this article? The distribution of crossing vessels is similar in children of all ages with UPJO, and crossing vessels are not rare in infants and young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo understand the protective effect of pentavalent rotavirus (RV) vaccine in preventing infectious diarrhea among infants and young children, and to provide a basis for formulating prevention and control strategies for this population.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted to follow up resident children born in Pinghu City from January 2019 to June 2021 for two years. Data on morbidity and pentavalent RV vaccine inoculation were collected to analyze the incidence density of rotavirus infection among children inoculated with different doses of the pentavalent RV vaccine, and to calculate the vaccine protection rate.ResultsA total of 5 141 resident children were surveyed, with a RV vaccination rate of 31.63% and a full vaccination rate of 30.83%. There were 154 cases of RV infection, with an incidence density of 1 392.69/100 000 person-years. Among the 875 migrant children (17.02%), the full vaccination rate was 20.46%, while among the 4 266 local children (82.98%), the full vaccination rate was 32.96%. The difference in full vaccination rate between migrant children and local children was statistically significant (χ2=53.209, P

Abstract Objective Exploration of the efficacy of treating large indirect inguinal hernias in infants and young children using umbilical double-port laparoscopy combined with extraperitoneal water injection. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 165 cases of primary unilateral large indirect inguinal hernias in infants and young children treated at our hospital from May 2018 to May 2023. Among them, 90 cases underwent umbilical double-port laparoscopic surgery combined with extraperitoneal water injection and high ligation of the hernia sac (Double-Port Group), and another 75 cases underwent conventional three-port laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac (Three-Port Group). The two groups were compared in terms of operation time, postoperative pain scores at 24 hours, hospital stay, incision complications, and recurrence within one year after surgery. Results Both groups successfully completed the surgery without any intraoperative complications. The pain score at 24 hours postoperatively was lower in the Double-Port Group compared to the Three-Port Group, and there was no statistically significant difference in operation time, hospital stay, and incision complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). Both groups were followed up for one year postoperatively; the Three-Port Group had one recurrence that was cured after further treatment, while there were no recurrences in the Double-Port Group. Conclusion Umbilical double-port laparoscopy combined with extraperitoneal water injection for the treatment of large indirect inguinal hernias in infants and young children has the advantages of being safe and reliable, with concealed and aesthetic incisions, and rapid recovery.

ObjectiveTo analyze the relationship between the utilization of basic public health services for child health management and the early development of infants and young children in rural areas. MethodsFrom May to June 2023, we conducted an on-site, face-to-face survey of 2 559 caregivers of rural children aged 6 – 24 months recruited through multistage sampling in 4 national and 4 provincial poverty alleviation counties in Henan province. Relevant child data were collected using a self-developed questionnaire and the Ages and Stages Questionnaires – Third Edition (ASQ-3). Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between basic public health services for child health management and children's early development. ResultsOf the 2 230 children with valid information, 15.19% were considered to be at high risk of early developmental delay, and the proportions at high risk were 19.82%, 17.56%, 22.40%, and 27.17% for children aged 7 – 8, 9 – 10, 21 – 22, and 23 – 24 months, respectively. Overall, 66.87% of children were reported to have used basic public health services for child health management. The proportion of children at high risk of early developmental delay was lower among those who used basic public health services for child health management than among those who did not (13.22% vs. 19.17%). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, after controlling for potential confounders, the use of basic public health services for child health management was significantly negatively associated with high risk of early developmental delay in infants and young children (odds ratio = 0.76, 95% confidence interval: 0.58 – 0.99). ConclusionIn China, more attention should be paid to the lagging early development of infants and young children in poverty-alleviated rural areas, and improving and perfecting basic public health services in rural areas can help promote the provision of children's services and improve the level of early childhood development of rural children.

Objective: Exploration of the efficacy of treating large indirect inguinal hernias in infants and young children using umbilical double-port laparoscopy combined with extraperitoneal water injection. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 165 cases of primary unilateral large indirect inguinal hernias in infants and young children treated at our hospital from May 2018 to May 2023. Among them, 90 cases underwent umbilical double-port laparoscopic surgery combined with extraperitoneal water injection and high ligation of the hernia sac (Double-Port Group), and another 75 cases underwent conventional three-port laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac (Three-Port Group). The two groups were compared in terms of operation time, postoperative pain scores at 24 hours, hospital stay, incision complications, and recurrence within one year after surgery. Results: Both groups successfully completed the surgery without any intraoperative complications. The pain score at 24 hours postoperatively was lower in the Double-Port Group compared to the Three-Port Group, and there was no statistically significant difference in operation time, hospital stay, and incision complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). Both groups were followed up for one year postoperatively; the Three-Port Group had one recurrence that was cured after further treatment, while there were no recurrences in the Double-Port Group. Conclusion: Umbilical double-port laparoscopy combined with extraperitoneal water injection for the treatment of large indirect inguinal hernias in infants and young children has the advantages of being safe and reliable, with concealed and aesthetic incisions, and rapid recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Undernutrition in children can negatively impact developmental growth. • Nutrition education programs increase mothers' knowledge about undernutrition. • Nutritional education programs boost mothers' confidence to manage undernutrition. • Nutritional education programs enhance mothers' complementary feeding practices. • Nutritional education programs improve undernutrition in children under 2 years. To assess effects of a nutritional education program on improving mothers' undernutrition knowledge, self-efficacy, and complementary feeding practices, and reducing undernutrition in children aged <2 years. A randomized controlled trial was conducted at a community healthcare center in Indonesia. The intervention group participated in a 4-week nutritional education program; the control group received standard care (n = 80; 1:1 ratio). Measurements consisted of mothers' knowledge of undernutrition, self-efficacy, and complementary feeding practices, and children's anthropometric indicators. Intervention group mothers improved their understanding of undernutrition, self-efficacy, and complementary feeding practices compared to the control group. Additionally, children in the intervention group exhibited increased mean Z-scores for stunting, wasting, and being underweight at 12 and 24 weeks following the intervention. Healthcare professionals can regularly provide nutritional education programs related to managing undernutrition and complementary feeding practices for mothers with children aged <2 years to prevent and improve undernutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and pathogens of foodborne diseases among children aged 0 – 3 years in Guangzhou city, Guangdong province, to provide data for the prevention and control of diseases in the population. MethodsMedical records and detection results of four common foodborne pathogens (Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli) were obtained from 1 270 foodborne illness cases aged 0 – 3 years reported by 289 sentinel hospitals in Guangzhou city from 2020 to 2022, and descriptive statistics were performed on the collected data. ResultsThe majority of cases occurred during the summer and fall seasons each year. The proportion of cases with the following clinical symptoms was 85.0% for diarrhea with 3 to 8 episodes and an average of 6.0 per day (74.8% with watery stools), 50.0% for fever with an average temperature of 39.0 ℃, 33.5% for vomiting with 2 to 5 episodes and an average of 3.0 per day, 12.8% for abdominal pain, and 6.1% for nausea. The reported suspect foods implicated in the incidence of illness were mainly cereals and their products. Pathogens associated with the illnesses of the cases were detected in 40.8% of the cases, predominantly Salmonella (99.6%), with a small percentage of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (0.4%). The detection rate of Salmonella in cases less than one year of age was 58.4%, significantly higher than in cases 1 – 3 years of age (32.3%) (P < 0.001). The dominant serotype of Salmonella detected in the cases was Salmonella Typhimurium variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- (68.2%), followed by Salmonella Enteritidis (9.7%), Salmonella Stanley (3.3%), and Salmonella Rissen (2.7%). Four serotypes of Salmonella with different virulence were detected. For example, infections with Salmonella Typhimurium variant 1,4,[5],12:i:- had a higher probability of fever than those with Salmonella Rissen (P = 0.004), and the probability of fever in cases infected with Salmonella Enteritidis was higher than that in cases infected with Salmonella Rissen (P = 0.002). ConclusionBased on the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of foodborne diseases in children aged 0 – 3 years Guangzhou city, it is recommended to strengthen the prevention and control of foodborne diseases in this special population by ensuring food safety, conducting targeted consultations, strengthening target pathogen surveillance, and expanding publicity and education.

Quality complementary feeding (CF) of infants and young children is key to their growth and development. But in Jordan, providing appropriate CF remains a challenge. This study assesses trends in infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, and consumption by infants and young children aged 6–23 months of breast milk substitutes (BMSs), sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs), and micronutrient‐rich foods in Jordan from 1990 to 2017. We combined dietary data on infants and young children from six Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) (n = 14,880 children) to compute IYCF indicators. The latter included minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD), as well as intake of micronutrient‐rich foods and food groups, specific SSBs, and infant formula. We conducted trend analyses using logistic regression models adjusted for child's age in month, child age squared, governorates, urban/rural residence, mother's educational attainment, and household wealth quintiles. We found that the proportion of consumption of micronutrient‐rich food groups declined significantly between 1990 and 2017, with fewer infants and young children consuming eggs (OR = 0.39, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference), meat, poultry, and fish (OR = 0.25, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference), dairy (OR = 0.59, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference) and Vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables (OR = 0.66, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference). Conversely, there was increased use of BMSs and sugar‐sweetened juices that paralleled a decline in the share of infants and young children meeting appropriate CF practices and consuming micronutrient‐rich foods and food groups. By 2017, children aged 6–23 months were significantly less likely to meet MDD, MMF, and subsequently MAD; the odds of consuming BMSs were almost three times the reference (OR = 3.8, p ≤ 0.001, 1990 reference), as were the odds of consuming sugar sweetened juices (OR = 3.63, p ≤ 0.001, 1990 reference). Food insecurity and undernutrition are low in Jordan; however, overweight and obesity rates are increasing concurrently as are micronutrient deficiencies. This highlights the need for policymakers to address factors at individual and household levels (behaviours and practices) as well as environmental issues (increasing access to unhealthy and ultraprocessed foods). Key messages: In 2017, Jordanian infants and young children were significantly less likely to meet minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD) than in 1990.At the same time, the odds of consuming infant formula were six times higher in 2017, while consuming any breast milk substitute was four time higher (infant formula and/or animal milk).The proportion of infants and young children consuming micronutrient‐rich food groups has declined in Jordan over time, with fewer infants and young children reporting consuming animal‐source foods as well as Vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective By analyzing the clinical data from 88 infants or young children with allergic rhinitis (AR), we explore the clinical characteristics of AR in those pediatric patients as well as the improvement in symptoms after drug treatment. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 88 infants or young children initially diagnosed with AR who visited the pediatric respiratory clinic of the first affiliated hospital of Guangzhou medical university from February 1, 2020 to August 1, 2020. Telephone follow-ups were conducted from 6 to 12 months after the first visit. Based on the follow-up results, we summarized the clinical characteristics, complications, and efficacy of therapies of AR in infants and young children. Results Among 88 infants or young children aged 3 to 36 months with AR, 34 (38.6%) had mild AR and 54 (61.4%) had moderate to severe AR. Runny nose and nasal congestion were the most common clinical symptom (87.5%, 77/88), followed by sneezing (47.7%, 42/88) and nasal itching (37.5%, 33/88). Coughing (56.8%, 50/88) was the most common complications, followed by snoring (52.3%, 46/88), wheezing (27.3%, 24/88) and mouth breathing (12.5%, 11/88).The top three positive rates of serum specific IgE testing were 53.4% (47/88) in milk, 46.6% (41/88) in dust mites and 36.4% (32/88) in eggs. After 2 to 8 weeks of medication uses, the remission rate of rhinitis symptoms was significantly higher in mild AR than in moderate to severe AR [94.1% (32/34) vs. 75.9% (41/54), χ² = 4.883, P = 0.027]. 24.1% of patients with moderate to severe AR still had recurrent symptoms at follow-up visits, which was significantly higher than 5.9% in the mild AR group (χ² = 4.883, P = 0.027). Conclusion The main symptoms of AR in infants and young children are runny nose and nasal congestion, and the main complications include cough and snoring. The main allergens are dust mites, milk, and eggs. The symptom relief rate is better in mild AR than in moderate to severe AR after treatment. The symptoms in moderate to severe AR are prone to relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective　 To analyze the sleep status of infants and young children aged 0～35 months, in order to understand the common sleep problems and possible influencing factors of infants and young children. Methods Healthy infants aged 0～35 months who underwent physical examination in the outpatient Department of Child Health Care, Kunming Children's Hospital from June 2022 to May 2023 were selected as the study subjects. The brief infant sleep questionnaire（ BISQ） was completed by their parents. Single factor analysis and Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the sleep status of infants and young children and the factors affecting sleep problems. Results The primary sleeping mode for infants and young children is sleeping with parents（85.6%）. The average daytime sleep duration is（3.51±1.75） hours, nighttime sleep is（8.84±1.41） hours, and total daily sleep is（12.37±2.07） hours. Daytime and total sleep duration decrease gradually with increasing age in each age group（P < 0.05） . 27.7% of infants and young children may experience insufficient sleep duration; the prevalence of sleep problems is 79%，with the highest rate of difficulty falling asleep at 75.3%，followed by night waking（72.2%） and sleep rhythm disturbances（19.7%）; 278 cases（92.7%） involve involuntary falling asleep. Univariate analysis shows that age and sleep initiation method are related to the occurrence of sleep problems in infants and young children（P < 0.05） . Logistic regression analysis suggests that young age and involuntary falling asleep are risk factors for the occurrence of sleep problems. Conclusion　The incidence of sleep problems in infants and young children is high， which is related to the young age and involuntary sleep onset. It is recommended to train infants and young children to fall asleep autonomously as early as possible，and strengthen the education of sleep habits in infants and young children to reduce the incidence of sleep problems in infants and young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of Schizochytrium sp. (strain CABIO‐A‐2) oil as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. S. sp. is a single‐cell microalga. The NF is a mixture of triglycerides in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) represents 38%–44% of fatty acids. The applicant proposed to use the NF in infant formulae (IF) and follow‐on formulae (FOF). The use levels proposed by the applicant were derived from Regulation (EU) 2016/127, which states the mandatory addition of DHA to IF and FOF at the level of 20–50 mg/100 kcal. The evidence provided demonstrated that the strain S. sp. CABIO‐A‐2 is phylogenetically closely related to the strain S. sp. ATCC 20888. The assessment of some already authorised S. sp. oils in the Union list were also based on similarities with the strain ATCC 20888. The applicant provided a 90‐day repeated dose toxicity study in rats with the NF. No adverse effects were observed up to the highest dose tested, i.e. 10.2 g/kg body weight (bw) per day. Taking into account the toxicity studies performed with the NF and with DHA‐oils derived from strains belonging to the genus Schizochytrium, its phylogenetical profile, the production process, the composition of the NF and the absence of marine biotoxins and viable cells in the NF, the Panel considers that there are no concerns with regard to the toxicity of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of Schizochytrium sp. (TKD‐1) oil as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Schizochytrium sp. is a single‐cell microalga. The strain TKD‐1, used by the applicant (ATK Biotech Co. Ltd.), belongs to the species Schizochytrium limacinum. The NF is a mixture of triglycerides in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) represents 53%–61% of fatty acids. The applicant proposed to use the NF in infant formulae (IF) and follow‐on formulae (FOF). The use levels proposed by the applicant were derived from Regulation (EU) 2016/127, which states the mandatory addition of DHA to IF and FOF at the level of 20–50 mg/100 kcal. S. limacinum was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status with the qualification 'for production purposes only'. Data provided by the applicant demonstrated the absence of viable cells in the NF. No toxicological studies were performed with the NF. However, based on the available toxicological data on oils derived from Schizochytrium sp., the QPS status of the source of the NF, the production process, the composition of the NF and the absence of marine biotoxins and viable cells in the NF, the Panel considers there are no concerns with regard to toxicity of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Quality complementary feeding (CF) of infants and young children is key to their growth and development. But in Jordan, providing appropriate CF remains a challenge. This study assesses trends in infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, and consumption by infants and young children aged 6–23 months of breast milk substitutes (BMSs), sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs), and micronutrient‐rich foods in Jordan from 1990 to 2017. We combined dietary data on infants and young children from six Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) (n = 14,880 children) to compute IYCF indicators. The latter included minimum dietary diversity (MDD), minimum meal frequency (MMF), and minimum acceptable diet (MAD), as well as intake of micronutrient‐rich foods and food groups, specific SSBs, and infant formula. We conducted trend analyses using logistic regression models adjusted for child's age in month, child age squared, governorates, urban/rural residence, mother's educational attainment, and household wealth quintiles. We found that the proportion of consumption of micronutrient‐rich food groups declined significantly between 1990 and 2017, with fewer infants and young children consuming eggs (OR = 0.39, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference), meat, poultry, and fish (OR = 0.25, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference), dairy (OR = 0.59, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference) and Vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables (OR = 0.66, p ≤ 0.001, 2002 reference). Conversely, there was increased use of BMSs and sugar‐sweetened juices that paralleled a decline in the share of infants and young children meeting appropriate CF practices and consuming micronutrient‐rich foods and food groups. By 2017, children aged 6–23 months were significantly less likely to meet MDD, MMF, and subsequently MAD; the odds of consuming BMSs were almost three times the reference (OR = 3.8, p ≤ 0.001, 1990 reference), as were the odds of consuming sugar sweetened juices (OR = 3.63, p ≤ 0.001, 1990 reference). Food insecurity and undernutrition are low in Jordan; however, overweight and obesity rates are increasing concurrently as are micronutrient deficiencies. This highlights the need for policymakers to address factors at individual and household levels (behaviours and practices) as well as environmental issues (increasing access to unhealthy and ultraprocessed foods).

Adequate iron intake is essential for optimal child development, but iron deficiency and anemia among infants and young children are widespread in low- and middle-income countries. Large-scale food fortification strategies hold great promise for reducing micronutrient deficiencies; however, for children

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of Schizochytrium sp. (TKD‐1) oil as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. Schizochytrium sp. is a single‐cell microalga. The strain TKD‐1, used by the applicant (ATK Biotech Co. Ltd.), belongs to the species Schizochytrium limacinum. The NF is a mixture of triglycerides in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) represents 53%–61% of fatty acids. The applicant proposed to use the NF in infant formulae (IF) and follow‐on formulae (FOF). The use levels proposed by the applicant were derived from Regulation (EU) 2016/127, which states the mandatory addition of DHA to IF and FOF at the level of 20–50 mg/100 kcal. S. limacinum was attributed the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) status with the qualification ‘for production purposes only’. Data provided by the applicant demonstrated the absence of viable cells in the NF. No toxicological studies were performed with the NF. However, based on the available toxicological data on oils derived from Schizochytrium sp., the QPS status of the source of the NF, the production process, the composition of the NF and the absence of marine biotoxins and viable cells in the NF, the Panel considers there are no concerns with regard to toxicity of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of Schizochytrium sp. (strain CABIO‐A‐2) oil as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. S. sp. is a single‐cell microalga. The NF is a mixture of triglycerides in which docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) represents 38%–44% of fatty acids. The applicant proposed to use the NF in infant formulae (IF) and follow‐on formulae (FOF). The use levels proposed by the applicant were derived from Regulation (EU) 2016/127, which states the mandatory addition of DHA to IF and FOF at the level of 20–50 mg/100 kcal. The evidence provided demonstrated that the strain S. sp. CABIO‐A‐2 is phylogenetically closely related to the strain S. sp. ATCC 20888. The assessment of some already authorised S. sp. oils in the Union list were also based on similarities with the strain ATCC 20888. The applicant provided a 90‐day repeated dose toxicity study in rats with the NF. No adverse effects were observed up to the highest dose tested, i.e. 10.2 g/kg body weight (bw) per day. Taking into account the toxicity studies performed with the NF and with DHA‐oils derived from strains belonging to the genus Schizochytrium, its phylogenetical profile, the production process, the composition of the NF and the absence of marine biotoxins and viable cells in the NF, the Panel considers that there are no concerns with regard to the toxicity of the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

Techniques for noninvasively acquiring the vital information of infants and young children are considered very useful in the fields of healthcare and medical care. An unobstructive measurement method for sleeping infants and young children under the age of 6 years using a sheet-type vital sensor with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pressure-sensitive layer is demonstrated. The signal filter conditions to obtain the ballistocardiogram (BCG) and phonocardiogram (PCG) are discussed from the waveform data of infants and young children. The difference in signal processing conditions was caused by the physique of the infants and young children. The peak-to-peak interval (PPI) extracted from the BCG or PCG during sleep showed an extremely high correlation with the R-to-R interval (RRI) extracted from the electrocardiogram (ECG). The vital changes until awakening in infants monitored using a sheet sensor were also investigated. In infants under one year of age that awakened spontaneously, the distinctive vital changes during awakening were observed. Understanding the changes in the heartbeat and respiration signs of infants and young children during sleep is essential for improving the accuracy of abnormality detection by unobstructive sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responsive feeding (RF) involves reciprocal nurturing feeding practices between the caregiver and the child that encourage the child to develop preferences for healthy foods and beverages and to eat autonomously. In this commentary, we summarize RF-related findings from a recent US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies) consensus study report examining consistency in infant and young child feeding (IYCF) recommendations in guidelines from high-income countries, and we discuss implications for future IYCF guidelines. Although existing guidelines included generally consistent messages about several RF behaviors, such as the importance of encouraging self-feeding and self-regulation in infants and toddlers, they generally did not present the recommendations as part of a cohesive RF interdisciplinary framework. Moving forward, evidence-based RF recommendations should be routinely incorporated and identified in dietary guidance for IYCF based on a consensus definition of RF grounded in sound responsive parenting and feeding frameworks. We recommend replicating the National Academies' scoping review in low- and middle- income countries and mixed-methods implementation science research to improve our understanding of how best to disseminate and implement RF-related recommendations across settings (e.g., home and early care and education centers), taking the social determinants of health into account.

Abstract Introduction Many low- and middle-income countries are now shifting toward diets that are higher in added sugars, unhealthy fats, salt, and refined carbohydrates. Childhood obesity and chronic diseases have all been linked to unhealthy food consumption. Despite this, the majority of Ethiopian infants and children consume unhealthy food. There is also a scarcity of evidence. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of unhealthy food consumption and its associated factors among children ages 6–23 months in Gondar City, northwest Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 30 to July 21, 2022, in Gondar city. Multistage sampling was used to select 811 mother-child pairs. Food consumption was measured through a 24-hour recall. Data were entered into EpI Data 3.1 before being exported to STATA 14 for further analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the factors associated with unhealthy food consumption. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to show the strength of the association, while a P-value of 0.05 was used to declare the significance of the association. Results The percentage of children with unhealthy food consumption was 63.7% (95% CI: 60.4%, 67.2%). Maternal education [AOR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.05, 3.69], living in an urban residence [AOR = 4.55, 95% CI = 3.61, 7.78], GMP service [AOR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.48, 3.18], age of the child 18–23 months [AOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.74], and family size of more than four [AOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.78] were significantly associated with unhealthy food consumption. Conclusion In Gondar City, nearly two thirds of infants and children received unhealthy food. Maternal education, urban residence, GMP service, child age, and family size were all significant predictors of unhealthy food consumption. Thus, improving the uptake of GMP services and family planning services is critical to reducing unhealthy food consumption.

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and is related to the severity of the disease. This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram for predicting severe bronchiolitis in infants and young children with RSV infection. Methods A total of 325 children with RSV-associated bronchiolitis were enrolled, including 125 severe cases and 200 mild cases. A prediction model was built on 227 cases and validated on 98 cases, which were divided by random sampling in R software. Relevant clinical, laboratory and imaging data were collected. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine optimal predictors and to construct nomograms. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated by the area under the characteristic curve (AUC), calibration ability and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results There were 137 (60.4%) mild and 90 (39.6%) severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis cases in the training group (n = 227) and 63 (64.3%) mild and 35 (35.7%) severe cases in the validation group (n = 98). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified 5 variables as significant predictive factors to construct the nomogram for predicting severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis, including preterm birth (OR = 3.80; 95% CI, 1.39–10.39; P = 0.009), weight at admission (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91; P = 0.003), breathing rate (OR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05–1.18; P = 0.001), lymphocyte percentage (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95–0.99; P = 0.001) and outpatient use of glucocorticoids (OR = 2.27; 95% CI, 1.05–4.9; P = 0.038). The AUC value of the nomogram was 0.784 (95% CI, 0.722–0.846) in the training set and 0.832 (95% CI, 0.741–0.923) in the validation set, which showed a good fit. The calibration plot and Hosmer‒Lemeshow test indicated that the predicted probability had good consistency with the actual probability both in the training group (P = 0.817) and validation group (P = 0.290). The DCA curve shows that the nomogram has good clinical value. Conclusion A nomogram for predicting severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis in the early clinical stage was established and validated, which can help physicians identify severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis and then choose reasonable treatment.

BackgroundInappropriate complementary feeding practices (IACFPs) are major public health issues in Ethiopia, which usually result in stunting and becoming an intergenerational cycle. However, the spatial patterns and determinants of IACFP and its effect on undernutrition are not well understood in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the spatial patterns and determinants of IACFPs and their effects on the undernutrition of infants and young children (IYC) in Ethiopia.MethodsThis was a nationwide community-based survey study among 1,463 mothers of IYC aged 6–23 months in Ethiopia. The global spatial autocorrelation was assessed using the global Moran’s-I to evaluate the spatial clustering of IACFPs. Significant clusters with high and low rates of IACFPs were explored. A multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression with cluster-level random effects was fitted to identify determinants of IACFPs with an AOR and 95% CI.ResultsThe prevalence of IACFPs was 90.22%. The spatial pattern of IACFP in Ethiopia was clustered across regions (Global Moran’s I = 0.63, Z-score = 12.77, value of p ≤0.001). Clusters with a high rate of IACFP were detected in southern, northwest, and eastern Ethiopia. Individual and community-level variables accounted for 63% of IACFP variation. Mothers with no education were 3.97 times (AOR = 3.97; 95% CI: 1.64–9.60) more likely to have IACFPs than those with higher education. The poorest HHs had 4.80 times the odds of having IACFPs as the richest HHs (AOR = 4.80, 95% CI: 1.23–18.71). The odds of having IACFPs were 2.18 times (AOR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.28–3.72) higher among babies with no postnatal checkup. Non-breastfed IYC were 2.8 times (AOR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.29–6.10) more likely to have IACFP when compared with breastfed ones. IYC with the inadequate introduction of solid, semi-solid, and soft foods, inadequate minimum dietary diversity, and inadequate minimum acceptable diet were more likely to have wasting, underweight, and stunting.ConclusionThis study showed the prevalence of IACFPs was very high, which had an effect on undernutrition and showed spatial variation in Ethiopia. Therefore, the government of Ethiopia and stakeholders should focus on women with no education and the poorest HHs, encourage PNC checkups, and encourage breastfeeding in the hotspot areas to minimize IACFPs in Ethiopia.

Introduction: Chicken eggs and cow's milk are two of the most common foods that cause allergic reactions in infants and young children, and there is a lack of precise diagnostic methods to identify the allergic state of these patients. The recently developed food allergen component-resolved diagnosis (CRD) may be a more accurate diagnosis method for food allergies. Methods: One hundred children sensitized to egg white and milk crude extracts and diagnosed with or suspected allergic disease were included. The specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) (s) of animal food allergen crude extracts (egg yolk, milk, shrimp, crab, cod, beef) and the main components of egg white and milk were tested. The sensitization characteristics, cross-reactivity, and clinical relevance were analyzed. Results: The results of egg white-sensitized patients showed that ovalbumin (Gal d 2) had the highest positive rate of 100%. Compared with other pairwise combinations of egg allergens, the combination of egg white and Gal d 2 had higher diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.876 (95% CI: 0.801–0.951), a sensitivity of 88.9%, and a specificity of 75.9%. The positive rates of beta-lactoglobulin (Bos d 5) and alpha-lactoglobulin (Bos d 4) in the milk-sensitized children were comparable, 92% and 91%, respectively. The combination of crude milk extract and Bos d 4 had the highest diagnostic accuracy, with an AUC of 0.969 (95% CI: 0.938–0.999), a sensitivity of 100%, and a specificity of 82.7%. Conclusion: Among these subjects, our study found the main allergenic component of egg white was Gal d 2, and the main allergenic components of milk were Bos d 4 and Bos d 5. CRD may help identify egg/milk allergies and non-allergies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveTo analyze effects of Yingyangbao (YYB) intervention – a community-based complementary food supplement program on nutritional and health status of infants and young children aged 6 – 23 months in poverty-stricken regions. MethodsA combination of multistage sampling and random isometric sampling was used to recruit 12 619 infants and young children aged 6 – 23 months in 42 poverty-stricken counties of Hunan province. Questionnaire survey, body length and weight measurement, and hemoglobin detection were conducted among the participants between August and October 2020. According to the consumption of YYB, all participants were divided into three groups of non-consumption (n = 3 438), non-effective consumption (n = 3 119) and effective consumption (n = 6 062). The prevalence rate of protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, two-week fever and diarrhea among the three groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze effects of effective and non-effective consumption of YYB on nutritional and health status of participants. ResultsAmong the participants with non-consumption, non-effective consumption, and effective consumption of YYB, the prevalence rates were 4.5% ,5.4% , and 4.3% for stunting, 3.4%, 3.9%, and 3.0% for underweight, 3.1%, 3.6%, and 2.7% for wasting, 29.6% , 20.8%, and 15.3% for anemia, 14.3% , 14.5% , and 11.5% for having fever in the two weeks, and 12.0% , 12.1%, and 9.2% for having diarrhea in the two weeks, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that among the participants, effective consumption of YYB was a protective factor against anemia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.43, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.39 – 0.48), two-week fever (aOR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70 – 0.90), and two-week diarrhea (aOR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65 – 0.86); non-effective consumption of YYB also was also a protective factor against anemia (aOR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.54 – 0.58). There was no significant association of YYB consumption with stunting (aOR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.77 – 1.17), underweight (aOR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.70 – 1.13), and wasting (aOR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.71 – 1.17) among the participants. ConclusionFor the infants and young children in in poverty-stricken regions, effective consumption of Yingyangbao could improve anemia and reduce the two-week prevalence rate of fever and diarrhea; but non-effective consumption of Yingyangbao is less effective than effective consumption in reducing anemia.

Introduction: Many low- and middle-income countries are now shifting toward diets that are higher in added sugars, unhealthy fats, salt, and refined carbohydrates. Childhood obesity and chronic diseases have all been linked to unhealthy food consumption. Despite this, the majority of Ethiopian infants and children consume unhealthy food. There is also a scarcity of evidence. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of unhealthy food consumption and its associated factors among children ages 6–23 months in Gondar City, northwest Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 30 to July 21, 2022, in Gondar city. Multistage sampling was used to select 811 mother-child pairs. Food consumption was measured through a 24-hour recall. Data were entered into EpI Data 3.1 before being exported to STATA 14 for further analysis. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to identify the factors associated with unhealthy food consumption. An adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to show the strength of the association, while a P-value of 0.05 was used to declare the significance of the association. Results: The percentage of children with unhealthy food consumption was 63.7% (95% CI: 60.4%, 67.2%). Maternal education [AOR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.05, 3.69], living in an urban residence [AOR = 4.55, 95% CI = 3.61, 7.78], GMP service [AOR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.48, 3.18], age of the child 18–23 months [AOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.74], and family size of more than four [AOR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.07, 2.78] were significantly associated with unhealthy food consumption. Conclusion: In Gondar City, nearly two thirds of infants and children received unhealthy food. Maternal education, urban residence, GMP service, child age, and family size were all significant predictors of unhealthy food consumption. Thus, improving the uptake of GMP services and family planning services is critical to reducing unhealthy food consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yingyangbao (YYB) is a soy-based micronutrient-fortified powder used in the Nutrition Improvement Project on Children in Poor Areas of China. After the baseline study in 2012, YYB intervention gradually spread to 21 provinces in China. From 2015 to 2020, a secular trend study was carried out to evaluate the body growth and nutritional status of 6–23-month-old infants and young children (IYC) under YYB intervention. The aim of this research was to investigate whether YYB intervention was associated with the improvement of body growth and development in large populations from broad areas with national and multi-year survey results. The anthropometric data collected in the baseline study and cross-sectional surveys were compared, and the correlation between YYB intake amount and body growth were analyzed. Compared with the results of the baseline study, the 6–23-month-old IYC under YYB intervention showed a significant increase in body weight, body length and Z scores since 2015, and the stunting rate decreased from 9.7% in 2012 to 5.3% in 2020. Significantly positive correlations were observed between the YYB intake amount and the body growth indicators. Therefore, YYB intervention was associated with the improvement of body growth and nutrition status of Chinese IYC. In the future, long-term and continuous efforts are still needed to further reveal the health benefits of YYB in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and is related to the severity of the disease. This study aimed to develop and validate a nomogram for predicting severe bronchiolitis in infants and young children with RSV infection. Methods: A total of 325 children with RSV-associated bronchiolitis were enrolled, including 125 severe cases and 200 mild cases. A prediction model was built on 227 cases and validated on 98 cases, which were divided by random sampling in R software. Relevant clinical, laboratory and imaging data were collected. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine optimal predictors and to construct nomograms. The performance of the nomogram was evaluated by the area under the characteristic curve (AUC), calibration ability and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results: There were 137 (60.4%) mild and 90 (39.6%) severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis cases in the training group (n = 227) and 63 (64.3%) mild and 35 (35.7%) severe cases in the validation group (n = 98). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified 5 variables as significant predictive factors to construct the nomogram for predicting severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis, including preterm birth (OR = 3.80; 95% CI, 1.39–10.39; P = 0.009), weight at admission (OR = 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63–0.91; P = 0.003), breathing rate (OR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.05–1.18; P = 0.001), lymphocyte percentage (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95–0.99; P = 0.001) and outpatient use of glucocorticoids (OR = 2.27; 95% CI, 1.05–4.9; P = 0.038). The AUC value of the nomogram was 0.784 (95% CI, 0.722–0.846) in the training set and 0.832 (95% CI, 0.741–0.923) in the validation set, which showed a good fit. The calibration plot and Hosmer‒Lemeshow test indicated that the predicted probability had good consistency with the actual probability both in the training group (P = 0.817) and validation group (P = 0.290). The DCA curve shows that the nomogram has good clinical value. Conclusion: A nomogram for predicting severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis in the early clinical stage was established and validated, which can help physicians identify severe RSV-associated bronchiolitis and then choose reasonable treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the feasibility of using a carbon dioxide(CO2) laser in the treatment of facial papilloma in children and to evaluate its curative effect and prognosis. Methods A case of pediatric facial papilloma treated with a CO2 laser was reported, and the effects of this disease and CO2 laser treatment were reviewed and analyzed in combination with the literature. Results Under general anesthesia, the lesion tissue of the left lip was excised for pathological biopsy, and the diagnosis was maxillofacial papilloma. The lesions were surgically ablated in stages with a CO2 laser, and erythromycin ointment was applied to the surgical incision after surgery. A total of three rounds of CO2 laser treatment were performed for 3 treatment courses. The child had no complications during or after the operation, the facial appearance was significantly improved, and there was no sign of recurrence during the 6-month follow-up. A literature review showed that CO2 lasers have been widely used in the excision of various surface lesions. In clinical practice, continuous CO2 laser with power of 10-50 W and wavelength of 10.6 μm is used to treat superficial tissue lesions, which can achieve accurate vaporization resection of diseased tissue, less bleeding and a good prognosis. Conclusion CO2 laser was accurate and minimally invasive for the removal of facial papilloma in children.

Abstract Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital defect in neonates. Infants with CHD often have more nutritional difficulties, but currently, there is no unified Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for infants and young children aged 7–24 months in China. Therefore, we designed this study to assess the reliability and validity of the FFQ and feeding index for 7-to 24-month-old children after congenital heart disease surgery. Methods From July to October 2018, infants and young children aged 7–24 months after congenital heart disease surgery in Guangzhou were selected. Participants were categorized into two groups, in the first group (n = 95), the FFQ was completed twice at intervals of 7–10 days to assess reproducibility. In the second group (n = 98), participants accomplished both the FFQ and the 24-h diet records from 3 consecutive days to assess validity. The score of the Infant and Child Feeding Index (ICFI) and its qualified rate were caculated. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC) were calculated for reliability and validity, respectively. Results The average intraclass correlation coefficients and spearman correlation coefficient of the FFQ were 0.536 and 0.318, all with statistical significance except the frequency of meat added. The ICFI of the first group was 8.61 (± 3.20), the qualified rate was 0.06% (6/95). The intraclass correlation coefficients of the ICFI ranged from 0.374 to 0.958; and the spearman correlation of the ICFI was -0.066 to -0.834. Conclusions The FFQ possesses satisfactory reliability and moderate validity. The reliability of the ICFI is acceptable, but the validity results are quite different, indicating that the questionnaire is limited in the evaluation of the ICFI.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the urgent problems in pediatric nephrology and pediatrics. Despite numerous works devoted to the study of pathogenetic mechanisms and development of new diagnostic measures in patients with urinary tract infection, many questions on pathogenesis have not yet been clearly elucidated. Considering that non-specific symptoms prevailing in the disease clinical picture in children of the first three years of life, it is necessary to search for reliable, early, non-invasive methods for diagnosing urinary tract infections. Purpose of the study is to determine diagnostic and pathogenetic significance of proteins that bind fatty acids as well as zonulin in diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children of the first three years of life. Materials and methods. There were examined 120 children, aged from 29 days of life to 2 years 11 months and 29 days inclusive with urinary tract infection. Control group 30 healthy children. All children were tested for serum level of proteins that bind fatty acids L-FABP and I-FABP, and the level of I-FABP, L-FABP and zonulin was measured in urine by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. In the blood serum of children with urinary tract infection, the levels of L-FABP and I-FABP were significantly increased compared with those in children of the control group (L-FABP 753.9426.16 ng/ml vs. 148.719.6 ng/ml, I-FABP 92.971.41 ng/ml vs. 18.033.03 ng/ml, respectively, p 0.001). Fractions of urine proteins L-FABP and I- FABP in sick vs. healthy children were also determined at a higher level (6.960.19 ng/ml and 1.010.25 ng/ml vs. 0.370.01 ng/ml and 0.10.02 ng/ml, respectively, at p 0.001). The level of urine zonulin was increased (2.840.12 ng/ml) in sick vs. healthy children (0.170.04, p 0.05). Conclusion. The study allowed to identify early markers of kidney and urinary tract damage (L-FABP, I-FABP, ZO) involved in developing inflammatory bacterial process, whereas measuring urine I-FABP, L-FABP, zonulin level can be used for non-invasive UTI diagnostics in infants and young children.

Techniques for noninvasively acquiring the vital information of infants and young children are considered very useful in the fields of healthcare and medical care. An unobstructive measurement method for sleeping infants and young children under the age of 6 years using a sheet-type vital sensor with a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) pressure-sensitive layer is demonstrated. The signal filter conditions to obtain the ballistocardiogram (BCG) and phonocardiogram (PCG) are discussed from the waveform data of infants and young children. The difference in signal processing conditions was caused by the physique of the infants and young children. The peak-to-peak interval (PPI) extracted from the BCG or PCG during sleep showed an extremely high correlation with the R-to-R interval (RRI) extracted from the electrocardiogram (ECG). The vital changes until awakening in infants monitored using a sheet sensor were also investigated. In infants under one year of age that awakened spontaneously, the distinctive vital changes during awakening were observed. Understanding the changes in the heartbeat and respiration signs of infants and young children during sleep is essential for improving the accuracy of abnormality detection by unobstructive sensors.

To describe the management of home oxygen therapy for infants with acute bronchiolitis through a home care network: Hospital at Home (HAH). A retrospective observational study was carried out during two consecutive winters from 2012 to 2014. A total of 141 patients were eligible for home oxygen therapy, and 54 were discharged on home oxygen therapy through HAH. The median age of patients was 2.5 months (0.75–13 months). The average length of hospital stay before discharge was 4.9 days (1–17 days). In total, 73% of the children received oxygen at home. There was an average of five nurse visits per patient. Each child was seen by a pediatrician during the HAH care. There were no deaths or readmissions to an intensive care unit. There were two conventional readmissions for increased respiratory distress and two emergency department visits. The median length of HAH was 6 days (1–33 days). Home oxygen for infants with acute bronchiolitis is a promising and safe alternative to reduce conventional hospitalizations. It is necessary to evaluate the cost of this treatment and its impact on nosocomial infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (1001-1803) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ying Yang Bao (YYB) is conventionally prescribed as a nutritional supplement to infants and young children (IYC) in less developed areas of China. However, whether 18-month YYB consumption is reasonable needs assessment. This study examined the influence of the duration of YYB consumption on hemoglobin (Hb) levels and anemia prevalence. Data from the Nutrition Improvement Project on Children in Poor Areas of China in 2018–2019 were used. Questionnaires were used to collect information on basic characteristics, dietary status, and YYB consumption. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance confounders. Hb levels and anemia prevalence in IYC with different durations of YYB consumption were compared. After PSM, all covariates were well-balanced, and 1151 pairs of IYC were included in subsequent analyses. During the 1st–9th months of intervention, YYB effectively increased Hb levels and reduced anemia prevalence in the intervention group. During the 10th–18th months of intervention, Hb levels in the control group increased and anemia prevalence decreased, while Hb levels and anemia prevalence fluctuated in the intervention group. In conclusion, YYB was effective in improving nutritional status of infants, but had a limited effect in young children. Nutritional supplements with different quantities or nutrients should be considered for young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The status of breastfeeding practices remains unsatisfactory across China, but regional differences persist. However, disaggregated data for specific provinces are limited. This representative survey determined the status of breastfeeding and factors associated with breastfeeding practices in Shanghai. The questionnaire was designed in compliance with indicators for assessing infant and young child-feeding practices defined by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). A total of 2665 children aged two years and younger (0–730 days) were investigated, among whom 1677 were aged under six months. The early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) rate was 60.3%. Among children aged under six months, 43.4% were exclusively breastfed (EBF). The univariate regression analysis showed that the EBF rate was influenced by multiple factors, including individual, socioeconomic, workplace and employment, and health system. The subsequent multivariate analysis suggested that mothers with a higher rate of EBF shared the following characteristics: intention to breastfeed during pregnancy, breastfeeding knowledge, and higher satisfaction with support through the healthcare system after delivery. The rate of EBF in Shanghai is over 40%, and supporting breastfeeding requires measures at multiple levels, including individual attributes, women's work and employment conditions, breastfeeding knowledge, and health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Wool Textile Journal is the property of National Wool Textile Science & Technology Information Center and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To understand the vitamin D nutritional status of pregnant women and infants in Kunming by analyzing the serum level of 25 hydroxyvitamin D（25OHD），and to explore the relationship between vitamin D and the risk of gestational diabetes so as to provide reasonable suggestions for vitamin D supplementation. Methods　The serum 25OHD and blood glucose levels of normal pregnant women and infants were collected and analyzed by SPSS19.0. Results　The overall levels of serum 25OHD in pregnant women and infants in Kunming were （20.41±8.08）ng/mL，（29.14±8.89）ng/mL and （31.67±9.77）ng/mL. From 2018 to 2020，the deficiency rate of serum 25OHD decreased from 7.31% to 0.09%，and the deficiency rate decreased from 66.7% to 7.95%. There was a negative correlation between serum 25OHD and blood glucose level in pregnant women. Conclusion　The overall level of serum 25OHD in pregnant women and infants in Kunming has been increasing year by year，and the level of serum 25OHD in all ages shows a slightly higher level in infants. Vitamin D level has an impact on blood glucose level to some extent. Pregnant women should take vitamin D supplements，mainly with food and sunshine， appropriate light， supplemented by vitamin D preparation.It is not only beneficial to the prevention and treatment of which can not only prevent the calcium deficiency and other related diseases，but also helps to stabilize the blood sugar level of women during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Complementary foods (CFs) commonly consumed by infants and young children (IYC) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are processed using either single or multi-grain ingredients through simple technologies such as fermentation, malting and roasting. Interestingly, CFs (e.g., ogi, kunu, and dabo) are prepared and fed to infants alongside breastmilk until they are completely weaned up to the infant's second birthday. The grains used for preparing CFs can be contaminated with bacterial and chemical contaminants as a result of poor harvesting, handling or storage practices. The stage at which IYC are introduced to CFs is of utmost importance as it aids in addressing malnutrition and improving their overall health and well-being. Complementary feeding practices across SSA are influenced by socio-economic, cultural and geographical factors such that improper introduction can result in dire health consequences including immune suppression, severe foodborne diseases, poor child growth and development, and sometimes death from malnutrition. Malnutrition often occurs from inadequacies of nutrient intakes and assimilation which affect the ability to maintain normal body functions such as growth, learning abilities, resistance to and recovery from diseases. In SSA, IYC malnutrition still poses an enormous concern, therefore indicating the need for intervention strategies such as the promotion of indigenous crops and elevating traditional knowledge and technologies for formulating CFs. This paper clearly highlights the diversity of CFs in SSA, ingredients utilized, processing techniques, contamination by bacteria and chemicals, and demonstrates the consequences of consuming contaminated CFs, and their influence on IYC health as well as approaches to ensuring safety and scaling up indigenous CFs., (© 2024 The Author(s). Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists.)

Abstract: Objective To explore the relationship between the expression of miR-155 and programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) in peripheral blood of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Methods A total of 106 infants and young children with RSV bronchiolitis accepted by our hospital were collected as the research group. According to the severity of the disease, patients were separated into the mild group (n=36), the moderate group (n=41), and the severe group (n=29). Sixty-five infants who underwent physical examination in the child care clinic of our hospital were selected as the control group (n=55). The serum level of miR-155 in peripheral blood of infants and young children was measured by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) method. Levels of PDCD4, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The relationship between serum miR-155 and PDCD4 and their correlation with inflammatory factors in infants with RSV bronchiolitis were analyzed by Pearson correlation. Results Compared with the control group, the serum level of miR-155 was significantly increased in the study group, and the level of PDCD4 was significantly decreased (P＜0.05). In addition, the serum miR-155 level increased with the aggravation of the severity of RSV bronchiolitis, and the PDCD4 level reduced significantly (P＜ 0.05). Compared with the control group, serum levels of inflammatory factors hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α increased significantly in the study group (P＜0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that miR-155 and PDCD4 were negatively correlated (r=-0.790, P＜0.01), miR-155 was positively correlated with hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α (P＜0.01), and PDCD4 was negatively correlated with hs-CRP, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α (P＜0.01). Conclusion RSV bronchiolitis in infants and young children has abnormal expression of serum levels of miR-155 and PDCD4, and the two levels are negatively correlated. Serum levels of miR-155 and PDCD4 are tightly related to inflammatory factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital defect in neonates. Infants with CHD often have more nutritional difficulties, but currently, there is no unified Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for infants and young children aged 7-24 months in China. Therefore, we designed this study to assess the reliability and validity of the FFQ and feeding index for 7-to 24-month-old children after congenital heart disease surgery.Methods: From July to October 2018, infants and young children aged 7-24 months after congenital heart disease surgery in Guangzhou were selected. Participants were categorized into two groups, in the first group (n = 95), the FFQ was completed twice at intervals of 7-10 days to assess reproducibility. In the second group (n = 98), participants accomplished both the FFQ and the 24-h diet records from 3 consecutive days to assess validity. The score of the Infant and Child Feeding Index (ICFI) and its qualified rate were caculated. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC) were calculated for reliability and validity, respectively.Results: The average intraclass correlation coefficients and spearman correlation coefficient of the FFQ were 0.536 and 0.318, all with statistical significance except the frequency of meat added. The ICFI of the first group was 8.61 (± 3.20), the qualified rate was 0.06% (6/95). The intraclass correlation coefficients of the ICFI ranged from 0.374 to 0.958; and the spearman correlation of the ICFI was -0.066 to -0.834.Conclusions: The FFQ possesses satisfactory reliability and moderate validity. The reliability of the ICFI is acceptable, but the validity results are quite different, indicating that the questionnaire is limited in the evaluation of the ICFI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThis study aimed to explore the clinical application of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in pediatric patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver transplantation.MethodsPediatric patients who underwent liver transplantation were retrospectively investigated. Those who developed AKI within 1 year after the surgery were included and divided into a CRRT group and a non-CRRT group. The perioperative conditions and postoperative complications of the two groups were compared along with the prognoses of the groups to analyze the high-risk factors of the postoperative CRRT.Results189 (36.91%) patients developed AKI within 1 year after the liver transplantation surgery. There were 18 patients in the CRRT group and 171 in the non-CRRT group. The differences in the preoperative conditions were not statistically significant between the two groups. Compared with the non-CRRT group, patients in the CRRT group had significantly longer transplantation times, higher volumes of intraoperative hemorrhage, and increased incidence of postoperative unscheduled surgery, postoperative primary nonfunction of the transplanted liver, secondary liver transplantation, hepatic artery occlusion, and intestinal fistula (P < 0.05). Moreover, the proportion of patients in AKI stage 3 is higher in the CRRT group (83.33%) than that in the non-CRRT group (11.11%), P < 0.001. The median time to initiate CRRT was 10 days postoperatively, the median number of CRRT treatments per patient was 2 times, the average duration of each CRRT treatment was 10.1 h, and the average rate of the decrease in blood creatinine per treatment was 25.6%. Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that AKI stage 3 [OR=40.000, 95%CI (10.598, 150.969), P = 0.016], postoperative unscheduled surgery [OR=6.269, 95%CI (3.051, 26.379), P = 0.007], and hepatic artery occlusion [OR = 17.682, 95%CI (1.707, 40.843), P = 0.001] were recognized as risk factors for postoperative AKI with CRRT therapy. The one- and two-year survival rates were 72.22% and 72.22% in the CRRT group, respectively; and 97.08% and 96.49% in the non-CRRT group, accordingly. There were statistically significant differences in the one- and two-year survival rates between the two groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe incidence of AKI after liver transplantation in pediatric patients was high. Patients with AKI stage 3, hepatic artery occlusion, and underwent unscheduled surgery postoperatively were with a high likelihood of receiving CRRT, which was related to a lower one- and two-year survival rates. CRRT effectively improved the one- and two-year survival rates.

Yingyangbao (YYB) is a soy-based micronutrient-fortified powder used in the Nutrition Improvement Project on Children in Poor Areas of China. After the baseline study in 2012, YYB intervention gradually spread to 21 provinces in China. From 2015 to 2020, a secular trend study was carried out to evaluate the body growth and nutritional status of 6–23-month-old infants and young children (IYC) under YYB intervention. The aim of this research was to investigate whether YYB intervention was associated with the improvement of body growth and development in large populations from broad areas with national and multi-year survey results. The anthropometric data collected in the baseline study and cross-sectional surveys were compared, and the correlation between YYB intake amount and body growth were analyzed. Compared with the results of the baseline study, the 6–23-month-old IYC under YYB intervention showed a significant increase in body weight, body length and Z scores since 2015, and the stunting rate decreased from 9.7% in 2012 to 5.3% in 2020. Significantly positive correlations were observed between the YYB intake amount and the body growth indicators. Therefore, YYB intervention was associated with the improvement of body growth and nutrition status of Chinese IYC. In the future, long-term and continuous efforts are still needed to further reveal the health benefits of YYB in depth.

Proper nutrition in infancy and early childhood is crucial to ensuring optimal child development, growth, and better health outcomes later in life. The nutrient profile model proposed by WHO/Europe aims to assess the nutritional quality and promotional/marketing aspects of commercial baby foods aimed at children up to 36 months. We used commercial data from 191 baby foods collected between March 2021 and July 2021, from eight supermarket chains in the Lisbon Metropolitan area. According to the model specifications and the NOVA classification system, we assessed the nutritional quality and promotion aspects and the degree of processing, respectively. The presence of at least one sugar-contributing ingredient was found in 34.0% of the products; 13.9% of products listed sugars and 15.0% listed fruit juices or concentrates as an ingredient. The claim "No added sugar" was present in 69.6% of products. Only 35.1% of products comply with all the nutritional requirements of the model. Concerning processing classification, 61.8% of products were ultra-processed, and about 57.0% were indicated for children < 12 months. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing measures to ensure that commercial foods for infants are marketed appropriately and to promote foods with a lower degree of processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on bovine milk osteopontin (bmOPN) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF concerns OPN derived from bovine whey. The NF is intended to be used at a maximum use level of 151 mg/L, in infant formula (IF), follow‐on formula (FoF) and ready‐to‐eat dairy‐based meals for children up to 35 months of age. As compared to the concentrations naturally present in cow's milk and concentrations found in IF on the market reported in the literature, the proposed use level of the NF represents an about 10‐fold higher concentration of bmOPN. The intended use levels of the NF would provide bmOPN at a concentration within the range of human milk (hm) OPN. In a 6‐month study, 14, 72 and 140 mg bmOPN/L in reconstituted (as consumed) IF were given to 279 infants in order to study possible effects on frequency and severity of adverse events, and growth, formula intake and stool consistency. Despite that a number of inconsistencies and limitations were noted in the study report, the Panel considers that the results obtained from this study do not raise safety concerns. Considering the source of the NF, that neither the toxicological studies nor the provided infant study do raise safety concerns, and the low bmOPN plasma levels in infants resulting from the consumption of the NF, the Panel considers that the margin of exposure (i.e. 36) between the NOAEL of the subchronic toxicity study (1,200 mg/kg bw per day) and the highest P95 estimate for infants (33.4 mg/kg bw per day) is sufficient. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on bovine milk osteopontin (bmOPN) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF concerns OPN derived from bovine whey. The NF is intended to be used at a maximum use level of 151 mg/L, in infant formula (IF), follow‐on formula (FoF) and ready‐to‐eat dairy‐based meals for children up to 35 months of age. As compared to the concentrations naturally present in cow’s milk and concentrations found in IF on the market reported in the literature, the proposed use level of the NF represents an about 10‐fold higher concentration of bmOPN. The intended use levels of the NF would provide bmOPN at a concentration within the range of human milk (hm) OPN. In a 6‐month study, 14, 72 and 140 mg bmOPN/L in reconstituted (as consumed) IF were given to 279 infants in order to study possible effects on frequency and severity of adverse events, and growth, formula intake and stool consistency. Despite that a number of inconsistencies and limitations were noted in the study report, the Panel considers that the results obtained from this study do not raise safety concerns. Considering the source of the NF, that neither the toxicological studies nor the provided infant study do raise safety concerns, and the low bmOPN plasma levels in infants resulting from the consumption of the NF, the Panel considers that the margin of exposure (i.e. 36) between the NOAEL of the subchronic toxicity study (1,200 mg/kg bw per day) and the highest P95 estimate for infants (33.4 mg/kg bw per day) is sufficient. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed conditions of use.

Objective: To explore the sedative effect of sleep deprivation combined with modified chloral hydrate retention enema in infants and young children’s pulmonary function examination. Methods: Prospectively selected the clinical data of infants and young children who were admitted to our hospital from February 2018 to August 2020 and required pulmonary function tests. 194 infants and young children were included as the research objects, and they were simply randomly divided into 4 groups according to the random number table method. The control group（n=48） did not undergo sleep deprivation, the short-term group（n=48） was short-term sleep deprivation, the middle-term group（n=49） the middle-term sleep deprivation, the long-term group（n=49） was the leader period sleep deprivation. The time to fall asleep, sedative effects and adverse reactions of the 4 groups of infants and young children were compared.Results: The difference in time to fall asleep between the four groups of infants and young children was statistically significant（P<0.05）.Compared with the control group, the number of infants and young children in the three groups of combined sleep deprivation intervention that went to sleep within 10 minutes was significantly increased; with the increase in sleep deprivation, the number of infants and young children in the three groups of sleep deprivation that went to sleep after 30 minutes was significantly less than the control group.The difference in the sedative effect of the four groups of infants and young children was statistically significant（P<0.05）; compared with the control group, the three groups of infants and young children combined with sleep deprivation intervention had a significantly higher sedative effect, and the total effective rate of sedation was higher than that of the control group（P<0.05）. During the experiment, the four groups of infants and young children had different types of adverse reactions, and there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence and total incidence of each type of adverse reaction among the groups（P>0.05）, but the the proportion of emotional irritability in the long-term group was slightly higher. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation combined with the modified chloral hydrate retention enema has a good sedative effect on infants and young children, but long-term sleep deprivation may make them emotionally irritable, so they need to be carefully calmed after the examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indonesia’s national stunting prevalence remains high. The transition from exclusive breastfeeding to poor complementary feeding practices may put infants at higher risk of becoming stunting. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the early introduction of complementary food and stunting among young children aged 6-23 months in Kebumen Regency. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 307 young children in Kebumen Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, by using multistage cluster sampling. Our primary outcome was stunting or height-for-age z-score