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Copyright of Pensares em Revista is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Studies - Language & Literature is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Infinitive, the base of the verb, is the primary means of verb formation. The verb as the main component and predominant of a sentence in Kurdish language can take on various structures, including mood, negation, tense, etc. When looking at the mood of a verb in Kurdish language, three moods of the verbs can be distinguished: Indicative, Subjective, and Imperative. The indicative mood, this includes most of the sentences in Kurdish language. The subjunctive mood is a mood that does not indicate the occurrence of the action or the non-occurrence of the action in an exact manner, since the action manifests itself as wish, hope, and doubt. The imperative mood is where the speaker forces the listener to apply or not apply the verb. Negative markers in Bahdinan Kurdish dialect change according with time and mood. There are two negation markers, which (نا) and (نە) are considered grammatical markers. The marker (نە) goes with the verbs in the past in the indicative mood as well as with verbs in the past and present in the subjunctive and the imperative moods. The marker (نا) goes with the present tense of the indicative mood. If the verb is simple, these markers are placed at the beginning of the verb. However, if the verb is compound, it follows the first pa rt of the verb. Nevertheless, in the future tenses, the marker (نا) replaces (دێ), and it always goes at the beginning of the verb. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of LINRED. Linguistica en la Red is the property of Universidad de Alcala. UAH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The conjunction como si select usually in the subordinated adverbial clauses (modal, conditional and comparative) the tenses of the subjunctive mood cantara / cantase and hubiera / hubiese cantado. However in some papers is mentioned the possibility of the construction of como si with the tenses of indicative mood. This paper contains the analysis of the modal selection after como si and, particularly, the possible substitution of subjunctive by the indicative tenses. The analyses is realized on the ground of the corpus of Real Academia Española (CORPES XXI, CREA, CREA. Versión anotada).

The current research study tackles the Passive Voice in Middle Eastern Kurdish Dialect and Standard Turkish Language relating to both past and present tenses of informative Mood. There are only four types of past tenses in the Middle Eastern Kurdish dialect, but apart from these four types of past tenses there are five more types in the standard Turkish language such as present tense referring to past action, story in the present tense, novel in the present tense, novel in the present continuous tense, and novel in the future tense. On the other hand, the present tense in the Middle Eastern Kurdish language has only one type, while in the standard Turkish language, there are three types such as present simple, present continuous, and future tense. Therefore, the agreement between both languages regarding the two main tenses (past and present tenses) has a major role in the basic structure of the passive voice. The major aim of this research study is that it is an applied study which demonstrates all uses of passive voice in both languages under study. Furthermore, this study is also important to any researcher who works in the field of linguistics and conducts comparative studies between these two languages.

Copyright of Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Holmes exists is false. How can this be, when there is no one for the sentence to misdescribe? Part of the answer is that a sentence's topic depends on context. The king of France is bald, normally unevaluable, is false qua description of the bald people. Likewise Holmes exists is false qua description of the things that exist; it misdescribes those things as having Holmes among them. This does not explain, though, how Holmes does not exist differs in cognitive content from, say, Vulcan does not exist. Our answer builds on an observation of Kripke's: even if Holmes exists, he is not in this room, for we were all born too late. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main verb moods of Albanian (language) are, in fact, inherited from an early Indo-European period. However, during its evolution, this language has further developed its modal contradictions (Demiraj, 2015). Many moods have vanished in many Indo-European languages, but there are also recreations. There are formations of Albanian (language): -Optative, according to Pedersen is an "aorist of subjunctive"; admirative mood is a creation of Albanian (language), which during its historical evolution has created also some verb forms (Demiraj, 1988). Also about subjunctive mood, Çabej (1986) says that it contains inherited elements, but it is also a recreation. He takes as an example the verb shkoj (to go), and makes the comparison in indicative and subjunctive mood: shkoj (to go), in indicative mood unë shkoj (I go), ti shkon (you go), ai shkon (he goes); ne shkojmë (we go), ju shkoni (you go), ata shkojnë (they go); in subjunctive mood unë të shkoj (I go), ti të shkosh (you go), ai të shkojë (he go); ne të shkojmë (we go), ju të shkoni (you go), ata të shkojnë (they go). So, only the second and the third person of singular differ, whereas the other four are the same. Therefore, the duty of this research is to make a presentation of studies in this field of the history of language, in order to make a clear distinction of the unthematic and thematic conjugation of the present tense of subjunctive mood against the present tense of indicative mood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is argued that contraposition is valid for a class of natural language conditionals, if some modifications are allowed to preserve the meaning of the original conditional. In many cases, implicit temporal indices must be considered, making a change in verb tense necessary. A suitable contrapositive for implicative counterfactual conditionals can also usually be found. In some cases, the addition of certain words is necessary to preserve meaning that is present in the original sentence and would be lost or changed in the contrapositive without them. A distinction is made between adding new meaning and adding new words to preserve existing meaning. For concessive conditionals and relevance conditionals, however, no valid contrapositive can be found. They do not belong to the class of contraposable conditionals, which can be independently defined. Difficult cases are also discussed in which the contradictory of the consequent semantically entails the truth of the antecedent. In such cases the content of the antecedent is implicit in the meaning of the consequent. Contraposition becomes possible if what is implicit in the original consequent is made explicit in the contrapositive antecedent. • Meaning-preserving contraposition is valid for implicative conditionals. • Words may be added, or tenses changed, to preserve the meaning of the original. • Contraposition is invalid for concessive and relevance (speech-act) conditionals. • Belief in concessive antecedents is insufficient for excluding the consequent. • Antecedent-meaning implicit in consequent must be made explicit in contraposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conjunction como si select usually in the subordinated adverbial clauses (modal, conditional and comparative) the tenses of the subjunctive mood cantara / cantase and hubiera / hubiese cantado. However in some papers is mentioned the possibility of the construction of como si with the tenses of indicative mood. This paper contains the analysis of the modal selection after como si and, particularly, the possible substitution of subjunctive by the indicative tenses. The analyses is realized on the ground of the corpus of Real Academia Española (CORPES XXI, CREA, CREA. Versión anotada). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates to what extent first‐language (L1) and second‐language (L2) speakers use lexical futures, whether such forms provide evidence of development, and whether these forms are constrained differently from the present indicative (PI) according to linguistic predictors. It uses a combined approach through its concept‐oriented consideration of an underreported form and analysis of the behavior of individual learners, along with applying variationist methods to determine whether independent linguistic predictors differentiate between lexical futures and a formally similar structure (i.e., the PI). The study includes 120 English‐speaking learners of Spanish from 5 course levels and 20 native speakers (NSs) of Spanish. Participants completed an oral production task, in which they responded to 8 personal prompts. Results indicate that NSs used lexical futures robustly and that part of the development associated with the acquisition of future‐time expression included increases in the overall rates of lexical future use and the inventory of lexical future periphrases. Mixed‐effects models revealed that from the earliest level lexical futures could be differentiated from the PI as predicted by independent variables, and that independent variables patterned in a more target‐like way as course level increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to reconstruct the history of eravassimo (first-person plural of the imperfect indicative of essere) and other Italian verbal forms ending in -vassimo. These rare verbal forms began to appear in grammars and dictionaries in the 17th century and in some literary and non-literary texts in the 18th century. Some examples of the verbal forms in -vassimo can still be found in texts produced in recent years on the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: One of the virtues of the biosemantic view of language is the clarity and simplicity of its description of the general nature of nonrepresentational linguistic constructions. It doesn't follow, however, that it is obvious on this view how these functions should be described individually. After an explanation of the biosemantic approach, initial suggestions are made for analyses of a variety of nonrepresentational constructions that have traditionally been considered problematic. Included are “not”, “is” (of identity), “exists”, “means”, “but”, “if … then”, “possibly” and “true.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how acquisition of novel words from an unknown language (L2) is influenced by their orthographic similarity with existing native language (L1) words in beginning adult learners. Participants were tested in a two-alternative forcedchoice recognition task and a typing production task as they learned to associate 80 L2 (pseudo)words with pictures depicting their meanings. There was no effect of L1 orthographic neighborhood density on accuracy in the two-alternative forced-choice task, but typing accuracy was higher for L2 words with many L1 neighbors in the earliest stages of learning. ERPs recorded during a language decision task before and after learning also showed differences as a function of L1 neighborhood density. Across sessions, L2 words withmany L1 neighbors elicited slower responses and larger N400s than words with fewer L1 neighbors, suggesting that L1 neighbors continued to influence processing of the L2 words after learning (though to a lesser extent). Finally, ERPs recorded during a typing task after learning also revealed an effect of L1 neighborhood that began about 700 msec after picture onset, suggesting that the cross-language neighborhood effects cannot solely be attributed to bottom--up activation of L1 neighbors. Together, these results demonstrate that strategic associations between novel L2 words and existing L1 neighbors scaffold learning and result in interactions among cross-language neighbors, suggestive of an integrated L1-L2 lexicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study attempts to present rich complementation profiles of two related expressions - suppose (that) and supposing (that) - to show that there are correlations between the choice of certain verbal syntagms in the complements and particular genres. For example, the study demonstrates that the majority of usages of suppose (that) in both academic and non-academic genres involve complements with present indicatives, while the occurrences of supposing+0 have complements predominantly in the past indicative. Furthermore, the study illustrates the ratio of the past indicatives and past subjunctives in be-contexts. Finally, the data suggest that suppose (that) and supposing (that) may take on a range of textual and interactional functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to find out more about the nature of the subjunctive by isolating a criterion on which the subjunctive/indicative opposition is based. In the present work, this distinction is viewed as a bipolar opposition between forms that are temporally anchored and forms that are not temporally anchored (in terms of Giorgi and Pianesi's elaboration of the notion of ‘temporal anchoring’). I propose that subjunctive forms can be viewed as temporally non-anchored forms in which the element responsible for the temporal anchoring has been substituted with an ExclF in the sense of Iatridou (2000) . The paper discusses the morphological occurrences of the subjunctive in several different language families. It accounts for the basic cross-linguistically attested semantic and syntactic properties of the subjunctive. It is argued that the overt morphological realizations do not always correspond to the core semantic properties of the subjunctive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the level of abstraction and subjectivity, the teaching-learning process of the opposition indefinido-perfecto in the indicative mode is a complex content to teach in in the Spanish classrooms as a foreign language. For Italian speakers who learn Spanish in the sociocultural context where the language is spoken, the structural similarities between their mother language and the target language hinder the learning of these verbal tenses, because the perception of minimum distance allows the commutation of the linguistic systems of both languages. The previous bring about the excessive use of the transfer, the fossilization of errors and the consequent stagnation of the Interlingua. The insufficiencies that these students present, in particular, those of the elementary level, influence in the production of texts, both oral and written, with correction and in accordance with the linguistic norms of the sociocultural context where he/she learns the language. These reasons motivate the analysis of some theoretical-methodological bases on the particularities of the teaching-learning process of the opposition indefinido- perfecto in the indicative mode in the Spanish language for Italian students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romanian displays a construction in which the subject of an embedded indicative clause surfaces with accusative form in the matrix clause. This resembles Exceptional Case Marking ( ECM) and occurs with matrix verbs of knowledge and perception. We argue that: (i) such derivations arise from Raising to Object (RtoO) across the phasal indicative CP; (ii) RtoO in Romanian is an instance of A′-movement with A-movement effects derived from the v-related nature of the A′-Probe; and (iii) the trigger for movement is related to a shift in evidentiality rather than Case requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a dynamic model of the evolution of communication in a Lewis signaling game while systematically varying the degree of common interest between sender and receiver. We show that the level of common interest between sender and receiver is strongly predictive of the amount of information transferred between them. We also discuss a set of rare but interesting cases in which common interest is almost entirely absent, yet substantial information transfer persists in a "cheap talk" regime, and offer a diagnosis of how this may arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the results of three experiments that examine the mental representations underlying the comprehension stages of negative exceptive conditionals using subjunctive mood (‘B a menos que A’, ‘B a no ser que A’; ‘B excepto que A’ = ‘B unless A’) and indicative mood (‘B excepto si A’ and ‘B salvo si A’ = ‘B except if A’). The mental representations during the comprehension stage were analyzed using a priming methodology. All experiments showed that participants read the true possibility ‘not-B & A’ faster when it was primed by exceptive conditionals requiring the subjunctive mood than when it was primed by exceptive conditionals requiring the indicative mood; other possibilities (‘B & A’, ‘B & not-A’, ‘not-B & not-A’) were primed equally by both connectives. The experiments showed that (a) when people understand negative exceptive conditionals using the subjunctive mood, such as ‘B a menos que A’/‘B a no ser que A’/‘B excepto que A’, they access the true possibilities ‘not-B & A’ and ‘B & not-A’, and (b) when they understand negative exceptive conditionals using the indicative mood, such as ‘B excepto si A’/‘B salvo si A’, they access ‘B & not-A’, but not ‘not-B & A’. We discuss the implications of this for current theories of reasoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses the asymmetry between the two main aspectual paradigms in the Classical Greek verbal system: the imperfective and the aorist (perfective). Whereas the imperfective has separate indicative forms for present and past time reference, i.e. the ‘primary’ and the ‘secondary’ indicative, the aorist only has a secondary (‘past’) indicative. I argue that this asymmetry is not only morphological but also semantic. That is, while the secondary imperfective indicative (the ‘imperfect’) is confined to past time reference, the secondary aorist indicative is used not only to refer to the past but also to the present. It then enters into aspectual competition with the primary imperfective indicative (the ‘present’). Based on R.W. Langacker's (2011) Cognitive Grammar account of aspect, I distinguish five types of context in which a present tense form with perfective aspect is a desideratum, and argue that here the secondary aorist indicative is used to fulfil this function. Moreover, I present a diachronic account of the origin of this remarkable asymmetry, arguing that the aorist indicative was never a past tense to begin with. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Previous research on the resilience of local features in northern English wills has shown that the Northern Subject Rule is a very persistent feature both in plural and first person singular contexts. Evidence from Early Modern English wills from Yorkshire reveals that the syntactic pattern was operative in this text-type until the mid-sixteenth century. This paper explores the decline of the Northern Subject Rule in the last decades of the sixteenth century in this text-type and its correlation with the emergence of the DO-periphrasis in affirmative declaratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to lay the groundwork for extending the idea of transparent introspection to wishes. First, I elucidate the notion of transparent introspection and highlight its advantages over rival accounts of self-knowledge (Sect. 1). Then I pose several problems that seem to obstruct the extension of transparent introspection to wishes (Sect. 2). In order to overcome these problems, I call into question the standard propositional attitude analysis of non-doxastic attitudes (Sect. 3). My considerations lead to a non-orthodox account of attitudes in general and wishes in particular in light of which the problems presented in Sect. 2 disappear (Sect. 4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Nebrija de Lingüística Aplicada a la Enseñanza de Lenguas is the property of Revista Nebrija de Linguistica Aplicada a la Ensenanza de Lenguas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Nebrija de Lingüística Aplicada a la Enseñanza de Lenguas is the property of Revista Nebrija de Linguistica Aplicada a la Ensenanza de Lenguas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today's consensus on the text ofEcl. 6. 33-34 may arguably be contested as line 34 will fit the context better whenomnis(gen. extracted fromP) is read instead ofomnia. As toG. 1. 36, the author believes that the consensus onsperant(indicative) is misplaced and that the neglected reading1sperent, taken as a potential subjunctive and parallel toveniat(37), ought to be preferred. AtA. 1. 458 Seneca'sAtridenshould replace the pluralAtridastransmitted by the codices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The verb Ol- (be) may be used as both main and auxiliary verb in Turkish. When it is used with the functionof being an auxiliary verb, it either forms compound verbs or serves as an indicative mood. The article is about the simple present conjugation (olur - am/is/are) of the verb ol-. While there are researches in the literature with regard to the semantical and structural characteristics of the verb ol- in indicative mood, it is seen that semantic function of word olur has not been emphasised, yet. It is determined that certain structures formed with the word olur in Ahiska dialect (Noun olur, Verb-mIş olur, Verb-mAk olur, VerbsA+personal ending olur) are used same with Turkish spoken in Turkey in terms of functionality, but different in terms of semantics. This study focuses on these differences which vary from the Turkish spoken in Turkey in terms of semantics. The article starts out the determination that the verb olur with indicative mood used in the function of possibility/estimation/likelihood in Ahiska dialect and it questions whether this function existed in the historical periods of the Turkish language, or not [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzes the persistence of the model of the Spanish tenses proposed by Bello (1841), considering both the nuclear system and its extensions, specifically in the indicative mood. The model proposed by Bello is a landmark in the history of Spanish grammar because of its elegance and descriptive adequacy. Bello not only proposed a tense scheme of remarkable perfection, but also dealt with problems that will be systematically studied in the XX century with the development of theories of aspectuality, modality and pragmatic meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A ‘multiple-proposition (MP) phenomenon’ is a putative counterexample to the widespread implicit assumption that a simple indicative sentence (relative to a context of utterance) semantically expresses at most one proposition. Several philosophers and linguists (including Stephen Neale and Chris Potts) have recently developed hypotheses concerning this notion. The guiding questions motivating this research are: (1) Is there an interesting and homogenous semantic category of MP phenomena? (2) If so, what is the import? Do MP theories have any relevance to important current questions in the study of language? I motivate an affirmative answer to (1), and then argue that MP theorizing is quite relevant to debates at the semantics/pragmatics interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Wehmeier (J Philos Log 33:607-630, ) we are presented with the subjunctive modal language, a way of dealing with the expressive inadequacy of modal logic by marking atomic predicates as being either in the subjunctive or indicative mood. Wehmeier claims that this language is expressively equivalent to the standard actuality language, and that despite this the marked-unmarked dichotomies are not the same in the two languages. In this paper we will attend to Wehmeier's argument that this is the case, and show that this conclusion rests on what might be considered an uncharitable stipulation concerning what it is for a formula in the actuality language to be true in a model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Counterfactual thinking is ubiquitous in everyday life and an important aspect of cognition and emotion. Although counterfactual thought has been argued to differ from processing factual or hypothetical information, imaging data which elucidate these differences on a neural level are still scarce. We investigated the neural correlates of processing counterfactual sentences under visual and aural presentation. We compared conditionals in subjunctive mood which explicitly contradicted previously presented facts (i.e. counterfactuals) to conditionals framed in indicative mood which did not contradict factual world knowledge and thus conveyed a hypothetical supposition. Our results show activation in right occipital cortex (cuneus) and right basal ganglia (caudate nucleus) during counterfactual sentence processing. Importantly the occipital activation is not only present under visual presentation but also with purely auditory stimulus presentation, precluding a visual processing artifact. Thus our results can be interpreted as reflecting the fact that counterfactual conditionals pragmatically imply the relevance of keeping in mind both factual and supposed information whereas the hypothetical conditionals imply that real world information is irrelevant for processing the conditional and can be omitted. The need to sustain representations of factual and suppositional events during counterfactual sentence processing requires increased mental imagery and integration efforts. Our findings are compatible with predictions based on mental model theory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper describes Bantu imperatival and prohibitival speech acts. The study is set against the background of the formal instability of directives and grammaticalization theory. On the basis of a sample of 100 languages, we conclude that imperatival strategies are limited to imperatives, subjunctives, and indicatives while prohibitival strategies range from negative subjunctives and negative auxiliary constructions through constructions with prohibitive markers and negative infinitives to negative indicatives and negative imperatives. Politeness is shown to play an important role in the development of new strategies, which often have a more polite character and which become neutral themselves over time. We argue that it may even partly explain why prohibitival strategies exhibit more variation than imperatival ones. However, it is also clear that new directive strategies need not be more polite and that politeness is just one of the possible factors contributing to the difference between imperatival and prohibitival strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lingüística y Literatura is the property of Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Comunicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: This article analyses how DIY (‘Do It Yourself’) music producers act in entrepreneurial ways to generate ‘buzz’ from an economically constrained position. Through semi-structured interviews with music producers in New Zealand, it is suggested a process of capital mobilisation and conversion takes place, where Bourdieu''s alternative forms of capital offer a use- and exchange-value in creating new cultural goods that meet identity desires and generate cultural intermediary interest. This adds a new aspect to the sociology of work in the cultural industries by exploring cultural entreprenuers’ practices as a generalised economy of exchange. Although only an indicative sensitising framework, capital mobilisation and conversion may be useful for investigating the practices of cultural entrepreneurs in other sectors of the new cultural economy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This investigation connects issues in second language (L2) acquisition to topics in quantitative sociolinguistics by exploring the relationship between native-speaker (NS) and L2 variation. It is the first large-scale analysis of L2 mood use (the subjunctive-indicative contrast) in Spanish. It applies variationist findings on the range of linguistic and extralinguistic factors (form regularity, semantic category, time reference, hypotheticality, and task) shown to influence NSs' mood use to an interlanguage analysis of L2 development and shows that analyses of frequency and predictors provide revealing details about how learners acquire the ability to vary their use of verbal moods in Spanish. Variationism, it is concluded, can foster rich descriptions and explanations of interlanguage and its evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subjunctive mood has frequently been explained in terms of unreality, presupposition, non-assertion and the distinction between new and old information. Although these explanations offer a partial account of the semantics of this mood, it is shown that many occurrences of the subjunctive mood remain unexplained. This being so, the present paper aims at explaining the indicative and subjunctive mood in impersonal expressions with the verb ser from a Cognitive Grammar perspective of linguistic analysis. The analysis shows that the variation between the indicative and subjunctive mood in this grammatical context can be explained in terms of dominion and control. An extension of the analysis further shows that it may account for the occurrence of the subjunctive mood in other grammatical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called 'Adams' Thesis' is often understood as the claim that the assertibility of an indicative conditional equals the corresponding conditional probability-schematically: The Thesis is taken by many to be a touchstone of any theorizing about indicative conditionals. Yet it is unclear exactly what the Thesis is. I suggest some precise statements of it. I then rebut a number of arguments that have been given in its favor. Finally, I offer a new argument against it. I appeal to an old triviality result of mine against 'Stalnaker's Thesis' that the probability of a conditional equals the corresponding conditional probability. I showed that for all finite-ranged probability functions, there are strictly more distinct values of conditional probabilities than there are distinct values of probabilities of conditionals, so they cannot all be paired up as Stalnaker's Thesis promises. Conditional probabilities are too fine-grained to coincide with probabilities of conditionals across the board. If the assertibilities of conditionals are to coincide with conditional probabilities across the board, then assertibilities must be finer-grained than probabilities. I contend that this is implausible-it is surely the other way round. I generalize this argument to other interpretations of ' As', including 'acceptability' and 'assentability'. I find it hard to see how any such figure of merit for conditionals can systematically align with the corresponding conditional probabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an investigation of the different functions of the suffix -bi in Manipuri. It gives different shades of meanings in different environments. Generally the suffix -bi denotes the benefactive and request meanings but there are also extended meanings which indicate persuasive, less polite and self-possession, suggestive and aspectual action, etc., depending upon its environments. An attempt is made in the present paper to unravel the semantic properties of the suffix -bi, which explicates many semantic nuances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]