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Nowadays there is growing demand for surveillance applications due to the safety and security from anomalous events. An anomaly in the video is referred to as an event that has some unusual behavior. Although time is required for the recognition of these anomalous events, computerized methods might help to decrease it and perform efficient prediction. However, accurate anomaly detection is still a challenge due to complex background, illumination, variations, and occlusion. To handle these challenges a method is proposed for a vision transformer convolutional recurrent neural network named ViT-CNN-RCNN model for the classification of suspicious activities based on frames and videos. The proposed pre-trained ViT-base-patch16-224-in21k model contains 224 × 224 × 3 video frames as input and converts into a 16 × 16 patch size. The ViT-base-patch16-224-in21k has a patch embedding layer, ViT encoder, and ViT transformer layer having 11 blocks, layer-norm, and ViT pooler. The ViT model is trained on selected learning parameters such as 20 training epochs, and 10 batch-size to categorize the input frames into thirteen different classes such as robbery, fighting, shooting, stealing, shoplifting, Arrest, Arson, Abuse, exploiting, Road Accident, Burglary, and Vandalism. The CNN-RNN sequential model is designed to process sequential data, that contains an input layer, GRU layer, GRU-1 Layer and Dense Layer. This model is trained on optimal hyperparameters such as 32 video frame sizes, 30 training epochs, and 16 batch-size for classification into corresponding class labels. The proposed model is evaluated on UNI-crime and UCF-crime datasets. The experimental outcomes conclude that the proposed approach better performed as compared to recently published works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work analyzes the biochemical composition and the influence of some abiotic factors on cells of Nitzschia sp. strains at different stages of the life cycle. The results of the experiment showed the ability of cells to grow in the salinity range of 10–60‰ at the pre-reproductive stage and in the range of 4–60‰ at the reproductive stage which indicates a relatively wide salinity tolerance of the studied species. The optimal salinity (25‰) and illumination (2.95 klx) for a 12-h photoperiod were found to be the same for both parent and daughter cells. The light saturation coefficient for them was 1.4 klx, indicating high energy efficiency of photosynthesis. Analysis of the biochemical composition of two Nitzschia sp. strains in the reproductive and pre-reproductive stages of the life cycle was carried out. During the accumulative cultivation a high content of monoenoic and polyenoic acids was observed. In general, the amount of saturated fatty acids (UFAs) was higher in parental cells, and the amount of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) was higher in post-initial cells. The quantity of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was almost the same in both cultures. The ω-6/ω-3 ratio showed a predominance of ω-3 fatty acids in both parental and daughter strains. Nitzschia sp. represents an interest for biotechnology given its biochemical composition and fairly high energy efficiency when grown in culture. However, it is extremely important to take into account the phase of the life cycle of the strains in order to obtain individual valuable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waqfeyah is a document that informs the procedures and principles of a foundation and contains information such as what the donated goods are, who will benefit from them, and how and to whom and what amount will be paid. While waqfeyahs reflect the cultural, social, legal and economic structure of the period to which they belong, they are also important documents that reveal book arts practices such as calligraphy, illumination, marbling and binding. The art of illumination, which is one of the manuscript book arts, was generally applied in the past to embellish religious, literary and scientific manuscripts such as Mushaf, delâilü'l-hayrât, important manuscripts such as tughras, edicts and waqfeyahs. In this research, it is aimed to examine the illuminations in the waqfeyah cash book numbered 1444, which includes seven waqfeyahs belonging to Sultan III. Mustafa's daughter Beyhan Sultan. The technical, motif, color and composition features of the illuminated pages in seven waqfeyahs were determined, and the findings were interpreted in appropriate tables. As a result of the research, it has been understood that the colors, motifs and techniques used in the decoration of the foundation cash book numbered 1444, dated to the XIX. century, reflect the illumination characteristics of the period to which it belongs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Materiały Budowlane is the property of Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Significant variations in the way objects appear across different viewing conditions pose a challenge to the view that they have some true, determinate color. This view would seem to require that we break the symmetry between multiple appearances in favor of a single variant. A wide range of philosophical and non-philosophical writers have held that the symmetry can be broken by appealing to daylight viewing conditions---that the appearances of objects in daylight have a stronger, and perhaps unique, claim to reveal their true colors. In this note we argue that, whatever else its merits, this appeal to daylight is not a satisfactory answer to the problem posed by perceptual variation.

This study investigates the impact of ambient conditions on the performance of P3HT/Ru-dye/nc-TiO2 solar cells (TLSCs). It has been found that the increase of temperature and irradiation duration affect on the parameters of TLSCs. When the temperature was increased from 293 k to 393 k , the short circuit current density (Jsc ) and open circuit voltgae (Voc) decrease from 2.2 to 1.7 mA/cm2 and 0.7 V to 0.5 V respectively. That is attributed to the effect of high temperature on recombination of photo-generated charges and reduction of shunt resistance (Rsh ) in the TLSC. Moreover, we also present the effect of irradiation duration on performance of the TLSCs. The measurement reveals that Jsc decreased by 0.5 mA/cm2 while Voc decreased by ~ 0.18 V during 4800 s illumination. This decrease suggests the filling of traps or defects at the interface with photo-genertated charges. Finally, the maximum output power of TLSCs dropped by almost half within 6 days during a 20-day test because of affecting atmosphere moisture on the interface properties between dye/ nc-TiO2 and P3HT.

The co-cultivation of mammalian cells with microalgae is an innovative concept to overcome one major limitation in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: shortage of oxygen. Under illumination, photosynthetically active microalgae can produce oxygen, consequently increasing the potential construct dimension. In such co-cultures, mammalian cells are exposed to light, which does not reflect their natural conditions and can negatively influence their viability and functionality. In this study, 3D extrusion bioprinted pancreatic murine Islets of Langerhans should be co-cultivated with the bioprinted green microalgae species Scenedesmus sp. to improve the oxygen supply of the Islets in a potential insulin-producing implant. After defining the microalgae partner and a suitable co-culture medium that supported the functionality of both cell types, the focus was put on the effects of long-term red, blue and white light illumination on this system. First, the direct influence of light of different wavelengths on both microalgae and different mammalian cell types was investigated to find an ideal illumination regime, followed by an investigation into the influence of light on the culture medium. It was found that long-term exposure to blue or white light is detrimental to mammalian cells itself as well as the medium, while long-wave light has no effect on the function of mammalian cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suhrawardi's Isyraqiyah philosophy emerged as a critique of the perceived limitations within Aristotelian peripatetic philosophy. This study investigates the enduring significance of Suhrawardi’s teachings and their relevance in contemporary philosophical discourse. Employing a qualitative research methodology and an extensive literature review, we analyze Suhrawardi's philosophical contributions towards understanding the complexities of existence. Our findings highlight how Isyraqiyah philosophy promotes tranquility and contemplation, offering a blend of philosophical and spiritual reasoning. This philosophy provides profound insights into the multifaceted nature of existence, guiding individuals in navigating contemporary challenges. Thus, Suhrawardi's Isyraqiyah philosophy remains a vital source of enlightenment and guidance, offering a robust framework for philosophical and spiritual contemplation in modern contexts.

In many countries, especially in the Islamic geography, there are many mushafs from the early periods. Most of these mushafs are attributed to the third caliph, Hazrat Uthman, but there are also mushafs claimed to be by the fourth caliph, Hazrat Ali. Since he presided over the reproduction of the mushafs during his caliphate, the possibility of the existence of a mushaf belonging to Hazrat Uthman can be considered reasonable. On the other hand, the claim that Hazrat Ali has a surviving mushaf raises many questions. In this study, one of the mushafs attributed to Hazrat Ali, the mushaf with inventory number 458 in the Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts, is analyzed. The Mushaf is analyzed in terms of its attribution to Hazrat Ali, its formal and historical characteristics. Because early mushafs can contain many important data such as calligraphy, illumination, information on the beginning of the sūrah, and end-of-verse signs. In addition, the extent to which the principles of qiraat and rasm al-mushaf were taken into account in the spelling of the manuscripts can also provide new and remarkable information in these fields. The Qiraat and official mushaf aspects of the Mushaf will be the subject of a separate and comprehensive study. For this reason, the Mushaf, which is the subject of this study in terms of its formal, historical and attribution to Hazrat Ali, was written in kufic calligraphy and then dots were placed to determine the irab and letters. Considering all the features of the mushaf, which is also quite sufficient in terms of illumination elements, it is concluded that it was written in the middle of the second century of Hijri. In addition, it is seen that it is not possible for it to have belonged to Hazrat Ali both in terms of its characteristics and the date it was written

This paper sheds light on the manufacturing processes, techniques, and materials used in the splendid illuminations of the oldest surviving copy of De Balneis Puteolanis, preserved at the Angelica Library in Rome (Ms. 1474). The codex is one of the masterpieces of mid-13th-century Italian-Southern illumination, traditionally referred to as the commission of Manfredi, son of Frederick II. The findings reported in the article result from the interdisciplinary study conducted in 2021–2023 in the framework of “Codex 4D: journey in four dimensions into the manuscript”, a multidisciplinary project involving many competences and dealing with art-historical studies on manuscripts, diagnostic and conservative analyses, scientific dissemination, storytelling, and public engagement. The considerations we present aims at increasing the knowledge of book artefacts while respecting their extraordinary complexity; data from non-invasive diagnostic investigations (X-ray fluorescence, Vis-NIR reflectance and Raman spectroscopies, hyperspectral imaging, and multi-band imaging techniques as ultraviolet, reflectography, and thermography), carried out in situ with portable instruments on the book, have been integrated with observations resulting from the historical-artistic study, and the reading of some ancient treatises on the production and use of the pigments and dyes employed in illumination.

This paper sheds light on the manufacturing processes, techniques, and materials used in the splendid illuminations of the oldest surviving copy of De Balneis Puteolanis, preserved at the Angelica Library in Rome (Ms. 1474). The codex is one of the masterpieces of mid-13th-century Italian-Southern illumination, traditionally referred to as the commission of Manfredi, son of Frederick II. The findings reported in the article result from the interdisciplinary study conducted in 2021–2023 in the framework of "Codex 4D: journey in four dimensions into the manuscript", a multidisciplinary project involving many competences and dealing with art-historical studies on manuscripts, diagnostic and conservative analyses, scientific dissemination, storytelling, and public engagement. The considerations we present aims at increasing the knowledge of book artefacts while respecting their extraordinary complexity; data from non-invasive diagnostic investigations (X-ray fluorescence, Vis-NIR reflectance and Raman spectroscopies, hyperspectral imaging, and multi-band imaging techniques as ultraviolet, reflectography, and thermography), carried out in situ with portable instruments on the book, have been integrated with observations resulting from the historical-artistic study, and the reading of some ancient treatises on the production and use of the pigments and dyes employed in illumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 16th century, when the Ottoman Empire reached its widest territorial extent, was a period of political strength and cultural and artistic peak. Valuing art and artists, the sultans became pioneers of development in architecture, book arts, and ornamentation. Turkish Arts, with each branch influencing the other, experienced significant developments during the reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, resulting in numerous works that have survived to the present day. Significant advancements in calligraphy and illumination art reflect the artistic understanding and taste of the period. Among the works produced during this period, illuminated Qur'ans, Tughra (imperial monograms), decrees, imperial edicts, and endowment deeds stand out. While the imperial monograms, known as Tughra, were initially used in a simple script in their early examples, they transformed into art pieces adorned with 16th-century illumination art. The Tughra of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent was chosen as the subject of research the research because it has an important value in terms of illumination art with its ornamental features of the period, design, motifs, colors and the way it is applied. The Tughra's examination involved obtaining visuals from the library, determining its illumination features, creating exact drawings, and conducting analyses. The motifs used in the ornamentation were individually drawn and compiled into a table. The styles and techniques employed in ornamentation were explained, and information about the historical development of the Tughra was provided. The diversity of motifs, compositional integrity, and craftsmanship in the Tughra's ornamentation reflect the 16th-century illumination style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the political, religious and cultural development of the Turkish State, its artistic development continued in every period. Turks, who lived as a nomadic community, started to settle down and first developed in the field of architecture due to the need for shelter. Certain branches of art have been used in interior and exterior spaces to beautify architectural structures. The development of art, the formation of cultural infrastructure, and developments in the fields of science have been pioneers in the development of art throughout history. “Religion” is another element that determines, develops and directs art in societies. Depicting religious rituals and decorating holy books and places of worship can be seen in all beliefs. In Turks, religion's influence on art, especially book arts, started with the acceptance of Islam during the Karakhanid period. Desire to write and decorate the Holy Quran more beautifully; It is the most important factor in the development of book arts such as calligraphy, illumination and binding. Decorative arts showed a significant development in the Seljuk period after the Karakhanids. In both the decorations of the Seljuk Period (1040-1308) and the Mamluk Period (1250-1517); Geometric and rumi composition dominates. Although the same motifs were preferred in both periods, it becomes clear when examined that there is a stylistic difference. In this study; Examples of architectural structures from the Seljuk and Mamluk periods were given and the illuminations in selected manuscripts were examined and analyzed. The styles, compositions, motifs, colors and other elements used in the illuminations were evaluated comparatively and the similarities and differences between the two periods were revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ideological valence of atmosphere, grounding the notion of interpellation in investigating the widely welcomed light shows at Civic Centre in Shenzhen, China. Combining theoretical development and empirical research, this paper examines how these light shows generated particular atmospheres that impinged upon the formation of spectators' subjectivity. In a time when atmospheric staging is widely adopted to engineer urban space and events, ideological interpellation has become increasingly atmospherically diffused. Meanwhile, material contingencies and lived varieties of atmosphere also condition and potentially disturb the communication of ideological messages. Atmosphere thus needs to be considered in terms of its conceived, perceived and lived dimensions. This paper draws from Henri Lefebvre's space triad and rhythmanalysis to outline a framework for tracing the production of atmosphere, and applies it to empirical data to illustrate how light shows at Civic Centre generated ideological appeals through the atmospheric constellation of content, environmental materiality and subjects. It is through atmosphere that we grasp and imagine what the world is. In critical response to atmospheric interpellation, new modes of the reproduction of life derive not from an atmospheric outside but precisely through a reorientation from within. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Donghua University (English Edition) is the property of Journal of Donghua University Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Light controls the developmental, physiological, morphological, and metabolic responses of many fungi. Most fungi respond primarily to blue, red, and green light through their respective photoreceptors. In this study, a screening of different light wavelengths' effects on submerged Pleurotus ostreatus cultivation in baffled flasks was conducted. P. ostreatus growth was not inhibited in all tested conditions, while an equal or higher protein content was observed in comparison with dark conditions. Red and green light favored exopolysaccharide (EPS) production while red and blue light favored intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) production. To focus on EPS production, the effect of red and green light wavelengths on the production of the polysaccharide via submerged cultivation of P. ostreatus LGAM 1123 was tested. Submerged cultivation using red light in baffled flasks resulted in EPS production of 4.1 ± 0.4 g/L and IPS content of 23.1 ± 1.4% of dry weight (dw), while green light resulted in EPS production of 4.1 ± 0.2 g/L and 44.8 ± 5.2% dw IPS content. Similar production levels were achieved in a 3.5 L bioreactor using red light. The EPS produced using red light revealed a polysaccharide with a higher antioxidant activity compared to the polysaccharides produced by green light. In addition, the analysis of the crude polysaccharides has shown differences in biochemical composition. The structural differences and β glucan's existence in the crude polysaccharides were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. Overall, these polysaccharides could be used in the food industry as they can enhance the functional health-promoting, physicochemical, and sensory properties of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Art-E is the property of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Fine Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Art-E is the property of Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Fine Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Illumination characteristics of flexible ureteroscopes have been evaluated in air, but not in saline, the native operative medium for endourology. The aim was to evaluate light properties of contemporary ureteroscopes in air versus saline, light distribution analysis, and color temperature. Methods: We evaluated the Storz Flex-Xc and Flex-X2s, Olympus V3 and P7, Pusen 7.5F and 9.2F, and OTU WiScope using a 3D printed black target board in-vitro model submerged in saline. A spectrometer was used for lux and color temperature measurements at different opening locations. Results: Illuminance was higher in saline compared to air (5679 vs. 5205 lx with Flex-Xc, p = 0.02). Illuminance in saline differed between ureteroscopes (ANOVA p < 0.001), with highest for the Flex-Xc at 100% brightness setting (5679 lx), followed by Pusen 9.2F (5280 lx), Flex-X2s (4613 lx), P7 (4371 lx), V3 (2374 lx), WiScope (582 lx) and finally Pusen 7.5F (255 lx). The same ranking was found at 50% brightness setting, with the highest ureteroscope illuminance value 34 times that of the scope with lowest illuminance. Most scopes had maximum illuminance off center, with skewness. Three scopes had two light sources, with one light source for all other scopes. Inter-scope comparisons revealed significant differences of color temperature (ANOVA p < 0.001). Conclusion: The study demonstrates the presence of inhomogeneous light spread as well as large differences in illumination properties of ureteroscopes, possibly impacting on the performance of individual scopes in vivo. Additionally, the study suggests that future studies on illumination characteristics of flexible ureteroscopes should ideally be done in saline, and no longer in air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local actions of stressors induce electrical signals (ESs), influencing photosynthetic processes and probably increasing tolerance to adverse factors in higher plants. However, the participation of well-known depolarization ESs (action potentials and variation potentials) in these responses seems to be rare under natural conditions, particularly in the case of variation potentials, which are induced by extreme stressors (e.g., burning). Earlier, we showed that the local action of moderate heating and illumination can induce low-amplitude hyperpolarization ESs influencing photosynthetic light reactions in wheat plants cultivated in a vegetation room. In the current work, we analyzed ESs and changes in photosynthetic light reactions and drought tolerance that were induced by a combination of moderate heating and illumination in wheat plants cultivated under open-ground conditions. It was shown that the local heating and illumination induced low-amplitude ESs, and the type of signal (depolarization or hyperpolarization) was dependent on distance from the irritated zone and wheat age. Induction of depolarization ESs was not accompanied by photosynthetic changes in plants under favorable conditions or under weak drought. In contrast, the changes were observed after induction of these signals under moderate drought. Increasing drought tolerance was also observed in the last case. Thus, low-amplitude ESs can participate in photosynthetic regulation and increase tolerance to drought in plants cultivated under open-ground conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Person pose transfer has shown great application prospects and potential in recent years. However, this research mainly focuses on posture transfer and does not pay much attention to other human body attributes. In addition, there are problems such as blurred facial expressions and inconsistent facial texture. In order to solve these problems and improve user experience, this paper proposes a multi-feature transfer person image generation model, which combines facial expression transfer and pose transfer and completes the lighting reconstruction of person images. Our model can simultaneously migrate and supplement facial expressions while migrating a person’s posture, ensuring the consistency of characters’ overall migration. Our model can freely switch personal body lighting to adapt to different scenes, greatly improving the user experience. The experimental results show that our method’s preservation rate for face identity is improved by nearly 35% compared with the benchmark, and the similarity index for the overall person body is improved by nearly 14%. The evaluation results indicate that our method performs well in person posture transfer. The experimental results show that the proposed method is superior to the existing algorithms in person posture transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To systematically assess the influence of ambient light on the accuracy and scanning time of intraoral scanning. Study selection: The present systematic review (CRD 42022346672) was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) and was performed based on the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020. Electronic searches were conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE, complemented by gray literature, references, and citations of the included studies. The primary outcome was accuracy, and the scanning time was a secondary outcome. Owing to the high heterogeneity, the pooled data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Six in vitro and two in vivo experiments were performed. Three in vitro studies reported both the accuracy and scanning time of the intraoral scans, whereas the remaining studies exclusively evaluated the accuracy. The studies mainly investigated the influence of illumination levels (0-11000 lux) on intraoral scanning. Intraoral scans revealed optimal accuracy at 1000-lux illumination for complete-arch dentition scans, whereas the influence of illumination levels on 4-unit or shorter scans was not clinically significant. The intraoral scans obtained using confocal microscopy were less affected by the illumination levels than those obtained using the active triangulation technique. Furthermore, the scanning time tended to increase with increasing illumination. Conclusions: Evidently from the limited number of studies conducted, ambient light illumination had considerable influence on the accuracy and scanning time of intraoral scanning, which appeared to be related to the scanning range and imaging technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we deduce and analyze the relationship between the back working distance and the design difficulty of the telecentric and reverse‐telephoto system in detail, and propose an innovative design idea for the LCoS projection system to solve this limitation. By employing optical path multiplexing in the imaging and illumination systems, the back working distance is reduced, leading to improved imaging performance and reduced system volume. Furthermore, a novel illumination system design method utilizing an independent eccentric microlens array is proposed for the new system configuration. This method achieves comparable illuminating quality with fewer elements and a smaller overall size compared to conventional approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an ongoing transition towards the use of Light Emitting Diodes, more knowledge is needed on which light settings optimise sustainability parameters in pig production. We studied the effects of four light intensities on social, environmental and economic sustainability indicators, including ammonia emissions, space use, pen fouling, weight gain, carcass quality, perception of the stockkeeper, costs of the light system, and use of drinking water, electricity and medicines. Light treatments included a low (45 lux), medium (198 lux) and high (968 lux) uniform intensity, and a spatial gradient treatment ranging from 71 lux in the front to 330 lux in the back of each pen. The latter treatment aimed to improve the space use of functional areas. A total of 448 growing-finishing pigs were studied on a commercial farm using two consecutive batches of four rooms containing eight pens with seven pigs. Light intensity influenced some aspects of space use and pen fouling. For example, the proportion of pigs lying in the resting area was higher in the high and medium light intensity treatment than in the low intensity and gradient treatment. Moreover, the high-intensity treatment resulted in more fouling with faeces in the feeding area compared with the low-intensity and the gradient treatment. Ammonia emissions were higher in the gradient than in the low intensity treatment (not measured in medium and high intensity treatment). Furthermore, light intensity did not affect weight gain, carcass quality, water use and medicine use. The stockkeeper was content to work in all light conditions, but slightly preferred the medium intensity due to optimal visibility. Concerning economic performance, the costs of the light system and electricity use increased in the following order: low intensity, gradient, medium intensity, and high intensity. In conclusion, contrary to expectation the spatial gradient did not notably improve space use or reduce pen fouling, but rather increased ammonia emissions in comparison with uniform light. This is likely because the gradient could not be applied in an optimal way in the existing housing conditions. Among the other sustainability indicators, mainly electricity use and costs of the light system differed per treatment. These aspects can be improved by further optimising the number of light sources needed per pen to achieve the targeted intensities.

Illuminated bridges have become important assets to navigable aquatic systems. However, if artificial light at night (ALAN) from illuminated bridges reaches aquatic habitats, such as rivers, it can threaten the river's natural heterogeneity and alter the behavioural responses of migratory fish. Here, via a pilot study, we quantified levels of ALAN at illuminated bridges that cross a river and, propose a conceptual model to estimate its potential implications on two migrating fish species with contrasting life histories. Night-time light measurements on the river Spree in Berlin were performed continuously along a transect and in detail at seven illuminated bridges. Photometric data of the pilot study showed rapidly increased and decreased light levels at several illuminated bridges from which we derived several model illumination scenarios. These illumination scenarios and their potential effect on migrating Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar) and European silver eel (Anguilla anguilla) are presented as a conceptual model, considering illuminated bridges as behavioural barriers to fish migration. ALAN's adverse effects on freshwater habitats must be better researched, understood, managed, and properly communicated to develop future sustainable lighting practices and policies that preserve riverscapes and their biodiversity.

Abstract Background Tail biting (TB) is a welfare issue with economic consequences due to infections and ill-thrift. This study aimed to reduce tail injuries in a high-performing non-tail-docking pig herd. Results During eleven years preceding the trial, the annual incidence of tail injuries registered at slaughter in pigs from the herd increased from 3% (equivalent to the national mean) to 10%. It was positively correlated to a high weight gain and negatively correlated to daylight length. The overall incidence of tail injuries during the four years preceding the trial was 9.2% with significant differences between four identically structured buildings for fatteners (I

Abstract This study utilised a mixed culture of Chlorella vulgaris and bacteria from sludge to treat synthetic tannery wastewater (STWW) in modified stirred-tank photobioreactors (MSTPBRs). The MSTPBRs were fabricated locally and operated at irradiance value of 580 µmol/m2s supplied by red light-emitting diodes at 12:12 light–dark cycles and 100 ± 1 rpm continuous stirring. In each case, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L concentrations of STWW were inoculated with mixed culture of microalgae and bacteria in three MSTPBRs, with the control MSTPBR operating at 50 mg/L of STWW. Chromium concentrations were measured using colorimeter whilst Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated possible Cr biosorption. Maximum Cr (VI) and total Cr removal efficiencies of 93 and 94% were achieved, with more than 78% total Cr recovery. Results from FTIR suggested involvement of Chlorella vulgaris in the Cr biosorption. The hybrid microalgae-bacteria system efficiently treated tannery wastewater with considerable Cr removal efficiencies. The potentials of the system in treating tannery wastewater in larger scale may require further investigation.

Modern neural networks have made great strides in recognising objects in images and are widely used in defect detection. However, the output of a neural network strongly depends on both the training dataset and the conditions under which the image was acquired for analysis. We have developed a software–hardware method for evaluating the effect of variable lighting on the results of defect recognition using a neural network model. The proposed approach allows us to analyse the recognition results of an existing neural network model and identify the optimal range of illumination at which the desired defects are recognised most consistently. For this purpose, we analysed the variability in quantitative parameters (area and orientation) of damage obtained at different degrees of illumination for two different light sources: LED and conventional incandescent lamps. We calculated each image's average illuminance and quantitative parameters of recognised defects. Each set of parameters represents the results of defect recognition for a particular illuminance level of a given light source. The proposed approach allows the results obtained using different light sources and illumination levels to be compared and the optimal source type/illuminance level to be figured out. This makes implementing a defect detection environment that allows the best recognition accuracy and the most controlled product quality possible. An analysis of a steel sheet surface showed that the best recognition result was achieved at an illuminance of ~200 lx. An illuminance of less than ~150 lx does not allow most defects to be recognised, whereas an illuminance larger than ~250 lx increases the number of small objects that are falsely recognised as defects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The veneration and love shown to scholars and artists by the Ottoman sultans led to the adopting of the patronage of science and art as a state tradition. At the same time, the sultans, who were themselves artists and highly developed intellectual faculties, ensured the emergence of cultural and artistic environments with strong influences. One of the most important results of this issue is the preparation of valuable artefacts with the positive developments in the book arts. In this study, the illumination of the work titled Djong-i Davāvīn with SK. Hagia Sophia 3945 inventory, which was prepared to be presented to Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, who came to the forefront with his patronage of science and art as well as his other strong qualities, is discussed in the context of the naive style that was effective in shaping the illumination art of the period. In the study’s introduction, the concept of art patronage is discussed through examples from the Ottoman sultans. Then, the culture-art environment of the Fâtih Period is presented within the framework of the Sultan’s art patronage. Immediately afterwards, the art of illumination of the Fâtih Period and the effective illumination schools in this period were explained. Afterwards, the illumination features of the work are evaluated in the context of Naive Style. It has been observed that the work mentioned above has an ornamentation programme that reflects all the characteristics of the naive school in terms of general design features, application techniques, colours and motives used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backlit image enhancement is a challenging research problem in image processing and computer vision. The complexity of enhancing backlit images is that they simultaneously contain bright and dark intensity regions. Existing state-of-the-art methods usually have low contrast enhancement in the dark regions, are prone to color distortion in the background or noise amplification, and have high computational complexity. Inspired by its potentiality, this paper applies region segmentation and a transfer learning-based approach to enhance the contrast of the dark regions in backlit images using multi-illumination mappings. In the proposed framework, gamma and log transform functions are applied to achieve a varied set of illumination-map to improve the brightness and contrast of the backlit image. The average results of the validation metrics of the proposed method for contrast measure (CM), entropy (E), CM/E ratio, and SSIM are 8.10, 7.52, 1.07, and 0.58, respectively. The experimental results corroborate that the proposed method demonstrates superior performance to state-of-the-art methods both subjectively and objectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the efficient use of daylight in sustainable architectural design and energy conservation are increasing. Indoor lighting methods include daylighting, artificial, and integrated lighting. Basic priorities in lighting are such as "effective use of daylight", "uniform illumination in space", "glare control", "visual connection with the external environment" and "daylight harvesting." Advanced contemporary systems include light shelves and light tubes. Light shelves consist of horizontal or slightly angled elements that can be applied to the inner and outer surfaces of the window openings, usually at eye level, to block the daylight or to reflect it to the ceiling, integrated with the facade, or added later. In this research, light shelves, which is one of the advanced daylighting methods, are emphasized. Daylight analysis method was carried out with the help of a physical model and computer simulation techniques using DiaLux software. To effectively utilize the daylight factor in the internal volume through light shelf, certain parameters such as the height and angle of the light shelf, date and time, and direction of the room's opening, play a crucial role. In daylight analyzes, these parameters were subjected to experimental testing both in physical models and through computer simulations. As a result of the comparison of the obtained data, alternatives that will provide the opportunity to benefit from daylight in the most effective way have been identified. The results obtained have unique value and widespread impact in terms of sustainable architecture and energy saving. The study's originality lies in its specific measurements of the latitude in which it is located, as it is the first time the study is conducted under Eskisehir's conditions. In addition, the examination of the advantages and disadvantages of the light shelf in specific combinations is another original side of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While modern rendering systems are efficient for modeling complex light paths in complex environments, the rendering of refractive caustics still takes a long time. Caustics are light patterns that occur when light is refracted and reflected from a surface. Due to an irregular density distribution of these specular events, rendering algorithms mainly rely on direct sampling of the bidirectional dispersion distribution function on these surfaces to plot trajectories. This requires a lot of calculations. Photonic maps are also used. However, there are difficulties that limit the applicability of caustic maps. Since each photon in the photon buffer must be processed, one has to choose between a strongly underestimated caustic sampling and a large decrease in speed in order to use a sufficient number of photons for caustics in order to obtain high-quality images. Complex specular interactions cause oversampling in bright focal areas, while other areas of the caustic map remain undersampled and noisy. At the same time, speed takes precedence over realism in most interactive applications. However, the desire to improve the quality of graphics prompted the development of various fast approximations for realistic lighting. This paper presents a combined method for rendering refraction of light and caustics using backward integration for illumination and direct integration for viewing rays. An approach for simultaneous propagation of light and for tracking rays in a volume is used; therefore, it does not require storing data of an intermediate volume of illumination. In the implementation of this method, the distance between the light planes is set to one voxel, which provides at least one sample per voxel for all orientations. The method does not use preliminary calculations, and all rendering parameters can be changed interactively. As a result, using the proposed method, it is possible to create plausible approximations of complex phenomena, such as refractions and caustics. The effect of refraction on the shadow is shown. Complex light patterns occurring due to the curved geometry of objects are demonstrated. The visualization results show the importance of refraction for the appearance of transparent objects, e.g., the effect distortions caused by refraction in the medium and refraction on the interfaces between media. The difference in refractive indices between different media causes a complex interaction between light and shadow areas. It is shown how refraction and caustics improve rendering of functionally defined objects by providing additional information about their shape and location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional quality of microalgae used as feed in larviculture is essential to improve shrimp production. Penaeus vannamei larvae were fed with the microalga Thalassiosira pseudonana produced with irradiation by light-emitting diode (LED) or fluorescent lights and evaluated for survival, weight, and molting time from Nauplius V to Zoea III. At the harvest production level, the microalgae density and biomass were estimated, and total lipid content and fatty acids profile as nutritional quality were evaluated. The density of the microalgae did not differ significantly, but biomass and the content of lipids with LED lights were significantly higher (0.27±0.05 mg L-1, 17.11±7.30%) in comparison with fluorescent lights (0.17±0.05 mg L-1, 4.7±1.2%). Docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid concentrations were higher in the microalgae produced with LED, however eicosapentaenoic acid and ten other fatty acids did not differ between treatments. The average individual weight of Zoea III differed between treatments (LED lights = 7.9±0.6 μg and fluorescent lights = 6.3±0.5 μg), and the molting time to Zoea III was 9 h shorter when fed with microalgae from LED, while survival was higher at 83.9±0.9% LED versus 78.4±1.5% fluorescent lights. The nutritional quality of fatty acids and lipids from T. pseudonana under exposure to LED lights improves the production and performance of P. vannamei zoeal larvae than when fed with T. pseudonana irradiated with fluorescent lights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most perplexing of John's theological riddles is question of salvific universalism and particularity. John is both the greatest biblical source of Christian universalism and the greatest source of Christian exclusivity. After all, the Johannine Overture affirms universal access to the saving–revealing Light of Christ, declaring: "The true light, which enlightens everyone, was coming into the world!" (Jn 1:9). What else could this mean, other than to affirm that every person has saving access to the divine Light of Christ? And yet, Jesus also declares in John 14:6, "I am the way, and the truth, and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me!" What could this mean, other than to assert that there is only one means of access to God, and that it involves saving belief in Jesus as the Christ? Sorting out the apparent contradictions within these tensions is the goal of the present essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An illuminated bridge can create a light barrier when it embodies unnatural light variations with increased and decreased light levels. • The natural heterogeneity of a river can be adversely affected by illuminated bridges that create light barriers. • An illuminated bridge can cause a pitfall effect where fish are bound to a small area, resulting from their responses to light stimuli. • The unnatural presence and absence of light can create a behavioural barrier for migrating fish. Illuminated bridges have become important assets to navigable aquatic systems. However, if artificial light at night (ALAN) from illuminated bridges reaches aquatic habitats, such as rivers, it can threaten the river's natural heterogeneity and alter the behavioural responses of migratory fish. Here, via a pilot study, we quantified levels of ALAN at illuminated bridges that cross a river and, propose a conceptual model to estimate its potential implications on two migrating fish species with contrasting life histories. Night-time light measurements on the river Spree in Berlin were performed continuously along a transect and in detail at seven illuminated bridges. Photometric data of the pilot study showed rapidly increased and decreased light levels at several illuminated bridges from which we derived several model illumination scenarios. These illumination scenarios and their potential effect on migrating Atlantic salmon smolts (Salmo salar) and European silver eel (Anguilla anguilla) are presented as a conceptual model, considering illuminated bridges as behavioural barriers to fish migration. ALAN's adverse effects on freshwater habitats must be better researched, understood, managed, and properly communicated to develop future sustainable lighting practices and policies that preserve riverscapes and their biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indoor lighting environment has an impact on people's physiology, psychology, cognition, and other aspects, thus affecting people's work tasks and work efficiency. This paper studies the effects of different color temperature and illumination conditions on cognitive processing depth. The experimental results show that different screen brightness has significant influence on information processing ability under three light environments: dark, white and yellow. The performance of tasks with different processing depth is different under different light environmental conditions. High brightness display and color matching style of night vision interface is recommended in dark environment. High brightness display is recommended in yellow light environment; In white light, medium brightness display and white interface matching style are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilised a mixed culture of Chlorella vulgaris and bacteria from sludge to treat synthetic tannery wastewater (STWW) in modified stirred-tank photobioreactors (MSTPBRs). The MSTPBRs were fabricated locally and operated at irradiance value of 580 µmol/m2s supplied by red light-emitting diodes at 12:12 light–dark cycles and 100 ± 1 rpm continuous stirring. In each case, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L concentrations of STWW were inoculated with mixed culture of microalgae and bacteria in three MSTPBRs, with the control MSTPBR operating at 50 mg/L of STWW. Chromium concentrations were measured using colorimeter whilst Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated possible Cr biosorption. Maximum Cr (VI) and total Cr removal efficiencies of 93 and 94% were achieved, with more than 78% total Cr recovery. Results from FTIR suggested involvement of Chlorella vulgaris in the Cr biosorption. The hybrid microalgae-bacteria system efficiently treated tannery wastewater with considerable Cr removal efficiencies. The potentials of the system in treating tannery wastewater in larger scale may require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible light communication (VLC) is one of the fastest wireless communication systems compatible with 5G and beyond. Therefore, it was necessary to employ rapid modulation systems compatible with intensity modulation / direct detection (IM / DD), such as Flip-FBMC modulation technology. The distribution of illumination units across the entirety of the room poses the greatest difficulty for the VLC distribution system. Previous models suffered from dark spots or blind spots in the center of the room, which is the user's mobility area, as well as high power consumption, which is one of the most influential factors influencing the system. This is the first instance in which the illumination units are distributed in new locations by five lights installed in the ceiling in order to eradicate dark spots by using a laser diode (LD) instead of an LED due to its high-intensity illumination. The optimal semi-angle and field of view were calculated to be 43o and 45o, respectively, in order to obtain the best results in terms of the received optical power and the preferred performance of the SNR distribution in comparison to the previous models, as well as to improve the power consumption of the illumination units. using the optimal values of the semi-angle at 43° and FOV at 45°, the current findings indicate that Model 3 also attained the highest optical power received and the best SNR distribution performance compared to the previous models. In this way, a complete illuminate distribution is obtained for the room. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tail biting (TB) is a welfare issue with economic consequences due to infections and ill-thrift. This study aimed to reduce tail injuries in a high-performing non-tail-docking pig herd. Results: During eleven years preceding the trial, the annual incidence of tail injuries registered at slaughter in pigs from the herd increased from 3% (equivalent to the national mean) to 10%. It was positively correlated to a high weight gain and negatively correlated to daylight length. The overall incidence of tail injuries during the four years preceding the trial was 9.2% with significant differences between four identically structured buildings for fatteners (I < II < III < IV). The feed was enriched with amino acids, minerals and fibres. The buildings used different illumination strategies, I: standard fluorescent tubes with an invisible flickering light of 30–40% for 14 h daily, II: non-flickering led light for 14 h daily, III (control) and IV: standard fluorescent tubes for 2 h daily. IV had free access to manipulable material (hay-silage), while I–III was offered 100–200 g daily. During the adaptation period (6 months), the incidence of tail injuries decreased significantly in all buildings to a mean of 5.4%. The largest decrease (from 11.4 to 4.3%) was obtained in IV. During the trial period (12 months), the mean incidence of tail injuries decreased in all groups to a mean of 3.0%. There were no differences in treatment incidences of individual pigs due to TB between groups, but the use of enriched pellets due to TB in pens was lowest in II. The low incidence of tail injuries was retained during the post-trial period (6 months) when all buildings used artificial illumination for two hours per day. Conclusions: The incidence of TB in fast growing non-tail-docked pigs in the herd was successfully reduced by supplementing the feed with amino acids, minerals, vitamins and fibres. Additional manipulable material accelerated that process and non-flickering illumination may have had an impact in preventing TB. The results obtained do not support the need for tail-docking of pigs, provided that the needs of the pigs in terms of feed ingredients, stocking density and access to manipulable materials are fulfilled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jan David, S.J.'s Duodecim specula (Antwerp: Jan Moretus, 1610), an innovative emblematic treatise in twelve chapters, focuses on various kinds and degrees of specular image generated by the human soul. Each chapter responds to an opening imago , designed and engraved by Theodoor Galle, that illustrates the operations of the mirror in question. Three of the imagines, V. The Mirror of Others' Eyes , viii. The Mirror of Created Things , and X. The Mirror of Example , rather than displaying persons, actions, or things that fall under the purview of the respective mirror, instead depict the mirrored image that such a speculum is seen to reflect. Accordingly, as printed imagines that prove upon closer inspection to contain specular imagines or, better, that function as pictorial representations of particular kinds of image, these imagines imaginum (images of images) can be said to produce a trompe-l'oeil effect. They ask the reader-viewer to consider why s/he thinks s/he sees a present image when what is actually seen by the eye is a pictured image, a pictured picture, doubly mediated by the process of representation. My essay examines how and why this deceptive effect was marshaled by David as a figure of thought: by articulating the manner and meaning of these three specula in particular, he offers the reader-viewer a therapeutic antidote wherewith to combat the human propensity for idolatry and self-deception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illumination was always next to book design. Among the various schools of illumination, the Timurid School is considered a turning point in Quranic illumination, and its influence can also be seen in Safavid Quranic illuminations. On the other hand, Iran's political, economic and cultural connection with India in the Safavid era also caused the growth of Gurkanid illumination in that period. Based on this, the present qualitative research examines examples of Timurid, Safavid, and Gurkanid Qur'ans in a descriptiveanalytical way, using library sources. The aim of this article is to achieve the structure of Sharafeh in Quran illumination in two Timurid and Safavid periods and its effect on Sharafeh illuminations in Gurkanid Qurans. The main question of the article is: what visual characteristics did Sharafeh has in the Qur'anic illumination of the Timurid and Safavid periods? And what effect did these features have on Gurkanid Qur'anic Sharafeh? The concepts of Sharafeh in the Quranic illumination of the Timurid and Safavid periods are related to rays of sun light, and the illumination artists tried to make it to show in the Quran, what is clear is that Sharfeh has gone through its own evolutionary process in the Timurid and Safavid Qurans. Usually, the sharafeh of the Timurid period were of medium length and it is drawn in a single color, with a medium distance and with the design of two types of simple and productive balconies side by side. As in the Qur'an of Ibrahim Sultan, which was made in Shiraz, these characteristics are clearly evident. In the early Safavid period, due to the fact that the court paid more attention to the art of painting and the establishment of the painting in School of Tabriz II, artists painted magnificent paintings and illuminations. In the Safavid period (16th century AD), Sharafeh were drawn relatively large, single-color, medium-distanced and elaborately painted porches. In the 17th century, the Sharafeh were usually monochromatic, short and with a short and simple distance. In the meantime, it seems that Iranian artists had a great impact on Gurkanids and Indian artists gradually combined their artistic taste with Iranian artistic teachings and after a few decades achieved a more independent style of Iranian illuminations. Therefore, it can be said that the performance of sharafeh in Indian Qurans was inspired by the sharafeh of the Safavid era (16th century AD) and in the 17th century AD, unlike the Sharafeh in Iranian Qurans, it was very prolific, dense, and long. And it was more diverse and, in some versions, it was also drawn in color. The illuminators of Timurid and Safavid schools tried to use Sharafeh in Quranic illumination with a certain balance and order. Gurkanid illuminators have also been greatly influenced by these elements in decorating the Qur'an; while they also applied their tastes. Sometimes the decorations of these balconies in the Gurkanid school - especially at the end of the 17th century - are seen in an extreme form, rich, crowded and with a high variety of colors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the effects of LED white light treatment (LWT) on the storage quality of postharvest 'Zaosu' pears, as well as its role in maintaining fruit greenness and delaying senescence, pear fruits were treated with intermittent irradiation using LED white light for 12 h per day, with a light source distance of 30 ± 1 cm and a photon flux density of 151 μmoL/(m2·s) at 25 °C. The results showed that LWT preserved the postharvest quality of 'Zaosu' pear fruit by reducing weight loss and ascorbic acid degradation and promoting the ratio of sugar and organic acid. Meanwhile, LWT also substantially inhibited the respiration intensity and ethylene production during the storage process. Accordingly, the expressions of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and signaling were reduced in LWT fruit. Notably, LWT retarded the decrease in chlorophyll content of fruit by increasing the activities of enzymes associated with chlorophyll synthase. Additionally, LWT also suppressed the chlorophyll degradation-related enzymes and their gene expressions in pear peel. These findings suggest that a moderate light irradiation can delay the de-green progress and benefit post-harvest storage of 'Zaosu' pear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Power saving todays is the most important requirement, specially lighting where it consumes a sizable portion of total electric energy. Therefore, controlling the brightness of the light is necessary to save electrical energy. For achieving this, an electronic illumination control system is essential. This paper aims to design and implement a simple and low-cost illumination control system with high efficiency, based on some power semiconductor devices such as triode alternating current (TRIAC) and diode alternating current (DIAC). In this concern, the performance of the electronic illumination control system, as well, the electrical parameters (break over voltage, latching current, holding current, on-state voltage and off-state leakage current) of the proposed power devices were investigated, where it is proved that the achieved power saving of the present electronic illumination control system in the order of 27% was obtained- while retaining more than 90% of the original light intensity. Therefore, the proposed system can be applied to saving power in our daily lives.