70 results on '"illegalisms"'
Search Results
2. Une gestion plurielle des illégalismes : négociations et contradictions dans la régulation des eaux usées au Maroc
- Author
-
Pierre-Louis Mayaux, Naïma Fezza, and Zhour Bouzidi
- Subjects
illegalisms ,State regulation ,wastewater ,forbearance ,negotiation ,coercion ,moqqadem ,Political science ,Social sciences (General) ,H1-99 - Abstract
Foucaldian studies on the management of popular illegalisms tend to focus on their differential treatment by the State according to the social groups concerned. In doing so, they have been less interested in the everyday power relations, negotiations and compromises within the state that shape the regulation of illegal practices. In the case of Morocco, this article thus looks at the plural management of illegalisms -rather than their differential one- as it emerges from the interactions between a variety of public agencies concerned with the same set of extra-legal practices, and which have different positions regarding them. It does so by studying the use of untreated, and therefore highly contaminated, wastewater for small-scale market gardening in the heart of the city of Meknes.The management of these illicit water uses primarily involves local agents of the Ministry of the Interior (the moqqadems) as well as their hierarchy (qaïds, General Directorate of Local Authorities in Rabat). But it also includes other public agencies, such as the water company (RADEM), the Sebou river basin agency (ABHS) which issues water use permits, and the city of Meknès. How, then, do all these organizations interact in the management of these illegalities, and with what effects ?The fieldwork reveals that the management of illegalisms is fraught with tensions and contradictions between different segments of the state. These tensions lead to unstable compromises and frequent shifts between forbearance, negotiation and coercion. Thus, the moqqadems are structurally inclined to forbearance because of two main factors : their daily confrontation with users’ capacities of resistance, which dissuades them from repressing too harshly ; and their homology of subaltern position with the latter, which makes them sensitive to the moral economy of subsistence that animates the farmers. However, this posture of indulgence only heightens tensions with other State actors. This is particularly the case with the water company, RADEM, which sees some of its wastewater being intercepted before reaching the treatment plant, which threatens its proper functioning. RADEM officials lament the tolerance shown by the moqqadems, while also criticizing the inaction of the ABHS despite its legal mandate to verify, in collaboration with the Ministry of the Interior, the legality of water withdrawals. The municipality of Meknes is also trying to put an end to farming practices, which run counter to its strategy of setting up a “green” and recreational space in the area. These various pressures lead the moqqadems to forge shifting and uncertain compromises with the farmers, marked in particular by an attempt to invisibilize their practices in the public space. Thus, and contrary to what the literature on state indulgences generally demonstrates, the regulation of illicit practices in no way guarantees a minimally satisfactory political exchange between the rulers and the ruled. Rather, frustrations abound on both sides. Many State actors would like to see much stronger sanctions, while the moqqadems are constantly exposed to contradictory pressures, including calls for coercion, farmers' capacity to resist and adapt, and the recognition of their moral right to subsistence. As for the farmers, the perpetuation of their illicit practices does not open up any prospect of genuine development, but rather epitomizes a situation of deadlock and lack of alternative. As elsewhere, the illegal condition is experienced as a form of "degraded citizenship" : it constitutes a complex, precarious and constantly shifting combination of legality and illegality.Broadening the analysis so as to include all state actors involved in the management of illegality thus makes it possible not to presume the functionality of this management for the reproduction of the social order. The plural and often contradictory regulation of illegalisms does not necessarily nurture the gratitude and political loyalty of the public concerned. It reveals as much the precarity and instability of the compromises between the state and its subaltern populations, and the frustrations that these compromises engender.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Do funil ao labirinto: Fluxos e seletividade no sistema de justiça criminal Fluminense antes e depois da sentença.
- Author
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de Mello Neto, David Maciel
- Subjects
- *
CRIMINAL justice system , *CRIMINAL procedure , *PRISONS , *PROSECUTION , *CONTROLLED low-strength materials (Cement) , *ILLEGALITY - Abstract
We present the results of an exploratory research that tries to fill gaps in flow studies on the criminal justice system (CJS). After the introduction, we mapped the different paths and conditions that a prisoner must meet to leave prison. Then, we quantitatively describe the egression flow in a simplified version of the constructed map. Third, we move on to the qualitative analysis of a typical case of criminal prosecution and criminal execution, to end with some conclusions. Our objective, merely exploratory, is to test an approach based on the differential management of illegalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Rethinking prevention as a reactive force to contain dangerous classes.
- Author
-
Aedo, Angel and Faba, Paulina
- Subjects
- *
POLITICAL crimes & offenses , *CRIME prevention , *GENDER inequality , *EQUALITY , *HEGEMONY , *HUNGER strikes - Abstract
The pervasiveness of preventive rationality, which is especially evident in populations caught in the prison-neighbourhood circuit, constitutes a challenging field for anthropological theory because it allows us to rethink the problem of hegemony in the context of the crises of capitalism. Drawing on research conducted in Chile amongst practitioners of crime prevention programmes and prisoners' families targeted by such initiatives, in this paper, we explore crime prevention as a political concept whose effects are inseparable from the maintenance of class and gender disparities. In conceptualising how petty crime prevention has become a predominant technology of classifying, policing and managing low-income populations, we take Foucault's notion of illegalism – as distinct from illegality – and extend it to dispossessed groups affected by dramatic levels of economic inequality and structural violence. We discuss preventive rationality in relation to the contradictions engendered by an authoritarian form of capitalism protected by constitutional constraints inherited from the Pinochet dictatorship. By connecting the conceptualisation of petty crime prevention to the ongoing contradictions of the society in which we live, we seek to sharpen attention to the ways in which the neoliberal hegemony attempts to contain its decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. ENTRE ILEGALISMOS Y MOTINES. LA LECTURA FOUCAULTIANA DE LA OBRA DE E.P. THOMPSON.
- Author
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Martín Martínez, Miguel Ángel
- Subjects
- *
CRIME , *ILLEGALITY , *PRISONS , *CORRECTIONAL institutions , *AUTHORS , *CRIMINAL justice system , *RIOTS , *PRISONER abuse - Abstract
The seventies are the most explicitly militant period in Foucault's career. A key concept in the first half of these years, and one that will prove fundamental, both in understanding the birth of prison and of crime, is that of illegalities. The purpose of this article is to trace the influence that readings of E.P. Thompson's work by Foucault had on the development of this concept of illegalisms, the silent dialogue established between the two authors around two concepts: the subsistence riot and illegalisms. As well as the analysis of the different meaning and objective that this concept is acquiring in Foucault's work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
6. FOUCAULT E AS TELAS-ESCOLAS: ENTRE DISCIPLINA E ILEGALISMOS.
- Author
-
Zanoni Roseiro, Steferson and Filordi de Carvalho, Alexandre
- Abstract
The essay proposes to dig holes in the school's ground, in order to explode the common notion of school taken from the Foucaultian work that, so often, imprison it in a regulation logic and in an infinite exercise of power. It bets on the importance of showing a radical mismatch between discourses and school images. Therefore, the writing uses Foucault's thought as a toolbox and performs the work of a craftsman, exploding school images from paintings that place, at the center of their experiments, the questioning of their limits constituted as frames, forcing its subjects to a violent and forced adaptation. If Foucault painted in his genealogical writing the schools of power, it is possible to find, in parallel, a curious second painting in which the control technologies fail to imprint their totalizing machinations on the bodies. Emerges a Foucault painting school-canvas between discipline and illegalisms. Finally, it states that holes in school images summon more disputes in school diagrams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. A gestão dos ilegalismos enquanto mercado: Sobre o roubo e o furto de veículos em São Paulo, Brasil.
- Author
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de Pieri Pimentel, André and Vianna Pinho, Isabela
- Subjects
AUTOMOBILE auctions ,CIVIL society ,AUTOMOBILE exhibitions ,INSURANCE companies ,PUBLIC administration - Abstract
Copyright of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre is the property of Runa: Archivo para las Ciencias del Hombre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Como nasce um ponto de táxi.
- Author
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Villar de Souza, Mauro
- Subjects
- *
ETHNOGRAPHIC analysis , *CRITICAL thinking , *LEGAL norms , *URBAN violence , *PARTICIPANT observation , *PUBLIC spaces - Abstract
How a Cab Rank is Born talks about the use of public spaces that I take to describe from the creation of a Taxi Point. With a focus on ethnographic analysis and participant observation, my objective will be to make a critical reflection on how a Taxi Point is created and how they organize this category of urban mobility professionals. Despite the legal norms of urban control, the creation of a Taxi Point illustrates the participation agents that contributes to feeding unofficial practices causing unpredictable regulation by resorting to violence and arbitrariness in the urban spatial configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Temporary autonomous zones, control and security simulations: With regard to the Aguas Blancas (Argentina) – Bermejo (Bolivia) border
- Author
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Brígida Renoldi
- Subjects
aguas blancas ,security ,temporary autonomous zone ,illegalisms ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,HV1-9960 ,Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform ,HN1-995 - Abstract
A remarkable change in security matters set the course for politics in Latin America in recent years. The putative causal relationship between migration and crime cyclically sustains the discourses that require more safety and police force intervention, police autonomy to suppress, and reduction of the age of criminal responsibility. This panorama, accompanied by the state postponement of prison and security infrastructures, is framed and worsened by the tendency to criminalize borders, which are seen as porous and dangerous zones. The notion that these spaces favor the contamination and corrosion of the nation-state promotes rhetoric about borders that need to be disassembled. Simultaneously, an odd growth of the technological market specialized in border security, suggests specific forms of relationships between the social and environmental conditions, illegal markets, security policies and nationalist discourses in favor of sovereignty. I analyze the municipality of Aguas Blancas, bordering with Bolivia, where the transit between the legal and the illegal shapes specific ways of life and exposes the nets woven through the managing of illegalisms at diverse scales (Goldman 1999; Foucault 2014). My analysis connects ‘simulations’ in Baudrillard’s (1978) sense, performances of imaginary scenarios that become reality, with ‘temporary autonomous zones’ in security matters, areas outside routine legal-administrative governance (Bey 1996). The anthropological approach in this work was based on in situ interviews and observations aimed to understand the relationship between illegal practices and security.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Introduction to the Special Section: Latin American Voices on Illegal and Marginally Legal Practices at Borders
- Author
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Josiah Heyman
- Subjects
borders ,illegalisms ,consumer goods ,smuggling ,latin america ,Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ,HV1-9960 ,Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform ,HN1-995 - Abstract
I present here selected articles that originated from the Simposio de antropología “entre lo legal y lo illegal” in Monterrey, Mexico, November 2019. These articles focus on Latin American borders: the U.S.-Mexico border, the Brazil-Paraguay border, and the Argentina-Bolivia border. These Latin American scholars resist the top-down agenda of seeing threat in everything that has been illegalized, because as they show, many smuggled goods are normalized and present few risks and many benefits to civilians. Yet at the same time, they draw attention to the terrible levels of criminal and state violence that do occur around intensely illegalized commodities. They do not offer a solution, but they do offer insights for progress on this crucial question.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. A gestão de ilegalismos de Foucault como categoria de análise de questões jurídicas no Brasil.
- Author
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Leite Maia, Gretha and Barbosa Oliveira, David
- Subjects
- *
LEGAL research , *PERFORMANCE theory , *JUSTICE administration , *POSSIBILITY , *READING - Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine and provide a theoretical and analytical support for legal research. To this end, an exploratory research was carried out that investigated the tool "illegalisms" and its possible contributions as a category of analysis to define and explain the normative problems and the performance of the judiciary in modern times. The main reference is Foucault, whose reading was done in parallel with Delleuze's contributions on Foucault. Significant contributions were also made from the readings of Rusche and Kirchheimer on the debate. After examining this possibility, a valid analysis category will be established for studies on the performance of the Brazilian judiciary. Finally, it is a bibliographic, exploratory, theoretical and analytical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Mulheres e práticas punitivas: entre tentativas de apagamento histórico e modos de resistência.
- Author
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Teixeira, Alessandra, Afonso Salla, Fernando, and Furlan Jorge, Vítor
- Subjects
SOCIAL services ,PUBLIC spaces ,PUNISHMENT ,VIOLENCE against women ,URBAN poor ,INSURGENCY ,GENDER inequality - Abstract
Copyright of Revista Estudos Feministas is the property of Revista Estudos Feministas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Punishment, Political Economy, and the Genealogy of Morals
- Author
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Harcourt, Bernard E., Fredona, Robert, editor, and Reinert, Sophus A., editor
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. LOS LUGARES DE LA ESCUELA MÁS ALLÁ DE LA OPOSICIÓN ESCUELA/ILEGALISMOS: Relatos de estudiantes de una escuela en un contexto de pobreza urbana del conurbano bonaerense.
- Author
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Bonilla Muñoz, Marco
- Abstract
Copyright of Clivajes - Revista de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad Veracruzana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Garimpos de ouro na fronteira franco-brasileira: Conexões entre o legal e o ilegal.
- Author
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Domingues Vargas, Joana and Diógenes Aquino, Jania Perla
- Abstract
Based on surveys, focus groups, interviews, and ethnographic insertions, Gold mining on the French-Brazilian Borders: Connections between Legal and Illegal analyzes the clandestine gold mining that attracts Brazilians to French Guiana, highlighting their connections with legal activities in Oiapoque. We seek to understand the assemblages that enable the smuggling of French gold, its insertion in the Brazilian market and the relations intertwined in this universe, involving licit and illicit activities. We see the gold rush that leads Brazilians to cross the border as a social network that encompasses human and non-human subjects and connects the Guyanese Amazon with international markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
16. Letalidade e ilegalismos de negócios em uma tríplice fronteira sul-americana: Primeira aproximação.
- Author
-
Veloso Hirata, Daniel
- Abstract
Lethality and Business Illegalisms on a Triple South American Border: A First Approximation discusses the relationship between illegalisms and lethality through research conducted in the city of Tabatinga (AM), located in the border between Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. Firstly, it introduces three aspects often associated with the city and used to characterize it as a problematic place: homicides, cocaine markets, and institutional density. Secondly, an alternate hypothesis is formulated to re-situate the issue under different empirical-analytical parameters, seeking to highlight the political and economic networks that regulate the cocaine market and produce lethal effects through pistolagem and extermination groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
17. Power, labour power and productive force in Foucault's reading of Capital.
- Author
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Feldman, Alex J.
- Subjects
- *
DISCIPLINE , *COOPERATION , *PUNISHMENT - Abstract
This article uses Foucault's lecture courses to illuminate his reading of Marx's Capital in Discipline and Punish. Foucault finds in Marx's account of cooperation a precedent for his own approach to power. In turn, Foucault helps us rethink the concepts of productive force and labour power in Marx. Foucault is shown to be particularly interested in one of Marx's major themes in Capital, parts III–IV: the subsumption of labour under capital. In Discipline and Punish and The Punitive Society, Foucault offers a genealogy of the forms of labour power (Arbeitskraft) and productive force (Produktivkraft). One of his central problems is to understand how labour power is converted in productive force and how, prior to that, productive subjects who can properly bear and dispose of their labour power are formed. Foucault's reading of Capital resonates with those currents of Marx interpretation today that seek to repoliticize the concept of productive force and to offer a materialist account of subject formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Une gestion plurielle des illégalismes : négociations et contradictions dans la régulation des eaux usées au Maroc
- Author
-
Pierre-Louis Mayaux, Naïma Fezza, and Zhour Bouzidi
- Subjects
indulgence ,négociations ,régulation ,illégalismes ,coercition ,illegalisms ,State regulation ,wastewater ,forbearance ,negotiation ,coercion ,moqqadem ,Geology ,Ocean Engineering ,المخالفات، التنظيم، الصرف الصحي، التساهل، المفاوضات، الإكراه، المقدمون [مساعدو الإدارة] ,eaux usées ,Water Science and Technology ,moqqadems - Abstract
Les travaux sur la gestion des illégalismes par l’État se focalisent le plus souvent sur leur traitement différentiel selon les groupes sociaux concernés. Ce faisant, ils s’intéressent moins aux rapports de force, négociations et compromis internes à l’État qui façonnent la régulation des pratiques illicites. En miroir de la gestion différentielle des illégalismes, cet article se penche ainsi, dans le cas du Maroc, sur leur gestion plurielle, telle qu’elle émerge des interactions entre une diversité d’organisations publiques concernées par un même ensemble de pratiques extra-légales, et qui nourrissent des positionnements différents à leur égard. Il le fait en étudiant l’utilisation d’eaux usées non traitées, donc fortement contaminées, pour une petite agriculture maraîchère au cœur de la ville de Meknès. La gestion de ces usages d’eau illicites implique en premier lieu les agents locaux du ministère de l’Intérieur (les moqqadems) ainsi que leur hiérarchie (caïds, Direction générale des affaires intérieures à Rabat). Mais elle mobilise également d’autres acteurs publics, à l’image de la Régie autonome de distribution de l’eau et d’électricité de Meknès (RADEM), de l’Agence de bassin hydraulique du Sebou (ABHS) qui délivre les autorisations d’usage de l’eau, et de la commune de Meknès. Comment toutes ces organisations interagissent-elles donc dans la gestion de ces illégalismes, et avec quels effets ? L’enquête révèle que la gestion des illégalismes est parcourue de tensions et de contradictions entre ces différents segments de l’État. Ces tensions engendrent des compromis instables et de fréquents basculements entre indulgence, négociations et coercition. Ainsi, les moqqadems se montrent structurellement portés à l’indulgence en raison de deux facteurs principaux : leur confrontation directe et quotidienne avec les capacités de résistance collective des usagers, qui les dissuade de réprimer trop fortement ; et leur homologie de position subalterne avec ces derniers, qui les rend sensible à l’économie morale de la subsistance qui anime les agriculteurs. Mais cette posture d’indulgence avive les tensions avec d’autres acteurs publics. C’est notamment le cas de la RADEM, qui voit une partie des eaux usées être interceptées avant de parvenir à sa station de traitement, ce qui en menace le bon fonctionnement. Ses responsables regrettent la tolérance dont font preuve les moqqadems, en même temps qu’ils critiquent l’inaction de l’ABHS qui a pour mandat légal de vérifier, en collaboration avec le ministère de l’Intérieur, la légalité des prélèvements en eau. La commune de Meknès cherche également à interrompre ces pratiques qui vont à l’encontre de sa stratégie de mise en place d’une zone paysagère et récréative dans cet espace urbain central. Ces diverses pressions conduisent les moqqadems à façonner des compromis changeants et incertains avec les agriculteurs, marqués en particulier par une recherche d’invisibilisation des illégalismes dans l’espace public. Ainsi, et contrairement à ce que la littérature sur les indulgences de l’État tend le plus souvent à montrer, la régulation des pratiques illicites ne garantit nullement un échange politique minimalement satisfaisant entre gouvernants et gouvernés. Les frustrations abondent plutôt de part et d’autre. Nombres d’acteurs administratifs souhaiteraient en effet des sanctions bien plus fermes ; tandis que les moqqadems sont sans cesse exposés à des pressions contradictoires, entre demandes de coercition, capacités de résistance des agriculteurs et reconnaissance de leur droit à la subsistance. Quant aux agriculteurs, la perpétuation de leurs pratiques illicites ne leur ouvre pas la perspective d’un véritable développement, mais témoigne plutôt d’une situation d’impasse et d’absence d’alternative. Comme ailleurs, la situation irrégulière est vécue comme une forme de « citoyenneté dégradée » : elle constitue un agencement complexe, précaire et sans cesse modifié de légalité et d’illégalité. L’élargissement de l’analyse à l’ensemble des intervenants étatiques impliqués dans la gestion des illégalismes permet ainsi de ne pas présupposer trop hâtivement la fonctionnalité de cette gestion pour la reproduction de l’ordre social. La régulation plurielle et souvent contradictoire des illégalismes n’engendre pas nécessairement la gratitude et la loyauté politique des publics concernés. Elle révèle tout autant la fragilité et l’instabilité des compromis entre l’État et ses populations subalternes, et les frustrations que ces compromis engendrent. Foucaldian studies on the management of popular illegalisms tend to focus on their differential treatment by the State according to the social groups concerned. In doing so, they have been less interested in the everyday power relations, negotiations and compromises within the state that shape the regulation of illegal practices. In the case of Morocco, this article thus looks at the plural management of illegalisms -rather than their differential one- as it emerges from the interactions between a variety of public agencies concerned with the same set of extra-legal practices, and which have different positions regarding them. It does so by studying the use of untreated, and therefore highly contaminated, wastewater for small-scale market gardening in the heart of the city of Meknes. The management of these illicit water uses primarily involves local agents of the Ministry of the Interior (the moqqadems) as well as their hierarchy (qaïds, General Directorate of Local Authorities in Rabat). But it also includes other public agencies, such as the water company (RADEM), the Sebou river basin agency (ABHS) which issues water use permits, and the city of Meknès. How, then, do all these organizations interact in the management of these illegalities, and with what effects ? The fieldwork reveals that the management of illegalisms is fraught with tensions and contradictions between different segments of the state. These tensions lead to unstable compromises and frequent shifts between forbearance, negotiation and coercion. Thus, the moqqadems are structurally inclined to forbearance because of two main factors : their daily confrontation with users’ capacities of resistance, which dissuades them from repressing too harshly ; and their homology of subaltern position with the latter, which makes them sensitive to the moral economy of subsistence that animates the farmers. However, this posture of indulgence only heightens tensions with other State actors. This is particularly the case with the water company, RADEM, which sees some of its wastewater being intercepted before reaching the treatment plant, which threatens its proper functioning. RADEM officials lament the tolerance shown by the moqqadems, while also criticizing the inaction of the ABHS despite its legal mandate to verify, in collaboration with the Ministry of the Interior, the legality of water withdrawals. The municipality of Meknes is also trying to put an end to farming practices, which run counter to its strategy of setting up a “green” and recreational space in the area. These various pressures lead the moqqadems to forge shifting and uncertain compromises with the farmers, marked in particular by an attempt to invisibilize their practices in the public space. Thus, and contrary to what the literature on state indulgences generally demonstrates, the regulation of illicit practices in no way guarantees a minimally satisfactory political exchange between the rulers and the ruled. Rather, frustrations abound on both sides. Many State actors would like to see much stronger sanctions, while the moqqadems are constantly exposed to contradictory pressures, including calls for coercion, farmers' capacity to resist and adapt, and the recognition of their moral right to subsistence. As for the farmers, the perpetuation of their illicit practices does not open up any prospect of genuine development, but rather epitomizes a situation of deadlock and lack of alternative. As elsewhere, the illegal condition is experienced as a form of "degraded citizenship" : it constitutes a complex, precarious and constantly shifting combination of legality and illegality. Broadening the analysis so as to include all state actors involved in the management of illegality thus makes it possible not to presume the functionality of this management for the reproduction of the social order. The plural and often contradictory regulation of illegalisms does not necessarily nurture the gratitude and political loyalty of the public concerned. It reveals as much the precarity and instability of the compromises between the state and its subaltern populations, and the frustrations that these compromises engender. غالباً ما تركِّز الدراسات المتعلّقة بإدارة الدولة للمخالَفات على معاملتها التفاضلية وفقاً للفئات الاجتماعية المعنية. وبذلك فهذه الدراسات أقل اهتماماً بتوازن القوى والمفاوضات والتسويات الداخلية للدولة والتي تصوغ تنظيم الممارسات غير المشروعة. تعكس هذه المقالة الإدارة التفاضلية للمخالفات، وبالتالي تركِّز، في حالة المغرب، على إدارتها التعددية لكونها تنبثق من التفاعلات بين مجموعة متنوعة من المنظمات العامة التي تُعنَى بنفس مجموعة الممارسات غير القانونية والتي تدعم مواقف مختلفة إزاءها. تقوم هذه المقالة بذلك من خلال دراسة استخدام مياه الصرف الصحي غير المعالجة، وبالتالي شديدة التلوُّث، في زراعة الخُضار في قلب مدينة مكناس. تشمل إدارةُ هذه الاستخدامات غير المشروعة للمياه في المقام الأول وكلاءَ وزارة الداخلية المحليين ( المقدّمين) بالإضافة إلى تسلسلهم الهرمي (القادة، المديرية العامة للشؤون الداخلية في الرباط). لكنها تحشد أيضاً لاعبِينَ عامِّينَ آخرين، مثل الإدارة المستقلة لتوزيع المياه والكهرباء في مكناس (RADEM) ووكالة الحوض المائي لِـسِـبـو (ABHS) التي تمنح تصاريح استخدام المياه وبلدية مكناس. فكيف تتفاعل كل هذه المنظمات في إدارة تلك المخالفات، وما هي النتائج؟ تكشف الدراسة أن إدارة المخالفات مليئة بالتوترات والتناقضات بين هذه القطاعات المختلفة من الدولة. وتؤدي هذه التوترات إلى تسويات غير ثابتة وتأرجُحات متكررة بين التساهل والتفاوضات والإكراه. وهكذا، يَظهَر المقدّمون مَيَّالين من ناحية بُنيوية إلى التساهل بسبب عاملين رئيسيين هما : مواجهتهم المباشرة واليومية مع إمكانيات المقاومة الجماعية للمستخدِمين، مما يثنيهم عن القمع الشديد؛ ومحاكاتهم لوضعية الخاضع لهؤلاء المستخدِمين، مما يجعلهم حساسين للاقتصاد الأخلاقي للمعيشة الذي يحرّك المزارعين. لكن موقف التساهل هذا يزيد من حدة التوترات مع الجهات الفاعلة العامة الأخرى. وهذه هي حالة الإدارة المستقلة لتوزيع المياه والكهرباء في مكناس (RADEM) بشكل خاص، حيث يتم إيقاف جزء من مياه الصرف الصحي قبل الوصول إلى محطة المعالجة، مما يهدد عملها بشكل صحيح. حيث يندم مسؤولوها على التسامح الذي يُظهِرُه المقدّمون، وفي نفس الوقت ينتقدون تقاعس وكالة الحوض المائي لِـسِـبـو (ABHS) المفوَّضة قانونياً بالتحقق، بالتعاون مع وزارة الداخلية، مِن شرعية اقتطاع المياه. كما تسعى بلدية مكناس إلى وقف هذه الممارسات التي تتعارض مع استراتيجيتها في إنشاء منطقة خضراء وترفيهية في هذا الفضاء الحضري المركزي. هذه الضغوط المتنوعة تُجبِر المقدَّمين على إقامة تسويات متغيرة وغامضة مع المزارعين تتميز بشكل خاص بالبحث عن إخفاء المخالفات في الفضاء العام.وهكذا، وخلافًا لما تميل الأدبيات المتعلقة بتساهل الدولة في أغلب الأحيان إلى إظهاره فإن تنظيم الممارسات غير المشروعة لا يضمن بأي حال من الأحوال تبادلاً سياسياً مُرضِياً بالحد الأدنى بين الرؤساء والمرؤوسين. لا بل تكثُر حالاتُ الإحباط في كلا الجانبين. ويرغب العديد من الفاعلين الإداريين فِعلاً بفرض عقوبات أكثر حَزماً؛ بينما يتعرَّض المقدّمون باستمرار لضغوط متناقضة بين مطالب الإكراه وقدرات المقاومة للمزارعين والاعتراف بحقهم في العيش. أما بالنسبة للمزارعين فإن استمرار ممارساتهم غير المشروعة لا يفتح أمامهم آفاق تنمية حقيقية، بل يشهد بالأحرى على حالة من المأزِق وغياب البديل. وكما هو الحال في أي مكان آخر، يُعتبَر الوضع غير النظامي شكلاً من أشكال « المواطنة المتدهورة » : فهو يشكّل ترتيباً معقداً وهشّاً ومعدَّلاً باستمرار للشرعية وعدم الشرعية. وهكذا فإن توسيع نطاق التحليل ليشمل جميع الجهات الحكومية المشاركة في إدارة المخالفات يُتيح عدم التسرُّع في الافتراض المسبق لوظيفة هذه الإدارة في إعادة إنتاج النظام الاجتماعي. إن التنظيم المتعدِّد والمتناقض غالباً للمخالفات لا يولِّد بالضرورة الامتنان والولاء السياسي للجماهير المَعنية. بل يكشف عن هشاشة التسويات وعدم استقرارها بين الدولة ورعاياها من السكان وعن الإحباطات التي تولّدها هذه التسويات.
- Published
- 2023
19. Managing illegalisms : negotiations and contradictions in the regulation of wastewater in Morocco
- Author
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Mayaux, Pierre-Louis, Fezza, Naïma, Bouzidi, Zhour, Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Université Ibn Tofaïl (UIT), and Moulay Ismail University
- Subjects
coercion ,State regulation ,illégalismes ,coercition ,moqqadem ,forbearance ,moqqadems ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences ,indulgence ,négociations ,negotiation ,régulation ,illegalisms ,wastewater ,eaux usées - Abstract
International audience; غالباً ما تركِّز الدراسات المتعلّقة بإدارة الدولة للمخالَفات على معاملتها التفاضلية وفقاً للفئات الاجتماعية المعنية. وبذلك فهذه الدراسات أقل اهتماماً بتوازن القوى والمفاوضات والتسويات الداخلية للدولة والتي تصوغ تنظيم الممارسات غير المشروعة. تعكس هذه المقالة الإدارة التفاضلية للمخالفات، وبالتالي تركِّز، في حالة المغرب، على إدارتها التعددية لكونها تنبثق من التفاعلات بين مجموعة متنوعة من المنظمات العامة التي تُعنَى بنفس مجموعة الممارسات غير القانونية والتي تدعم مواقف مختلفة إزاءها. تقوم هذه المقالة بذلك من خلال دراسة استخدام مياه الصرف الصحي غير المعالجة، وبالتالي شديدة التلوُّث، في زراعة الخُضار في قلب مدينة مكناس.تشمل إدارةُ هذه الاستخدامات غير المشروعة للمياه في المقام الأول وكلاءَ وزارة الداخلية المحليين (المقدّمين) بالإضافة إلى تسلسلهم الهرمي (القادة، المديرية العامة للشؤون الداخلية في الرباط). لكنها تحشد أيضاً لاعبِينَ عامِّينَ آخرين، مثل الإدارة المستقلة لتوزيع المياه والكهرباء في مكناس (RADEM) ووكالة الحوض المائي لِـسِـبـو (ABHS) التي تمنح تصاريح استخدام المياه وبلدية مكناس. فكيف تتفاعل كل هذه المنظمات في إدارة تلك المخالفات، وما هي النتائج؟تكشف الدراسة أن إدارة المخالفات مليئة بالتوترات والتناقضات بين هذه القطاعات المختلفة من الدولة. وتؤدي هذه التوترات إلى تسويات غير ثابتة وتأرجُحات متكررة بين التساهل والتفاوضات والإكراه. وهكذا، يَظهَر المقدّمون مَيَّالين من ناحية بُنيوية إلى التساهل بسبب عاملين رئيسيين هما : مواجهتهم المباشرة واليومية مع إمكانيات المقاومة الجماعية للمستخدِمين، مما يثنيهم عن القمع الشديد؛ ومحاكاتهم لوضعية الخاضع لهؤلاء المستخدِمين، مما يجعلهم حساسين للاقتصاد الأخلاقي للمعيشة الذي يحرّك المزارعين.لكن موقف التساهل هذا يزيد من حدة التوترات مع الجهات الفاعلة العامة الأخرى. وهذه هي حالة الإدارة المستقلة لتوزيع المياه والكهرباء في مكناس (RADEM) بشكل خاص، حيث يتم إيقاف جزء من مياه الصرف الصحي قبل الوصول إلى محطة المعالجة، مما يهدد عملها بشكل صحيح. حيث يندم مسؤولوها على التسامح الذي يُظهِرُهالمقدّمون، وفي نفس الوقت ينتقدون تقاعس وكالة الحوض المائي لِـسِـبـو (ABHS) المفوَّضة قانونياً بالتحقق، بالتعاون مع وزارة الداخلية، مِن شرعية اقتطاع المياه. كما تسعى بلدية مكناس إلى وقف هذه الممارسات التي تتعارض مع استراتيجيتها في إنشاء منطقة خضراء وترفيهية في هذا الفضاء الحضري المركزي. هذه الضغوط المتنوعة تُجبِر المقدَّمين على إقامة تسويات متغيرة وغامضة مع المزارعين تتميز بشكل خاص بالبحث عن إخفاء المخالفات في الفضاء العام.وهكذا، وخلافًا لما تميل الأدبيات المتعلقة بتساهل الدولة في أغلب الأحيان إلى إظهاره فإن تنظيم الممارسات غير المشروعة لا يضمن بأي حال من الأحوال تبادلاً سياسياً مُرضِياً بالحد الأدنى بين الرؤساء والمرؤوسين. لا بل تكثُر حالاتُ الإحباط في كلا الجانبين. ويرغب العديد من الفاعلين الإداريين فِعلاً بفرض عقوبات أكثر حَزماً؛ بينما يتعرَّض المقدّمون باستمرار لضغوط متناقضة بين مطالب الإكراه وقدرات المقاومة للمزارعين والاعتراف بحقهم في العيش.أما بالنسبة للمزارعين فإن استمرار ممارساتهم غير المشروعة لا يفتح أمامهم آفاق تنمية حقيقية، بل يشهد بالأحرى على حالة من المأزِق وغياب البديل. وكما هو الحال في أي مكان آخر، يُعتبَر الوضع غير النظامي شكلاً من أشكال « المواطنة المتدهورة » : فهو يشكّل ترتيباً معقداً وهشّاً ومعدَّلاً باستمرار للشرعية وعدم الشرعية.وهكذا فإن توسيع نطاق التحليل ليشمل جميع الجهات الحكومية المشاركة في إدارة المخالفات يُتيح عدم التسرُّع في الافتراض المسبق لوظيفة هذه الإدارة في إعادة إنتاج النظام الاجتماعي. إن التنظيمالمتعدِّد والمتناقض غالباً للمخالفات لا يولِّد بالضرورة الامتنان والولاء السياسي للجماهير المَعنية. بل يكشف عن هشاشة التسويات وعدم استقرارها بين الدولة ورعاياها من السكان وعن الإحباطات التي تولّدها هذه التسويات.; Foucaldian studies on the management of popular illegalisms tend to focus on their differential treatment by the State according to the social groups concerned. In doing so, they have been less interested in the everyday power relations, negotiations and compromises within the state that shape the regulation of illegal practices. In the case of Morocco, this article thus looks at the plural management of illegalisms-rather than their differential one-as it emerges from the interactions between a variety of public agencies concerned with the same set of extra-legal practices, and which have different positions regarding them. It does so by studying the use of untreated, and therefore highly contaminated, wastewater for small-scale market gardening in the heart of the city of Meknes.The management of these illicit water uses primarily involves local agents of the Ministry of the Interior (the moqqadems) as well as their hierarchy (qaids, General Directorate of Local Authorities in Rabat). But it also includes other public agencies, such as the water company (RADEM), the Sebou river basin agency (ABHS) which issues water use permits, and the city of Meknes. How, then, do all these organizations interact in the management of these illegalities, and with what effects ?The fieldwork reveals that the management of illegalisms is fraught with tensions and contradictions between different segments of the state. These tensions lead to unstable compromises and frequent shifts between forbearance, negotiation and coercion. Thus, the moqqadems are structurally inclined to forbearance because of two main factors : their daily confrontation with users' capacities of resistance, which dissuades them from repressing too harshly; and their homology of subaltern position with the latter, which makes them sensitive to the moral economy of subsistence that animates the farmers.However, this posture of indulgence only heightens tensions with other State actors. This is particularly the case with the water company, RADEM, which sees some of its wastewater being intercepted before reaching the treatment plant, which threatens its proper functioning. RADEM officials lament the tolerance shown by the moqqadems, while also criticizing the inaction of the ABHS despite its legal mandate to verify, in collaboration with the Ministry of the Interior, the legality of water withdrawals. The municipality of Meknes is also trying to put an end to farming practices, which run counter to its strategy of setting up a "green" and recreational space in the area. These various pressures lead the moqqadems to forge shifting and uncertain compromises with the farmers, marked in particular by an attempt to invisibilize their practices in the public space. Thus, and contrary to what the literature on state indulgences generally demonstrates, the regulation of illicit practices in no way guarantees a minimally satisfactory political exchange between the rulers and the ruled. Rather, frustrations abound on both sides. Many State actors would like to see much stronger sanctions, while the moqqadems are constantly exposed to contradictory pressures, including calls for coercion, farmers' capacity to resist and adapt, and the recognition of their moral right to subsistence.As for the farmers, the perpetuation of their illicit practices does not open up any prospect of genuine development, but rather epitomizes a situation of deadlock and lack of alternative. As elsewhere, the illegal condition is experienced as a form of "degraded citizenship" : it constitutes a complex, precarious and constantly shifting combination of legality and illegality. Broadening the analysis so as to include all state actors involved in the management of illegality thus makes it possible not to presume the functionality of this management for the reproduction of the social order. The plural and often contradictory regulation of illegalisms does not necessarily nurture the gratitude and political loyalty of the public concerned. It reveals as much the precarity and instability of the compromises between the state and its subaltern populations, and the frustrations that these compromises engender.; Les travaux sur la gestion des illégalismes par l’État se focalisent le plus souvent sur leur traitement différentiel selon les groupes sociaux concernés. Ce faisant, ils s’intéressent moins aux rapports de force, négociations et compromis internes à l’État qui façonnent la régulation des pratiques illicites. En miroir de la gestion différentielle des illégalismes, cet article se penche ainsi, dans le cas du Maroc, sur leur gestion plurielle, telle qu’elle émerge des interactions entre une diversité d’organisations publiques concernées par un même ensemble de pratiques extra-légales, et qui nourrissent des positionnements différents à leur égard. Il le fait en étudiant l’utilisation d’eaux usées non traitées, donc fortement contaminées, pour une petite agriculture maraîchère au cœur de la ville de Meknès.La gestion de ces usages d’eau illicites implique en premier lieu les agents locaux du ministère de l’Intérieur (les moqqadems) ainsi que leur hiérarchie (caïds, Direction générale des affaires intérieures à Rabat). Mais elle mobilise également d’autres acteurs publics, à l’image de la Régie autonome de distribution de l’eau et d’électricité de Meknès (RADEM), de l’Agence de bassin hydraulique du Sebou (ABHS) qui délivre les autorisations d’usage de l’eau, et de la commune de Meknès. Comment toutes ces organisations interagissent-elles donc dans la gestion de ces illégalismes, et avec quels effets ?L’enquête révèle que la gestion des illégalismes est parcourue de tensions et de contradictions entre ces différents segments de l’État. Ces tensions engendrent des compromis instables et de fréquents basculements entre indulgence, négociations et coercition. Ainsi, les moqqadems se montrent structurellement portés à l’indulgence en raison de deux facteurs principaux : leur confrontation directe et quotidienne avec les capacités de résistance collective des usagers, qui les dissuade de réprimer trop fortement ; et leur homologie de position subalterne avec ces derniers, qui les rend sensible à l’économie morale de la subsistance qui anime les agriculteurs.Mais cette posture d’indulgence avive les tensions avec d’autres acteurs publics. C’est notamment le cas de la RADEM, qui voit une partie des eaux usées être interceptées avant de parvenir à sa station de traitement, ce qui en menace le bon fonctionnement. Ses responsables regrettent la tolérance dont font preuve les moqqadems, en même temps qu’ils critiquent l’inaction de l’ABHS qui a pour mandat légal de vérifier, en collaboration avec le ministère de l’Intérieur, la légalité des prélèvements en eau. La commune de Meknès cherche également à interrompre ces pratiques qui vont à l’encontre de sa stratégie de mise en place d’une zone paysagère et récréative dans cet espace urbain central. Ces diverses pressions conduisent les moqqadems à façonner des compromis changeants et incertains avec les agriculteurs, marqués en particulier par une recherche d’invisibilisation des illégalismes dans l’espace public.Ainsi, et contrairement à ce que la littérature sur les indulgences de l’État tend le plus souvent à montrer, la régulation des pratiques illicites ne garantit nullement un échange politique minimalement satisfaisant entre gouvernants et gouvernés. Les frustrations abondent plutôt de part et d’autre. Nombres d’acteurs administratifs souhaiteraient en effet des sanctions bien plus fermes ; tandis que les moqqadems sont sans cesse exposés à des pressions contradictoires, entre demandes de coercition, capacités de résistance des agriculteurs et reconnaissance de leur droit à la subsistance.Quant aux agriculteurs, la perpétuation de leurs pratiques illicites ne leur ouvre pas la perspective d’un véritable développement, mais témoigne plutôt d’une situation d’impasse et d’absence d’alternative. Comme ailleurs, la situation irrégulière est vécue comme une forme de « citoyenneté dégradée » : elle constitue un agencement complexe, précaire et sans cesse modifié de légalité et d’illégalité.L’élargissement de l’analyse à l’ensemble des intervenants étatiques impliqués dans la gestion des illégalismes permet ainsi de ne pas présupposer trop hâtivement la fonctionnalité de cette gestion pour la reproduction de l’ordre social. La régulation plurielle et souvent contradictoire des illégalismes n’engendre pas nécessairement la gratitude et la loyauté politique des publics concernés. Elle révèle tout autant la fragilité et l’instabilité des compromis entre l’État et ses populations subalternes, et les frustrations que ces compromis engendrent.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Processos de criminalização e a participação feminina no tráfico de drogas.
- Author
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dos S. Carvalho, Jamile
- Abstract
Copyright of Plural - Revista de Ciências Sociais is the property of Revista Plural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. DISPUTAS EN TORNO AL USO DEL ESPACIO PÚBLICO EN BUENOS AIRES.
- Author
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Perelman, Mariano D.
- Abstract
Copyright of Caderno CRH is the property of Universidade Federal da Bahia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Ilegalismos e jogos de poder em São Paulo Illegalisms and the play of power in São Paulo
- Author
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Vera da Silva Telles and Daniel Veloso Hirata
- Subjects
Cidade ,Ilegalismos ,Mercados ,Informais ,Negócios ilícitos ,Campos de disputa ,City ,Illegalisms ,Markets ,Informal ,Illegal Business ,Fields of Dispute ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
O ponto de partida deste artigo diz respeito à teia de ilegalismos - novos, velhos ou redefinidos - que passam pelos circuitos da hoje expansiva economia (e cidade) informal, o comércio de bens ilegais, o tráfico de drogas e suas capilaridades nas redes sociais e nas práticas urbanas. Tendo como referência a noção de gestão diferencial dos ilegalismos (Foucault), trata-se de interrogar o que acontece justamente nas dobras do legal-ilegal, formal-informal: jogos de poder, relações de força, campos de disputa. A hipótese com a qual trabalhamos é a de que, em torno desses ilegalismos, se estruturam campos de força e jogos de poder que deslocam, fazem e refazem a demarcação entre a lei e o extralegal, entre a justiça e a força, entre acordos pactuados e a violência, e também entre a ordem e seu avesso. No núcleo das economias e das dinâmicas de nossas cidades, são campos de força nos quais parecem estar em disputa os sentidos de lei, justiça, ordem e seu avesso. É nessa chave que podemos entender, assim nos parece, as dinâmicas políticas implicadas nos mercados informais, bem como no mercado varejista de drogas ilícitas e suas capilaridades nas tramas urbanas.This article's sets out by exploring the web of illegalisms - new, old or redefined - connected to today's expanding informal economy (and city), the trade in illegal goods and drug trafficking, and their diffusion into urban social networks and practices. Taking as its base concept the differential management of illegalisms (Foucault), the text explores what happens precisely on the thresholds of legal-illegal, formal-informal: the play of power, relations of force, fields of dispute. Its working hypothesis is that these illegalisms form the centre point for the structuring of fields of force and power games that dislocate, make and remake the boundaries between the legal and extralegal, justice and force, pacts and violence, order and disorder. At the core of the economies and dynamics of our cities are fields of force in which the meanings of law, justice, order and their opposite are under dispute. This approach, the text argues, allows us to understand the political dynamics involved in informal markets, as well as the retail market of illegal drugs and its diffusion within the urban fabric.
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- 2010
- Full Text
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23. Pactos comunitários e proteção em San Salvador Community pacts and protection in San Salvador
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Roxana Martel and Fernando de Luiz Brito Vianna
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Cidade ,Gangues ,Ilegalismos ,Violência urbana ,City ,Gangs ,Illegalisms ,Urban Violence ,Sociology (General) ,HM401-1281 - Abstract
Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre a experiência de fronteira que hoje se vive nos bairros populares urbanos de El Salvador. Considerado como um dos países mais violentos da América Latina, a resposta dos governos tem sido o combate às gangues. Porém, os índices de violência, ao contrário de diminuir, têm aumentado. Interessa aqui analisar os distintos pactos que as comunidades realizam em busca de proteção, em um cenário no qual uma multiplicidade de atores determina as dinâmicas legais e ilegais dos bairros. Com base em uma pesquisa realizada em dois bairros emblemáticos, este artigo discute o poder estatal na gestão de ilegalismos e o uso da violência de direito.This article explores the frontier experience now pervasive in working-class urban districts of El Salvador. Considered one of the most violent countries in Latin America, the response of the governments has been to combat the gangs. However, rather than falling, rates of violence have been on the increase. The interest here is analyzing the distinct pacts that the communities make in search of protection, part of a scenario in which a multitude of actors determine the legal and illegal dynamics of the neighbourhoods. Based on research conducted in two emblematic districts, the article discusses state power in the management of illegalisms and the use of state violence.
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- 2010
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24. Mulheres e práticas punitivas: entre tentativas de apagamento histórico e modos de resistência
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Alessandra Teixeira, Vítor Furlan Jorge, and Fernando Salla
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castigo ,infancia ,Resistance ,General Medicine ,Mujeres ,Childhood ,Gender Studies ,resistência ,Mulheres ,ilegalismos ,Punishment ,Illegalisms ,Women ,infância ,resistencia ,punição - Abstract
Resumo: Neste artigo, discutimos a emergência da mulher na história das práticas punitivas no Brasil, propondo descortinar a invisibilidade do controle e da violência dirigidos às meninas pobres e racializadas no espaço urbano, classificadas como ‘abandonadas’ ou ‘infratoras’, entre os anos 1930-1960, revelando a centralidade dessas práticas para a manutenção e reprodução do sistema de desigualdades e violência baseado nos marcadores de gênero, raça e classe. Por meio dos prontuários do Serviço Social de Menores de São Paulo, identificaram-se formas de criminalização e punição e os dispositivos de controle sobre o corpo, a sexualidade e a autodeterminação que, apesar de reforçarem iniquidades, não impediram que estratégias fossem engendradas pelas sujeitas para resistir às investidas do poder, através de atos de insurgência cotidianos reativos às tentativas reiteradas de sujeição. Abstract: This article discusses the emergence of women in the history of punitive practices in the country, proposing to unveil the invisibility of control and violence directed at poor girls in the urban space, abandoned and delinquent, in the years 1930-1960, revealing the centrality of these practices for the maintenance and reproduction of the system of inequalities and violence based on gender, race and class markers. Through the institutional records of the Social Service for Minors of São Paulo, forms of criminalization and punishment were identified, as well as the control devices over the body, sexuality and self-determination that, despite reinforcing inequities, did not prevent strategies from being engendered by the subjects to resist the onslaught of power, through daily insurgency acts reactive to repeated attempts at subjection. Resumen: Este artículo discute el surgimiento de las mujeres en la historia de las prácticas punitivas en Brasil, proponiendo develar la invisibilidad del control y la violencia dirigida a las niñas pobres en el espacio urbano, abandonadas y delincuentes, en las décadas de 1930-1960, revelando la centralidad de estas prácticas para el mantenimiento y reproducción del sistema de desigualdades y violencia soportados por marcadores de género, raza y clase. A través de los registros del Servicio Social del Menor de São Paulo se identificaron formas de criminalización y sanción, así como los dispositivos de control sobre el cuerpo, la sexualidad y la autodeterminación que, a pesar de reforzar las inequidades, no impidieron que los sujetos diseñaran estrategias para resistir el ataque de poder, a través de actos de insurgencia cotidianos reactivos a repetidos intentos de sometimiento.
- Published
- 2021
25. Criminalization process and female participation in drug trafficking
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Jamile dos S. Carvalho
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Race ,Field (Bourdieu) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,lcsh:HM401-1281 ,Gender ,Ilegalismos ,Prison ,Raça ,Drug trafficking ,Criminology ,Trajetória social ,lcsh:Sociology (General) ,Criminalization ,Illegalisms ,Gênero ,lcsh:H1-99 ,Narrative ,Social trajectory ,Sociology ,lcsh:Social sciences (General) ,Pobreza ,Poverty ,media_common - Abstract
Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os embates colocados no campo teórico sobre a associação de mulheres em atividades ilegais e desviantes em momentos históricos distintos e apresentar as trajetórias de vida de jovens mulheres presas por tráfico de drogas e que se encontram em situação de prisão no Conjunto Penal Feminino de Salvador, Bahia. Para tanto, foram levantadas informações sobre seu perfil sociodemográfico, trajetória de criminalização e situação prisional, de modo a compreender suas histórias de vida até a chegada à prisão. Das suas narrativas emergem estratégias de sobrevivência no tráfico, assim como reflexões de como este comércio se utiliza de seus corpos menos visados pelas instituições de segurança para dar mais fluidez ao mercado ilegal. This article seeks to present the conflicts placed in the academic field about the association of women in the ilegal and deviant actities in diferent historical moments and present the life trajectories of young women arrested for drug trafficking and who are in prison situation in the Conjunto Penal Feminino de Salvador, Bahia. For this study, information about their socio-demographic profile, criminalization trajectory and prison situation was collected to understand their life stories until their arrival in prison. Of their narratives emerge strategies of survival in trafficking, as well as reflections on how this commerce activity uses its bodies less targetes by security institutions to give more fluidity to the ilegal Market.
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- 2019
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26. UM EMARANHADO DE CASOS: TRÁFICO DE DROGAS, ESTADO E PRECARIEDADE EM MORADIAS POPULARES.
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Birman, Patrícia, Fernandes, Adriana, and Pierobon, Camila
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HOUSING research ,DWELLINGS & society ,DRUG traffic ,CRIME ,VIOLENCE - Abstract
Copyright of Mana (01049313) is the property of Contra Capa Livraria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. « Deux attitudes face au monde » : La criminologie à l'épreuve des illégalismes financiers.
- Author
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Amicelle, Anthony
- Abstract
Copyright of Cultures et Conflits is the property of Centre d'Etudes sur les Conflits, Revue Cultures & Conflits and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Pactos comunitários e proteção em San Salvador.
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Martel, Roxana
- Subjects
VIOLENCE ,INDUSTRIAL districts - Abstract
The article focuses on the rates of violence throughout the working-class urban districts of El Salvador relative to the power of the state to manage the utilization of state violence and illegalisms.
- Published
- 2010
29. Monitorar, negociar e confrontar: as (re)definições na gestão dos ilegalismos em favelas 'pacificadas'
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Menezes, Palloma Valle
- Subjects
Favela ,Drug trafficking ,Illegalisms ,Tráfico de drogas ,Ilegalismos ,Illegalism ,Pacification ,Pacificação ,Police ,Polícia - Abstract
Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as (re)definições que ocorreram na gestão diferencial dos ilegalismos em favelas cariocas a partir da inauguração das Unidades de Polícia Pacificadoras. Com base em uma pesquisa etnográfica realizada nas duas primeiras favelas “pacificadas”, mapeio os impactos da UPP nas modalidades de presença, nos modos de ação e de interação entre policias e jovens que atuam no comércio varejista de drogas ilegais. Defendo a hipótese de que monitorar, negociar e confrontar são as principais modalidades da gestão dos ilegalismos em favelas cariocas. E sugiro que analisar as variações e combinações entre essas modalidades é fundamental para compreender os campos de forças presentes em favelas “pacificadas” e, consequentemente, analisar o processo de ascensão e queda das UPPs. Abstract The purpose of this article is to analyze the (re) definitions that occurred in the differential management of illegalities in Rio de Janeiro favelas since the Pacifying Police Units were launched. Based on an ethnographic fieldword carried out in the first two “pacified” favelas, I mapped out the UPP’s outcomes on the modalities of presence, modes of action, and interaction between police and youth engaged in the illegal drug trade. I defend the hypothesis that monitoring, negotiating and confronting are the main modalities for the management of illegalities in Rio de Janeiro favelas. And I suggest that analyzing variations and combinations of these modalities is fundamental to understand the force fields that are set in “pacified” favelas and, consequently, to analyze the process of rise and fall of the UPPs.
- Published
- 2018
30. Accompagner, surveiller, (ne pas) dénoncer
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Sallée, Nicolas
- Subjects
Canada ,juvenile Justice ,justice des mineurs ,illégalismes ,community supervision ,milieu ouvert ,Quebec ,dénonciation ,gestion des manquements ,risk management ,Québec ,probation ,breach-management practices ,denunciation ,gestion des risques ,illegalisms ,Montreal Youth Centers ,Centre jeunesse de Montréal - Abstract
Fondé sur des données récoltées à Montréal, cet article prend pour objet les tensions constitutives du suivi des jeunes délinquants dans la collectivité. Nous interrogeons pour cela le travail d’agents – dits délégués jeunesse – chargés de la gestion d’un type singulier d’illégalismes de droits, communément nommés « manquements » : le non-respect, par les jeunes, des conditions auxquelles ils sont astreints dans le cadre de leur suivi. Nous soulignons que les pratiques de dénonciation des manquements, pouvant conduire à l’enfermement des jeunes, s’organisent autour de trois axes principaux : un axe organisationnel, un axe professionnel et un axe interactionnel. En nous intéressant, le long de ces trois axes, aux opérations ordinaires de catégorisation des jeunes, nous défendons l’idée que cette activité de gestion des manquements revient in fine à distinguer ceux qui seraient de « vrais » délinquants, premiers candidats au passage – ou au retour – entre les murs des institutions d’enfermement. Based on data collected in Montreal, this article looks at the tensions underlying the supervision of young delinquents in the community. We examine the work of the agents – so-called “youth delegates” – who are responsible for managing a singular type of illegalisms of rights, commonly known as “breaches”: youths’ failure to respect the conditions to which they are bound in the context of their supervision. We highlight that breach denunciation practices, which can lead to the youths’ incarceration, are organized around three main axes: an organizational axis, a professional axis and an interactional axis. By exploring ordinary youth categorization operations along these axes, we argue that this breach management activity ultimately boils down to singling out, among the delinquents, those who are the “real” ones, the prime candidates to be placed – or to return – within the walls of detention institutions.
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- 2018
31. Conflits sur l’utilisation de l’espace public a Buenos Aires
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Mariano Perelman
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Ilegalidades ,Sociology and Political Science ,BUENOS AIRES ,Public administration ,Espace public ,CIENCIAS SOCIALES ,Public space ,Recolectores de residuos ,Political science ,050602 political science & public administration ,0601 history and archaeology ,lcsh:Social sciences (General) ,Vendeurs ambulants ,Collecteurs informels de déchets ,Conflits urbains ,Coletores de resíduos ,GARBAGE COLLECTORS ,060101 anthropology ,purl.org/becyt/ford/5 [https] ,URBAN STRUGGLES ,Disputas urbanas ,05 social sciences ,Ilegalismos ,06 humanities and the arts ,ILLEGALISMS ,0506 political science ,Venta ambulante ,Illégalismes ,Buenos Aires ,Otras Ciencias Sociales ,purl.org/becyt/ford/5.9 [https] ,PUBLIC SPACE ,AMBULANT VENDING ,lcsh:H1-99 ,Venda ambulante - Abstract
En este trabajo, me interesa centrar en la producción y pugna en torno a la ilegalidad de vendedores ambulantes y recolectores informales de basura. Abordar las actividades a partir de los ilegalismos, y ellos en relación a la desigualdad social, permite comprender los modos en que los sujetos legítimos se construyen en el espacio público. Ello permite repensar los procesos de legalidad o ilegalidad como algo dado, mostrando los juegos de poder existentes alrededor de actividades, pero sobre todo de sujetos legítimos. También permite comprender el entramado de relaciones sociales que no pueden entenderse como formas legales o ilegales estáticas. Atender a las dinámicas y a las acciones, el modo en que son presentadas, justificadas, nos da pistas sobre el modo en que ciertas actividades y ciertos grupos sociales luchan por el uso del espacio público y por acceder a la reproducción social en un sentido amplio, como formas dignas y legítimas de ganarse la vida.DISPUTAS SOBRE O USO DO ESPAÇO PÚBLICO EM BUENOS AIRESNeste trabalho, meu interesse é focalizar a produção e a luta em torno da ilegalidade de vendedores ambulantes e coletores informais de lixo. Abordar as atividades a partir das ilegalidades e tais ilegalidades em relação à desigualdade social permite compreender o modo como os sujeitos legítimos se constroem no espaço público. Isso permite repensar os processos de legalidade ou ilegalidade como algo dado, mostrando os jogos de poder existentes em torno de atividades, mas, sobretudo, de sujeitos legítimos. Também permite compreender a teia de relações sociais que não podem ser entendidas como formais legais ou ilegais estáticas. Atender às dinâmicas e às ações, o modo como são apresentadas nos dá pistas sobre o modo como certas atividades e certos grupos sociais lutam pelo uso do espaço público e para ter acesso à reprodução em sentido amplo, com formas dignas e legítimas de ganhar a vida.Palavras-chave: Buenos Aires. Coletores de resíduos. Venda ambulante. Ilegalidades. Disputas urbanas.STRUGGLES OVER THE USE OF PUBLIC SPACE IN BUENOS AIRESIn this article I focus on production and struggles around the illegality of street vendors and informal garbage collectors. Addressing activities from illegalism and the relation to social inequality allow us to understand the ways in which legitimate subjects are constructed in public space. This position allows thinking legality or illegality as a processes instead of something given and showing the existing power struggles around activities. It also allows understanding the network of social relationships that cannot be understood as static legal or illegal forms. Attending to dynamics and actions, and the way in which they are presented and justified, gives us clues of the way in which certain activities and certain social groups fight for the use of public space and for accessing social reproduction in a broad sense: as worthy and legitimate ways of make a living.Key-words: Buenos Aires. Garbage collectors. Ambulant vending. Illegalisms. Urban struggles. Public space.CONFLITS SUR L’UTILISATION DE L’ESPACE PUBLIC A BUENOS AIRESCet article centre son intérêt dans la production et le conflit autour de l’illégalité des collecteurs informels de déchets et vendeurs ambulants. Enquêter les activités à partir de ses illégalismes en relation avec l’inégalité sociale permet une compréhension des modes dans lesquels des sujets légitimes se construisent eux-mêmes dans l’espace public. Ainsi, nous pouvons réfléchir sur les procès de légalité ou d’illégalité comme quelque chose qui n’est pas donnée, en montrant les jeux de pouvoir autour des activités. Cela permet aussi comprendre le réseau des liens sociales qui ne peut pas être compris comme des formes légales ou illégales extatiques. Focaliser l’attention dans les dynamiques et les actions, dans les façons qu’elles sont présentées, justifiées, nous donne des éléments pour mieux comprendre les modes dans lesquels certaines activités et certains groupes sociaux luttent pour l’utilisation de l’espace publique et pour avoir accès à la reproduction sociale comme forme digne et légitime de gagner leurs vies.Mots-clés: Buenos Aires. Collecteurs informels de déchets. Vendeurs ambulants. Illégalismes. Conflits urbains. Espace public.
- Published
- 2018
32. Gouverner les illégalismes urbains : les politiques publiques face aux squats et aux bidonvilles dans les régions de Paris et de Madrid
- Author
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Aguilera, Thomas and Saint-Gal, Hélène
- Subjects
Paris ,Illégalismes ,Madrid ,[SHS.SOCIO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology ,Bidonvilles ,Squats ,Slums ,Public policies ,illegalisms ,Squats logement ,[SHS.SCIPO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science ,Action publique - Abstract
Addressing the issue of ungovernability of squats and illegal settlements in the Capital Regions of Paris and Madrid, the thesis explains the mechanisms of differential government of housing illegalisms since the sixties. The thesis shows that squats and illegal slums are governed, but in a discontinuous way and by diverse forms of policies. It demonstrates that ungovernability is built by public actors in order to justify alternatively inaction and policies of exception. Ungovernability is a discursive repertory that justifies the disengagement of policies. But it is also a mode of governance that supports emergency policies, implemented by police agencies and NGOs, and that allows policy makers to set up only local and temporary rehousing and social programs. However, as policy makers are rent-seekers, when they find interests to become leaders of the competitive multilevel urban governance, they activate agendas and implement institutionalized and autonomous policies. They create specific administrations, instruments and budgets. Policies select and constraint beneficiaries and evict victims. Thus, policies produce as much illegality as they resolve it. Beside these invariants produced by the sui generis own effects of policy instruments, the thesis identifies four key variables whose combinations explain the policy outcomes diversity: the level of institutionalization, the sectorial logics, the scale of actions, and the behavior of targeted groups who participate to the instruments conception. Squatters and slum dwellers resist, they neutralize constraints and divert resources., En questionnant la capacité des acteurs publics à gouverner les squats et les bidonvilles qui persistent dans les régions de Paris et de Madrid, la thèse explique les mécanismes du gouvernement différentiel des illégalismes de logement des années 1960 à nos jours. Elle montre que les squats et les bidonvilles sont gouvernés, mais de façon discontinue et par des politiques aux formes diverses. Elle démontre que l’ingouvernabilité est construite par les acteurs publics pour justifier alternativement l’inaction et la mise en place de politiques de l’exception. L’ingouvernabilité constitue un répertoire discursif justifiant le retrait de l’action publique. C’est aussi un mode de gouvernance qui entretient les politiques de l’urgence, policières et humanitaires, et autorise les bricolages partiels et ponctuels. Mais lorsque les acteurs publics y trouvent des intérêts pour se positionner comme leaders de la gouvernance métropolitaine multiniveaux, des politiques publiques autonomes peuvent s’institutionnaliser autour d’administrations, d’instruments et de budgets propres. Dans tous les cas, les politiques sélectionnent et contraignent des bénéficiaires, tout en refoulant des victimes. Les politiques produisent autant d’illégalité qu’elles n’en résorbent. Derrière ces invariants, notamment issus des effets propres des instruments, la thèse identifie quatre variables clés pour expliquer la diversité des outcomes de l’instrumentation des politiques : les niveaux d’institutionnalisation, les logiques sectorielles, les échelles d’action et le comportement des cibles qui contribuent à la conception des instruments, en neutralisent les contraintes et en détournent les ressources.
- Published
- 2015
33. « Two Attitudes towards the World ». Criminology in face of Financial Illegalisms
- Author
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Amicelle, Anthony, Centre international de criminologie comparée (CICC), and Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Internationales (CERIUM)
- Subjects
Foucault ,régulation ,illégalismes ,financial crime ,regulation ,criminologie ,délinquance financière ,criminology ,illegalisms ,[SHS.SCIPO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Political science - Abstract
International audience; Michel Foucault’s work occupies a special place in the field of criminology. While the author of Discipline and punish has been (dis)credited as a source of division between criminologists or promoted as a legitimizing basis for “another” criminology, he has often been portrayed as a figure of rupture within this research tradition. The present article aims at clarifying this idea of rupture with the foucauldian concept of “illegalisms”. This paper is intended as a reminder of the heuristic value of such a conceptual framework to shed light on the various dynamics between financial crime and social control. To do so, I discuss a number of academic studies on business crime, the social relation to tax and dirty money in order to underline the rich possibilities of the foucauldian reflection for this wide area of research. Ultimately, the articulation of those academic studies helps to better understand the numerous changes in the management of economic and financial illegalisms over past decades in France. Their articulation shows a process of conversion and adaptation of differentiation between illegalisms that (re)produces an inequality of treatment depending on the situations and the categories of population.; L’œuvre de Michel Foucault occupe une place singulière dans le champ de la criminologie. Qu’il ait été (dé)considéré comme une source de division entre criminologues ou convoqué comme instance de légitimation d’une « autre » criminologie, l’auteur de Surveiller et punir a souvent été érigé en figure de rupture au sein de cette tradition de recherche. Le présent article vise tout d’abord à préciser cette idée de rupture sur le plan conceptuel et ce, en partant de la notion d’illégalismes forgée au début des années 1970. Il s’agit ainsi de rappeler la valeur heuristique de cette notion, ainsi que des propositions théoriques et méthodologiques qui l’accompagnent, pour étudier les dynamiques à l’œuvre entre délinquance financière et contrôle social. Dans ce cadre, une série de travaux portant respectivement sur la criminalité d’affaires, le rapport social à l’impôt et l’argent sale est discutée pour souligner la fécondité de la réflexion foucaldienne dans ce domaine. L’articulation de ces travaux permet in fine de saisir le sens des multiples changements opérés en France dans la gestion des illégalismes économiques et financiers au cours des dernières décennies. Il en ressort un processus soutenu de conversion et d’adaptation des modes de différenciation entre illégalismes, (re)produisant de l’inégalité de traitement selon les situations et les catégories de populations concernées.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Um emaranhado de casos: tráfico de drogas, estado e precariedade em moradias populares
- Author
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Adriana Fernandes, Patrícia Birman, and Camila Pierobon
- Subjects
lcsh:Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology ,Theory of Forms ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Violence ,Vitality ,Social life ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,State (polity) ,Illegalisms ,Ethnography ,Tráfico de drogas ,City centre ,Precarity ,Popular housing/Occupation ,Violência ,media_common ,Government ,Ilegalismos ,Moradia popular/Ocupação ,Estado ,lcsh:GN301-674 ,Geography ,Anthropology ,Precariedade ,Ethnology ,Drug trade ,Performance art ,Cartography ,State - Abstract
O antigo centro da cidade do Rio de Janeiro atualmente é alvo de uma política de reurbanização que visa minimizar ou mesmo eliminar dessa região as formas de trabalho, de comércio e de moradia populares que lhe garantiram até hoje uma grande vitalidade. A descrição etnográfica do processo de desmantelamento da vida social em curso nessa região enfocou primordialmente as dificuldades dos moradores para uma ocupação autogestionária, ali existente desde o início dos anos 2000. Analisamos esse processo através das formas de governabilidade postas em prática, que incluíram como um ator relevante o grupo do tráfico de drogas dominante na região. As conse quências produzidas por esse megaprojeto, dirigido por um consórcio de empreiteiras e por atores públicos e privados associados ao governo do estado, tem como fio condutor o trabalho etnográfico efetuado na Ocupação Nelson Mandela. The old city centre of Rio de Janeiro is undergoing a reurbanization policy that aims to attenuate, or even eliminate, the popular character of its housing, commerce and employment, all of which confered upon this region great vitality. The present ethnographic description of this process of dismantling social life in the region focuses mainly on the hardships of the residents of a self-governing occupation, which has existed since the start of the 2000's. We analyse this process through the forms of governamentality put in practice, which requires that we include the group of dominant drug trade in the region as a relevant actor. The consequences produced by this mega enterprise, directed by a group of big contractors and by the government of Rio de Janeiro State, will be analysed through the ethnography of the "Nelson Mandela" Occupation.
- Published
- 2014
35. Differential Management of Economic and Financial Illegalisms: Anti-Money Laundering and 'Tax Issues'
- Author
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Anthony Amicelle
- Subjects
deviance ,argent sale ,illégalismes ,criminalité ,criminalité en col blanc ,délinquance ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,crime organisé (transnational) ,Dirty money ,déviance ,Sociology ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime ,money laundering ,Sutherland ,illégalismes fiscaux ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,tax illegalisms ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,General Medicine ,terrorism ,delinquency ,Money laundering ,normes ,terrorisme ,Economy ,(transnational) organized crime ,criminality ,Humanities ,norms ,blanchiment de capitaux - Abstract
Alors que la problématique fiscale a longtemps été tenue à l’écart de la mobilisation contre le blanchiment de capitaux, cette frontière historiquement négociée est aujourd’hui en cours de recomposition, en France comme à l’international. En analysant les modalités d’intégration des questions fiscales au cœur de l’anti-blanchiment, il s’agit de rendre compte des transformations travaillant actuellement la lutte contre l’« argent sale ». Dans quelle mesure assiste-t-on à un renouvellement normatif dans les activités de différenciation, de hiérarchisation et de gestion des illégalismes économiques et financiers ? While tax issues have been historically disconnected from the mobilization against money laundering, there is now an ongoing reconfiguration of this “border” in France and at the international level. Our contribution aims to analyze the inclusion process of tax issues within anti-money laundering policy in order to understand the current transformation of the fight against “dirty money”. To what extent is there a new impulse regarding the practices of differentiation, hierarchization and management of economic and financial illegalisms?
- Published
- 2014
36. Gestion différentielle des illégalismes économiques et financiers
- Author
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Amicelle, Anthony
- Subjects
norm ,deviance ,argent sale ,illégalismes ,dirty money ,criminalité ,criminalité en col blanc ,délinquance ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,crime organisé (transnational) ,déviance ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime ,money laundering ,Sutherland ,illégalismes fiscaux ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,tax illegalisms ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,terrorism ,delinquency ,terrorisme ,norme ,(transnational) organized crime ,criminality ,blanchiment de capitaux - Abstract
Alors que la problématique fiscale a longtemps été tenue à l’écart de la mobilisation contre le blanchiment de capitaux, cette frontière historiquement négociée est aujourd’hui en cours de recomposition, en France comme à l’international. En analysant les modalités d’intégration des questions fiscales au cœur de l’anti-blanchiment, il s’agit de rendre compte des transformations travaillant actuellement la lutte contre l’ « argent sale ». Dans quelle mesure assiste-t-on à un renouvellement normatif dans les activités de différenciation, de hiérarchisation et de gestion des illégalismes économiques et financiers ? While tax issues have been historically disconnected from the mobilization against money laundering, there is now an ongoing reconfiguration of this “border” in France and at the international level. Our contribution aims to analyze the inclusion process of tax issues within anti-money laundering policy in order to understand the current transformation of the fight against “dirty money”. To what extent is there a new impulse regarding the practices of differentiation, hierarchization and management of economic and financial illegalisms?
- Published
- 2014
37. Why a Special Issue on 'White Collar Crime'?
- Author
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Chantraine, Gilles and Salle, Grégory
- Subjects
Sutherland ,illégalismes ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,criminalité ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,délinquance ,delinquency ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,déviance ,Sutherland (Edwin) ,criminality ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime - Abstract
There can be no doubt that ours is the first age really to have posed, explicitly and in every area of life, the great political problem: not just in the form of the struggle for power within existing political institutions, or the right to transform those institutions (and a number of others), but as a problem of the total reconstruction of society, calling in question the family unit along with educational practice, the notion of deviance and criminality along with the relations between ‘cu...
- Published
- 2013
38. L’articulation morale de la petite corruption à la grande dans les discours populaires grecs
- Author
-
Ivan Thomi
- Subjects
deviance ,illégalismes ,corruption ,criminalité ,délinquance ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,déviance ,cultural anthropology ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime ,ethnologie ,ethnology ,Sutherland ,Greece ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,General Medicine ,delinquency ,anthropologie ,culture ,criminality ,discourse ,Grèce ,discours - Abstract
En Grèce, comme dans d’autres pays où la corruption est dite endémique, différents facteurs culturels et historiques peuvent expliquer la relative indulgence dont bénéficient en pratique certains échanges « corruptionnels ». Les personnes interrogées lors d’une enquête ethnographique en 2006 ont souvent atténué leur part de responsabilité morale dans la petite corruption en présentant leur participation comme contrainte par les circonstances ou comme justifiée par certaines valeurs morales prioritaires, et en la contrastant par rapport à des transgressions bien plus graves, relevant de la grande corruption et de valeurs bien plus discutables. Pour distinguer leurs propres transgressions, pardonnables, de celles des autres, impardonnables, les informateurs usent de critères qui dessinent indirectement les contours d’une image populaire de la grande corruption, et qui postulent parfois une grande différence de nature entre les motivations respectives des acteurs de la grande et de la petite corruption. Cependant, le rejet mutuel des responsabilités entre certains acteurs et le caractère relatif de certains critères peuvent faire douter d’une différence qualitative de motivations. Ces discours nous disent beaucoup sur les représentations collectives de la corruption, mais une ethnographie des transgressions de haut niveau reste nécessaire pour rendre compte de leurs véritables moteurs. In Greece, just like in other countries where corruption is described as endemic, various cultural factors may explain the relative forgiveness that some types of ‘corruptional’ exchanges benefit from. The people interrogated in the course of an ethnographical fieldwork in 2006 have often downplayed their share of moral responsibility in petty corruption by presenting their participation in it as forced by the circumstances or as justified by some primary moral values, and by contrasting it with much more serious transgressions, appertaining to aggravated corruption and driven by much more questionable values. To distinguish their own forgivable transgressions from the others’ unforgivable ones, the informants use criteria that indirectly shape a popular image of aggravated corruption, and sometimes postulate a strong difference of nature between the respective motivations of the players of petty and aggravated corruption. However, the mutual rejection of responsibilities between some players and the relativity of some criteria cast a doubt on a truly qualitative difference of motivations. While these discourses tell us a lot about collective representations of corruption, an ethnography of high-level transgressions would still be needed to assess their actual drives.
- Published
- 2013
39. Un moment d’histoire des sciences humaines et sociales
- Author
-
Chantraine, Gilles and Salle, Grégory
- Subjects
deviance ,Sutherland ,illégalismes ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,criminalité ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,criminalité en col blanc ,délinquance ,delinquency ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,déviance ,white-collar crime ,criminality ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime - Abstract
Pourquoi traduire aujourd’hui Edwin Hardin Sutherland (1883-1950), en l’espèce l’introduction de son maître-livre White Collar Crime dans sa version non censurée (uncut, selon l’expression consacrée) éditée en 1983, mais dont la première publication, considérablement expurgée, date de 1949 ? Pour des raisons qui tiennent peut-être moins à la teneur littérale du propos qu’à l’idée maîtresse qu’il introduit, et, par là même, à l’envie de faire mieux connaître un moment charnière, une rupture da...
- Published
- 2013
40. Tordre ou briser le bâton de la justice ?
- Author
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Bérard, Jean
- Subjects
deviance ,Sutherland ,illégalismes ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,criminalité ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,delinquency ,délinquance ,far-left movements ,May 68 ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,déviance ,justice populaire ,Mai 68 ,criminality ,extrême gauche ,the ‘Bruay-en-Artois’ affair ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,popular justice ,crime ,affaire de Bruay-en-Artois - Abstract
Cet article porte sur les débats suscités dans les mouvements contestataires nés après mai 68 par l’idée d’appliquer une répression pénale plus sévère aux illégalismes commis par les membres des classes dominantes. Son hypothèse est que ce débat est un aspect de la déstabilisation des positions politiques en matière pénale initiée dans les années 1970 et qu’il a pris forme parmi les militants au croisement entre la reprise par les mouvements d’extrême-gauche d’une analyse critique de la justice comme justice de classe et la mise en cause des institutions disciplinaires par d’autres mouvements sociaux. Il montre que, dans le contexte de l’échec des tentatives maoïstes de « justice populaire », les luttes contre les institutions d’enfermement ont pris le pas sur la volonté d’appliquer des peines de prison à des membres des couches sociales favorisées, et que cette situation a engendré une certaine indétermination militante dont les conséquences structurent le champ contemporain. S’il est consensuel chez les acteurs militants de demander que la lumière soit faite sur les illégalismes politiques et financiers, le sort pénal qui doit être réservé aux auteurs d’infraction est sujet à interrogations. This article deals with the debates, arisen amongst post-68 anti-establishment movements, on the need for a greater criminal penalisation of offences committed by establishment members. The hypotheses upon which this work is based are two. The first one is that this debate is an aspect of the destabilization that political views on criminal matters have been undergoing ever since the 1970's. The second one is that this debate was born amongst activists that stood both by the far-left conception of justice as class justice and the questioning, due to new social movements, of disciplinary institutions. On these grounds, it is shown how, contemporarily to the failed Maoist attempts at ‘popular justice’, the fight against confinement institutions superseded the will to inflict jail penalties upon offenders from the privileged classes and how present day widespread activist indetermination stems from that situation. Indeed, although the demand for greater transparency on political and financial illegalisms is generalized among activists nowadays, there is no general agreement about the type of penalties to be applied to such offences.
- Published
- 2013
41. L’évolution de l’offre des professionnels du risque mondialisé
- Author
-
CONOR O'REILLY
- Subjects
deviance ,illégalismes ,criminalité ,délinquance ,consultants en sécurité transnationale ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,déviance ,Kidnap and Ransom ,mobilité internationale ,Pandemics ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime ,Global Risk Professionals ,pandémie ,Sutherland ,professionnels du risque mondialisé ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,General Medicine ,delinquency ,enlèvement et rançon ,Transnational Security Consultancy ,criminality ,Global Mobility - Abstract
Cet article traite de l’industrie des consultants en sécurité transnationale et de ses prestations de service spécialisées en sécurité dans les régions hostiles du monde. Pour les professionnels du risque mondialisé, un continuum se dégage depuis les débuts de leurs collaborations avec les assureurs spécialisés dans les enlèvements et demandes de rançon en Amérique latine, jusqu’aux synergies plus contemporaines établies avec les fournisseurs internationaux d’assistance médicale d’urgence. Puisant dans un savoir-faire en sécurité très étendu et diversifié ― acquis depuis des décennies dans de nombreux environnements difficiles ― ces gardiens de la mobilité internationale assurent, améliorent et, si nécessaire, rétablissent la circulation des clients qui s’aventurent dans les « zones malfamées du monde ». Leurs solutions haut de gamme en matière de sécurité favorisent principalement l’hypermobilité des privilégiés, mais produisent aussi des externalités négatives par leur capacité à aggraver les inégalités sur les plans social et sécuritaire. This article focuses on the transnational security consultancy industry and its provision of specialised security services in hostile global regions. From initial collaborations with specialised kidnap and ransom insurance providers in Latin America through more contemporary synergies with international providers of emergency medical assistance, a continuum of global risk professionals has emerged. Drawing upon an extensive toolkit of security know-how –accumulated over decades and across a range of challenging environments– these guardians of global mobility secure, enhance, and where necessary restore the primarily profit-oriented circulation of clients who venture into the global badlands. Their sophisticated security solutions are integral to facilitating hypermobility for the privileged but equally produce external effects with the capacity to exacerbate social and security inequalities.
- Published
- 2013
42. Les traders peuvent-ils provoquer des krachs ?
- Author
-
Assouly, Judith and Blic, Damien de
- Subjects
deviance ,responsabilité ,illégalismes ,finance ,criminalité ,morals ,délinquance ,délinquance en col blanc ,compliance ,white collar crime ,fraude ,déviance ,Crédit Lyonnais ,scandale ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,contrôle ,crime ,Sutherland ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,Société Générale ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,delinquency ,scandal ,Kerviel ,criminality ,morale ,responsibility ,fraud - Abstract
L’affaire Kerviel emprunte son nom au jeune trader accusé puis condamné comme auteur d’un système de fraude dont on estime qu’il a coûté près de cinq milliards d’euros à la Société Générale qui l’employait jusqu’au mois de janvier 2008. Mais à l’occasion de cette affaire sont mis en cause également la carence des contrôles internes de la banque, la responsabilité des supérieurs hiérarchiques directs de Kerviel ou encore la légitimité des profits issus des activités de marché. L’affaire se présente autrement dit comme une épreuve à laquelle sont soumises des normes, des catégories et des valeurs relatives à l’activité financière et justiciables en tant que telle d’une approche de sociologie pragmatique. Le présent article emprunte cette perspective en observant comment, dans le cours même des événements, les acteurs eux-mêmes problématisent la question de la « délinquance » financière et plus généralement le rapport des élites financières à la légalité. Or, cette observation dévoile que si la personnalisation de l’affaire suscite le scepticisme, la construction d’autres formes de responsabilités rencontre également des obstacles importants. Le rapprochement de l’affaire Kerviel avec d’autres affaires présentant des caractéristiques proches (l’affaire française du Crédit Lyonnais en particulier) permet de comprendre les difficultés que rencontrent les opérations de dénonciation en période de « crise » et lorsque les entités en cause sont de nature bancaire et financière. La difficulté à dépersonnaliser doit être plus particulièrement mise en rapport avec le processus d’endogénéisation du contrôle et avec les choix politiques en matière de régulation opérés au cours des trente dernières années. The Kerviel case took the name of the young trader, accused and condemned because he created a fraud system, which caused losses estimated to 5 billion euros for Société Générale, the bank that employed him until January 2008. However, are also implicated in this case the lack of internal controls, the responsibility of Kerviel’s direct supervisors or the legitimacy of profits coming from financial market activities. In other words, this affair also invites us to consider the latter as an event to which norms, categories and values are referring to finance and justifies a sociological pragmatic approach. This article takes this perspective, observing how, in the same course of events, the actors themselves problematize the issue of “delinquency” and more generally the connections of the financial elites to legality. However, this observation reveals that this individualizing interpretation of the case raises skepticism, building other responsibilities, and also faces significant obstacles. The combination of the Kerviel case with other cases with similar characteristics (the French Credit Lyonnais scandal in particular) allows to understand the difficulties of describing responsibilities during financial crises and when the entities involved are banking and financial nature. The difficulty to depersonalize this case should be related to the process of endogenization of control and to the policy choices made in financial regulation over the last thirty years.
- Published
- 2013
43. Pour une approche sociologique de la délinquance en col blanc
- Author
-
Alexis Spire
- Subjects
deviance ,Sutherland ,illégalismes ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,criminalité ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,General Medicine ,délinquance ,delinquency ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,déviance ,criminality ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime - Abstract
L’œuvre de Sutherland représente encore aujourd’hui une référence incontournable pour étudier la délinquance en col blanc. Mais tandis qu’il associait ce terme aux infractions commises dans la sphère professionnelle par une personne de statut élevé, de nombreux criminologues ont souligné la diversité des délits, des délinquants et des victimes que peut englober cette notion. Après avoir restitué ces controverses, on voudrait proposer une approche sociologique de la délinquance en col blanc, centrée sur les usages sociaux du droit. L’enjeu de cet article est d’analyser les transgressions du droit par ceux qui se situent en haut de l’échelle sociale, en montrant à quel point celles-ci sont structurées par les institutions censées les réguler. Sutherland’s work is nowadays still essential to the study of white-collar crime. But while he conceived white-collar crime as “a crime committed by a person of high social status in the course of his occupation”, several studies in criminology have pointed out that this notion includes a variety of crimes, offenders and victims. Having discussed those controversies, we would like to propose a sociological approach of white-collar crime, focusing on the use of the law. This article aims at analyzing all the offenses committed by those who are at the top of the social scale, pointing out how those offenses are framed by institutions devoted to their regulation.
- Published
- 2013
44. Le problème de la criminalité en col blanc
- Author
-
Sutherland, Edwin H.
- Subjects
deviance ,Sutherland ,illégalismes ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,criminalité ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,criminalité en col blanc ,delinquency ,délinquance ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,déviance ,white-collar crime ,criminality ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime - Abstract
Les statistiques pénales indiquent sans équivoque que le taux de criminalité, telle que celle-ci est communément comprise et officiellement mesurée, est élevé dans les classes socio-économiques inférieures et bas dans les classes socio-économiques supérieures. Ainsi conçue, la criminalité inclut les violations ordinaires du code pénal, comme les meurtres, les agressions physiques, les cambriolages, les vols simples et qualifiés, les infractions sexuelles, l’ébriété publique ; mais elle n’incl...
- Published
- 2013
45. « Patron voyou » : de la désignation publique à la sanction juridique
- Author
-
Mazade, Olivier
- Subjects
Sutherland ,responsabilité ,illégalismes ,licenciement ,layoff ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,criminalité ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,délinquance ,delinquency ,délinquance en col blanc ,co-employeur ,white collar crime ,criminalité économique et financière ,legal personality ,déviance ,criminality ,responsibility ,co-employer ,economic and financial crime ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,personnalité morale ,crime - Abstract
C’est notamment avec l’affaire Metaleurop (fonderie de métaux non ferreux fermée en 2003) que s’est diffusée dans les médias l’expression de « patron voyou ». La fermeture brutale de cette entreprise et le licenciement de 800 personnes avaient suscité une vague d’indignations. Le cas Metaleurop illustre une forme « d’illégalisme des droits » dans le domaine des affaires, marquée par des stratégies de contournement des obligations fiscales et sociales, des pratiques de fraude (délit d’initié, diffusion d’informations fausses ou trompeuses) et une accusation de « prédation » par l’actionnaire de référence du groupe auquel cette usine appartenait. Cependant, malgré la stigmatisation publique des « méthodes de patron voyou », ce cas montre les difficultés de la justice à repérer des fraudes et des délits dans les stratégies de jeu avec les règles. Les processus de décision se sont opacifiés et les responsabilités se sont diluées avec l’éclatement des organisations en de multiples entités (maison mère, ensemble de filiales, participations croisées, etc.). De plus, les causes qui ont participé à la fermeture brutale de cette entreprise sont diverses. La « prédation » de l’actionnaire de référence n’a pu s’imposer qu’en raison d’une insuffisante vigilance collective vis-à-vis de ses stratégies et de ses pratiques de direction. Ce manque de vigilance s’explique par les défaillances de l’organisation interne de l’entreprise et une désolidarisation progressive de ses soutiens locaux en raison d’une pollution historique. The coinage « rogue boss » (patron voyou) has been widely spread by the French media especially since Metaleurop was suddenly and roughly shut down in 2003. The shutdown of that non-ferrous metal foundry and the consequent layoff of 800 workers then gave rise to a wave of indignation. The case of Metaleurop illustrates the « illegalism of rights » in business that is characterised by strategies aiming at both tax avoidance and denial of corporate social responsibility, fraudulent practices (insider trading, circulation of false or misleading information), and the accusation of « predation » against the reference shareholder of the group owning the factory. Although such practices were publicly denounced as those of a « rogue boss », this case shows how difficult it is for justice to spot frauds and offences in strategies that consist in playing with the rules rather than by the rules. Decision-making processes have been made ever more opaque and responsibility has been diluted as organisations have been splitting up into multiple entities (parent company, group of subsidiaries, cross-holdings, etc.). Furthermore, different causes contributed to the sudden shutdown of the company. The « predation » of the reference shareholder was made possible only for want of sufficient collective vigilance towards his management strategies and practices. The want of vigilance can be accounted for by the failing internal organisation of the company and the progressive decrease in local supports due to the historical pollution caused by the company.
- Published
- 2013
46. Élites délinquantes et résistance au stigmate
- Author
-
Lascoumes, Pierre
- Subjects
Sutherland ,Jacques Chirac ,Chirac (Jacques) ,illégalismes ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,criminalité ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,délinquance ,delinquency ,délinquance en col blanc ,white collar crime ,déviance ,stigma ,élites ,criminality ,stigmate ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,crime - Abstract
Pour la sociologie de la déviance interactionniste, le processus de stigmatisation passe par des rituels de dégradation. En poursuivant cette perspective, l’auteur considère que les élites délinquantes bénéficient au contraire de rituels de restauration quand elles sont mises en cause. Ils se manifestent de façon parallèle à la procédure judiciaire pour lui enlever une grande partie de ses effets dépréciatifs. A propos du procès dans lequel J. Chirac a été condamné, trois processus sont montrés : une restauration par la procédure, une autre par la minimisation des faits illicites, une troisième par une négation de l’intention transgressive. Ces rituels produisent une situation originale d’un individu à la fois coupable et innocenté. In the interactionist sociology of deviance, stigmatisation is understood as a product of degradation rituals. Investigating this claim, the author argues that, to the contrary, delinquent elites benefit from restorative rituals when accused. Such rituals come into being in conjunction with the legal proceedings, with the aim of removing their disparaging effects. Taking the case of Jacques Chirac’s condemnation, three processes are brought to the fore: procedural restoration; restoration through the minimization of illicit occurrences; and restoration through the negation of any intentional wrongdoing. Such rituals produce the peculiar situation in which an individual is at once guilty and innocent.
- Published
- 2013
47. Les grandes entreprises et les instances étatiques de lutte contre la fraude sociale : le jeu du chat et de la souris
- Author
-
Carla Nagels
- Subjects
deviance ,large companies ,illégalismes ,criminalité ,délinquance ,délinquance en col blanc ,droit pénal social ,white collar crime ,auditorat du travail ,déviance ,social inspections ,grandes entreprises ,illegalisms ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität ,criminal law ,crime ,Sutherland ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,avocats d’affaires ,business lawyers ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,General Medicine ,delinquency ,white-collar crime ,labour prosecutor ,criminality ,criminal labour law - Abstract
Cet article veut comprendre comment les grandes entreprises échappent à la pénalisation de la prise en charge étatique de la « fraude sociale » pourtant constatée quand elle est le fait d’acteurs économiques moins puissants. À travers des entretiens menés avec des acteurs judiciaires, administratifs et des avocats d’affaires, sont analysées les pratiques transgressives elles-mêmes et les représentations véhiculées à leur encontre ; les processus d’interaction entre les différents acteurs afin d’expliciter comment, dès lors qu’une pratique transgressive a été constatée par les agences de contrôle, elle devient l’enjeu de négociations et d’instrumentalisations multiples ; les rationalisations à l’œuvre qui visent à « justifier » l’absence du contentieux « grandes entreprises » au niveau pénal. This article aims at understanding how large companies manage to escape criminal proceedings when social fraud has been established whereas less powerful companies would have been pursued. By means of interviews with judicial actors, administrative actors as well as business lawyers, the author analyses the ‘transgressive’ practices and the representations these actors have of these practices; the processes of interacting between the different actors in order to clarify how a transgression, established by the proper agencies of control, becomes the stake of multiple negotiations and instrumentalizations; the rationalizations at work that aim to ‘justify’ the absence of ‘large companies’ in penal litigations.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Pourquoi un dossier sur la « délinquance en col blanc » ?
- Author
-
Chantraine, G. (Gilles), SALLE, G. (Grégory), Centre Lillois d’Études et de Recherches Sociologiques et Économiques - UMR 8019 (CLERSÉ), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille, CNRS, Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, and Centre Lillois d’Études et de Recherches Sociologiques et Économiques - UMR 8019 [CLERSÉ]
- Subjects
crime ,criminality ,delinquency ,deviance ,illegalisms ,Sutherland (Edwin) ,white collar crime ,[SHS.SOCIO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Sociology ,Sutherland ,illégalismes ,Wirtschaftsverbrechen ,criminalité ,Wirtschaftskriminalität ,délinquance ,délinquance en col blanc ,déviance ,Weisse-Kragen Kriminalität - Abstract
L’époque contemporaine est sans doute la première à poser explicitement et effectivement dans tous les domaines le grand problème politique : non pas seulement comme lutte pour le pouvoir à l'intérieur d'institutions politiques données, ni pour la transformation de ces institutions et de quelques autres, mais comme problème de reconstruction totale de la société, remettant en cause aussi bien la cellule familiale que le mode d'éducation, la notion de déviance et de criminalité tout aussi bien...
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Aspectos jurídicos del poder. Los 'ilegalismos'. El 'caso Sade'
- Author
-
Pelayo González-Torre, Angel and Universidad de Cantabria
- Subjects
lcsh:Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law ,Ilegalisms ,K201-487 ,Sex and Law ,Ilegalismos ,Marquis of Sade ,Law and Sex ,Illegalisms ,discretionality ,Power and Sex ,Arbitrariedad ,Poder y Derecho ,Sexo y derecho ,Marqués de Sade ,Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law ,lcsh:K201-487 ,Discretionality ,Sexo y Derecho - Abstract
RESUMENSe ha dicho que una de las características jurídicas del Estado contemporáneo es la convivencia de zonas de anomia con otras de puntillosa reglamentación jurídica, y a la vez con la práctica de ciertos “ilegalismos” tolerados. Estos “ilegalismos” serían ámbitos de actividades prohibidas legalmente pero toleradas por el poder con la misión de lograr alguna otra finalidad distinta de la prevista por las leyes. El mundo del sexo es un campo típico para el ejercicio de los “ilegalismos” y la figura del Marqués de Sade se convierte en un personaje revelador del funcionamiento de esa práctica. ABSTRACT It is said that one of the characteristics of the contemporaneous legal system is the coexistence of non regulated spaces with others of detailed legislation, and at the same time with the practice of the so called tolerated illegalism. This illegalisms would be activities prohibited by law but tolerated by the power. The goal would be to achive different objectives to the proposed by Law. The field of sexual activities is one of the most appropriated for illegalisms and the case of Marquis of Sade is a good example of these practices.
- Published
- 2011
50. Community pacts and protection in San Salvador
- Author
-
Martel, Roxana and Vianna, Fernando de Luiz Brito
- Subjects
Urban Violence ,Gangs ,Illegalisms ,Gangues ,City ,Violência urbana ,Ilegalismos ,Cidade - Abstract
Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre a experiência de fronteira que hoje se vive nos bairros populares urbanos de El Salvador. Considerado como um dos países mais violentos da América Latina, a resposta dos governos tem sido o combate às gangues. Porém, os índices de violência, ao contrário de diminuir, têm aumentado. Interessa aqui analisar os distintos pactos que as comunidades realizam em busca de proteção, em um cenário no qual uma multiplicidade de atores determina as dinâmicas legais e ilegais dos bairros. Com base em uma pesquisa realizada em dois bairros emblemáticos, este artigo discute o poder estatal na gestão de ilegalismos e o uso da violência de direito. This article explores the frontier experience now pervasive in working-class urban districts of El Salvador. Considered one of the most violent countries in Latin America, the response of the governments has been to combat the gangs. However, rather than falling, rates of violence have been on the increase. The interest here is analyzing the distinct pacts that the communities make in search of protection, part of a scenario in which a multitude of actors determine the legal and illegal dynamics of the neighbourhoods. Based on research conducted in two emblematic districts, the article discusses state power in the management of illegalisms and the use of state violence.
- Published
- 2010
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