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High-quality seedlings are one of the key factors in achieving high yield and precocity of blueberries. The inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the development of seedlings in the nursery, ensuring more vigorous seedlings in a shorter time. This study evaluated the effect of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the development of 'PowderBlue'blueberryseedlings. The treatments were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, in which the first factor was the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora rosea, Glomus clarum, G. rosea + G. clarum, and a control level without mycorrhizae, while the second factor consisted of usingindole-3-butyric acid(IBA) and a control level without IBA. Semi-hardwood cuttings were planted in pots containing sterilized soil and kept in a greenhouse for 660 days. The percentage of rooted cuttings, plant height, root system length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities, SPAD index, mycorrhizal efficiency and dependence, number of spores, and soil basal respiration were evaluated. Plants inoculated with G. clarum without IBA and inoculated with G. rosea with IBA showed higher dry matter and SOD and POD enzyme activities, but the use of IBA had a negative effect on the fungus. The inoculation of blueberry cuttings with G. clarummay help seedlingdevelopment, thus improving biometric and biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the plant regulator IBAwas essential in establishing the symbiosis between blueberry and the AMF G. rosea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Red and White pakestanian mulberry cultivars and Baladi mulberry trees were propagated by using medium hardwood cuttings pre-pared in November, December and January, and treated with the growth regulators IBA and NAA (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm) during 2020 and 2021 seasons. The hardwood cuttings treatment was planted in wooden frames inside the greenhouse in a cultivation medium consisting of peat moss and sand (1:3 v/v respectively). Data showed that Baladi mulberry cultivar gave the highest values of rooting percentage while the White Pakestanian gave the highest values for the number of roots per cutting. Concerning growth regulator treatments, IBA at 6000 gave the highest significant number of roots per cutting followed by NAA at 6000 ppm. In the interaction between the two studied factors, the highest rooting percentage was found by NAA at 6000 ppm for Baladi and White cultivars. While the highest values of root number and root length were resulted by IBA at 6000 ppm followed by NAA at 6000 ppm for Baladi and White mulberry cultivars. The C/N ratio in Baladi and White cultivars cuttings was highest in hardwood cuttings prepared in November. While the values of C/N ratio in Red mulberry cultivar cuttings were highest in hardwood cuttings prepared in January.

The Saman Wetland Complex is formed by five major wetlands present in Etawah and Mainpuri districts of Uttar Pradesh. The habitat is majorly a wetland system with scrub vegetation along the edges and surrounded by agricultural fields; attracting a diverse group of bird species. These wetlands are an ideal habitat for Sarus Crane and are also Important Bird Areas. In the past two decades, the anthropogenic activities have deteriorated the habitat and wetlands no longer support the earlier congregation of birds. The study conducted during 2020-2021 provides baseline information on the present status of the Saman wetland complex, waterbird diversity, threats faced by the wetlands & waterbirds, and suggests future management/conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research has been conducted on the in vitro mass propagation of pear (Pyrus spp.) trees through vegetative propagation, demonstrating high efficiency in shoot multiplication across various pear species. However, the low in vitro rooting rates remain a significant barrier to the practical application and commercialization of mass propagation. This study aims to determine the favorable conditions for inducing root formation in the in vitro microshoots of Pyrus genotypes. The base of the microshoots was exposed to a high concentration (2 mg L−1) of auxins (a combination of IBA and NAA) for initial root induction at the moment when callus formation begins. The microshoots were then transferred to an R1 medium (1/2 MS with 30 g L−1 sucrose without PGRs) to promote root development. This method successfully induced rooting in three European pear varieties, one Asian pear variety, and a European–Asian hybrid, resulting in rooting rates of 66.7%, 87.2%, and 100% for the European pear (P. communis), 60% for the Asian pear (P. pyrifolia), and 83.3% for the hybrid pear (P. pyrifolia × P. communis) with an average of 25 days. In contrast, the control group (MS medium) exhibited rooting rates of 0–13.3% after 60 days of culture. These findings will enhance in vitro root induction for various pear varieties and support the mass propagation and acclimatization of pear. The in vitro root induction method developed in this study has the potential for global commercial application in pear cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Salkowski reagent method is a colorimetric technique used to determine auxin production, specifically as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It was developed to determine indoles rapidly; however, it does not follow Beer's law at high concentrations of IAA. Thus, there could be an overestimation of IAA with the Salkowski technique due to the detection of other indole compounds. Methods: This study aims to compare the Salkowski colorimetric method versus a chromatographic method to evidence the imprecision or overestimation obtained when auxins, such as indole-acetic acid (IAA), are determined as traits from promoting growth plant bacteria (PGPB), using ten different strains from three different isolation sources. The analysis used the same bacterial culture to compare the Salkowski colorimetric and chromatographic results. Each bacterium was cultivated in the modified TSA without or with tryptophan for 96 h. The same supernatant culture was used in both methods: Salkowski reagent and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). Results: The first method indicated 5.4 to 27.4 mg L-1 without tryptophan in ten evaluated strains. When tryptophan was used as an inductor of auxin production, an increase was observed with an interval from 4.4 to 160 mg L-1. The principal auxin produced by all strains was IAA from that evaluated by the LC-MS/MS method, with significantly higher concentration with tryptophan addition than without. Strains belonging to the Kocuria genus were highlighted by high IAA production. The indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) was detected in all the bacterial cultures without tryptophan and only in K. turfanensis As05 with tryptophan, while it was not detected in other strains. In addition, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was detected at trace levels (13-16 µg L-1). Conclusions: The Salkowski reagent overestimates the IAA concentration with an interval of 41-1042 folds without tryptophan and 7-16330 folds with tryptophan as inductor. In future works, it will be necessary to determine IAA or other auxins using more suitable sensitive techniques and methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Red and White pakestanian mulberry cultivars and Baladi mulberry trees were propagated by using medium hardwood cuttings prepared in November, December and January, and treated with the growth regulators IBA and NAA (0, 2000, 4000 and 6000 ppm) during 2020 and 2021 seasons. The hardwood cuttings treatment was planted in wooden frames inside the greenhouse in a cultivation medium consisting of peat moss and sand (1:3 v/v respectively). Data showed that Baladi mulberry cultivar gave the highest values of rooting percentage while the White Pakestanian gave the highest values for the number of roots per cutting. Concerning growth regulator treatments, IBA at 6000 gave the highest significant number of roots per cutting followed by NAA at 6000 ppm. In the interaction between the two studied factors, the highest rooting percentage was found by NAA at 6000 ppm for Baladi and White cultivars. While the highest values of root number and root length were resulted by IBA at 6000 ppm followed by NAA at 6000 ppm for Baladi and White mulberry cultivars. The C/N ratio in Baladi and White cultivars cuttings was highest in hardwood cuttings prepared in November. While the values of C/N ratio in Red mulberry cultivar cuttings were highest in hardwood cuttings prepared in January. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to see whether the death of a boxing athlete has legal consequences for the opposing athlete in terms of existing laws and regulations and who can be responsible if a boxing athlete dies in a match. In 1967, PERTINA officially entered as a member of KONI along with other parent organizations through the inauguration of Presidential Decree No. 57 of 1967, so that since then boxing has been considered a sport and articles 182 to 186 of the Criminal Code concerning sparring cannot be applied to boxing, the law that applies because boxing is Law no. 11 of 2022 concerning sports (Sports Law). Article 103 of the Sports Law does not recognize criminal penalties against athletes so that the death of an athlete in a match has no legal consequences for their opponents, however article 103 paragraph 1 of the Sports Law threatens criminal penalties for organizers who do not comply with the provisions of article 52 of the Sports Law. The world of sports knows the principle of Lex sportiva which can be explained as a special law governing sports created by the sports institution itself which applies and is enforced by and for the sports institution itself without intervention from the positive law of a country or international law. Article 61 and article 102 paragraph 5 of the Sports Law explicitly recognize this principle and the consequence of recognizing sports statutes in the Sports Law makes the boxing sports statutes (IBA statutes) become specialist lex for the Sports Law. Violations by organizers in article 103 paragraph 1 of the Sports Law are also regulated in article 9 in conjunction with article 26 in conjunction with article 32 of the IBA code of ethics so that in this case article 103 paragraph 1 in conjunction with article 52 of the Sports Law cannot be applied to organizers in the event of the death of an athlete in a match. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Kirkuk University for Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ex vitro root formation of micro cuttings of Pyrodwarf pear rootstock (Pyrus communis L.) using floating perlite bed and the effects of Indole-3-butric acid (IBA) treatments on the growth performance after five months were determined. Micro cuttings were dipped in 25, 50, 100 or 150 mg L–1 IBA solutions for 10 s for ex vitro rooting, except for the control. The floating perlite bed cultures were kept for 4 weeks at 25 ± 2ºC with a photoperiod of 16 h light (35 μmol∙m−2∙s−1). At the end of the rooting experiment, there were no statistically significant differences among treatments in terms of rooting percentages (77.8%-81.1%), number of roots (1.9–2.5) and the length of the longest root (22.8–36.8 mm). In the plant growth experiment, ex vitro rooted micro cuttings treated with 25 and 50 mg L–1 IBA and the control were maintained under greenhouse conditions for 5 months to determine the growth performance of the plants. Growth performance was higher in terms of stem diameter, root and stem dry weights of plants rooted with 50 mg L–1 IBA determined as 4.5 mm, 196.5 mg and 704.7 mg, respectively. In conclusion, it was found that the floating perlite bed method was effective in ex vitro rooting and acclimatization. Ex vitro rooting with 50 mg L−1 IBA improved plant growth performance in greenhouse.Key message: Ex vitro rooting and acclimatization of Pyrodwarf micro cuttings were achieved successfully using floating perlite bed. Micro cuttings quick-dipped in 50 mg L−1 IBA exhibited improved growth performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study develops a basic micropropagation protocol for Oroxylum indicum, a well-liked plant in Southeast Asia with medicinal properties that have been recognized by various civilizations worldwide for centuries. Seeds were sterilized with 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 minute, yielding an optimal sterilization efficiency of 89.9%. MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP was the most effective medium for shoot initiation, and MS medium supplemented with 0.7 mg/l IBA was the best rooting medium.

An investigation was conducted to know the influence of growth hormones on shoot growth in hardwood cuttings of fig (Ficus carica L.). The experiment was set up in RBD having thirty cuttings with three replications treated with different concentrations of growth hormones viz., T1 (IBA 1000 ppm), T2 (IBA 2000 ppm), T3 (NAA 1000 ppm), T4 (NAA 2000 ppm), T5 (IBA 1000 ppm + NAA 1000 ppm), T6 (IBA 2000 ppm + NAA 2000 ppm) along with control. Present study revealed earliest sprouting, maximum shoot diameter, shoot length and number of leaves, fresh and dry weights shoot with T6 (IBA 2000 ppm + NAA 2000 ppm). On the basis of findings of this study fig hardwood cuttings treated with IBA 2000 ppm + NAA 2000 ppm under the shade house conditions can be recommended to nursery growers and researchers to obtain desirable shoot growth under Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research is the property of Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Artificial nail materials are mixtures that are prone to contain several sensitizing (meth)acrylates. It is not known whether the listing of (meth)acrylates is correct in these products' packages. Protective gloves suited for nail work are needed. Objectives: To analyse (meth)acrylates in gel nail and acrylic nail products chemically and to compare the results with the information in the product labels, and to study penetration of artificial nail materials through selected disposable gloves. Methods: We analysed 31 gel nail products and 6 acrylic nail products for their (meth)acrylate content by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We tested the penetration of two nail products through three disposable gloves: nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Results: Altogether 32/37 products contained (meth)acrylates. In all of them, there was discrepancy between the listed (meth)acrylates and those discovered in the analysis. The commonest (meth)acrylates were hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, 20/37 samples) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA, 9/37 samples), but many of the product packages failed to declare them. Isobornyl acrylate (IBA) was discovered in nine gel nail products. The neoprene glove could withstand nail gel for 20 min and thin nitrile glove and PVC glove for 5 min. Acrylic nail liquid penetrated through disposable gloves quickly. Conclusions: Labelling of artificial nail products was notably incorrect on most products. Requirements for product labelling must be updated so that the risk of sensitization associated with artificial nail products is clearly indicated. Disposable gloves can probably be used short‐term in gel nail work, whereas disposable gloves do not protect the user from acrylic nail liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the susceptibility of three strawberry cultivars ("Festival", "Fortuna", and "Rubygem") to drought stress induced by varying polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentrations in the culture medium. Plantlets were cultivated on a solid medium supplemented with 1 mg/L BAP, and PEG concentrations (0, 2, 4, and 6 mg/L) were introduced to simulate drought stress. Morphological changes were observed, and morphometric analysis was conducted. Additionally, artificial neural network (ANN) analysis and machine learning approaches were integrated into this study. The results showed significant effects of PEG concentrations on plant height and multiplication coefficients, highlighting genotype-specific responses. This study employed various machine learning models, with random forest consistently demonstrating superior performance. Our findings revealed the random forest model outperformed others with a remarkable global diagnostic accuracy of 91.164%, indicating its superior capability in detecting and predicting water stress effects in strawberries. Specifically, the RF model excelled in predicting root length and the number of roots for "Festival" and "Fortuna" cultivars, demonstrating its reliability across different genetic backgrounds. Meanwhile, for the "Rubygem" cultivar, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and Gaussian process (GP) models showed particular strengths in predicting proliferation and plant height, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of ML models, particularly RF, to enhance agricultural breeding and cultivation strategies through accurate phenotypic predictions, suggesting a promising direction for future research to improve these predictions further. This research contributes to understanding strawberry responses to drought stress and emphasizes the potential of machine learning in predicting plant characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionThe Salkowski reagent method is a colorimetric technique used to determine auxin production, specifically as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). It was developed to determine indoles rapidly; however, it does not follow Beer's law at high concentrations of IAA. Thus, there could be an overestimation of IAA with the Salkowski technique due to the detection of other indole compounds.MethodsThis study aims to compare the Salkowski colorimetric method versus a chromatographic method to evidence the imprecision or overestimation obtained when auxins, such as indole-acetic acid (IAA), are determined as traits from promoting growth plant bacteria (PGPB), using ten different strains from three different isolation sources. The analysis used the same bacterial culture to compare the Salkowski colorimetric and chromatographic results. Each bacterium was cultivated in the modified TSA without or with tryptophan for 96 h. The same supernatant culture was used in both methods: Salkowski reagent and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS).ResultsThe first method indicated 5.4 to 27.4 mg L-1 without tryptophan in ten evaluated strains. When tryptophan was used as an inductor of auxin production, an increase was observed with an interval from 4.4 to 160 mg L-1. The principal auxin produced by all strains was IAA from that evaluated by the LC-MS/MS method, with significantly higher concentration with tryptophan addition than without. Strains belonging to the Kocuria genus were highlighted by high IAA production. The indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) was detected in all the bacterial cultures without tryptophan and only in K. turfanensis As05 with tryptophan, while it was not detected in other strains. In addition, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) was detected at trace levels (13-16 µg L-1).ConclusionsThe Salkowski reagent overestimates the IAA concentration with an interval of 41-1042 folds without tryptophan and 7-16330 folds with tryptophan as inductor. In future works, it will be necessary to determine IAA or other auxins using more suitable sensitive techniques and methodologies.

ABSTRACT: High-quality seedlings are one of the key factors in achieving high yield and precocity of blueberries. The inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the development of seedlings in the nursery, ensuring more vigorous seedlings in a shorter time. This study evaluated the effect of inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the development of ‘PowderBlue’blueberryseedlings. The treatments were arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, in which the first factor was the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Gigaspora rosea, Glomus clarum, G. rosea + G. clarum, and a control level without mycorrhizae, while the second factor consisted of usingindole-3-butyric acid(IBA) and a control level without IBA. Semi-hardwood cuttings were planted in pots containing sterilized soil and kept in a greenhouse for 660 days. The percentage of rooted cuttings, plant height, root system length, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities, SPAD index, mycorrhizal efficiency and dependence, number of spores, and soil basal respiration were evaluated. Plants inoculated with G. clarum without IBA and inoculated with G. rosea with IBA showed higher dry matter and SOD and POD enzyme activities, but the use of IBA had a negative effect on the fungus. The inoculation of blueberry cuttings with G. clarummay help seedlingdevelopment, thus improving biometric and biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the plant regulator IBAwas essential in establishing the symbiosis between blueberry and the AMF G. rosea.

The lakes of Egypt are the most diverse habitats for breeding and wintering migratory birds. Lakes are classified as wetlands that include both terrestrial and aquatic environments; thus, it is essential to emphasize studying their fauna. The diversity of bird species in the area was evaluated to assess the functionality of several types of habitats around Lake Qaroun. Lake Qaroun is a Ramsar site and is considered an important bird area (IBA). A 15-month fieldwork (five successive seasons) was conducted from December 2020 to February 2022. The study sites were selected and grouped according to habitat types: Open water (OpW), sewage drains (SdR), protected area (PA), and urban villages (UrV). A total of 85 species were recorded belonging to 13 orders and 26 families. The bird community structure was divided into three main groups: resident, migratory, and waterbirds. Waterbirds were the most dominant, representing 68% of the total bird community richness (57 species), followed by residents representing 38% (32 species), and migrants representing 62% (52 species). In addition, the white-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala (a scarce endangered species) and graylag goose Anser anser were two rare passers that was recorded during the study. Slender-billed gull (Larus genei) was the most abundant species in the lake. The spatial and temporal variation was measured using species richness, mean abundance, evenness (equitability), Shanonn- Wiener's, and Simpson's diversity indices. Results showed that spatially, SdR represented the highest habitat in avian diversity of the overall community and resident species, while PA recorded the lowest. Temporally, autumn recorded the highest richness and mean species abundance, while spring experienced the lowest. Species evenness and diversity indices recorded the highest numbers in both winter seasons, with the lowest observed in summer. Indicator species analysis showed that nine indicator species were significantly associated with sewage drain habitat. In contrast, the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) was identified as an indicator species significantly associated with the habitat of the protected area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we focused on the initiation of porosity in the anodic alumina under galvanostatic conditions in chromic acid, using an 18O isotope tracer. The general concept of the initiation and growth of porous anodic oxide films on metals has undergone constant development over many years. A mechanism of viscous flow of the oxide from the barrier layer to the pore walls has recently been proposed. In this work, two types of pre-formed oxide films were analysed: pure Al2O3 formed in chromic acid, and a film containing As ions formed in a sodium arsenate solution. Both were anodized in chromic acid for several different time durations. Both pre-formed films contained the oxygen isotope 18O. The locations and quantities of 18O and As were analysed by means of ion accelerator-based methods supported by transmission electron microscopy. The significant difference observed between the two oxide films is in the 18O distribution following the second step of anodization, when compared with galvanostatic anodization in phosphoric or sulfuric acid reported in previous works. From the current experiment, it is evident that a small amount of As in the pre-formed barrier layer appears to alter the ionic conductivity of the film; thus, somehow, it inhibits the movement of oxygen ions ahead of advancing pores during anodization in chromic acid. However, anodising pure alumina film under these conditions does not enhance oxygen movement within the oxide layer. In addition, the tracer stays in the outer part of the growing porous oxide film. A lower-than-expected value for pure alumina enrichment in 18O in the pre-formed films suggests, indirectly, that the pre-formed film may contain hydrogen species, as well as trapped electrons, since no Cr is detected. This may lead to the presence of space charge distribution, which has a dual effect: it both retards the ejection of Al3+ ions and prevents O2− ions from migrating inward. Thus, the negative- and positive-charge distributions might play a role in the initiation of pores via a flow mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact of different types of cuttings and the use of Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) on the rooting of the Damas plant. The study found that tip cuttings treated with 500 ppm IBA resulted in the highest number of roots, longest root length, highest fresh and dry weight of roots, and the highest rooting percentage. The research suggests that tip cuttings with 500 ppm IBA are an effective method for propagating the Damas plant. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Harran Journal of Agricultural & Food Science is the property of Harran University, Faculty of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study comprehensively explored the micropropagation and rooting capabilities of four distinct lavender genotypes, utilizing culture media with and without 2 g/L of activated charcoal. A systematic examination of varying concentrations of BAP for micropropagation and IBA for rooting identified an optimal concentration of 1 mg/L for both BAP and IBA, resulting in excellent outcomes. Following robust root development, the acclimatization of plants to external conditions achieved a 100% survival rate across all genotypes. In addition to the conventional techniques employed, integrating machine learning (ML) methodologies holds promise for further enhancing the efficiency of lavender propagation protocols. Using cutting-edge computational tools, including MLP, RBF, XGBoost, and GP algorithms, our findings were rigorously examined and forecast using three performance measures (RMSE, R2, and MAE). Notably, the comparative evaluation of different machine learning models revealed distinct R2 rates for plant characteristics, with MLP, RBF, XGBoost, and GP demonstrating varying degrees of effectiveness. Future studies may leverage ML models, such as XGBoost, MLP, RBF, and GP, to fine-tune specific variables, including culture media composition and growth regulator treatments. The adaptability and ability of ML techniques to analyze complex biological processes can provide valuable insights into optimizing lavender micropropagation on a broader scale. This collaborative approach, combining traditional in vitro techniques with machine learning, validates the success of current micropropagation and rooting protocols and paves the way for continuous improvement. By embracing ML in lavender propagation studies, researchers can contribute to advancing sustainable and efficient plant propagation techniques, thereby fostering the preservation and exploitation of genetic resources for conservation and agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hibiscus moscheutos L. 'Berry Awesome' is a complex hybrid of the new Proven Winners Summerific series of varieties with highly ornamental characteristics. Micropropagation of highly ornamental varieties is important for mass production of planting material for commercial purposes. The traditional methods for propagating Hibiscus varieties, such as cuttings or seed propagation, however, do not guarantee high rates of production of high-quality seedlings. To solve this problem, an attempt was made to develop protocols for micropropagation of Hibiscus moscheutos L. 'Berry Awesome' in vitro on agar and liquid medium using a bioreactor system, followed by ex vitro adaptation of the regenerants. The optimal method for sterilization of nodal explants as well as the optimal composition of the initiation medium for shoot proliferation and rooting were determined. For micropropagation on a liquid medium, a rocker-type bioreactor was used, and its advantages over micropropagation on an agar medium were demonstrated. The results showed that the best sterilization method for nodal segment explants was as follows: pretreatment by rinsing with running tap water, sterile water, and distilled water for 70 min and soaking for 5 min in a mixture of solutions of ethyl alcohol (96%), hydrogen peroxide (38%), and water in a ratio of 1:1:2. In this case, live and sterile explants accounted for 62.6%. The optimal initiation medium for axillary buds in nodal segments was the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L−1 N-(2-chloro-4-pyridinyl)-N'-phenylurea (CPPU), which resulted in 73.3% of axillary buds being induced. The optimal solid proliferation medium was MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L−1 CPPU with a proliferation coefficient of 5.8. In a liquid medium, the optimal concentration of CPPU was 0.05 mg L−1 with a proliferation coefficient of 9.2. The best medium for rooting/shoots with agar and in bioreactors was MS medium with the addition of 0.1 mg L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The highest rooting rate was 99.0% in both types of media, and the survival rate of plantlets was 88.7% in solid media and 98.7% in the bioreactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus, rich in vitamins, minerals, and fiber, is nutritious. Compatibility with scions is also considered when choosing rootstock to create robust, high-yielding trees with good specifications. The study propagates ‘Carrizo’ Citrange rootstock (C35) in vitro. At the start of experiments, single nodes were cultured in solid MS or MT medium with five BA concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg L-1). At multiplication experiments, shoots 1 cm long were cultured in the best medium from the start (MT + 2 mg L-1 BA) with five Kin concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 mg L-1). Alternatively, use MS or MT solid media with ½ salt strength and IBA (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mg L-1) for rooting multiplication shoots. After four weeks, the MS medium had a higher response percentage (98%) than the MT medium (84%), and the MT medium had the highest shoot number (1.76 shoot) compared to MS (1.18 shoot). In addition, BA at 2 mg L-1 increased the number of shoots (1.84), which was overcome, while MS medium dominated at 2.14 cm shoot length over MT medium (0.82 cm). Thus, 2.22 and 2.38 cm showed significant differences from other treatments. The best number of leaves was 6.60 for MT medium and 8.33 for 2 mg L-1 BA. After 6 weeks, the rooting experiment showed that 2 mg L-1 IBA had the highest rooting percentage (70%), the lowest (50%) in the control treatment, and the highest number of roots (2 roots/shoot). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rooting ability of'Domat'olive cuttings is very low. Therefore, it is necessarily propagated by grafting onto seedling rootstocks. Hence, nursery tree propagation is time consuming and costly. Thus, this work was necessitated to predict the effects of auxin injections to the rooting medium to support the exogenously applied auxin. Besides, predicting the auxin sensitive phase of rooting, when the applied auxin showed the highest efficiency on cuttings treated with hormones, in different days from the cutting insertion was also aimed. Semi-hardwood olive cuttings was used. As the rooting medium, phenol-formaldehyde foam and paper pot were used. The highest rooting percentage (76.6%) was obtained from the foam, injected with 50 mg l-1IBA. However, the highest root number (2.9) and root length (54.1 mm) were observed in foam medium, without injected with IBA. As for the delayed application of hormones, cuttings treated with 5000 mg l-1 IBA on day 5, gave the highest figures of percent rooting (83.3%) and the other rooting parameters. Application of 5000 mg l-1 IBA 5 days later than cutting insertion, would be a good approach due to the highest rooting, and root quality of the cuttings of the studied cultivar and some other table olives which have difficult-to-root cuttings as well.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper examines some various archaeological sources related to music and dance activities during the Pre-dynastic and early period in Egypt. And by selecting those sources from different areas in Egypt, a descriptive analysis can help better understand the studied music and dancing representations, while the comparative study here may help reaching a clear conclusion about the connection of those early representations with those from the later periods in Egypt. Some of the various sources studied here, do confirm the existence of musical and dance performances in the different aspects of the daily life and funerary rituals since then, while others highlight a wider documentation of dancer's activities compared to those of singers' and musicians', of which only a few have been documented. Through the different studied sources documenting musical and dancing activities from pre- and early dynastic societies in Egypt, their important function and role can be suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia piquetiana, one of the endemic species of Vietnam, is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) by the IUCN. A reassessment of its conservation status and research into propagation methods are essential for its conservation. Our survey recorded 246 mature individuals in the wild at three locations in Lam Dong Province: Bao Loc City, Bao Lam District, and Da Huoai District. The conservation assessment for this species, determined with GeoCat software, is still CR. Propagation by partially uncoated seeds had a higher propagation efficiency than by coated seeds. The germination percentage was 92.22%; the seeds began germination after 11 days and finished after 29.33 days. The results showed that stem cuttings immersed in a concentration of 500 ppm indole-3-butyric acid for 10 minutes with a 100% coir substrate gave the highest survival percentage (90.00%), rooting percentage (86.67%), average number of roots (4.54), root length (4.86 cm), and rooting index (21.98) after 90 days.

Extensive research has been conducted on the in vitro mass propagation of pear (Pyrus spp.) trees through vegetative propagation, demonstrating high efficiency in shoot multiplication across various pear species. However, the low in vitro rooting rates remain a significant barrier to the practical application and commercialization of mass propagation. This study aims to determine the favorable conditions for inducing root formation in the in vitro microshoots of Pyrus genotypes. The base of the microshoots was exposed to a high concentration (2 mg L−1) of auxins (a combination of IBA and NAA) for initial root induction at the moment when callus formation begins. The microshoots were then transferred to an R1 medium (1/2 MS with 30 g L−1 sucrose without PGRs) to promote root development. This method successfully induced rooting in three European pear varieties, one Asian pear variety, and a European–Asian hybrid, resulting in rooting rates of 66.7%, 87.2%, and 100% for the European pear (P. communis), 60% for the Asian pear (P. pyrifolia), and 83.3% for the hybrid pear (P. pyrifolia × P. communis) with an average of 25 days. In contrast, the control group (MS medium) exhibited rooting rates of 0–13.3% after 60 days of culture. These findings will enhance in vitro root induction for various pear varieties and support the mass propagation and acclimatization of pear. The in vitro root induction method developed in this study has the potential for global commercial application in pear cultivation.

The metallome has been involved in the pathological investigation into ocular tissue for decades; however, as technologies advance, more information can be ascertained from individual tissue sections that were not previously possible. Herein, a demonstration of complementary techniques has been utilized to describe the distribution and concentrations of essential metals in both wildtype (WT) and rhodopsin (Rho−/−) ocular tissues. The multimodal approach described is an example of complementary datasets that can be produced when employing a multifaceted analytical approach. Heterogenous distributions of copper and zinc were observable within both WT and Rho−/− tissue by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and the distributions of further trace elements notoriously problematic for ICP-MS analysis (phosphorous, Sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, and aluminum) were analysed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE).

La quête d’acceptabilité sociale comme nouvelle norme de l’action publique pour les grands projets implique une transformation des processus décisionnels et des instruments. Au coeur de la transition énergétique, la question du transport de l’électricité apparaît stratégique. Le rôle des ententes sur les retombées et les avantages (ERA) est de plus en plus important et permet de poser la question de la justice distributive. L’article propose d’étudier la question de l’évolution d’une ERA sur quatre décennies, le Programme de mise en valeur intégrée (PMVI) d’Hydro-Québec concernant une vingtaine de projets de lignes à haute tension. Une approche sociopolitique par les instruments est mobilisée à cette fin et permet de rendre compte des résistances, ajustements et changements à l’oeuvre en s’interrogeant sur les implications de cet instrument de type conventionnel et incitatif du point de vue de la justice distributive dans le cadre de la gouvernance énergétique. La méthodologie repose sur l’analyse de contenu des rapports du Bureau d’audiences publiques sur l’environnement (BAPE).

This study was conducted in the Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Agriculture College, Basrah University, Iraq, during the period 9/23/2021 until 8/19/2023 with the aim of studying the effect of different concentrations of cytokinin Tdz and auxin Ibi in the micropropagation of banana plants of the Grand-Nain hybrid variety, by cultivating Both buds and half-buds are in the MS medium. The results showed the concentration of 5.0 mg L-1 of TDZ was superior to all treatments, as it gave the highest number of vegetative shoots, the highest number of branch length, the highest number of leaves, and the highest leaf width of 9.33 plant parts-1, 6.87 cm, and 4.33 shoots-1. 1.867 cm, respectively. The rooting results show a significant superiority to the concentration 3.0 mg.L -1 IBA. All treatments in the percentage of root emergence reached 100%, the highest average number of leaves was 4.00 shoots -1, the highest plant length was 9.00 cm, and the highest number of roots was 7.67 root shoots-1, the highest rate. The root length is 9.17 cm. The acclimatization treatments inside the acclimatization rooms led to the success of plant propagation using sterile soil consisting of peat moss and pearlite in a ratio of 2:1, as it gave the best results after 20 weeks for vegetative growth traits. It is concluded from the study the distinctive role of the cytokinin TDZ in stimulating the vegetative shoots of the Grand-Nain hybrid variety and the possibility of plant differentiation using special treatments to acclimatize the resulting plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study was to produce seedlings of Aquilaria malaccensis with rapid growth, uniformity and high quality. The effect of indole butyric acid (IBA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) at different concentrations and combinations (100, 150 and 200 ppm) on the germination and development of seedlings was investigated. The primed seed was grown in two types of soil, namely, sterile and unsterile soil. The seeds primed with IBA (100, 150 and 200 ppm) and planted in sterile soil showed germination and organ development of 8 seeds from 3 treatments within 4-7 days. However, the seeds primed with GA3 took 10 to 15 days for germination, and organ development of 14 seeds from 3 treatments. The germination rate of all the primed seeds of IBA and GA3 grown in unsterile soil was null. The various combination of IBA and GA3 played a significant role in the germination and organ development of A. malaccensis seed in the sterile soil (17.305 ± 0.88), than in unsterile soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, Algeria has 22 wetlands designated as Important Bird Areas (IBA). However, other wetlands are also eligible for this network but have not yet been classified due to a lack of comprehensive studies demonstrating their ornithological importance. In this study, we are interested in the Boussedra marsh, located on the Algerian coast in the far north-east. The monitoring of the aquatic avifauna was carried out from September 2015 to August 2018. We applied the exhaustive count for small groups and the estimation of numbers for large groups. Two of the IBA categories were found to be significant, confirming the international importance of this wetland for waterbirds. Five species inhabiting the site are listed as globally threatened on the IUCN red list, namely, Oxyura leucocephala (Endangered), Aythya nyroca (Near Threatened), Vanellus vanellus (Near Threatened), Aythya ferina (Vulnerable) and Marmaronetta angustirostris (Near Threatened). Interestingly, 960 individuals of Oxyura leucocephala were recorded, i.e., over than 10% of the world's population. Overall, the avian community of Boussedra inventoried between September 2015 and August 2018, has reached a diversity of 42 species, i.e., that's about one-third of the national aquatic avifauna, consisting mainly of surface ducks, Rallids, waders, and gulls, making it one of the most diverse wetlands in the country. Although the monthly numbers of waterbirds in the marsh are low compared to the large Algerian sites (< 5000 individuals), they are still among the most important locally. Boussedra is a real wintering area, but it is also home to a diverse nesting population of 20 species, including four that are globally threatened according to the IUCN Red List, making it one of the most important nesting areas for waterbirds in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An efficient attempt was conducted to increase the mass production of seven local cultivars of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) Masafik, Melisse, Radisho, Armishte, Diala, Halapja, and Dwarf pomegranate cultured in the Kurdistan region of Iraq from October 2021 to February 2023. Micropropagation technique was applied using eight combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) added to two media (MS and WPM). The results indicated that immersing explants in 70% Ethyl alcohol (EtOH) for (2 minutes) followed by immersion in (2.5%) Sodium Hypochlorite (NaOCl) plus 3 drops of tween 20 for 13 mins. was the more suitable combination for explant sterilization. MS and WPM media salts supplemented together with eight combinations of PGRs were carried out to evaluate the more suitable combination for the initiation stage. The obtained data clarified that the 1/2 strength of the MS medium (1/2 MS) supplemented with 0.5 BAP plus 0.5 mg/l Kinetin increases the pomegranate explant initiation response percentage. WPM basal medium was the preferred media to be used in the multiplication stage. The impact of different levels and protocols of Cytokinins, Auxins, and Gibberellins were investigated by eight protocols including using BAP, GA3, and adenine sulfate. The outcomes indicated that adding both concentrations of BAP (0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) separately supported by GA3 and adenine sulfate in amounts of (0.3 and 30 mg/l) respectively again were the most suitable protocol that affected the multiplication of regenerated shoots when compared to using BAP alone. Valuable results were found in rooting response after 6 weeks by using 1/2 strength of MS media along with two levels of Auxins (NAA, and IBA). Moreover, the visual observation records that around 85-90% of rooted cultures were successfully acclimatized by transferring the cultures from in vitro to the exvitro environment. Finally, Dwarf cultivars exceed all the other cultivars in studded parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The first attempt at in vitro propagation of E. venustus with Woody Plant Medium (WPM). • Combinations of BAP + KIN exhibited the highest shooting response and number of shoots. • WPM with IBA exhibited better results with the highest number of roots. • The rooted plantlets transferred to vermiculite exhibited a 72% survival rate. • The protocol will serve as an efficient tool to conserve this endangered tree at a higher risk of extinction. Elaeocarpus venustus Bedd. is a steno-endemic and Critically Endangered tree species discovered in Kalakkadu Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve (KMTR) southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. An in vitro propagation method using nodal explant is developed on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) with 0.1–2.0 mg/l each of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), 6-furfuryl amino purine (FAP)/Kinetin (KIN), Thidiazuron (TDZ), Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Indole butyric acid (IBA) individually and/or in combinations. The highest percentage of explants (85.60±3.50%) responded and exhibited bud breaking on a culture medium with 1.5 mg/l of BAP+ 1.0 mg/l of KIN after 45 days of incubation under 25±2 °C with 16hr of photoperiod of 1000 lux light intensity culture conditions. Each cultured explant produced 9.10±1.58 shootlets. On WPM containing 0.5 mg/l IBA, the in vitro produced shoots rooted (each shoot produced 5.20±0.83 roots) within 26 days of incubation. The rooted treelets were acclimatized and hardened using plastic cups with sterile vermiculite under laboratory conditions and about 72% of hardened plantlets survived in the field. It is suggested that the tissue culture process defined and developed can be used for the propagation and conservation of E. venustus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metallome has been involved in the pathological investigation into ocular tissue for decades; however, as technologies advance, more information can be ascertained from individual tissue sections that were not previously possible. Herein, a demonstration of complementary techniques has been utilized to describe the distribution and concentrations of essential metals in both wildtype (WT) and rhodopsin (Rho−/−) ocular tissues. The multimodal approach described is an example of complementary datasets that can be produced when employing a multifaceted analytical approach. Heterogenous distributions of copper and zinc were observable within both WT and Rho−/− tissue by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and the distributions of further trace elements notoriously problematic for ICP-MS analysis (phosphorous, Sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, and aluminum) were analysed by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ivorian cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) orchards are essentially comprised of unselected trees of diverse origins and characterized by a very low yield per hectare. In these orchards, potentially high-yielding trees have been identified. Vegetative propagation remains the most appropriate technique for the regeneration of these trees. Air layering is the regeneration technique used for a number of wood species that are difficult to root through clonal propagation. The objective of this study was to set up a regeneration protocol using the layering technique. Specifically, we evaluated the effect of the substrates, diameter class, and indole butyric acid concentration on the rooting percentage and survival of hardened plants. For this purpose, two diameter classes 5-8 mm and 8-12 mm, four substrates (sawdust, rice chip, coco peat, and coffee integument), two concentrations of indole butyric acid (2.5 and 5 mg/L) and one control (no indole butyric acid solution). were tested. Rooting percentages of 88.09, 79.36, and 61.90 were obtained with sawdust, rice chip, and coco peat respectively. No roots were observed on the coffee integument. Diameter class 8-12 mm promoted the most significant percentage of survival (89.41%) and rooting (85.18%). The concentration of 5 mg/L favored the induction of the greatest number of roots (30.79). The specific percentage of possible survival in the field of the weaned layer was above 80%. Branches with 8-12 mm diameter treated with indole butyric acid 5 mg/L in sawdust induced was the optimum treatment combination for cashew nut layering propagation in Cote d'Ivoire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is an autoimmune neurological disease and is the most common subtype of MS. In addition, it is associated with the development of depression and anxiety. To date, depressive- and anxiety-like behaviours were only studied using models of progressive MS, which causes severe motor alterations. Thus, we sought to standardise the depressive and anxiety-like behaviours in an RRMS model induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (RR-EAE) in mice. The RR-EAE model was induced in C57BL/6 female mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) antigen and Quillaja saponin (Quil A) as an adjuvant. The immunisation of RR-EAE did not induce locomotor alteration but caused relapsing-remitting induction of clinical scores in mice until 35 post-immunization (p.i.). Also, increased levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), astrocyte marker (GFAP), and microglial markers (IBA-1) were detected in the prefrontal cortex at 35 p.i. of RR-EAE. In the open field test, RR-EAE mice showed decreased time spent at the centre and sniffing behaviour (at days 21 and 34 p.i.). Also, on day 35 p.i. the RR-EAE group spent less time in the open arms and had decreased open-arm entries compared to control mice in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, confirming the anxiety-like behaviour. At day 36° p.i. in the tail suspension test, mice showed depression-like behaviour with decreased latency time and increased immobility time. Thus, the RR-EAE model mimics the neuroinflammatory and behavioural features of the RRMS, including depression- and anxiety-like symptoms. Highlights: The RR-EAE model induced depression- and anxiety-like behaviours in mice. Astrocytic activation marker was increased in the prefrontal cortex of RR-EAE mice. Microglial marker was increased in the prefrontal cortex of RR-EAE induced mice. TNF-α levels were increased in the prefrontal cortex of RR-EAE induced mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pomegranate production in Afghanistan is increasing remarkably, but nursery services are lacking, leading to inconsistent growth and low rooting percentages in cuttings. Hence, this research was conducted at the greenhouse of Nangarhar University, Faculty of Agriculture, to investigate the efficacy of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and organic materials, namely banana, garlic, aloe vera, and panchagavya, as rooting promoters on cuttings of the ideal seedless pomegranate cultivar (Bedana). The cuttings were derived from one-year-old dormant branches in mid-February of 2023. The findings indicated that panchagavya and aloe vera significantly (p < 0.05) accelerated the sprouting process of pomegranate cuttings, resulting in 100% rooting, while IBA showed a delayed initiation of sprouting. In contrast, banana had a detrimental effect on the sprouting of the cuttings. IBA and organic materials, except banana and garlic, significantly influenced all the shoot parameters. Among the treatments, panchagavya (21.1%), IBA (23.4%), and aloe vera (26.8%) demonstrated the highest number of shoots per cutting compared to the control. A consistent soil plant analysis development (SPAD) pattern was observed across treatments, positively correlating with shoot and root parameters (range, r = 0.30–0.97). The application of organic materials significantly (p < 0.05) impacted root length, acrobasal roots, root diameter, total root length, and root fresh weight. However, banana and garlic yielded contrasting results in most of these parameters. In conclusion, aloe vera and panchagavya are found to be more suitable for propagating pomegranates through cuttings, making them excellent alternatives to IBA for nurserymen and companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adventitious root formation is the key to successful propagation of olives through cuttings. Etiolation, as an eco-friendly practice, can modulate the plant's endogenous phytohormone, which plays an important role in stimulation of rooting of cuttings. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the effect of etiolation on the rooting behavior of both 'Manzanillo' and 'Picual' olive cuttings (terminal and sub-terminal) treated with IBA (0, 4000 ppm). The results indicated that sub-terminal cuttings in both cultivars were more effective in olive propagation than terminal cuttings as they recorded increased leaves number, C/N ratio, total carbohydrates, total indoles, IAA, IAA/GA ratio, and total phenols. Etiolation of both olive cultivars for both terminal and sub-terminal cuttings significantly decreased rooting percent, roots number, IAA, and IAA/GA ratio; while, it increased GA and GA/IAA. Moreover, etiolation decreased total sugars, IAA, IAA/GA ratio, and indole/phenol ratio in both sub-terminal cuttings. Terminal 'Manzanillo' cuttings achieved a higher rooting percent than terminal 'Picual' cuttings by 5.83% and 202.2% as mean of both seasons for untreated and IBA-treated cuttings, which was accompanied by significant increase in vascular bundle%, total phenol, phenol/indole ratio, IAA, and IAA/GA ratio by 21.48%, 49.2%, 44.72%, 12.9%, and 22.9%, respectively. Also, terminal 'Manzanillo' cuttings recorded lower GA by 7.98% and GA/IAA ratio by 18.21% and pith by 6.13% than terminal 'Picual' cuttings. This study proved that olive plants need exposure to full sunlight to propagate easily by cuttings since etiolation had negative effects on IBA-treated cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper is to map the online presence of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham's (HTS) media branch – Ebaa News Agency (ENA) – on the surface web. It also measures three years of propaganda output of the group and its viewership, as well as outlines the thematic landscape of its productions based on the content analysis of a sample. It argues that Ebaa's messaging pattern constitutes a peculiar mixture of opposing priorities. It paid a great deal of attention to portraying itself as an independent news agency that has nothing to do with violent terrorist organizations (VEOs). In effect, its productions are easily available on the surface web. A closer look, however, proves that since 2017 ENA has been dedicated to supporting HTS's radical Islamist agenda. This paper provides evidence of this. Moreover, Ebaa adopted a two-vector distribution strategy of its productions, composed of standalone websites and Telegram channels. In this context, the output of this media cell appears to be quite impressive. Between 2017 and 2020, it was capable of releasing more than 13,000 pieces of propaganda on its websites. At the same time, however, their viewership was lower than initially expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plectranthus amboinicus plant is known for its traditional and modern pharmacological uses as well as its ornamental value. The high demand for plant harvest necessitates the existence of several alternative commercial propagation protocols. Therefore, the present paper explores the impact of various combinations of basal nutrient media and hormonal supplements on micropropagation for P. amboinicus. The results confirmed that White’s medium at full strength was superior to MS and B5 media with respect to the establishment and proliferation of shoot tip explants. Besides, White’s medium amended with BA at 0.50 mg/l gave a higher shoot number, while hormone-free White’s medium induced the best plant vigor, leaves number and shoot length. In vitro rooting of produced shootlets under a low concentration of IBA (0.250 mg/l) achieved the best survival and rooting percentages (90 and 100%, respectively) as well as length and number of roots (6.40 cm and 9.83 roots/shoot, respectively). The in vitro-raised plantlets were successfully acclimatized with the best survival percentage when cultured on a mixture of peat moss and sand