73 results on '"hlapljivi spojevi"'
Search Results
2. Volatile compounds, antioxidant activity, ACE inhibitory activity, HMF content and microstructure of fruit yoghurts.
- Author
-
Bakirci, İhsan, Terzioğlu, Murat Emre, and Akkaya, İbrahim
- Subjects
- *
KIWIFRUIT , *FRUIT , *YOGURT , *ANGIOTENSIN converting enzyme , *MICROSTRUCTURE , *SYNERESIS - Abstract
Stirred-type fruit yoghurts with two different fruit purees (kiwifruit and banana) were produced and were investigated the physicochemical, volatile compounds, 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, cupric ion reducing capability (CUPRAC), total phenolic compounds (TPC), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, reducing sugar content and microstructure. The addition of fruit puree affected (p<0.01) total solids, fat, protein, ash, L*, a*, b*, volatile compounds, DPPH, CUPRAC, TPC, ACE inhibitory activity, HMF content, reducing sugar content and overall acceptability whereas it had an insignificant effect on the pH, titratable acidity, apparent viscosity, syneresis (p>0.05). Storage period significantly (p<0.01) affected the titratable acidity, DPPH, CUPRAC, TPC, ACE inhibitory activity, HMF content, reducing sugar content and overall acceptability, as well as the pH, apparent viscosity and a* (p<0.05). Although the addition of banana and kiwi relatively suppressed the characteristic flavour of the experimental yoghurt samples, it improved the DPPH, CUPRAC and TPC. On the other hand, the addition of banana-kiwi was found to increase the content of HMF, the toxic compound. Yoghurt can be recommended as an important source of bioactive compounds with ACE inhibitory activity. According to the microstructure analysis results, a more homogeneous structure was observed in the control group samples compared to the fruit-added yoghurt samples and it was determined that the serum pore diameters were smaller. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Characterization of Quark-like probiotic cheese produced from a mixture of buffalo milk and cow milk.
- Author
-
Guneser, Onur and Aydin, Büşra
- Subjects
- *
CHEESE , *PROBIOTICS , *LACTOBACILLUS acidophilus , *COWS , *SWEETNESS (Taste) , *TASTE , *MILK yield , *MILK - Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential application of buffalo milk in the production of Quark-like cheese enriched with probiotic cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus. Compositional, physicochemical, textural, aromatic, and sensory attributes of the cheese samples prepared using different ratios of buffalo milk and cow milk were investigated. The results revealed significant differences among the analysed cheese samples with respect to the dry matter, fat and protein content. The cheese samples prepared using only buffalo milk had the highest contents of dry matter, fat, and protein compared to the cheese samples prepared using only cow milk. Titratable acidity of the cheese samples was in the range of 0.91 to 1.52 (lactic acid %), while the water-soluble nitrogen content varied between 7.88 % and 11.22 % during storage. Increasing the proportion of cow milk in cheese caused an increase in the L* and Hue colour values. The cheese samples prepared from buffalo milk showed the highest value for hardness, while the lowest hardness value was observed for cheese samples prepared using cow milk. All cheese samples had higher levels of acetic acid, butanoic acid, 3-methyl butanoic acid, and hexanoic acid compared to other volatile compounds. L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus counts during storage were in the range of 9.02-9.18 log CFU/g and 9.12-9.30 log CFU/g, respectively. The sour taste was determined to be dominant in all cheese samples, followed by the sweet taste. Creamy, cooked, and fermented flavours were the most prominent flavours in all cheese samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Aromatski profil pjenušavih vina Zagrebačke županije.
- Author
-
Korenika, Ana-Marija Jagatić, Preiner, D., and Jeromel, Ana
- Subjects
SPARKLING wines ,GRAPE ripening ,FERMENTATION ,WINE districts ,WINE aging ,GAS chromatography ,WINE flavor & odor - Abstract
Copyright of Glasnik Zastite Bilja is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Utilization of Reconstituted Whey Powder and Microbial Transglutaminase in Ayran (Drinking Yogurt) Production
- Author
-
Ceren Akal, Celalettin Koçak, Nazlı Kanca, and Barbaros Özer
- Subjects
fermentirani proizvodi ,sirutka ,transglutaminaza ,SDS-PAGE ,hlapljivi spojevi ,reološka svojstva ,General Chemical Engineering ,fermented products ,whey ,transglutaminase ,volatile profile ,rheology ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Research background. In industrial ayran production, milk is diluted to the desired protein content (2% (m/V)) prior to fermentation by yogurt starter cultures by partial replacement of cheese whey in reconstituted form with potable water. This may be an alternative way of protein recovery from cheese by-products as well as reducing the production costs since less milk is used in ayran production. On the other hand, the balance between milk caseins and whey proteins is disturbed when cheese whey is added to milk for ayran production, which likely leads to a time-dependent phase separation during cold storage. Modification of ayran matrix by enzymatic crosslinking of proteins may be a solution to overcome this potential physical instability of ayran. This topic has not been explored to date, and the present study was designed to investigate the possibilities of utilization of reconstituted whey powder (RWP) and microbial transglutaminase (MTG) in ayran production. Experimental approach. Milk was diluted to obtain 2% protein level using RWP and potable water. The aim of utilization of RWP was to meet 5, 10 or 15% of the protein content of the final product. RWP solutions were obtained by calculating the amounts of whey powder required to meet the specified ratios and mixing it with the water required for dilution. We prepared eight different ayran samples divided in three groups, namely group A: prepared by partially diluting milk with RWP to obtain 5, 10 or 15% of total protein amount in the product, group AMTG: prepared by adding microbial transglutaminase (0.5 U per g of protein) to group A samples, and control group without RWP and with or without the addition of MTG. The gross composition, physical (phase separation and viscosity, chemical (volatile and peptide profiles and SDS-PAGE electrophoresis patterns) and sensory properties of the samples were evaluated throughout 15 days of storage with weekly intervals. Results and conclusions. Since the amounts of whey powder used to obtain RWP were different, dry matter levels of the samples differed. Using RWP in ayran production increased the phase separation slightly. Incorporation of MTG affected the physical properties of the ayran samples positively and prevented phase separation at a satisfactory level. SDS-PAGE electrophoretograms revealed that cross-linking between proteins triggered by MTG formed intense bonds at high molecular mass regions. The remaining parameters were not affected by MTG. Results revealed that the samples with 10% RWP with and without addition of MTG were determined as the formulations with the highest commercialization potential. Novelty and scientific contribution. Utilizing RWP in the production of ayran to reduce the protein content of the final product to the desired level is a new approach. Since complete replacement of RWP with potable water to dilute milk to reach 2% (m/V) protein likely leads to lower sensory scores, we have investigated a possibility of partial replacement of RWP with potable water. A time-dependent phase separation is the major challenge of industrial ayran production. This physical problem was largely eliminated by means of MTG-mediated cross-linking of milk proteins. The proposed novel ayran production method offers dairy industry reduction of production costs and contributes to sustainability in milk production since smaller volume of milk is used to reach desired protein content in the final product., Pozadina istraživanja. U industrijskoj proizvodnji ayrana mlijeko se prije fermentacije razrjeđuje do željenog omjera proteina i mlijeka (2 % (m/V)) dodavanjem rekonstituirane sirutke i vode. Osim što se tim postupkom iskorištavaju proteini iz nusproizvoda proizvodnje sira, smanjuju se i troškovi, jer se koristi manji volumen mlijeka za proizvodnju ayrana. S druge strane, dodatak sirutke mlijeku narušava ravnotežu kazeina mlijeka i proteina sirutke, što s vremenom može dovesti do razdvajanja faza tijekom hladnog skladištenja. Modificiranjem matriksa ayrana unakrsnim vezanjem proteina može se smanjiti njegova moguća nestabilnost. Ovaj postupak još nije dovoljno istražen, stoga je u ovom radu ispitana mogućnost primjene rekonstituiranog praha sirutke i mikrobne transglutaminaze u proizvodnji ayrana. Eksperimentalni pristup. Mlijeko je razrjeđeno rekonstituiranim prahom sirutke i vodom kako bi sadržavalo 2 % proteina. Svrha je dodavanja rekonstituiranog praha sirutke bila dobiti konačni proizvod s 5, 10 ili 15 % proteina. Otopine sirutke pripremljene su s izračunatom količinom praha sirutke za postizanje željenog omjera, te miješane s vodom do željenog razrjeđenja. Pripremili smo osam različitih uzoraka ayrana, podijeljenih u tri skupine: skupina A je sadržavala uzorke ayrana s 5, 10 ili 15 % ukupnih proteina pripremljene od djelomično razrjeđenog mlijeka i rekonstituiranog praha sirutke, skupina AMTG pripremljena je dodavanjem 0,5 jedinica mikrobne transglutaminaze po gramu proteina uzorcima iz skupine A, a kontrolna je skupina sadržavala uzorke ayrana bez rekonstituiranog praha sirutke s dodatkom mikrobne transglutaminaze ili bez nje. Sastav, fizikalna (razdvajanje faza i viskoznost), kemijska (sastav hlapljivih spojeva i peptida, te SDS-PAGE profili) i senzorska svojstva uzoraka ispitana su jednom tjedno tijekom 15 dana skladištenja. Rezultati i zaključci. Udjel suhe tvari u uzorcima ayrana se razlikovao, jer su korištene različite količine praha sirutke za dobivanje rekonstituiranog praha. Dodavanjem rekonstituiranog praha sirutke mlijeku tijekom proizvodnje ayrana neznatno se povećalo razdvajanje faza. Ugradnjom mikrobne transglutaminaze u proizvodnju poboljšana su fizikalna svojstva uzoraka te je uspješno zaustavljeno odvajanje faza. Rezultati SDS-PAGE pokazuju da su unakrsnim vezanjem proteina, potaknutim dodatkom mikrobne transglutaminaze, stvorene čvrste veze između molekula velike molekulske mase. Dodatak transglutaminaze nije utjecao na ostale značajke ayrana. Rezultati pokazuju da su uzorci s 10 % rekonstituiranog praha sirutke, bez dodatka ili s dodatkom mikrobne transglutaminaze, okarakterizirani kao proizvodi s najvećim tržišnim potencijalom. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Primjena rekonstituiranog praha sirutke za smanjenje udjela proteina u krajnjem proizvodu predstavlja novi pristup proizvodnji ayrana. Budući da je potpunom zamjenom rekonstituiranog praha sirutke vodom tijekom razrjeđenja mlijeka radi smanjenja omjera proteina i mlijeka na 2 % rezultiralo lošijim senzorskim ocjenama proizvedenog ayrana, ispitali smo mogućnost djelomične zamjene praha sirutke vodom. Glavni izazov industrijske proizvodnje ayrana je spriječiti odvajanje faza tijekom vremena. Taj se problem može u većoj mjeri riješiti unakrsnim vezanjem proteina pomoću mikrobne transglutaminaze. Predložena nova metoda proizvodnje ayrana omogućuje smanjenje troškova proizvodnje i pridonosi održivosti proizvodnje mlijeka, budući da se za postizanje potrebne količine proteina u krajnjem proizvodu koristi manji volumen mlijeka.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Stabilnost fenolnih i hlapljivih tvari te sastava masnih kiselina sortnih ekstra djevičanskih maslinovih ulja tijekom skladištenja i zagrijavanja
- Author
-
Klisović, Dora and Brkić Bubola, Karolina
- Subjects
senzorska svojstva ,sensory attributes ,skladištenje ,antioxidant activity ,sastav masnih kiselina ,heating ,phenolic compounds ,ekstra djeviĉansko maslinovo ulje ,extra virgin olive oil ,storage ,hlapljivi spojevi ,zagrijavanje ,fenolni spojevi ,fatty acid composition ,antioksidacijska aktivnost ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,udc:54(043.3) ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,Kemija. Kristalografija. Mineralogija ,Chemistry. Crystallography. Mineralogy - Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the influence of real storage conditions and daily consumption, heating, and presence of food during storage (dried tomatoes, cheese) and heating (vegetables) of monovarietal EVOOs on its fatty acid composition, phenolic and volatile compounds, antioxidant activity, sensory properties, and quality. The results indicated that under consumption conditions used in this study (gradual headspace increasing, darkness, room temperature), EVOO's composition of fatty acid, phenolic and volatile compounds remained preserved within one month. The presence of food during storage and heating significantly decreased the quality and the concentration of total identified phenolic and volatile compounds of the used EVOO. The use of monovarietal oils indicated varietal specificity under different conditions of its use, related to the composition of fatty acids, phenolic and volatile compounds. Cilj ovog istraţivanja bio je ispitati utjecaj realnih uvjeta upotrebe i svakodnevnog korištenja, zagrijavanja i prisutnosti hrane tijekom skladištenja (sušena rajĉica, sir) i zagrijavanja (povrće) sortnih EDMU na sastav masnih kiselina, fenola i hlapljivih spojeva, antioksidacijsku aktivnost, senzorska svojstva i kvalitetu ulja. Dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da je sastav masnih kiselina, fenolnih i hlapljivih spojeva EDMU u uvjetima svakodnevnog korištenja (postepeno povećavanje nadprostora boce, bez svjetlosti, sobna temperatura) ostao nepromijenjen unutar mjesec dana skladištenja. Prisutnost hrane tijekom skladištenja i zagrijavanja znaĉajno je utjecala na smanjenje kvalitete te koncentracije ukupnih identificiranih fenolnih i hlapljivih spojeva korištenog EDMU. Primjenom sortnih ulja utvrĊena je sortna specifiĉnost u razliĉitim uvjetima uporabe vezana uz poĉetni sastav masnih kiselina, fenolnih i hlapljivih spojeva.
- Published
- 2023
7. Comparison of volatile compounds of Dalmatian pancetta, Istrian pancetta and Schwartwald bacon : diploma thesis
- Author
-
Bujas, Toni and Marijanović, Zvonimir
- Subjects
blue and gray fiber ,hlapljivi spojevi ,HS-SPME ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,plavo i sivo vlakno ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS ,panceta - Abstract
U ovom radu analiziran je kemijski sastav hlapljivih spojeva dalamtinske i istarske pancete te schwarzwaldske slanine. Hlapljivi spojevi izolirani su mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME) korištenjem plavog i sivog vlakna. Analiza izoliranih hlapljivih spojeva uzoraka provedena je metodom plinske kromatografije – spektrometrije masa (GC-MS). Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju kako različiti postupci prerade i proizvodnje utječu na različitost u sastavu hlapljivih aromatskih spojeva analiziranih proizvoda. In this paper, the chemical composition of the volatile compounds of Dalmatian and Istrian pancetta and Schwarzwald bacon was analyzed. Volatile compounds were isolated by solid phase peak vapor microextraction (HS-SPME) using blue and gray fibers. The analysis of the isolated volatile compounds of the samples was performed using the gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method. The obtained results indicate that different processing and production processes affect the difference in the compositi on of volatile aromatic compounds of the analyzed products.
- Published
- 2022
8. Sensory and aromatic profile of smoked hams : master thesis
- Author
-
Bralić, Sara and Šarolić, Mladenka
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,dimljeni pršut ,smoked ham ,HS-SPME ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,senzorska analiza ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS ,sensory analysis - Abstract
Cilj ovog rada bio je identificirati hlapljive spojeve hrvatskih tradicionalnih dimljenih pršuta te odrediti senzorska svojstva istih. Tijekom procesa proizvodnje pršuta odvija se niz biokemijskih reakcija koje su zasluţne za formiranje boje, teksture i arome pršuta. Najvaţnije biokemijske reakcije tijekom kojih nastaje niz hlapljivih spojeva odgovornih za aromu pršuta su lipoliza i proteoliza. Izolacija hlapljivih spojeva pršuta provedena je mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na ĉvrstoj fazi (HS-SPME), a spojevi su identificirani vezanim sustavom plinske kromatografije-masene spektrometrije (GC-MS). Identificirani hlapljivi spojevi svrstani su u sljedeće skupine: aldehidi, fenoli, alkoholi, esteri, kiseline, ketoni, alifatski i aromatski ugljikovodici, spojevi sa dušikom, spojevi sa sumporom i terpeni. MeĊu identificiranim spojevima najzastupljeniji su bili aldehidi, potom fenoli i ketoni. Senzorska analiza provedena je od strane 10 ocjenjivaĉa korištenjem nestrukturirane linijske skale. Sinergijom arome, boje i teksture stvara se senzorski profil pršuta. Tijekom senzorske analize uzorak 1 je dobio najveće ocjene za većinu pozitivnih karakteristika, dok su uzorci 4 i 6 ocjenjeni niţim ocjenama. Ni u jednom od uzoraka nisu pronaĊeni kristali tirozina te aroma na biokemijsko, po svjeţem mesu i po aromatiĉnom bilju. The aim of this study was to identify volatile compounds of traditional Croatian smoked hams and to determine their sensory properties. Series of biochemical reactions occurs during the production process which are responsible for the formation of color, texture and aroma of smoked hams. Lipolysis and proteolysis are the most important biochemical reactions which generate a number of volatile compounds that are responsible for the formation of ham aroma. The volatile compounds were isolated by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Identified volatile compounds are classified into the following groups: aldehydes, phenols, alcohols, esters, acids, ketones, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, compounds with nitrogen, compounds with sulfur and terpenes. Among identified compounds aldehydes were the most abundant compounds, then phenols and ketones. Sensory analysis was performed by 10 panelist using an unstructured linear scale. The sensory profile of hams is created through the synergy of aroma, color and texture. During the sensory analysis sample 1 received the highest grade for the majority of positive characteristics, while samples 4 and 6 were rated with lower grades. Tyrosine crystals, biochemical aroma, aroma of fresh meat and aromatic herbs were not found in any of the samples.
- Published
- 2022
9. Volatile compounds of Pelinkovac liquer : master thesis
- Author
-
Galić, Josip and Šarolić, Mladenka
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,biljni liker ,pelinkovac ,HS-SPME ,herbal liqueur ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS - Abstract
Pelinkovac je jako alkoholno piće koje se tradicionalno proizvodi u Republici Hrvatskoj. Pripada kategoriji biljnih likera dobiven aromatiziranjem etilnog alkohola poljoprivrednog podrijetla maceratima aromatičnog bilja u kojima po sastavu i količini dominira biljka pelin (Artemisia absinthium L.), uz komorač (Foeniculum vulgare L.), kadulju (Salvia officinalis L.) i mentu (Menta piperita L.), koji proizvodu daju prepoznatljiva i karakteristična organoleptička svojstva. Cilj ovog rada je bio usporediti aromatični profil pet vrsta likera Pelinkovca prisutnih na tržištu republike Hrvatske. Hlapljivi spojevi izolirani su pomoću mikroekstrakcije vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME), a analizirani vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-masena spektrometrija (GC-MS). Analiziranjem dobivenih rezultata utvrđen je različiti sastav hlapljivih spojeva među ispitanim uzorcima. U uzorcima A, B i E dominira trans-anetol (36,10 %, 43,21 % i 39,20 %), u uzorku C limonen (52,82 %) te u uzorku D p-menton (25,76 %). Utvrđene razlike u aromatičnom profilu upućuju na specifičnosti pojedinog proizvođača u odabiru aromatičnog bilja i tehnološkog procesa proizvodnje. Pelinkovac is strong alcoholic beverage that is traditionally produced in Croatia. It belongs to the category of herbal liqueurs, obtained by aromatizing ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin with macerates of aromatic plants in which the wormwood plant (Artemisia absinthum L.) dominates, along with fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and mint (Menta piperita L.), which give the products recognizable and characteristic organoleptic properties. The aim of this study was to compare the aromatic profile of five types of Pelinkovac liqueur present on the market of the Republic of Croatia. Volatile compounds were isolated using headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME), and analyzed by a coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system. The analysis of the obtained results revealed a different composition of volatile compounds among the tested samples. Trans anethole was the dominat compound in samples A, B and E (36,10 %, 43,21 % and 39,20 %), while in sample C it was limonene (52.82 %) and in sample D p-menthone (25, 76 %). The established differences in the aromatic profile point to the specifics of each producer in the selection of aromatic herbs and the technological process of production.
- Published
- 2022
10. EFFECTS OF EARLY LEAF REMOVAL ON VOLATILE COMPOUNDS CONCENTRATIONS IN CABERNET SAUVIGNON WINES FROM THE ILOK VINEYARDS.
- Author
-
Drenjančević, M., Rastija, V., Jukić, V., Zmaić, K., Kujundžić, T., Rebekić, A., and Schwander, F.
- Subjects
CABERNET wines ,DEFOLIATION ,VOLATILE organic compounds ,VINEYARDS ,GAS chromatography/Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) - Abstract
Copyright of Agriculture / Poljoprivreda is the property of Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Effect of nutrient medium on the specialized metabolites of two grepevines (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars in vitro
- Author
-
Spudić, Iva, Preiner, Darko, and Liber, Zlatko
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Biologija ,'Portan' ,volatile organic compounds ,polifenolni spojevi ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Biology ,polifpehnolic compounds ,'Graševina' - Abstract
Cilj ovoga rada bio je uzgojiti dvije sorte vinove loze 'Portan' i 'Graševinu' u uvjetima in vitro na dvije različite hranjive podloge, uobičajenoj podlozi koja sadrži Murashige i Skoog medij te podlozi koja osim navedenog medija sadrži i usporivač rasta, alar B9. Biljke uzgojene u uvjetima usporenoga rasta bile su manje u vidu kraćih stabljika i manjih dimenzija listova u odnosu na biljke uzgojene na uobičajenoj podlozi. Istražen je utjecaj različitih podloga na sastav i sadržaj pojedinačnih polifenolnih te hlapljivih organskih spojeva u listovima navedenih sorti. Veće vrijednosti masenih udjela gotovo svih analiziranih polifenolnih spojeva dobivene su u uzorcima listova biljaka uzgojenih na uobičajenoj podlozi, dok su gotovo svi pojedinačni hlapljivi spojevi bez obzira u koju kemijsku skupinu pripadaju (terpenoide, kiseline, aldehide, ketone i alkohole) imali veće apsolutne površine pikova u uvjetima usporenog rasta. Dobiveni rezultati potvrđuju da uporaba hranjive podloge za usporeni rast nema negativan utjecaj na biljku čime je utvrđena prikladnost njene uporabe za potrebe čuvanja genetskog materijala vinove loze u uvjetima in vitro, a čime se smanjuje učestalost subkultivacije biljaka. The aim of this work was to grow two grape varieties 'Portan' and 'Graševina' under in vitro conditions on two different nutrient media, the usual medium containing Murashige and Skoog medium and the medium containing, in addition to the mentioned medium, a growth retarder, alar B9. Plants grown under conditions of slow growth were smaller in terms of shorter stems and smaller leaf sizes compared to plants grown on the usual substrate. The influence of different nutrient media on the composition and content of individual polyphenolic and volatile organic compounds in the leaves of the mentioned varieties was tested. Higher values of content of almost all analyzed polyphenolic compounds were obtained in leaf samples of plants grown on the usual substrate, while almost all individual volatile compounds, regardless of which chemical group they belong to (terpenoids, acids, aldehydes, ketones, and alcohols), had greater responses in the slow growth conditions. The obtained results confirm that the use of nutrient medium for slow growth does not have a negative effect on the plant, which established the suitability of its use for the purposes of preserving the genetic material of the grapevine in vitro, which reduces the frequency of subcultivation of plants.
- Published
- 2022
12. Hlapljivi spojevi multiflorne pčelinje peludi
- Author
-
Marijanović, Zvonimir, Klobučar, Dolores, Šarolić, Mladenka, Pavlešić, Tomislav, Majić, Ivana, and Antunović, Zvonko
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,pčelinja pelud ,GC-MS ,SPME - Abstract
Kemijska karakterizacija hlapljivih spojeva pčelinje peludi od velike je važnosti za procjenu njezine kvalitete. Hlapljivi spojevi izolirani su metodom mikroekstrakcije vršnih para na krutoj fazi (SPME) koristeći dva različita vlakna različite polarnosti. Dobiveni podaci analizirani su spregnutom tehnikom plinska kromatografija- spektrometrija masa (GC-MS). SPME metodom identificiran je 21 različiti spoj. Identificirani spojevi mogu se svrstati u sljedeće kemijske skupine: kiseline, alkoholi, esteri, ketone i aldehidi.
- Published
- 2022
13. Hlapljivi spojevi rakije travarice
- Author
-
Šarolić, Mladenka, Pavlović, Željana, Marijanović, Zvonimir, Radonić, Ani, Delić, Žana, Babić, Jurislav, Kučić Grgić, Dajana, and Ocelić Bulatović, Vesna
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,rakija travarica ,HS-SPME/GC-MS ,rakija ,travarica - Abstract
Travarica je jako alkoholno piće koje u Hrvatskoj ima dugu tradiciju proizvodnje, posebice na području Dalmacije, Istre i otoka. Pripada skupini specijalnih rakija te se proizvodi aromatiziranjem vinskog destilata, komovice, lozovače ili voćnih rakija odabranim aromatičnim biljem ili njihovim maceratima [1]. U ovom radu analiziran je aromatični profil rakija travarica kupljenih na domaćem tržištu. Hlapljivi spojevi izolirani su pomoću mikroekstrakcije vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS- SPME) korištenjem CAR/PDMS i DVB/CAR/PDMS vlakana, te analizirani vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-masena spektrometrija (GC-MS). Identificirani hlapljivi spojevi pripadaju sljedećim kemijskim skupinama: esteri, alkoholi, ketoni, ugljikovodici, acetali i cikloeteri (oksidi). Među hlapljivim spojevima dominantni su bili esteri, a najzastupljeniji spoj u svim uzorcima bio je etil- dekanoat koji je karakteriziran voćnim aromama [2]. Dobiveni rezultati ukazali su na postojanje razlika u aromatičnom profilu rakija travarica, što je bilo i očekivano obzirom da svaki proizvođač ima svoju recepturu i specifičnost u tehnološkom procesu proizvodnje.
- Published
- 2022
14. Influence of particle size and distillation time on the yield and composition of fennel seeds essential oil
- Author
-
Medved, Ana Marija and Repajić, Maja
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,fennel seeds ,eterično ulje ,sjemenke komorača ,oil yield ,vodena destilacija ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Nutrition ,hydrodistillation ,volatile compounds ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Nutricionizam ,prinos ulja ,essential oil - Abstract
U ovome radu ispitan je utjecaj veličine čestica i vremena destilacije na udio i sastav eteričnog ulja sjemenki komorača. Primjenom vodene destilacije te variranjem veličine čestica (1,6 mm) i vremena destilacije (40, 80 i 120 min) dobiveno je 12 uzoraka eteričnog ulja kojima je određen prinos te je ispitan kemijski sastav primjenom plinske kromatografije s masenom spektrometrijom (GC-MS). Prinos eteričnog ulja kretao se u rasponu od 1,50 do 12,50 %. Ukupno je identificirano 18 hlapljivih spojeva iz skupine fenilpropanoida (prosječna vrijednost 80,65±0,87 %), oksidiranih monoterpena (prosječna vrijednost 15,81±0,59 %), monoterpena (prosječna vrijednost 3,12±0,52 %) i aromatskih aldehida (prosječna vrijednost 0,42±0,04 %). Najzastupljeniji spoj bio je trans-anetol (prosječna vrijednost 877,71±54,18 mg mLˉ¹). Veličina čestica i vrijeme destilacije pokazali su statistički značajan utjecaj (p≤0,05) na prinos i sastav eteričnog ulja. Najviši prinos ulja postignut je destilacijom manje veličine čestica sjemenki (1,6 mm). Vrijeme destilacije od 40 i 120 min bilo je podjednako efikasno za izolaciju hlapljivih spojeva dok je manja veličina čestica (1,6 mm za izolaciju teže hlapljivih spojeva. In this study, the influence of particle size and distillation time on the yield and composition of fennel seeds essential oil was investigated. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation while the particle size ( 1.6 mm) and distillation time (40, 80 and 120 min) were varied. Twelve samples of essential oil were obtained in which the yield and composition by gas cromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were analyzed. The essential oil yield ranged from 1.50 to 12.50 %. A total of 18 volatile compounds from the group of phenylpropanoids (average value 80.65 ± 0.87 %), oxygenated monoterpenes (average value 15.81 ± 0.59 %), monoterpenes (average value 3.12 ± 0.52 %) and aromatic aldehydes (average value 0.42 ± 0.04 %) were identified. The most abundant compound was trans-anethole (average value 877.71 ± 54.18 mg mLˉ¹). Particle size and distillation time showed a statistically significant effect (p≤0.05) on the yield and composition of essential oil. The highest oil yield was achieved with distillation of smaller particle size ( 1.6 mm). Distillation time of 40 and 120 min were equally effective for isolation of volatile compounds, while smaller particle size (1.6 mm were more effective for isolation of less volatile compounds.
- Published
- 2021
15. Influence of yeast strains on sensory properties and composition of volatile compounds of Pošip wine : diploma thesis
- Author
-
Jurišić, Andrea and Šarolić, Mladenka
- Subjects
senzorska svojstva ,hlapljivi spojevi ,HS-SPME ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,sensory properties ,GC- MS ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS ,Pošip - Abstract
Pošip je bijela sorta grožđa koja se uglavnom uzgaja na južnim dijelovima otoka Korčule, osobito na području Čare i Smokvice gdje daje vino vrhunske kvalitete čemu svjedoče brojne nagrade i priznanja. Vino je osebujnog okusa sa svojstvenim aromama suhih marelica i smokava, blistavo, slamnate- zlatnožute boje. U posljednje vrijeme proizvođači rade brojne eksperimente kako bi utvrdili optimalne uvjete za provedbu fermentacije i odabrali odgovarajući soj kvasaca kojima bi se postigao maksimum sortnih i sekundarnih aroma i u konačnici visokokvalitetan proizvod. U ovom radu su korištena dva vina sorte Pošip koja su proizvedena s različitim kvascima. Za određivanje razlike utjecaja različitih sojeva kvasaca provedena je senzorska analiza i izolacija hlapljivih organskih spojeva mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME). Aromatični profil uzoraka vina Pošip određen je vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-spektrometrija masa (GC -MS). Najveći intenziteti mirisnih i okusnih obilježja u vinima su bili „voćno“ i „cvjetno“. Uzorak X-16 imao je nešto veće intenzitete „voćnosti“ dok su „cvjetni“ intenziteti bili viši u uzorku X-5. Najzastupljeniji spojevi u oba uzorka vina su spojevi sekundarne arome. U skupini estera dominiraju etilni esteri viših masnih kiselina (2-metilbutil-oktanoat, etil-heksadekanoat, etil-dec-9-enoat, etil-tetradekanoat, etil-linoleat). Najviši udio u oba uzorka vina imao je ester 2-metilbutil-oktanoat čiji je senzorski opis „voćno“. U uzorku X-16 utvrđen je viši udio izoamil-acetata što se može dovesti u korelaciju s rezultatima senzorske analize gdje su obilježja „voćnosti“ viših intenziteta u uzorku X-16. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju kako različiti kvasci različito doprinose aromi vina. Pošip is a white grape variety that is mainly grown in the southern parts of the island of Korčula, especially in the area of Čara and Smokvica, where it produces top quality wine, as evidenced by numerous awards. The wine has a distinctive taste with its aromas of dried apricots and figs, bright, straw-golden yellow in color. Recently, producers have been conducting numerous experiments to determine the optimal conditions for fermentations and to select the appropriate yeast strain that would achieve the maximum of sorted and secondary aromas and ultimately a high quality product. In this paper, two Pošip wines produced with different yeast strains were used. To determine the influence of different yeast strains, sensory analysis and isolation of volatile organic compounds by headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) were performed. The aromatic profile of Pošip wine samples was determined by the coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC -MS) system. The highest intensities of fragrant and tasty attributes in the wines were "fruity" and "floral". The X-16 sample had slightly higher “fruitiness” intensities while the “floral” intensities were higher in the X-5 sample. The most common compounds in both wine samples are secondary aroma compounds. The group of esters is dominated by ethyl esters of higher fatty acids (2-methylbutyl octanoate, ethyl hexadecanoate, ethyl-dec- 9-enoate, ethyl tetradecanoate, ethyl linoleate). The highest share in both wine samples had the ester 2- methylbutyl octanoate, whose sensory description is "fruity". A higher content of isoamyl acetate was found in the X-16 sample, which can be correlated with the results of sensory analyzes where the "fruitiness" of higher intensities in the X-16 sample was marked. The obtained results showed how different yeast strains contribute differently to the aroma of wine.
- Published
- 2021
16. Characterization of aromatic compounds of brandy biska : diploma thesis
- Author
-
Kovačić, Dora and Marijanović, Zvonimir
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,ekstrakcija tekuće-tekuće ,aroma ,liquid-liquid extraction ,HS-SPME ,Biska ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS - Abstract
Biska je tradicionalna istarska rakija koja se proizvodi aromatiziranjem rakije lozovače ili komovice prirodnim ekstraktom žute imele (Loranthus europaeus) ili bijele imele (Viscum album). Tijekom njene proizvodnje nastaju brojne aromatične hlapljive tvari čiji udjel i sastav određuje kvalitetu gotovog proizvoda. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi i usporediti profil hlapljivih sastojaka 6 uzoraka rakije biske. Hlapljivi spojevi izolirani su korištenjem dvije tehnike izolacije: mikroekstrakcija vršnih para na krutoj fazi (engl. headspace-solid phase microextraction, HS-SPME) i ekstrakcija tekuće-tekuće. Analiza izoliranih spojeva provedena je primjenom spregnute tehnike plinska kromatografija – spektrometrija masa (engl. gas chromatography – mass spectrometry, GC-MS). Identificirano je ukupno 46 hlapljivih spojeva koji pripadaju sljedećim kemijskim skupinama: alkoholi, esteri, masne kiseline, aldehidi, alkani i terpeni. Najzastupljenije komponente su viši alkoholi 3-metil-butan-1-ol i 2-metil-propan-1-ol te etilni esteri srednjelančanih masnih kiselina etil-dekanoat i etil-oktanoat. Uočene su značajne razlike u aromatičnom profilu ovisno o korištenoj metodi izolacije, a samo je 8 istih spojeva identificirano korištenjem obje metode. Biska is a traditional Istrian brandy produced by flavoring lozovača brandy or komovica brandy with a natural extract of yellow mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus) or white mistletoe (Viscum album). During the production of Biska brandy, many aromatic volatile substances are generated, and their content and composition determine the quality of the finished product. The aim of this paper is to determine and compare the volatile componentsʼ profile of 6 samples of Biska brandy. Volatile compounds are isolated using two isolation metods: headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and liquid-liquid extraction. The analysis of isolated compounds was performed using gas chromatography– mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 46 volatile compounds belonging to the following chemical groups have been identified: alcohols, esters, fatty acids, aldehydes, alkanes and terpenes. The prevailing amount of higher alcohols 3-methyl-butan-1-ol and 2-methyl-propan-1-ol as well as the ethyl esters of medium- chain fatty acids ethyl-decanoate and ethyl-octanoate were found. Significant differences in aromatic profile were detected depending on the isolation method used, and only 8 of the same compounds were identified using both methods.
- Published
- 2021
17. Volatile compounds of chestnut honey : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Usanović, Katarina and Radonić, Ani
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,ultrazvučna ekstrakcija ,gas chromatography ,plinska kromatografija ,masena spektrometrija ,chestnut honey ,kestenov med ,volatile compounds ,ultrasonic extraction ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry ,mass spectrometry - Abstract
Med je slatki proizvod kojeg proizvode pčele složenom obradom prikupljenog cvjetnog nektara i sekreta biljnih sokova. U njemu su sadržani gotovo svi esencijalni sastojci ljudskog organizma. Primjenu nalazi u kulinarstvu, medicini i kozmetici. Aroma predstavlja jedno od najvažnijih svojstava meda koje doprinosi njegovoj kvaliteti, a nosioci arome u medu su hlapljivi spojevi. U ovom završnom radu određen je profil hlapljivih spojeva meda dobivenog od Zavoda za ribarstvo, pčelarstvo, lovstvo i specijalnu zoologiju Agronomskog fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Za izolaciju hlapljivih spojeva korištena je ekstrakcija potpomognuta ultrazvukom uz diklormetan kao otapalo. Izolirani spojevi iz diklormetanskog ekstrakta, analizirani su vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-masena spektrometrija. Glavni hlapljivi spojevi u svim ekstraktima meda kestena su 4-hidroksikinolin i p-aminoacetofenon, uz izuzetak jednog uzorka u kojem je je glavni hlapljivi spoj 2-feniloctena kiselina, a karakterizira ga i visoki udio 3-hidroksi- 4-fenilbutan-2-ona. Derivati benzena, 2-feniloctena kiselina i p-aminoacetofenon, glavni hlapljivi spojevi u USE ekstraktima kestenovog meda, karakteristični su za med kestena te se mogu smatrati markerima njegovog botaničkog porijekla. Prema rezultatima ovog rada i spoj s dušikom, alkaloid 4-hidroksikinolin bi također mogao biti karakteristični marker botaničkog porijekla kestenovog meda. Honey is a sweet product produced by bees by complex processing of collected flower nectar and secretions of plant juices. It contains almost all the essential ingredients needed by the human body. It is used in cooking, medicine and cosmetics. The aroma is one of the most important properties of honey that contributes to its quality, and the carriers of aroma in honey are volatile compounds. In this thesis, the profile of volatile compounds of honey obtained from the Department of Fisheries, Beekeeping, Hunting and Special Zoology of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb is determined. At the same Institute, the monoflorality of the chestnut mode was confirmed by melisopalinological analysis. Ultrasonic assisted extraction with dichloromethane as solvent was used to isolate the volatile compounds. Isolated compounds from the dichloromethane extract were analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main constituents in all extracts of chestnut honey are 4-hydroxyquinoline and p-aminoacetophenone, with the exception of one extract in which the main volatile compound is 2-phenylacetic acid, and it is also characterized by a high content of 3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one. Benzene derivatives, 2-phenylacetic acid and p- aminoacetophenone, are characteristic of the chestnut honey and can be considered as markers of its botanical origin. According to the obtained results, nitrogen containing compound alkaloid 4-hydroxyquinoline could also be considered as a potential marker of the botanical origin of chestnut honey.
- Published
- 2021
18. Volatile compounds profile of chestnut : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Bekan, Monika and Radonić, Ani
- Subjects
med kestena ,hlapljivi spojevi ,ultrazvučna ekstrakcija ,plinska kromatografija ,chestnut honey ,volatile compounds ,ultrasonic-assisted extraction ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry ,gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ,masena spektroskopija - Abstract
Med je prirodno sladak proizvod kojeg proizvode pčele, iznimno važni mali kukci. Uz med, one proizvode i neke druge za ljude važne proizvode. Med je danas u najširoj primjenu u području prehrane, a u povijesti se smatrao važnim lijekom za veliki broj različitih infekcija. Za procjenu kvalitete meda, jedno od važnijih svojstava je njegova aroma. Za miris, odnosno aromu meda iznimno su važni hlapljivi spojevi. U ovom radu su izolirani hlapljivi spojevi meda kestena pomoću ultrazvučne ekstrakcije organskim otapalom (USE) te je dobiveni ekstrakt analiziran plinskom kromatografijom uz masenu spektrometriju kao metodu detekcije i identifikacije. Kvalitativno i kvantitativno najvažniji hlapljivi spojevi u ekstraktima meda kestena su derivati benzena. U tu skupinu spojeva spadaju glavni sastojci svih ekstrakata, p- aminoacetofenon i 2-feniloctena kiselina te 3-hidroksi-4-fenilbutan-2-on kao i benzil-alkohol, benzojeva kiselina i o-aminoacetofenon. Visoki udjeli 2-feniloctene kiseline i p-aminoacetofenona, kao i prisustvo o- aminoacetofenona, u ekstraktima meda kestena karakteristični su za taj med te se mogu smatrati markerima njegovog botaničkog porijekla. Honey is a naturally sweet product produced by bees, exceptionally important little insects. Besides honey, they produce other products important to humankind. Nowadays, honey is mostly used in the food industry, but throughout history, it was considered important medicine for a large number of infections. For the quality assessment of honey, one of the most important properties is its aroma. For the scent (aroma) of honey, volatile compounds are exceptionally important. In this thesis, volatile compounds of chestnut honey were extracted using ultrasonic extraction with organic solvent (USE), and the extracts obtained were analyzed using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry as a method of detection. Qualitatively and quantitatively the most important volatile compounds in all extracts of chestnut honey are benzene derivatives. The main constituents in all extracts, p- aminoacetophenone and 2-phenylacetic acid, as well as 3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one, benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid and o-aminoacetophenone are all benzene derivatives. High content of 2-phenylacetic acid and p-aminoacetophenone, as well as the presence of o-aminoacetophenone, in chestnut honey extracts are characteristic of this honey and can be considered as markers of its botanical origin.
- Published
- 2021
19. Aroma profile of Zagreb County sparkling wines
- Author
-
Darko Preiner, Ana-Marija Jagatić Korenika, and Ana Jeromel
- Subjects
hrvatski ,aroma profile ,aromatic series ,GC-MS ,sparkling wine ,volatile compounds ,aromatski profil ,hlapljivi spojevi ,mirisne serije ,pjenušavo vino - Abstract
U ukupnoj svjetskoj proizvodnji vina, pjenušava vina zauzimaju oko 10 % udjela, od čega se više od 80 % proizvodi u Europi. Istovremeno, prodaja pjenušavih vina je prema podacima iz 2019. najbrže rastući segment svjetske trgovine vina, s kontinuiranim globalnim rastom u posljednjih 15 g. Unazad desetak godina i Hrvatska bilježi značajan porast proizvodnje pjenušavih vina, pri čemu se, kao jedna od vodećih vinogradarsko-vinarskih županija, posebno ističe Zagrebačka županija. Senzorna svojstva vina, kako mirnih tako i pjenušavih, definirana su njihovim vanjskim izgledom, intenzitetom i čistoćom mirisa, čistoćom i punoćom okusa te općim dojmom koji proizlazi iz sveobuhvatnosti navedenih parametara. Aromatski profil pjenušavih vina kompleksno je svojstvo definirano velikim brojem hlapljivih spojeva koji mogu nastati u samoj bobici tijekom dozrijevanja grožđa, zatim u procesu primarne i sekundarne fermentacije te u uvjetima dozrijevanja vina, prije i nakon postupka degoržiranja. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je definirati postojeća svojstva i kakvoću pjenušavih vina Zagrebačke županije kroz analizu pojedinačnih aromatskih spojeva metodom plinske kromatografije. Analize rezultata i stvaranje mirisnih serija za svaki uzorak, rezultirale su specifičnim aromatskim profilima te grupiranjem pjenušavih vina obzirom na različito područje (vinogorje) i metodu proizvodnje te korišteni sortiment., Sparkling wines production accounts for 10% of global wine production, with over 80% of production being linked to Europe. At the same time, sparkling wine trade and consumption are the fastest growing wine category with continuous increase in last 15 years. Over the last decade, Croatia has also recorded a significant increase in the production of sparkling wines, with the Zagreb County being one of the leading wine-growing counties in particular. The sensory properties of wines, both still and sparkling, are defined by their visual identity, intensity and aroma complexity, harmony, purity and fullness of taste and overall impression. The aromatic profile of a sparkling wine is a complex characteristic defined by a large number of volatile compounds that can be synthesized in the berry during the period of grape ripening, primary and secondary alcoholic fermentation in the bottle, and under the conditions of wine ageing, before and after disgorgement. The aim of this research was to define the existing properties and quality of Zagreb County sparkling wines through the analysis of individual aromatic compounds by gas chromatography in 34 different samples. Analyzes of the results and the creation of aroma series for each sample resulted in specific aromatic profiles and the grouping of sparkling wines by area (wine-growing hill), production method and assortment.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Hlapljivi spojevi meda s dodatkom koncentriranog soka od maline
- Author
-
Marijanović, Zvonimir, Siroglavić, Dominik, Šarolić, Mladenka, Svalina, Tomislav, Pavlešić, Tomislav, Gobin, Ivana, Rozman, Vlatka, and Antunović, Zvonko
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,med ,sok od maline ,GC-MS ,USE ,SPME - Abstract
Mnoštvo bioloških spojeva u medu nisu stabilni, naročito hlapljive tvari, a njihove se strukture mogu transformirati tijekom zrenja meda, skladištenja te u procesu dobivanja proizvoda od meda uslijed djelovanja visoke temperature. Cilj ovog rada je bio identificirati hlapljive i poluhlapljive spojeve unutar proizvoda od meda. Spojevi su izolirani ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom (USE) koristeći otapala pentan : dietil-eter (1:2, v/v) i diklormetan. Druga korištena metoda je mikroekstrakcija vršnih para na krutoj fazi (SPME). Izolirani spojevi su analizirani vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-spektrometrija masa (GC-MS). Najzastupljeniji spojevi unutar uzorka su bili: 5-hidroksimetilfurfural (21, 9- 43, 9 %), 2-furankarboksialdehid (furfural ; 16, 3 %), mnogi terpeni i derivati benzena. Specifičan spoj izoliran ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom koristeći diklormetan kao otapalo je tzv. malina keton (4- (4-hidroksifenil)-butan-2-on (0, 9 %).
- Published
- 2021
21. Optimiranje procesa vodene destilacije za izolaciju eteričnog ulja sjemenki komorača
- Author
-
Tonković, Petra and Repajić, Maja
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,fennel seeds ,eterično ulje ,sjemenke komorača ,oil yield ,vodena destilacija ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Nutrition ,hydrodistillation ,volatile compounds ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Nutricionizam ,prinos ulja ,essential oil - Abstract
U ovom radu optimiran je proces vodene destilacije za izolaciju eteričnog ulja iz sjemenki komorača. Varirani su omjer biljnog materijala i vode (1:10 do 1:30) te vrijeme destilacije (40 do 120 min) pri čemu je prema centralno-kompozitnom dizajnu s 5 centralnih točaka dobiveno 13 uzoraka eteričnog ulja kojima je određen prinos te je ispitan sastav primjenom plinske kromatografije s masenom spektrometrijom (GC-MS). Prinos eteričnog ulja kretao se u rasponu od 4,40 do 5,50 %. Identificirano je ukupno 18 hlapljivih spojeva iz skupine monoterpena (prosječna vrijednost 9,92 %), oksidiranih monoterpena (prosječna vrijednost 18,51 %), fenilpropanoida (prosječna vrijednost 71,09 %) i aromatskih aldehida (prosječna vrijednost 0,48 %). Najzastupljeniji spoj bio je trans-anetol (prosječna vrijednost 586,40 mg mL-1). Statistička analiza pokazala je da su ispitivani parametri destilacije imali statistički značajan utjecaj (p ≤ 0,05) na prinos i sastav eteričnog ulja. Veći prinos ulja postignut je primjenom duljeg vremena destilacije. Povećanje vremena destilacije utjecalo je na porast udjela trans-anetola pri nižim omjerima biljnog materijala i vode, dok je pri višim omjerima taj udio padao. Provedenim optimiranjem definirani su sljedeći optimalni parametri za dobivanje maksimalnog prinosa eteričnog ulja sjemenki komorača postupkom vodene destilacije: omjer biljnog materijala i vode 1:10 te vrijeme vodene destilacije 120 min. In this study, the process of hydrodistillation for the isolation of fennel seeds essential oil was optimized. The ratio of plant material and water (1:10 to 1:30) and distillation time (40 to 120 min) were varied, where according to the central-composite design with 5 central points 13 samples of essential oil were obtained in which the yield and composition by gas cromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were determined. The essential oil yield was determined in the range of 4.40 to 5.50 %. A total of 18 volatile compounds from the group of monoterpenes (average value 9.92%), oxygenated monoterpenes (average value 18.51%), phenylpropanoids (average value 71.09%) and aromatic aldehydes (average value 0.48%) were identified. The most abundant compound was trans-anethole (average value 586.40 mg mL-1). Statistical analysis showed that the examined parameters had a statistically significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on the yield and composition of essential oil. Higher oil yield was achieved by applying a longer distillation time. Increase of distillation time affected the increase in the content of trans-anethole at lower ratios of plant material and water, while at higher ratios it decreased. The optimization defined the following optimal parameters for obtaining the maximum yield of fennel seed essential oil by hydrodistillation: the ratio of plant material and water 1:10 and the distillation time 120 min.
- Published
- 2021
22. Ekstrakcija bobica mirte (Myrtus communis L.) superkritičnim CO2
- Author
-
Cvitković, Daniela, Škarica, Iva, Repajić, Maja, Dragović-Uzelac, Verica, Balbino, Sandra, Babić, Jurislav, Šubarić, Drago, and Jašić, Midhat
- Subjects
Myrtus communis L ,superkritični CO2 ,GC-MS ,hlapljivi spojevi ,optimizacija - Abstract
Mirta (Myrtus communis L.) je višegodišnji samonikli grm koji raste na području Mediterana te je od davnina poznat po svojim blagotvornim terapeutskim učincima na organizam, posebice u liječenju probavnih (dijareja), dišnih (astma) i dermatoloških tegoba (psorijaza). Isto tako, bobice mirte koriste se u proizvodnji likera, a samljeveni listovi i u kulinarske svrhe tj. kao začin. Najznačajniji spojevi koji se nalaze u listovima mirte su fenolni spojevi, flavonoidi, tanini i monoterpenoidi dok su bobice dobar izvor antocijana i masnih kiselina. Ekstrakcija takvih spojeva se u novije vrijeme provodi alternativnim tehnikama koje reduciraju upotrebu otapala ili ih uopće ne koriste, ekološki su prihvatljive te su ekonomski dugoročno isplative. Jedna od njih je ekstrakcija superkritičnim CO2 pomoću koje je provedena izolacija bioaktivnih molekula iz bobica mirte. U ovom istraživanju, prema Box-Behnken dizajnu eksperimenta sa 17 pokusa i 5 ponavljanja u centralnoj točki, provedena je optimizacija procesa ekstrakcije. GC-MS analizom identificirano je 18 hlapljivih spojeva od kojih su dominantni bili mirtenil-acetat, 1, 8-cineol i α- pinen. Analiza varijance pokazala je značajan utjecaj temperature, tlaka i protoka CO2 na iskorištenje ekstrakcije i udjele pojedinih sastavnica. Definirani su uvjeti u kojima se postiže maksimalno iskorištenje ekstrakcije i najviši udjeli dominantnih hlapljivih spojeva – temperatura od 60 °C, tlak od 200 bara i protok CO2 od 40 g/min.
- Published
- 2021
23. Comparative study of volatile compounds of brandy Travarica : diploma thesis
- Author
-
Pavlović, Željana and Šarolić, Mladenka
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,rakija ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,travarica ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,mikroekstrakcija ,GC-MS ,microekstraction ,brandy - Abstract
Travarica je jako alkoholno piće koje se tradicionalno proizvodi u južnim dijelovima Hrvatske. Travarice su specijalne rakije, aromatizirane biljnim ekstraktima. Za proizvodnju travarice najčešće se koriste rakije od grožđa, različiti macerati, perkolati, infuzi i drugi oblici ekstrakata ljekovitih biljaka. Biološki aktivni spojevi ljekovitog i aromatičnog bilja su eterična ulja, flavonoidi, tanini, saponini, sluzi i gorke tvari koje se ekstrahiraju u alkoholnu bazu pri sobnoj temperaturi. Uglavnom se kao alkoholna baza koristi rakija komovica. Cilj rada bio je usporedititi aromatski profil četiri različita uzorka travarica. Hlapljivi spojevi izolirani su pomoću mikroekstrakcije vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME) i analizirani vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-masena spektrometrija (GC- MS). Usporedbom dobivenih rezultata utvrđen je različiti aromatski profil uzoraka. Dominantni spoj identificiran u svim uzorcima je etil-dekanoat. Uzorak rakije proizvođača "Vinoplod", pokazao je kompleksniji sastav u odnosu na ostale ispitane uzorke. Herbal brandy Travarica is a strong alcoholic beverage which is traditionally produced in southern parts of Croatia. Herbal brandies are special brandies, flavored with plant extracts. Grape brandies, various macerates, percolates, infusions and other forms of herbal extracts are most often used for the production of herbal brandies. Biologically active compounds of medicinal and aromatic herbs are essential oils, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, slippery secretion and bitter matters which are extracted into alcoholic base on ambient temperature. Komovica brandy is mostly used as an alcoholic base. The goal of this work was to compare aromatic profile od four different herbal brandy specimens. The volatile compounds were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). When comparing the obtained results, a different aromatic profile of specimens was found. Dominant compound identified in all the specimens is ethyl decanoate. The sample of brandy, produced by "Vinoplod" showed a more complex composition in relation to other tested samples.
- Published
- 2020
24. Analysis of volatile compounds from samples of nonflavored and flavored olive oils : diploma thesis
- Author
-
Magdalenić, Katarina and Radonić, Ani
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,HS- SPME ,aromatizirana maslinova ulja ,aromatized olive oils ,vodena destilacija ,HS-SPME ,volatile compounds ,hydrodistillation ,GC-MS ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija ,olive oil ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry ,maslinovo ulje - Abstract
Zbog svoje specifične arome i nutricionističkih benefita maslina (Olea europea L.) jedna je od najpopularnijih biljaka Dalmacije. Kako bi se poboljšala osjetilna i nutricionistička svojstva, već poznatom mirisu i okusu maslinova ulja, dodaju se nove arome. U aromatizaciji ulja najčešće se koriste ružmarin, timijan, origano i slične aromatične biljke te plodovi citrusa. U svrhu izolacije hlapljivih spojeva tri nearomatizirana maslinova ulja i tri maslinova ulja aromatizirana gorkom narančom, origanom i ružmarinom, podvrgnuta su hidrodestilaciji te mikroekstrakciji vršnih para na čvrstoj fazi (HS-SPME). Svi uzorci hlapljivih spojeva, destilati i vršne pare, analizirani su veznim sustavom plinska kromatografija-spektrometrija masa (GC-MS). Glavni spojevi u destilatu maslinovog ulja, uzorak 1, su nezasićena masna kiselina, oleinska kiselina, aldehid nonanal te (E)- i (Z)- izomeri nezasićenog alifatskog aldehida deka-2,4-dienala. U destilatu uzorka 2 ističe se nezasićeni C 6 aldehid (E)-heks-2-enal i oleinska kiselina. Glavni spojevi destilata uzorka 3 su oleinska kiselina i etil-oleat. C 6 aldehid (E)-heks-2-enal nije identificiran u uzorcima 1 i 3, dok je C 6 alkohol heksan-1-ol identificiran u sva tri destilata, ali s malim udjelima. Navedeni spojevi su nositelji arome koja se opisuje kao „zelena“. Glavni sastojci vršnih para uzorka 1 i 2 su C 6 spojevi (E)-heks-2-enal, heksanal te heksan-1-ol. Uzorak 2 sadrži još i oleinsku kiselina. Vršne pare uzorka 3 se dosta razlikuju. Tu prevlada ester butanske kiseline, etil-butanoat i etanol. C 6 aldehidi (E)-heks-2-enal i heksanal u uzorku 3 nisu identificirani, već C 6 alkohol heks-3-en-1- ol. U destilatu maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog gorkom narančom ističe se monoterpenski ugljikovodik limonen. Glavni spojevi destilata maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog origanom su također monoterpeni. Najveći udio zauzima fenol timol te ugljikovodici p-cimen i limonen. Destilat maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog ružmarinom sadrži monoterpene timol, limonen, 1,8-cineol, p-cimen, kamfor te α-pinen. Glavni sastojci vršnih para maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog gorkom narančom su limonen i triterpenski ugljikovodik skvalen. Najistaknutiji spojevi vršnih para maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog origanom su monoterpeni limonen, p-cimen i timol. Kao i u prethodnom i u ovom uzorku identificiran je triterpenski ugljikovodik skvalen. Uzorak vršnih para maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog ružmarinom karakterizira visoki udio skvalena te oleinska kiselina. Due to it's specific aroma and valuable nutritional benefits, olive tree (Olea europea L.) is one of the most popular plants in Dalmatia. In order to improve the sensory and nutritional properties, various aromas are added to the olive oils. Rosemary, thyme, oregano and various Citrus fruits are most often used in the aromatization of oils. For the purpose of isolating volatile compounds, three non-flavored olive oils and three olive oils flavored with bitter orange, oregano and rosemary, were subjected to hydrodistillation and solid phase microextraction method (HS-SPME). All volatile compound samples were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main compounds in the olive oil distillate, sample 1, are unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, aldehyde nonanal and (E)- and (Z)-isomers of deca-2,4-dienal. In the sample 2 distillate, unsaturated C 6 aldehyde (E)-hex-2-enal and oleic acid stand out. The main compounds of sample 3 distillate are oleic acid and ethyl oleate. C 6 aldehyde (E)-hex-2- enal, was not identified in samples 1 and 3, while C 6 alcohol hexan-1-ol was identified in all three distillates, but with small proportions. These compounds are carriers of so-called "green" aromas. The main constituents of headspace vapours of samples 1 and 2 are C 6 compounds (E)-hex-2-enal, hexanal and hexan-1-ol. Sample 2 also contains oleic acid. The headspace vapors of sample 3 are different with ethyl butanoate and ethanol as main compounds. The C 6 aldehydes (E)-hex-2-enal and hexanal in sample 3 were not identified, but the C 6 alcohol hex-3-en-1-ol was. In the distillate of olive oil flavored with bitter orange the monoterpene limonene stands out. The most prominent compounds of oregano flavored olive oil distillate are also monoterpenes. The largest share takes phenol thymol, and hydrocarbons p- cymene and limonene. The rosemary flavored olive oil distillate contains monoterpenes thymol, limonene, 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, camphor and α-pinene. The main ingredient of the headspace vapors of bitter orange flavored olive oil is limonene, as well as the triterpene squalene. The most prominent compounds of the headspace vapors of oregano flavored olive oil are monoterpenes limonene, p-cymene and thymol. As in the previous sample, the triterpene squalene was identified too. The sample of headspace vapors of rosemary flavored olive oil is characterized by an extremely high content of squalene followed by oleic acid.
- Published
- 2020
25. Volatile compounds of Salvia sclarea L. : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Borović, Bojana and Zekić, Marina
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,terpeni ,volatiles ,eterično ulje ,Salvia sclarea L ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija ,headspace ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry ,vršne pare ,essential oil ,terpenes - Abstract
Muškatna kadulja (Salvia sclarea L.) je biljka iz porodice usnača (Lamiaceae) koja prirodno raste oko Mediteranskog mora, na području južne Europe i sjeverne Afrike, i u srednjoj Aziji. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti profil hlapljivih spojeva muškatne kadulje, i to odvojeno cvjetova, a odvojeno cijele biljke, odnosno odrediti sastav i sadržaj ovih spojeva. Radi što potpunijeg uvida u sastav i sadržaj hlapljivih spojeva za njihovu izolaciju su korištene dvije metode: hidrodestilacija i ekstrakcija vršnih para na čvrstoj fazi. Analiza uzoraka provedena je vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-spektrometrija masa (GC/MS). Terpenski spojevi su kvalitativno i kvantitativno najvažniji sastojci eteričnih ulja i vršnih para izoliranih iz cvjetova i biljke muškatne kadulje. Glavni spojevi u oba eterična ulja, izolirana iz biljke i iz cvjetova, su oksidirani monoterpeni linalil-acetat (27,4-30,6%) i linalol (18,2-19,1%). Glavni spojevi vršnih para su linalil-acetat (54,9%) i seskviterpen germakren D (19,7%) u uzorku izoliranom iz cijele biljke, odnosno linalil-acetat (76,6%) i linalol (6,1%) u uzorku izoliranom iz cvjetova. Clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) is a plant from Lamiaceae family that naturally grows around the Mediterranean Sea, in southern Europe and northern Africa and in central Asia. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical profile of clary sage volatile compounds, from flowers and whole plant separately, and determine the composition and content of these compounds. For more complete insight into the composition and content of volatile compounds two isolation methods were used: hydrodistillation and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Analysis of volatile samples was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Terpenes are qualitatively and quantitatively the most important ingredients of essential oils and headspaces obtained from clary sage flowers and whole plant. The major constituents of both essential oils, obtained from whole plant and from flowers, were oxygenated monoterpenes linalyl acetate (27,4-30,6%) and linalool (18,2-19,1%). The major constituents of headspaces were linalyl acetate (54,9%) and sesquiterpene germacrene D (19,7%) in sample obtained from whole plant, and linalyl acetate (76,6%) and linalool (6,1%) in sample obtained from flowers.
- Published
- 2020
26. Chemical analysis of volatile compounds of craft beer 'Mrka' : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Sinovčić, Danica and Marijanović, Zvonimir
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,ekstrakcija ,extraction ,HS-SPME ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS ,craft beers ,craft piva - Abstract
U ovom radu analiziran je kemijski sastav hlapljivih spojeva craft piva „Mrka“. Tijekom proizvodnje craft piva „Mrka“ dodani su začini poput metvice, cimeta, muškatnog oraščića i čokolade radi poboljšanja mirisa i okusa piva. Hlapljivi spojevi izolirani su dvjema različitim metodama: mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME) s dva različita vlakna te kontinuiranom ekstrakcijom tekuće-tekuće s organskim otapalom te su analizirani spregnutom tehnikom plinska kromatografija–spektrometrija masa (GC-MS) u cilju usporedbe sličnosti i razlika dobivenih rezultata. SPME metodom identificirano je 37 različitih spojeva dok je kontinuiranom ekstrakcijom tekuće-tekuće identificirano njih 23. Identificirani spojevi mogu se svrstati u sljedeće kemijske skupine: alkoholi, esteri, alkaloidi, terpenski spojevi i ketoni. In this paper, the chemical composition of volatile compounds of craft beer "Mrka" is analyzed. During the production of craft beer "Mrka", spices such as mint, cinnamon, nutmeg and chocolate were added to improve the smell and taste of beer. The volatile compounds were isolated by two different methods: solid phase peak extraction microextraction (HS-SPME) with two different fibers and continuous liquid- liquid extraction with an organic solvent, and were analyzed by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) conjugation technique for comparison. similarities and differences in the results obtained. 37 different compounds were identified by the SPME method, while 23 were identified by the continuous liquid-liquid extraction method. The identified compounds can be classified into the following chemical groups: alcohols, esters, alkaloids, terpene compounds and ketones.
- Published
- 2020
27. Hlapljivi spojevi lista koprive
- Author
-
Marijanović, Zvonimir, Radonić, Ani, Šarolić, Mladenka, Dragović-Uzelac, Verica, Repajić, Maja, Gobin, Ivana, and Jukić, Ante
- Subjects
kopriva ,list ,HS-SPME ,GC-MS ,hlapljivi spojevi - Abstract
Kemijski sastav hlapljivih spojeva lista koprive ovisi o nekoliko faktora, kao što su: sorta, sezona, stanje lišća, geografski i klimatski uvjeti. U ovom radu analiziran je kemijski profil hlapljivih spojeva tri komercijalna uzorka suhog lista koprive. Analiza je provedena mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME) koristeći vlakno s prevlakom DVB/CAR/PDMS (divinilbenzen/karboksen/polidimetilsiloksan, 50-30 μm). Ukupno je identificirano 38 spojeva, od čega u prvom uzorku 26, u drugom 20 i u trećem 22 spoja. Glavni spojevi vršnih para izolirani HS-SPME metodom s DVB/CAR/PDMS prevlakom bili su: trans-anetol (25, 66-52, 55 %), trans-β-kariofilen (2, 41-13, 37 %), limonen (0, 81-12, 92 %), karvon (1, 28-10, 74 %), α-kopaen (1, 05-6, 37 %) i estragol (1, 54-3, 57 %). Općenito, isparljivi spojevi lista koprive prethodno su pokazali antioksidacijsko, antibakterijsko i antigljivično djelovanje koje može biti korisno za prehrambenu, farmaceutsku i kozmetičku industriju.
- Published
- 2020
28. Influence of Conditioning Temperature on the Quality, Nutritional Properties and Volatile Profile of Virgin Rapeseed Oil
- Author
-
Sandra Balbino, Tatjana Stjepanović, Milan Pospišil, Dubravka Škevin, Marko Obranović, and Klara Kraljić
- Subjects
Rapeseed ,lcsh:Biotechnology ,General Chemical Engineering ,Flavour ,repičino ulje ,kondicioniranje sjemena ,hranjiva vrijednost ,hlapljivi spojevi ,senzorska analiza ,01 natural sciences ,Sensory analysis ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,rapeseed oil ,sensory analysis ,seed conditioning ,nutritional value ,volatile components ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,lcsh:TP248.13-248.65 ,Food science ,Original Scientific Papers ,Aroma ,lcsh:TP368-456 ,biology ,Canolol ,Chemistry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Thermal decomposition ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,040401 food science ,0104 chemical sciences ,lcsh:Food processing and manufacture ,rapeseed oil, seed conditioning, nutritional value, volatile components, sensory analysis ,Conditioning ,Composition (visual arts) ,Food Science ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Zagrijavanje sjemena uljane repice, prije izdvajanja ulja, provodi se radi povećanja iskorištenja procesa proizvodnje ulja. Međutim, povišene temperature mogu uzrokovati promjene u sjemenu, a time i promjene u sastavu hlapljivih i nehlapljivih komponenata proizvedenoga nerafiniranog repičinog ulja. Svrha je ovog istraživanja bila odrediti utjecaj temperature kondicioniranja sjemena (60, 80 and 100 °C) na kakvoću, nutritivnu vrijednost, aromatski profil i senzorske karakteristike nerafiniranoga repičinog ulja. Upotrijebljene temperature kondicioniranja nisu utjecale na kakvoću, niti na glavne hranjive sastojke proizvedenog ulja (masne kiseline i tokoferole). Međutim, povećanje je temperature uzrokovalo eksponencijalan porast koncentracije kanolola i značajne razlike u aromatskom i senzorskom profilu proizvedenih ulja. Dominantni hlapljivi spojevi hladno prešanog i nerafiniranog repičinog ulja proizvedenog pri 60 °C bili su produkti enzimske razgradnje glukozinolata (izotiocijanati i epitionitrili), odgovorni za izražen okus i miris tih ulja po sjemenu uljane repice. Povećanje temperature uzrokuje deaktivaciju prisutnih enzima te toplinsku degradaciju komponenti sjemena a samim time i povećanje koncentracije nitrila, aldehida, pirazina i furana, nosioca okusa i mirisa po orašastim plodovima i po prženju. Rezultati ovog istraživanja mogu uvelike pomoći proizvođačima ulja u kreiranju nerafiniranoga repičinog ulja sa specifičnim i poželjnim senzorskim karakteristikama., Heating the rapeseed prior to the oil extraction is conducted to increase the oil yield but it can also induce changes of various components of the seed. These changes may affect the composition of the volatile and non-volatile compounds of produced virgin rapeseed oil. The aim of our study is to determine the impact of different conditioning temperatures (60, 80 and 100 °C) on the quality, nutritional value, aroma profile and sensory characteristics of virgin rapeseed oil. Conditioning the seeds at all three temperatures had no influence on the quality and major nutritional components (fatty acids and tocopherols) of the produced oil. However, temperature increase caused an exponential increase of canolol and significant changes in the aroma and sensory profile of the produced oil samples. The dominant volatile compounds of cold-pressed and virgin oil produced at 60 °C were enzymatic degradation products of glucosinolates (isothiocyanates and epithionitriles), responsible for pronounced seed-like flavour of these types of oil. Increasing production temperature deactivated enzymes and caused thermal decomposition of seed components and increment of nitriles, aldehydes, pyrazines and furanes, carriers of nutty and roasty flavour. These results can help producers to design virgin rapeseed oil with specific and desirable sensory characteristics.
- Published
- 2018
29. IZOLACIJA HLAPLJIVIH SPOJEVA MEDA OD RUŽMARINA ULTRAZVUČNOM EKSTRAKCIJOM PRIJE I NAKON ZAGRIJAVANJA.
- Author
-
Marijanović, Zvonimir, Uidl, Dora, and Šarolić, Mladenka
- Subjects
VOLATILE organic compounds ,BEE products - Abstract
Copyright of Beekeeping & Bee Products is the property of Association for Nutrition & Dietetics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
30. Volatile compounds profile of flower honey : diploma thesis
- Author
-
Trupina, Mateja and Radonić, Ani
- Subjects
livadni med ,hlapljivi spojevi ,ultrazvučna ekstrakcija ,volatiles ,liquid-liquid extraction ,TEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Kemijsko inženjerstvo ,TECHNICAL SCIENCES. Chemical Engineering ,meadow honey ,ekstrakcije tekuće-tekuće ,HS-SPME ,GC-MS ,ultrasonic extration - Abstract
Pripadnici životinjskog carstva malih dimenzija, iznimno važni za ljudski život na Zemlji, su pčele. Medonosne pčele u Bosni i Hercegovini i Republici Hrvatskoj su Apis mellifica, Apis cerana i Apis mellifera. Pčelinji proizvodi su med, pčelinji otrov, polen, matična mliječ, vosak. Senzorska svojstva meda čine boja, okus i miris. Hlapljivi spojevi su nositelji mirisa prehrambenih proizvoda, pa tako i meda. Kako je miris jedna od komponenti arome, hlapljivi spojevi se često nazivaju i „spojevima arome“. U ovom radu hlapljivi spojeva meda iz vlastitog obiteljskog poljoprivrednog gospodarstva OPG-a Trupina (Bosna i Hercegovina) izolirani su ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom (USE), ekstrakcijom tekuće-tekuće (LLE) i mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME). Dobiveni ekstrakti su analizirani plinskom kromatografijom-masenom spektrometrijom. Glavni sastojci u ultrazvučnim ekstraktima su ravnolančani ugljikovodici dokosan (C 22 H 46 ) i trikosan (C 23 H 48 ). Monoterpenski eter (Z)-anetol je glavni spoj u vršnim parama meda iz 2019. god., a glavni sastojci vršnih para meda iz 2018. god. su benzaldehid i cis-linalol oksid. Ekstrakcijom tekuće-tekuće izoliran je mali broj spojeva, a i uspješnost identifikacije nije zadovoljavajuća te metoda nije prikladna za izolaciju hlapljivih spojeva iz meda. Important members of animal kingdom living on the Earth which contribute to the better quality of human life are bees. Honey bees in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republic of Croatia are Apis mellifera, Apis cerana and Apis mellifica. Product of bee keeping are venom, pollen, royal jelly, wax and honey. The honey sensory properties are color, taste and aroma. The volatile compounds are the main aroma compounds of foods andhoney, too. The methods used for the extraction of volatile compounds of meadow honey originating from family apiary Trupina (Bosnia and Herzegovina) are ultrasonic extration (USE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). Analysis of all samples was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main compounds in USE extracts are straight chain hydrocarbons docosane (C 22 H 46 ) and tricosane (C 23 H 48 ). Monoterpene ether (Z)-anethol is the major constituent of honey headspace, sample from 2019. The main constituents of honey headspace, sample from 2018., are benzaldehyde and cis-linalool oxide. Small number of compounds is isolated by liquid-liquid extraction and extraction efficiency wasn't satisfactory, too. So, liquid-liquid extraction is not appropriate method for the isolation of honey volatiles.
- Published
- 2019
31. Volatile compounds profile of aromatized olive oils : diploma thesis
- Author
-
Zenčić, Marijana and Radonić, Ani
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija. Organska kemija ,aromatizirana maslinova ulja ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry. Organic Chemistry ,aromatized olive oils ,HS-SPME ,volatile compounds ,GC-MS ,olive oil ,maslinovo ulje - Abstract
Maslina (Olea euroapea L.) je jedna od najpoznatijih biljaka mediteranskog podneblja te se smatra najstarijom kultiviranom biljnom vrstom. Iz ploda masline dobiva se maslinovo ulje. U današnje vrijeme sve je više znanstvenih istraživanja i spoznaja o maslinovom ulju te njegovom utjecaju na zdravlje. Osim ljekovitih svojstava, kao što su utjecaj na probavni i krvožilni sustav, maslinovo ulje se koristi u kozmetičke svrhe i održavanje ljepote. U zadnje vrijeme aromatizirano maslinovo ulje dobiva sve veću pažnju u industriji maslinovog ulja gdje je glavni cilj aromatizacije proizvesti alternativne okuse za potrošače. Aromatizirana maslinova ulja predstavljaju novi koncept za poboljšanje okusa, senzornih karakteristika i roka trajanja ulja kao i zadovoljavanje potrošačkih težnji. Hlapljivi spojevi koji se nalaze u biljnom materijalu s kojim se aromatizira maslinovo ulje, kao što su ružmarin, bosiljak, timjan te mnogi drugi, poznati su zbog svoje antimikrobne i antioksidativne aktivnosti, hranjivih svojstava te komercijalne koristi. Korištene su dvije metode izolacije hlapljivih spojeva, destilacija s vodenom parom i mikroekstrakcija vršnih para na čvrstoj fazi (HS-SPME). Svi uzorci hlapljivih spojeva, destilat i vršne pare, analizirani su veznim sustavom plinska kromatografija-spektrometrija masa (GC- MS).Glavni sastojci vršnih para maslinovog ulja su alifatski alkohol heksan-1-ol i aldehid (E)- heks-2-enal koji spadaju u skupinu tzv. "zelenih“ hlapljivih spojeva. Vršne pare maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog s limunom i gorkom narančom su u kvalitativnom i kvantitativnom pogledu slične. U oba uzorka vršnih para dominira ciklički monoterpenski ugljikovodik limonen bez obzira na upotrijebljeno vlakno. U vršnim parama maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog origanom prevladavaju monoterpenski ugljikovodici limonen, p-cimen, , γ-terpinen i monoterpenski fenol timol. Glavne komponente vršnih para maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog ružmarinom, bez obzira na upotrijebljeno vlakno, su ugljikovodik limonen, ciklički monoterpenski eter 1,8-cineol i ugljikovodik p-cimen. Glavni hlapljivi spojevi destilata maslinovog ulja aromatiziranog limunom su monoterpenski ugljikovodik limonen i monoterpenski aldehid geranial,spojevi koji su identificirani i u vršnim parama istog ulja. Olive (Olea euroapea L.) is one of the most famous plants of the Mediterranean climate and is considered the oldest cultivated plant species. Olive fruit is obtained from olive oil. Nowadays, there is a growing body of scientific research and knowledge about olive oil and its impact on health. In addition to its healing properties, such as its effect on the digestive and circulatory systems, olive oil is used for cosmetic purposes and for the maintenance of beauty. In recent times, aromatized olive oil has been gaining increasing attention in the olive oil industry, because the main objective of aromatization is to produce alternative tastes for consumers. Aromatized olive oils are a new concept for improving flavor, sensory characteristics, shelf life and satisfying consumer preferences. The volatile compounds found in plant material that flavors olive oil, such as rosemary, basil, thyme, and many others, are well known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, nutritional properties and commercial benefits. Two methods of isolation of volatile compounds, steam distillation and headspace solid phase microextraction were used (HS-SPME). All samples of volatile compounds, distillate and headspace vapors were analyzed by gas chromatographic mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents of olive oil headspaces are aliphatic alcohol hexan-1-ol and aldehyde (E) -hex-2-enal, which belong to the so-called. "green" volatile compounds. The headspace vapours of olive oils aromatized with lemone and bitter orange are similar in qualitative and quantitative terms. The cyclic monoterpene hydrocarbon limonene was dominating compound in both headspace vapours regardless of the fiber used. Headspace vapours of olive oil aromatized with oregano are dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons limonene, p-cymene, γ-terpinene and monoterpene phenol thymol. The main components of the headspace vapours of olive oil aromatized with rosemary, regardless of the fiber used, are hydrocarbon limonene, cyclic monoterpene ether 1,8- cineole and hydrocarbon p-cymene. The main volatile compounds of the distillate of olive oil aromatized with lemone are the monoterpene hydrocarbon limonene and the monoterpene aldehyde geranial, compounds that are also identified in the headspaces of that olive oil.
- Published
- 2019
32. Volatile compounds of wild cherry honey : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Grmuša, Luana and Radonić, Ani
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,ultrazvučna ekstrakcija ,ekstrakcija tekuće-tekuće ,liquid-liquid extraction ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija. Organska kemija ,ultrasound assisted solvent extraction ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry. Organic Chemistry ,volatile compounds ,GC-MS ,wild cherry honey ,med divlje trešnje - Abstract
U ovom završnom radu istražen je profil hlapljivih spojeva meda divlje trešnje, tj. određen je sastav i sadržaj hlapljivih spojeva. Za izolaciju hlapljivih spojeva korištena je metoda ekstrakcije i to ultrazvučna ekstrakcija i kontinuirana ekstrakcija tekuće-tekuće. U obje ekstrakcijske tehnike korišteno je isto otapalo, smjesa otapala pentan:dietil-eter 1:2, v/v. Analiza svih uzoraka je provedena plinskom kromatografijom–masenom spektrometrijom. Glavni sastojci u uzorku hlapljivih spojeva meda iz Kutjeva dobivenih ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom su derivati benzena, metil-siringat, benzojeva kiselina i 4-vinilfenol, diterpenski alkohol izofitol i C 13 -norizoprenoid 4- hidroksi-3,5,5-trimetil-4-(3-okso-1-butenil)-2-cikloheksen-1-on. Glavni spoj među hlapljivim spojevima dobivenim ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom (med iz Voćina) je diterpenski alkohol izofitol, a kvantitativno značajni sastojci su C 13 -norizoprenoid 4-hidroksi-3,5,5-trimetil-4-(3-okso-1-butenil)-2-cikloheksen-1-on (12,3 %), terpenski spoj kar-3-en-2,5-dion i derivat benzena 2-feniloctena kiselina. Derivati benzena su glavni sastojci u uzorku hlapljivih spojeva izoliranih ekstrakcijom tekuće-tekuće meda iz Kutjeva, a najzastupljeniji su 2-feniloctena kiselina i dibenzil. U istom tipu ekstrakta dobivenom iz meda iz Voćina dominantan spoj je C 13- norizoprenoid 4-hidroksi-3,5,5-trimetil-4-(3-okso-1-butenil)-2-cikloheksen-1- on, a slijedi diterpenski alkohol izofitol. In this bachelor thesis, the chemical profile i.e. composition and content of two samples of wild cherry honey volatiles was investigated. Wild cherry honey volatiles were isolated by two extraction methods, ultrasound assisted solvent extraction (USE) and continuous liquid-liquid extraction. In both cases, the organic solvent was a mixture of pentane:diethyl ether 1:2 v/v. Following the isolation, all the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main components of wild cherry honey volatiles (sample from Kutjevo) isolated by USE are benzene derivatives methyl syringate, benzoic acid and 4-vinylphenol, diterpene alcohol isophytol and C 13 - norisoprenoid 4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-1-butenyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one. In the ultrasound solvent extract of wild cherry honey from Voćin diterpene alcohol isophytol is the main compound, followed by 4- hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxo-1-butenyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one, terpene compound car-3-en-2,5-dione and benzene derivative 2-phenylacetic acid. Benzene derivatives are the dominant compounds among volatiles obtained by liquid-liquid extraction of honey from Kutjevo, with 2-phenylacetic acid and dibenzyl as the main components. The same type of extract made from Voćin honey is characterized by high content of C 13 -norisoprenoid 4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4- (3-oxo-1-butenyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one followed by diterpene alcohol isophytol.
- Published
- 2019
33. Volatile compounds of honey with the addition of rasberry juice : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Siroglavić, Dominik and Marijanović, Zvonimir
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,sok od maline ,raspberry juice ,med ,HS-SPME ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,honey ,USE ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS - Abstract
Mnoštvo bioloških spojeva u medu nisu stabilni, naročito hlapljive tvari, a njihove se strukture mogu transformirati tijekom zrenja meda, skladištenja te u procesu dobivanja proizvoda od meda usljed djelovanja visoke temperature. Cilj ovog rada je bio identificirati hlapljive i poluhlapljive spojeve unutar proizvoda od meda. Spojevi su izolirani ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom (USE) koristeći otapala pentan : dietil-eter (1:2 v/v) i diklormetan. Druga korištena metoda je mikroekstrakcija vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME). Izolirani spojevi su analizirani vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-spektrometrija masa (GC-MS). Najzastupljeniji spojevi u istraživanom medu uzorka su bili: 5-hidroksimetilfurfural (21,9-43,9%), 2-furankarboksaldehid (furfural; 16,3%), mnogi terpeni i derivati benzena. Specifičan spoj izoliran ultrazvučnom ekstrakcijom koristeći diklormetan kao otapalo je tzv. malina keton (4-(4- hidroksifenil)butan-2-on (0,9%)). Many compounds of biological origin in honey are not stable, particulary volatile substances, and their structures can be transformed during honey maturation, storage and in the process of obtaining various honey products due to the action of high temperature. The aim of this paper was to identify volatile and semi-volatile compounds inside honey product. The compounds were isolated by ultrasound assisted solvent extraction (USE) using pentane : diethyl-ether (1:2 v/v) and dichloromethane as solvent. The second method is headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The isolated compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Most common volatile compounds were: 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (21.9-43.9%), 2-furancarboxyaldehyde (furfural:16.3%), many terpenes and benzene derivatives. Specific volatile compound isolated with dichloromethane as solvent was „raspberry ketone“ (4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2-one (0.9%)).
- Published
- 2019
34. Caracterization of volatile compounds from salami made of Istrian donky meet : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Kovačić, Dora and Marijanović, Zvonimir
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,istarski magarac ,aroma ,MAD ,HS-SPME ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,Istrian donkey ,volatile compounds ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS ,salama - Abstract
Uz bioraznolikost lokalnih pašnjaka i specifičnih geofizičkih uvjeta istarskog podneblja razvila se autohtona pasmina istarskog magarca čije je meso jedinstvene kvalitete. U skladu s potrebama tržišta, ali i s uviđajnim povećanjem populacije narasla je potreba za stvaranjem suhomesnatih proizvoda od mesa istarskog magarca. Jedan takav proizvod je trajna sušena salama koja u svom sastavu osim mesa istarskog magarca sadrži i istarsko crno vino. Specifičnosti sirovine, tehnološkog postupka pripreme, fermentacije i zrenja rezultiraju povećanjem koncentracije hlapljivih spojeva arome. Te su komponente proizašle iz biokemijskih procesa prilikom razgradnje masnog, vezivnog i mišićnog tkiva a odgovorne su za okusne i mirisne osobine ovog proizvoda. Hlapljivi spojevi su izolirani dvjema različitim metodama: mikroekstrakcijom vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS-SPME) i mikrovalovima potpomognutom destilacijom (MAD), te analizirani spregnutom tehnikom plinska kromatografija – spektrometrija masa (GC-MS) u cilju usporedbe sličnosti i razlika dobivenih rezultata. SPME metodom identificirana su 23 različita spoja dok je metodom MAD identificirano njih 36. Identificirani spojevi mogu svrstati u sljedeće kemijske skupine: alkoholi, organosumporovi spojevi, terpeni, fenoli, aldehidi, esteri, alkani i masne kiseline. Biodiversity of the local grazings and specific geophysical conditions of Istrian peninsula contributed in development of the native Istrian donkey with it's unique meat quality. Population increase and market needs have made dry meat of Istrian donkey a popular demand. One of such products is permanent dried salami which, in addition to Istrian donkey meat, in its composition also contains Istrian red wine. Concentration increase of aromatic vapors is direct result of compound specifications, technological procedure preparation, fermentation and ripening. These components are result of the biochemical processes from disintegration of fat, muscle and connective tissue, and are directly responsible for final product smell and flavor. Volatile compounds are isolated using two different methods: headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and microwave-assisted distillation (MAD), and analysed using gas chromatography– mass spectrometry technique (GC-MS) in order to compare the similarities and differences of obtained results. 23 different compounds were identified after isolation using SPME method in contrast to isolation using MAD method where 36 compounds were identified.These compounds can be grouped in following chemical groups: alcohols, organosulfur compounds, terpenes, aldehydes, alkanes and fatty acids. salami
- Published
- 2019
35. Isolation of volatile compounds of rosemary honey by ultrasonic extraction before and after heating : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Uidl, Dora and Marijanović, Zvonimir
- Subjects
Lamiaceae ,ultrazvučna ekstrakcija (USE) ,med od ružmarina ,ružmarin ,heating ,Rosmarinus officinalis L ,Lamiales ,rosemary honey ,hlapljivi spojevi ,zagrijavanje ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,rosemary ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,volatile compounds ,ultrasonic extraction (USE) ,GC-MS - Abstract
Mnogi spojevi biološkog i botaničkog podrijetla u medu nisu stabilni, naročito hlapljive tvari, a njihove se strukture mogu transformirati tijekom sazrijevanja meda, njegova skladištenja i zagrijavanja. U ovom radu se istraživao utjecaj zagrijavanja na sastav i sadržaj hlapljivih spojeva u medu od ružmarina. Uzorak meda se zagrijavao na 60 o C (2 sata) sa dodatkom vode. Hlapljivi spojevi ekstrahirani su pomoću pentan:dietil-etera = 1:2 (v/v) i diklormetanskog otapala postupkom ultrazvučne ekstrakcije (USE) pri sobnoj temperaturi. Ekstrakti su analizirani vezanim sustavom plinska kromatografija-masena spektrometrija (GC-MS). Dominantni spoj identificiran u oba ekstrakta dobivena nakon zagrijavanja meda na 60 o C je 5-hidroksimetilfurfural. Many compounds of biological and botanical origin in honey are not stable, particulary volatile substances, and their structures can be trandformed during honey maturation, storage and heating. In this paper the influence of heating on the composition and content of rosemary honey was investigated. The honey sample was heated up to 60 o C (2 hours) with the addition of water. Volatile compounds were extracted with pentane:diethyl ether = 1:2 (v/v) and dichloremethane using ultrasound assisted solvent extraction (USE) at room temperature. The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The dominant compounds identified in both extracts after heating them up to 60 o C was 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.
- Published
- 2019
36. Antioxidant activity of volatile isolates from broccoli and broccoflower obitaned by microwave extraction : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Jolić, Nina and Generalić Mekinić, Ivana
- Subjects
Romanesco ,Briggs-Raucsherova metoda oscilirajućih reakcija ,Chinese broccoli ,glukozinolati ,antioxidant activity ,phenols ,šenon ,Cruciferae ,krstašice ,hlapljivi spojevi ,volatile compounds ,glucosinolates ,brokula ,kaulin ,mikrovalna ekstrakcija ,broccoli ,microwave extraction ,kupusnjače ,fenoli ,cabbages ,kineska brokula ,Brassicaceae ,FRAP ,antioksidacijska aktivnost ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,Brassica oleracea ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,GC-MS ,DPPH ,Briggs-Rauscher oscilating method - Abstract
Povrće iz porodice kupusnjača (Brassicaceae) karakterizira prisutnost glukozinolata, skupine sekundarnih biljnih metabolita, čiji razgradni produkti pokazuju izrazito dobru biološku aktivnost. Cilj ovo rada bila izolacija hlapljivih sastojaka iz brokule (Calabrese broccoli) i kineske brokule (Romanesco broccoli). Frakcije su izolirane iz svježeg biljnog materijala korištenjem uređaja za mikrovalnu ekstrakciju (400 W, 98°C, 35 min), a analizirane primjenom tehnike plinske kromatografije s masenom spektrometrijom (GC- MS). Frakcijama je testirana antioksidacijska aktivnost korištenjem različitih metoda: sposobnost hvatanja molekula slobodnog radikala DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil), Briggs-Rauscher oscilacijskom metodom i metodom određivanja redukcijske aktivnosti FRAP (engl. Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). GC-MS tehnika je pokazala da je dominantan sumporov spoj koji je produkt degradacije u svim izolatima bio dimetil trisulfid (nastaje raspadom S-metilcistein sulfoksida). Najveća koncentracija ovog spoja određena je u frakciji brokule (0,74%) koja je ujedno pokazala i najbolju antioksidacijsku aktivnost primjenom svih korištenih metoda. The vegetable from the Brassicaceae plant family is characterized by the presence of glucosinolates, a group of secondary plant metabolites, whose degradation products show significant biological activity. The aim of this study was the isolation of the volatiles from two Brassica oleracea species: broccoli (Calabrese broccoli) and broccoflower (Romanesco broccoli). The flavour and fragrance fractions were collected from fresh plant material using microwave-assisted extraction (400 W, 98°C, 35 min) and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The fractions were tested for antioxidant activity by multiple method approach using free DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazil) scavenging activity, Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction and reducing activity determination by FRAP assay (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power). The dominant sulfur-containing degradation product in all isolates was dimethyl trisulfide (from degradation of S-methylcysteine sulfoxide). This compound was detected in flavour fraction of broccoli (0.74%) in highest concentration, and that fraction also provided the best antioxidant activity using all applied methods.
- Published
- 2019
37. Spojevi odgovorni za aromu hrane
- Author
-
Bravić, Josipa, Orhanović, Stjepan, Bošković, Perica, and Ljubenkov, Ivica
- Subjects
retronasal ,aroma ,recognition threshold ,volatile compounds ,odorant ,prag prepoznavanja ,hlapljivi spojevi ,retronazalno ,ortonazalno ,orthonasal - Abstract
Arome hrane igraju važnu ulogu kod našeg ukupnog doživljaja hrane. Utječu na naše preferiranje i prihvaćanje hrane, te upozoravaju na neispravnost namirnica. Aromu čine kompleksi hlapljivih spojeva koje percipiramo olfaktornim sustavom. U ovom radu obrađeni su osnovni pojmovi vezani za arome u hrani: odoranti, vrijednost i prag prepoznavanja arome. Objašnjen je mehanizam nastanjanja podražaja i njegov put sve do stvaranja percepcije, također i razlike koje nastaju ovisno o putu podražaja ili interakcijom aromatičnih tvari. Prikazani su načini laboratorijskih analiza arome i eventualni nedostaci tih postupaka. Spojevi zaduženi za arome čine vrlo raznoliku skupinu spojeva, s velikim razlikama u kemijskim strukturama i fizikalnim svojstvima. Navedeni spojevi mogu nastati enzimskim i neenzimskim reakcijama, također mogu biti produkt fermentacije mikroorganizama. Obrađeni su najpoznatiji spojevi i njihove karakteristike. S današnjim saznanjima na području aroma hrane razvijeni su tehnološki postupci koji potrošačima omogućuju proizvode s minimalnom mogućnosti promjene arome u nepoželjnu ili neočekivanu., Food aroma plays an important role in our overall food experience. It affects our food preference and acceptance, and alarms us about food defects. The aroma is a complex of volatile compounds that are perceived by the olfactory system. In this paper, the basic concepts related to food aroma are addressed: odorants, aroma value and recognition threshold. The mechanism of stimulus formation and its pathway to perception formation are explained, as well as differences that arise depending on stimuli pathyway and the interaction of aroma substances. The methods of laboratory analysis of aroma and the possible difficulties encountered during these procedures are presented. Aromatic compounds form a very diverse group of compounds, with wide variations in chemical structures and physical properties. These compounds can be formed by enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactions, and may also be the product of fermentation of microorganisms. The most famous compounds and their characteristics are analyzed. With today's knowledge in the field of food aroma the technological methods have been developed that provide consumers with products that have minimal possibility to change odor to unwanted or unexpected.
- Published
- 2019
38. Volatile compounds of Dalmatian sage leaves and flowers : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Magdalenić, Katarina and Radonić, Ani
- Subjects
Lamiaceae ,apsolut ,Hrvatska.Dalmacija ,eterična ulja ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija ,Labiatae ,GC-MC ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry ,dalmatinska kadulja ,Croatia.Dalmatia ,hlapljivi spojevi ,terpeni ,sage ,absolute ,usnače ,kadulja ,Salvia officinalis L ,volatile compounds ,GC-MS ,žalfija ,headspace ,vršne pare ,essential oils ,Dalmatian sage ,terpenes - Abstract
Kadulja (Salvia officinalis L.) je samonikla ljekovita i aromatična biljka rasprostranjena u mediteranskog dijelu Hrvatske, a posebno u Dalmaciji. Cilj ovog rada bio je odrediti profil hlapljivih spojeva dalmatinske kadulje, i to odvojeno listova, a odvojeno cvjetova, odnosno odrediti sastav i sadržaj ovih spojeva. Radi što potpunijeg uvida u sastav i sadržaj hlapljivih spojeva pripremljena su tri uzorka hlapljivih spojeva, eterično ulje, vršne pare i apsolut. Analiza uzoraka provedena je plinskom kromatografijom-masenom spektrometrijom (GC/MS). Terpenski spojevi su kvalitativno i kvantitativno najvažniji sastojci eteričnog ulja, vršnih para i apsoluta listova i cvjetova kadulje. Glavni sastojci eteričnog ulja listova kadulje su terpenski alkoholi 1,8-cineol i borneol te keton kamfor, a eteričnog ulja cvjetova alkoholi viridiflorol i izoborneol, ugljikovodik -humulen te keton kamfor. U vršnim parama listova i cvjetova kadulje identificirani su svi spojevi. Svi sastojci vršnih para listova i cvjetova kadulje su terpeni, sa -humulenom kao glavnim sastojkom u vršnim parama listova i -pinenom u vršnim parama cvjetova. Za razliku od eteričnih ulja i vršnih para, apsolut listova kadulje karakterizira visoki udio masnih kiselina, 30,4 % u apsolutu cvjetova i 21,1 % u apsolutu listova. Ipak, kvalitativno i kvantitativno, i u apsolutima kadulje dominiraju terpenski spojevi kao što su epimanool, borneol i - gurjunen u apsolutu listova te epimanool, feruginol, pisiferol, -humulen i -gurjunen u apsolutu cvjetova kadulje. Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is a wild-growing medicinal and aromatic plant which is widespread in the Mediterranean part of Croatia, especially in Dalmatia. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical profile of Dalmatian sage volatile compounds, separately of leaves and flowers, and determine the composition and content of these compounds. For more complete insight into the composition and content of volatile compounds, three samples of volatile compounds were prepared, namely essential oil, headspace and absolute. Analysis of all samples was carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Terpenes are qualitatively and quantitatively the most important ingredients of essential oils, headspaces and absolutes of sage leaves and flowers. The major constituents of leaves essential oil were terpene alcohols 1,8-cineol and borneol as well as ketone camphor, while the main constituents of flowers essential oil were alcohols viridiflorol and isoberneol, hydrocarbon -humulene as well as ketone camphor. All the compounds of leaves and flowers headspace were identified. All constituents of leaves and flowers headspace are terpenes, with -humulene as the main constituent of the leaves headspace and -pinene as the main constituent of the flowers headspace. Opposite to the essential oils and headspaces, sage absolutes were characterized by a high content of fatty acids, 30,4 % in flowers absolute and 21,1 % leaves absolute. However, qualitatively and quantitatively, terpenes were dominating compounds in sage absolutes, such as epimanool, borneol i -gurjunene in leaves absolute and epimanool, ferruginol, pisiferol, -humulene i -gurjunene in sage flowers absolute.
- Published
- 2018
39. Profile of volatiles compounds of oregano spice before and after heating : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Čikeš, Marija Ljubica and Marijanović, Zvonimir
- Subjects
Lamiaceae ,spice plants ,marjoram ,mravinac ,heating ,Labiatae ,začinske biljke ,hlapljivi spojevi ,zagrijavanje ,usnače ,Origanum vulgare L ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,HS-SPME ,oregano ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,volatile compounds ,GC-MS ,origano - Abstract
Mnogi prirodni biološki aktivni spojevi nisu stabilni, naročito oni hlapljive prirode, a njihove se strukture mogu transformirati tijekom skladištenja i zagrijavanja. U radu se istražuje utjecaj zagrijavanja na sastav i sadržaj hlapljivih spojeva začina origana. Uzorci začina su se zagrijavali na 150 °C (20 min) bez dodavanja vode. Hlapljivi spojevi izolirani su pomoću mikroekstrakcije vršnih para na krutoj fazi (HS- SPME). Ekstrakti su analizirani plinskom kromatografijom-masenom spektrometrijom (GC-MS). Dominantni spoj identificiran u svim uzorcima je bio monoterpenski fenol karvakrol (5-izopropil-2- metilfenol) i seskviterpen β-bisabolen. Many natural biologically active compounds are not stable, especially volatile compounds, and their structures can be transformed during storage and heating. The study examines the influence of heating on the composition and content of volatile compounds of oregano spice. All samples were heated to 150 °C (20 min) without adding water. The volatile compounds were isolated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME). The extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The dominant compound identified in all samples was monoterpene phenol carvacrol (5- isopropyl-2-methylphenol) and sesquiterpen β-bisabolene.
- Published
- 2018
40. Determination of volatile compounds from rosemary, sage, oregano and thyme after encapsulation : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Čulina, Marija and Bilušić, Tea
- Subjects
proteini soje ,marjoram ,majčina dušica ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija ,Rosmarinus officinalis L ,Labiatae ,Folin-Ciiocalteu method ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry ,GC-MS-SPME ,hlapljivi spojevi ,usnače ,mažuran ,Folin-Ciiocalteu metoda ,volatile compounds ,Lamiaceae ,proteini sirutke ,mravinac ,Thymus vulgaris L ,ružmarin ,fenoli ,origanum ,soy proteins ,sage ,whey proteins ,thyme ,Origanum vulgare L ,Thymus vulgaris L. phenols ,encapsulation ,kadulja ,Salvia officinalis L ,rosemary ,žalfija ,inkapsulacija ,origano ,timijan - Abstract
Brojna su istraživanja potvrdila korisno djelovanje ružmarina, kadulje, origana i timijana na ljudski organizam. Njihovo djelovanje potječe od bogatog sastava biološki aktivnih spojeva. Cilj ovoga rada bio je odrediti sastav hlapivih komponenti navedenih biljaka nakon postupka inkapsulacije koristeći dva nosača (protein sirutke i protein soje). Korištena tehnika za određivanje hlapivih komponenti bila je plinska kromatografija vezana uz masenu spektrometriju s mikroekstrakcijom na čvrstoj fazi, GC-MS-SPME a za određivanje ukupnih fenola koristila se spektrofotometrijska metoda Folin-Ciocalteu. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se kemijski sastav hlapljivih komponenti navedenih biljaka razlikuje s obzirom na vrstu proteinskog nosača. Many studies have confirmed the positive effect of rosemary, sage, oregano and thym on the human organism. Their activity stems from the rich composition of biologically active compounds. The main purpose of this work was determination of the composition of the volatile components of the above mentioned plants after encapsulation using two carriers (whey proteins and soy proteins). The technique used to determine the volatile components was gas chromatography related to mass spectrometry with solid phase microextraction GC-MS-SPME, but for the determination of total phenol a spectrophotometric method of Folin-Ciocalteu was used. The results show that the chemical composition of the volatile components of mentioned plants varies with the type of protein carrier.
- Published
- 2018
41. Determination of volatile compounds from freeze-dried and spray-dried samples of thyme, oregano, sage and rosemary : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Jurić, Viktorija and Bilušić, Tea
- Subjects
in vitro probava ,metoda po Folin-Ciocalteu ,majčina dušica ,phenols ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija ,Rosmarinus officinalis L ,Labiatae ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry ,hlapljivi spojevi ,Thymus vulgaris ,usnače ,in-vitro digestion ,volatile compounds ,spray-drying ,Salvia officinalis ,antioksidansi ,Lamiaceae ,mravinac ,Folin-Ciocalteu method ,ružmarin ,sušenje sprejem ,divlji mažuran ,HS-SPME/GC-MS ,fenoli ,liofilizacija ,antioxidants ,sage ,thyme ,freeze-drying ,kadulja ,oregano ,rosemary ,Origanum vulgare ,origano ,timijan - Abstract
Kadulja, origano, ružmarin i timijan se zbog svog bogatog sastava biološki aktivnih tvari koriste u prehrani. Mnoga istraživanja koja su provedena potvrđuju njihova antioksidativna, protuupalna i antivirusna djelovanja na čovjekov organizam. Prikupljeni biljni materijal podvrgnut je postupku liofilizacije i sušenja sprejem. Potom je koristeći HS-SPME/GC-MS tehniku određen udio hlapljivih komponenti. Također, spektrofotometrijskom metodom Folin- Ciocalteu određen je udio ukupnih fenola prije i poslije simuliranog dvofaznog modela probave s ljudskim probavnim sokovima (želudac i tanko crijevo). Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se kemijski sastav hlapljivih komponenti navedenih biljaka razlikuje s obzirom na vrstu sušenja – liofilizaciju i sušenje sprejem. Neke su se komponente obradom sušenja sprejem bitno povećale, dok su se neke druge komponente smanjile ili u potpunosti iščezle. Na temelju toga moguće je zaključiti da način sušenja biljnog materijala suvremenim tehnikama, poput postupka liofilizacije i sušenja sprejem, uvelike mijenja kemijski sastav hlapljivih komponenti. Nadalje, udio ukupnih fenola u biljnim uzorcima značajno je veći kod uzoraka osušenih sprejem u odnosu na liofilzirani biljni materijal. Što se tiče gastrointestinalne stabilnosti, iz rezultata je vidljivo da je udio fenola veći u duodenalnoj fazi probave u odnosu na želučanu fazu probave. Sage, oregano, rosemary, and thyme represent a rich source of biological active compounds (so called phytochemicals) and because of that they are very common in health diet regime. Many studies proved their numerous biological potential such as antioxidative, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-inflammatory. Collected plant samples have been processed using two drying techniques – freeze-drying and spray-drying. Using HS-SPME/GC- MS technique, the composition of volatile compounds has been determined. In addition, the amount of total phenolics was detected using spectrophotometric method Folin-Ciocalteu. The amount of total phenols was determined before and after simulated two-phase digestion process using human digestive enzymes (gastric and duodenal). Obtained results showed that chemical composition of volatile compounds was different in relation to plant material and in relation to different drying technique – freeze-drying and spray-drying. The concentration of some compounds was higher after spray-drying in relation to freeze-drying, while the concentration of other compounds was lower. Generally, it is possible to conclude that the composition of volatile compounds depends on the drying technique. In addition, the amount of total phenolics was significantly higher in spray-dried plant samples in relation to freeze-dried samples. Also, their gastrointestinal stability was higher in duodenal phase in relation to gastric phase.
- Published
- 2018
42. Effects of early leaf removal on volatile compounds concentrations in Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the Ilok vineyards
- Author
-
Mato Drenjančević, Vesna Rastija, Vladimir Jukić, Krunoslav Zmaić, Toni Kujundžić, Andrijana Rebekić, and Florian Schwander
- Subjects
uklanjanje listova ,vino ,hlapljivi spojevi ,plinska kromatografija ,food and beverages ,leaf removal ,wine ,volatile compounds ,gas chromatography - Abstract
The aim of this two year study was to evaluate effects of basal leaf removal before blooming on volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon wines in the Ilok vineyards (eastern Croatia). During two consecutive vintages (2013, 2014), two different treatments of basal leaf removal were applied: removal of 3 and 6 leaves, and control without leaf removal. Volatile compounds of resulting wines were identified and quantified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Organic acids and higher alcohols remained unaffected by treatments of early defoliation wine, except acetic acid and 2-methyl-6-hepten-1-ol. Early leaf removal was affected on six esters concentration only in the 2014 with different outcome. For compounds unaffected by defoliation, vintage was statistically significant source of variability, as the results of multivariate analysis have confirmed. Defoliation treatments in Cabernet Sauvignon wines from eastern continental part of Croatia should be adjusted to the weather condition in growing season., Cilj ovoga dvogodišnjeg istraživanja bio je procijeniti učinke uklanjanja bazalnoga lista prije cvatnje na sadržaj hlapljivih spojeva Cabernet Sauvignon vina u vinogradima Ilok (istočna Hrvatska). Tijekom dviju uzastopnih godina (2013. i 2014.) primijenjena su dva različita tretmana uklanjanja bazalnih listova: uklanjanje 3 lista, 6 listova te kontrola bez uklanjanja listova. Hlapljivi spojevi dobivenih vina identificirani su i kvantificirani spregnutom tehnikom plinske kromatografije i spektrometrije masa. Tretmani rane defolijacije nisu imali učinka na koncentraciju organskih kiselina i viših alkohola, osim na octenu kiselinu i 2-metil-6-hepten-1-ol. Rana defolijacija utjecala je koncentracije šest estera samo u vinima iz 2014. godine s različitim ishodom. Za spojeve na koje rana defolijacija nije imala učinka, berba je bila statistički značajan izvor varijabilnosti, kao što su rezultati multivarijantne analize potvrdili. Tretmane rane defolijacije u Cabernet Sauvignon vinima u istočnome kontinentalnome dijelu Hrvatske potrebno je prilagoditi vremenskim prilikama tijekom vegetacijske sezone.
- Published
- 2018
43. Study of volatile compounds from dry fermented sausage kulenova seka : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Žanko, Tea and Marijanović, Zvonimir
- Subjects
mesne prerađevine ,HS-SPME analysis ,Eastern Croatia.Slavonija i Baranja ,GC-MS analiza ,trajne kobasice ,hlapljivi spojevi ,dry fermented sausage ,aroma ,HS-SPME analiza ,arome ,Istočna Hrvatska.Slavonija i Baranja ,meat products ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,kulenova seka (kulenica) ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,volatile compounds ,GC-MS analysis - Abstract
Kulenova seka je tradicionalni mesni proizvod s područja istočne Hrvatske (Slavonije i Baranje) koja se ubraja u fermentirane trajne kobasice. Tijekom procesiranja fermentiranih proizvoda odvijaju se brojne enzimatske i neenzimatske reakcije koje dovode do povećanja koncentracije hlapljivih komponenata aroma. Te komponente su odgovorne za specifične okusne i mirisne osobine ovog proizvoda. Za ekstrakciju tih spojeva iz uzoraka korištena je mikroekstrakcija na čvrstoj fazi iz para iznad otopine (HS-SPME). Svi uzorci hlapljivih spojeva su analizirani plinskom kromatografijom spektrometrijom masa (GC-MS). Ukupno je identificirano 20 spojeva. Identificirani spojevi su pripadali sljedećim kemijskim grupama: aldehidi, ketoni, alkoholi, aromatski ugljikovodici i organosumporni spojevi. Kulenova seka is a traditional meat product from eastern Croatia (Slavonija and Baranja) pertaining to dry fermented sausages. During the processing of dry-cured meat products numerous enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions are carried out. This leads to an increase in the concentration of volatile aroma compounds. These compounds are responsible for the specific olfactory properties of products. For extraction of such compounds from the samples, a headspace solid-phase microextraction was used (HS-SPME). All the extracts were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Total identified 20 volatile compounds. They belonged to the following chemical groups: aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons and organosulfur compounds.
- Published
- 2018
44. Essential oil of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium L.): comparison of isolation methods : bachelor thesis
- Author
-
Parčina, Antonija and Radan, Mila
- Subjects
bigarade orange ,Seville orange ,bitter orange ,antioxidant activity ,citrus fruits ,eterična ulja ,PRIRODNE ZNANOSTI. Kemija ,NATURAL SCIENCES. Chemistry ,kisela naranča ,divlja naranča ,agrumi ,sour orange ,hlapljivi spojevi ,gorka naranča ,metode izolacije ,isolation methods ,antioksidacijska aktivnost ,seviljska naranča ,volatile compounds ,GC-MS ,Rutaceae ,essential oils ,citrusi ,Citrus aurantium L ,DPPH - Abstract
Gorka ili divlja naranča (Citrus aurantium L.) je biljna vrsta iz porodice Rutaceae. Podrijetlom je iz jugoistočne Azije, a na Sredozemlje su je u 10. stoljeću donijeli Arapi. Posebno je zastupljena u parkovima južnog primorja (Dubrovnik, Korčula, Mljet, Hvar, Vis) gdje je osobit ukras svojim trajnim zelenilom. Cilj ovog rada je bio odrediti sastav i udio hlapljivih spojeva u eteričnom ulju gorke naranče, zatim ispitati antioksidacijsku aktivnost. Eterično ulje je pripravljeno vodenom destilacijom u aparaturi po Clevengeru te metodom hladnog prešanja. Konvencionalni način odvajanja ulja iz kore citrusa je uglavnom hladnim prešanjem zbog toplinske nestabilnosti glavnih sastojaka eteričnog ulja. Zbog povišene temperature te produženog vremena ekstrakcije, kod vodene destilacije može doći do promjene u kemijskom sastavu ulja te gubitka nekih hlapljivih komponenti. Zbog kiselosti gorke naranče, neke komponente ulja se lako mogu razložiti tijekom vodene destilacije. Analiza hlapljivih spojeva provedena je plinskom kromatografijom – masenom spektrometrijom (GC/MS). Rezultati pokazuju da su glavni spojevi u eteričnom ulju monoterpeni. Ukupni udio terpena u sastavu eteričnog ulja dobivenog hladnim prešanjem je 76,9 %, dok je masnih kiselina 22,8 %. Eterično ulje koje je izolirano vodenom destilacijom ima ukupno 97,9 % terpena te 1,7 % masnih kiselina. Antioksidacijska aktivnost je određena DPPH metodom. Utvrđeno je da eterično ulje gorke naranče nema antioksidacijska svojstva. Slaba antioksidacijska svojstva eteričnog ulja mogu se pripisati njegovom kemijskom sastavu. Bitter or wild orange (Citrus aurantium L.) is a plant species of the family Rutaceae. Originally from Southeast Asia, and brought on the Mediterranean in the 10th century by the Arabs. It is especially present in the parks of southern coast (Dubrovnik, Korčula, Mljet, Hvar, Vis), where it makes distinctive decoration. The aim of this study was to determine the composition and proportion of volatile compounds in the essential oil of bitter orange and examine the antioxidant activity. The essential oil is prepared by water distillation in the apparatus according to Clevenger and by cold pressed method. The conventional method of separating oil from citrus peel is generally cold pressing due to thermal instability of the main constituents of the essential oil. Because of increased temperature and the extended time of extraction, water distillation may change the composition of the oil and cause the loss of some volatile components. Because of the acidity of bitter orange, some components of the oil can easily be decomposed during water distillation. Analysis of the volatiles was performed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC / MS). The results showed that the main compounds in the essential oil are monoterpenes. The overall proportion of terpenes in the essential oil isolated by cold pressing is 76.9 %, and the fatty acids of 22.8 %. The essential oil, which is isolated by hydrodistillation has a total of 97.9 % of terpenes and 1.7 % fatty acids. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH method. It was found that essential oil of bitter orange has very poor antioxidant activity. Low antioxidant properties of essential oil can be attributed to its chemical composition.
- Published
- 2017
45. Stability of frying oils in household
- Author
-
Lovrek, Lea and Kraljić, Klara
- Subjects
storage ,hlapljivi spojevi ,oksidacijska stabilnost ,volatile components ,skladištenje ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,frying ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,prženje ,oxidative stability - Abstract
Cilj ovog rada bio je ispitati oksidacijsku stabilnost najčešće korištenih ulja i masti u kućanstvima RH tijekom višekratnog prženja i tijekom čuvanja između prženja. Krajnji cilj rada bio je odrediti najbolje ulje za prženje u kućanstvu. Za prženje štapića krumpirića korišteno je suncokretovo ulje, suncokretovo ulje za prženje, ekstra djevičansko maslinovo ulje, palmin olein i svinjska mast. Nakon i između prženja su određivani parametri kvalitete – udio slobodnih masnih kiselina, peroksidni broj, anisidinski broj, totox broj, udio ukupnih polarnih spojeva, udio hlapljivih spojeva, sastav masnih kiselina, te je provedena senzorska analiza. Oksidacijska stabilnost korištenih ulja i masti pada u nizu svinjska mast > palmin olein > ekstra djevičansko maslinovo ulje > suncokretovo ulje za prženje > suncokretovo ulje. Iako je pokazala najveću stabilnost, svinjska mast senzorski nije bila prihvatljiva. Stoga se za prženje krumpirića preporučuje korištenje palminog oleina. Suncokretovo ulje je pokazalo najlošiju oksidacijsku stabilnost i ne preporuča se za višekratno prženje. The aim of this study was to investigate the oxidation stability of the oils and fats used in households during repeated frying and during storage between frying. The ultimate goal of the work was to determine the best frying oil for household. Potato strips were fried on sunflower oil, sunflower oil for frying, extra virgin olive oil, palm olein and lard. Free fatty acids, peroxide value, anisidine value, totox value, total polar compounds, volatile compounds, fatty acid content and sensory analysis were determined after and between frying. Oxidation stability of used oils and fats is shown in decreased row: lard > palm olein > extra virgin olive oil > sunflower oil for frying > sunflower oil. Although it showed the highest stability, lard was not sensory acceptable. Therefore, the use of palm olein is recommended for frying potatoes. Sunflower oil showed the lowest oxidative stability and is not recommended for repeated frying.
- Published
- 2017
46. Identification and quantification of volatiles appearing during frozen storage of hake and mackarel
- Author
-
Buršić, Ivana and Vidaček, Sanja
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,volatiles ,oxidation ,oksidacija ,BIOTEHNIČKE ZNANOSTI. Prehrambena tehnologija ,zamrzavanje ,BIOTECHNICAL SCIENCES. Food Technology ,masne kiseline ,freezing ,fatty acids - Abstract
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je kvalitativno i kvantitativno odrediti hlapljive spojeve koji nastaju oksidacijom masnih kiselina tijekom 10-omjesečnog skladištenja ribe u zamrznutom stanju pri -18 °C. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorcima oslića (Merlucius merlucius) i skuše (Scomber scombrus). Hlapljivi sastojci arome izolirani su primjenom tehnike mikroekstrakcije na čvrstoj fazi (HS-SPME), a zatim su analizirani uz pomoć plinsko kromatografsko – maseno spektrometrijske instrumentalne metode (GC–MS). Promatrane su promjene u koncentracijama 14 odabranih spojeva koji su prethodno prepoznati u literaturi kao indikatori promjena tijekom skladištenja, a provedena je i detaljna analiza koja je obuhvatila sve spojeve koji su se pojavili tijekom 10 mjeseci skladištenja, s posebnim naglaskom na one koji se pojavljuju 1. i 10. mjeseca skladištenja. U obje je vrste ribe došlo do blage oksidacije masnih kiselina tijekom skladištenja. Za praćenje oksidacije masnih kiselina u skuši kao pogodni spojevi pokazali su se 2-butanon, heksanal, heptanal i benzaldehid. The aim of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively define volatile compounds that occur as a result of the fatty acids oxidation during the 10 – months – long frozen storage of fish at the temperature of -18 °C. The research was conducted on hake (Merlucius merlucius) and mackerel (Scomber scombrus) samples. Volatile aroma compounds were isolated by the usage of solid phase microextraction technique (HS-SPME), and subsequently analyzed using gas chromatography – mass spectrometric instrumental method (GC-MS). Changes in 14 chosen compounds which are previously known from the literature and considered to be indicators of storage occurring changes are observed. Furthermore, a detailed analysis was conducted taking into account all the compounds occurring during the 10 – month storage, with the stress on those occurring in both the 1st and 10th month. In both types of fish a mild oxidation of fatty acids was observed. 2-butanone, hexanal, heptanal and benzaldehyde proved to be suitable compounds for monitoring the oxidation of fatty acids in mackerel.
- Published
- 2016
47. Biokemija arome jabuke
- Author
-
Miguel Espino-Díaz, David Roberto Sepúlveda, Gustavo González-Aguilar, and Guadalupe I. Olivas
- Subjects
aroma jabuke ,hlapljivi spojevi ,prekursor ,lipoksigenaza (LOX) ,alkoholna dehidrogenaza (ADH) ,alkoholna acil-transferaza (AAT) ,metabolički put ,food and beverages ,apple aroma ,volatile compounds ,precursor ,lipoxygenase (LOX) ,alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) ,pathway - Abstract
Flavour is a key quality att ribute of apples defined by volatile aroma compounds. Biosynthesis of aroma compounds involves metabolic pathways in which the main precursors are fatty and amino acids, and the main products are aldehydes, alcohols and esters. Some enzymes are crucial in the production of volatile compounds, such as lipoxygenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and alcohol acyltransferase. Composition and concentration of volatiles in apples may be altered by pre- and postharvest factors that cause a decline in Apple flavour. Addition of biosynthetic precursors of volatile compounds may be a strategy to promote aroma production in apples. The present manuscript compiles information regarding the biosynthesis of volatile aroma compounds, including metabolic pathways, enzymes and substrates involved, factors that may affect their production and also includes a wide number of studies focused on the addition of biosynthetic precursors in their production., Okus je glavna značajka kakvoće jabuke, a određuju ga hlapljivi sastojci arome. Glavni metabolički prekursori arome jabuke su masne kiseline i aminokiseline, a glavni produkti sinteze su aldehidi, alkoholi i esteri. Neki enzimi, kao što su lipoksigenaza, alkoholna dehidrogenaza i acil-transferaza, ključni su za proizvodnju hlapljivih spojeva. Različiti čimbenici prije i nakon berbe mogu utjecati na sastav i koncentraciju hlapljivih sastojaka, te time uzrokovati promjenu arome jabuke. Jedan od mogućih načina poboljšanja arome jabuke je dodatak biosintetičkih prekursora hlapljivih spojeva. U ovom su revijalnom prikazu sažeti podaci o biosintezi, metaboličkim putevima, enzimima, supstratima, te faktorima koji mogu utjecati na sintezu sastojaka arome. Osim toga, dan je pregled niza istraživanja o utjecaju dodatka biosintetičkih prekursora na sintezu sastojaka arome.
- Published
- 2016
48. Procjena parametara vrenja piva s pomoću novog soja kvasca Williopsis saturnus
- Author
-
Shao-Quan Liu and Althea Ying Hui Quek
- Subjects
food and beverages ,fermentation ,beer ,volatiles ,esters ,Williopsis sp ,yeasts ,vrenje ,pivo ,hlapljivi spojevi ,esteri ,kvasci - Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of a novel yeast Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 500 to produce fruity beer. Fermentation performance of W. mrakii and beer volatile composition were compared against that fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safale US-05. °Brix, sugar and pH differed significantly between the two types of beer. A total of 8 alcohols, 11 acids, 41 esters, 9 aldehydes, 8 ketones, 21 terpenes and terpenoids, 5 Maillard reaction products and 2 volatile phenolic compounds were detected. Yeast strain Safale US-05 was more capable of producing a wider range of ethyl and other esters, while yeast strain NCYC 500 produced significantly higher amounts of acetate esters. Strain NCYC 500 retained more terpenes and terpenoids, suggesting that the resultant beer could possess more of the aromatic hint of hops. This study showed that W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 500 could ferment wort to produce low-alcohol beer with higher levels of acetate esters, terpenes and terpenoids than yeast S. cerevisiae Safale US-05., Svrha je ovoga rada bila ispitati mogućnost primjene novog soja kvasca Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 500 u proizvodnji piva voćne arome. Fermentacijska svojstva kvasca W. mrakii te sastav hlapljivih tvari u proizvedenom pivu uspoređeni su s onima u pivu dobivenim vrenjem s pomoću soja Saccharomyces cerevisiae Safale US-05. Utvrđeno je da su se ukupni udjel topljivih tvari (°Brix), koncentracija šećera te pH-vrijednost piva bitno razlikovali. U uzorcima piva pronađeno je 8 različitih alkohola, 11 kiselina, 41 ester, 9 aldehida, 8 ketona, 21 terpen i terpenoid, 5 produkata Maillardove reakcije i 2 hlapljiva fenolna spoja. Soj kvasca Safale US-05 bio je uspješniji u proizvodnji različitih etilnih i drugih estera, dok je soj NCYC 500 proizveo znatno više acetatnih estera. Pivo proizvedeno s pomoću soja NCYC 500 zadržalo je više terpena i terpenoida, pa je zaključeno da će imati izraženiju aromu hmelja. Ispitivanje je pokazalo da se fermentacijom sladovine s pomoću soja W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 500 može proizvesti pivo s niskim udjelom alkohola i većim udjelom acetatnih estera, terpena i terpenoida, u usporedbi s pivom dobivenim s pomoću soja S. cerevisiae US-05.
- Published
- 2016
49. TESTIRANJE SPOSOBNOSTI HVATANJA SUPEROKSID RADIKALA HLAPLJIVIM SPOJEVIMA BILJAKA RODA CENTAUREA UZ POMOĆ NOVOPOSTAVLJENE WST METODE
- Author
-
Brahović, Ivana
- Subjects
Centaurea ,hlapljivi spojevi ,sposobnost hvatanja superoksid radika ,WST metoda - Abstract
Hrvatska flora je bogata s više od 50 endemičnih vrsta roda Centaurea (zečina). Ovaj rod spada u porodicu Asteraceae (Compositae, glavočike), vrstama najbogatiju biljnu skupinu flore u Hrvatskoj. Karakteriziraju je sitni i mnogobrojni cvjetovi skupljeni u glavičaste cvatove (odatle naziv glavočike) koji stoje na zajedničkom cvjetištu tako da ponekad nalikuju na velike cvjetove. Dijeli se na cjevastocvjetne i jezičastocvjetne glavočike. Rod Centaurea pripada cjevastocvjetnim glavočikama. Veliki broj studija pokazuje da reaktivne kisikove vrste imaju važnu ulogu u inicijaciji i progresiji humanih bolesti kao što su: kancerogena oboljenja, reumatoidni artritis, ateroskleroza i starenje. Superoksid anion radikal (O2•-), koji se neprestano stvara u stanicama, je jedan od najvažnijih i najodgovornijih reaktivnih vrsta u živim organizmima. On je prekursor u sintezi ostalih reaktivnih kisikovih vrsta, bilo direktno, bilo preko enzima ili ionima metala-kataliziranih procesa. Cilj ovog rada bio je testirati sposobnost hvatanja superoksid radikala hlapljivim spojevima biljaka roda Centaurea uz pomoć novopostavljene WST metode. Kod novorazvijene WST metode, kao sustav za proizvodnju superoksid radikala koristi se 1, 2, 3-trihidroksibenzen (pirogalol). Sustavu se potom dodaje natrijeva sol 2-(4-jodofenil)-3-(4-nitrofenil)-5-(2, 4-disulfofenil)-2H-tetrazolium (WST-1) po kojoj je metoda i dobila ime. WST-1 reagira sa superoksid radikalom i tvori stabilni, u vodi topljiv obojeni formazan s maksimumom apsorpcije na 450 nm. Prisutnost antioksidansa dovodi do hvatanja molekula superoksid radikala i u konačnosti do smanjenja apsorbancije. Rezultati su pokazali da testirana eterična ulja pokazuju dobru sposobnost hvatanja superoksid radikala, u usporedbi s poznato dobrim antioksidansom vitaminom C. Razlike u aktivnosti koje se javljaju među testiranim uljima istih biljnih vrsta vjerojatno potječu zbog razlika u kemijskom sastavu, a on je vjerojatno posljedica različitih položaja terena na kojima je biljni materijal sakupljen.
- Published
- 2014
50. Fizikalno – kemijske analize maslinovog ulja
- Author
-
Majić, Ivana
- Subjects
hlapljivi spojevi ,mikroekstakcija na čvrstoj fazi ,plinska kromatografija ,maslinovo ulje - Abstract
Za specifičnu aromu maslinovog ulja odgovorni su C6 i C5 hlapljivi spojevi, koji nastaju u nizu enzimatskih i kemijskih reakcija poznatih kao lipoksigenazni put. Sastav hlapljivih spojeva ovisi o sorti, stupnju zrelosti i uvjetima prerade ploda masline u ulje. U ovom radu ispitivan je sastav hlapljivih spojeva u maslinovom ulju autohtonih dalmatinskih sorti, Oblica i Levatinka, koristeći tehniku mikroekstarcije na čvrstoj fazi i plinske kromatografije. Određeni su i osnovni parametri kvalitete prema „Pravilniku o uljima od ploda i komine masline“ (NN 07/09), prema kojemu su za većinu uzoraka vrijednosti parametara kvalitete unutar graničnih vrijednosti za kategoriju ekstra djevičanskih maslinovih ulja. Fizikalno-kemijskom analizom došli smo do novih saznanja o svojstvima autohtonih dalmatinskih sortnih ulja.
- Published
- 2013
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.