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Oxidative stability of high oleic sunflower oil was investigated at four temperatures (6, 25, 50 and 80o C). The order of the reaction was determined as first order. The rate constants were determined at all temperatures and after that the shelf life was predicted using the Arrhenius equation. Classical temperature dependence was found between natural logarithm of constant and reciprocal values of temperature. Activation energy was calculated at 26.379 kJ mol-1. Pre-exponential factor, Q10 factor and z-factor were also determined. The thermodynamic parameters, i.e. activation enthalpy, activation entropy and Gibbs free energy of activation were calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant based triacylglycerides are a sustainable feedstock for the chemical, bioenergy, food and cosmetic sector. While fatty acids conversion has been intensively studied, processes for glycerol valorization have been scarce. In contrast to chemical hydrolysis of plant triacylglycerides enzymatic hydrolysis methods provide a cleaner glycerol stream. This study focuses on the selection of a commercial lipase capable of quantitative hydrolysis of rapeseed‐ and high oleic sunflower oils. Enzymatic process using only water as the reaction medium allows simplified recovery of pure glycerol. Among the six commercial lipase preparations tested, Candida rugosa lipase was identified as the most effective biocatalyst. Catalytic behavior in buffer and pure water was equivalent. Glycerol generated using a washed lipase was recovered by just three purification steps. The FTIR spectrum of the recovered glycerol was equivalent to pure glycerol standard. Over the entire recovery process, 82%–88% of the theoretical glycerol yield could be obtained. Purified glycerol was further didehydroxylated to allyl alcohol by a formic acid mediated open distillation process. The enriched allyl alcohol had a quality, which allows to use it for the synthesis of bio‐based acrylonitrile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • 23 major volatile aldehydes including the toxic substance Trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-Decenal were detected. • Methionine, histidine, and glycine act as lipid antioxidants to reduce the production of volatile aldehydes. • Methionine had the most significant inhibitory effect on the production of volatile aldehydes. • Better unsaturated volatile aldehydes inhibiting was detected than saturated volatile aldehydes. This research aims to assess the effect of amino acids as lipid antioxidants in reducing the formation of volatile aldehydes in frying oil. Methionine, histidine, and glycine at concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 mM were added to high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) to investigate their effects on the distribution and formation of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated volatile aldehydes. The results showed that the proportion of saturated volatile aldehydes was greater than that of unsaturated ones; Methionine exhibited the best inhibitory effect, after 12 h of frying, 10 mM methionine reduced the content of saturated volatile aldehydes by 24.21 %, monounsaturated by 52.4 %, and polyunsaturated by 54.73 % compared to the control. Methionine's sulfur-containing side chain was also proven to have strong antioxidant activity. Combined with the results of this study, this can also provide insights for using amino acids as lipid antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive pomace oil (OPO) is mainly a source of monounsaturated fat together with a wide variety of bioactive compounds, such as triterpenic acids and dialcohols, squalene, tocopherols, sterols and aliphatic fatty alcohols. To date, two long-term intervention studies have evaluated OPO's health effects in comparison with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO, study-1) and sunflower oil (SO, study-2) in healthy and cardiovascular risk subjects. The present study integrates the health effects observed with the three oils. Two randomized, blinded, cross-over controlled clinical trials were carried out in 65 normocholesterolemic and 67 moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Each study lasted fourteen weeks, with two four-week intervention phases (OPO versus HOSO or SO), each preceded by a three-week run-in or washout period. Regular OPO consumption reduced total cholesterol (p = 0.017) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.018) levels as well as waist circumference (p = 0.026), and only within the healthy group did malondialdehyde (p = 0.004) levels decrease after OPO intake versus HOSO. Contrarily, after the SO intervention, apolipoprotein (Apo) B (p < 0.001) and Apo B/Apo A ratio (p < 0.001) increased, and to a lower extent Apo B increased with OPO. There were no differences between the study groups. OPO intake may improve cardiometabolic risk, particularly through reducing cholesterol-related parameters and waist circumference in healthy and hypercholesterolemic subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids are a group of naturally occurring compounds that include fats, waxes, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), and others. The basic biological roles of lipids include energy storage, signaling, and acting for the structural components of thecell membranes. Lipids have many applications in the cosmetic and food industries as well as in nanotechnology. This research studies the use of high oleic sunflower oil in the tortilla chips industry. If in the past, the most common oil used in the chips industry was palm oil, nowadays the high oleic sunflower oil is gaining importance in the chips industry because of its rich content in oleic acid, being more oxidative stable than conventional sunflower oil, more resistant at thermo oxidation and because is considered healthier than other type of oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) with high antioxidant capacity is distributed all over the world, but has never been used as a natural antioxidant in oils to replace synthetic antioxidants. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of sea buckthorn extract in comparison to a common natural antioxidant rosemary extract and a synthetic antioxidant on retarding lipid oxidation. First the extracts were characterised, and it was found that sea buckthorn extract had higher polyphenol contents, radical scavenging activity, and higher antioxidant capacity. Then the proper concentrations for the use of these antioxidants were determined. Additionally, the progress of lipid oxidation during cycles of frying was assessed in terms of free fatty acids content, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, TOTOX value, colour, total polar compounds, and Induction period. The general order of effectiveness for inhibition of high oleic sunflower oil degradation during frying was: sea buckthorn > BHT > rosemary > control (P <0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. To determine the effect on the degree of dysbiosis in the organs and tissues of rats treated with high-fat diet (HFD) using fats with various fatty acid compositions.Methods. We used ordinary (high-linoleic) sunflower oil, high-oleic sunflower oil, butter, palm and coconut oils. Rats were fed with 15 % of each of the fats for 64 days. In the blood serum from v.cava and v. porta, in the liver, heart, brain, skeletal muscles and intestinal mucosa, urease activity (an indicator of bacterial insemination), lysozyme activity (a factor of non-specific immunity) were determined, and the degree of dysbiosis was calculated from the ratio of relative urease and lysozyme activities. Results. The activity of urease in the blood of v. porta increased in rats treated with HFD, and was significantly higher than in the blood of v.cava. In most of the studied tissues, urease activity increased after HFD, with the exception of rats receiving high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO). In contrast, lysozyme activity was reduced in most tissues, with the exception of rats treated with HOSO. The degree of dysbiosis increased after HFD with the exception of rats treated with HOSO.Conclusion. HFD increases the translocation of bacteria from the intestine. The liver partially neutralizes the microflora coming from the intestines. In blood serum from v. cava and v. porta, urease activity (an indicator of bacterial contamination), lysozyme activity (nonspecific immunity factor) were determined in the liver, heart, brain, skeletal muscle and intestinal mucosa, and the degree of dysbiosis was calculated by the ratio of the relative activities of urease and lysozyme.Results. Blood urease activity v. porta was elevated in rats treated with HFD and was significantly higher than in blood v. cava. In most of the tissues studied, urease activity increased after HFD with the exception of rats treated with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), the development of dysbiosis in all tissues of the body. The exception is HOSO, which does not cause the development of dysbiosis and inflammation.

Olive pomace oil (OPO) is mainly a source of monounsaturated fat together with a wide variety of bioactive compounds, such as triterpenic acids and dialcohols, squalene, tocopherols, sterols and aliphatic fatty alcohols. To date, two long-term intervention studies have evaluated OPO’s health effects in comparison with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO, study-1) and sunflower oil (SO, study-2) in healthy and cardiovascular risk subjects. The present study integrates the health effects observed with the three oils. Two randomized, blinded, cross-over controlled clinical trials were carried out in 65 normocholesterolemic and 67 moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Each study lasted fourteen weeks, with two four-week intervention phases (OPO versus HOSO or SO), each preceded by a three-week run-in or washout period. Regular OPO consumption reduced total cholesterol (p = 0.017) and LDL cholesterol (p = 0.018) levels as well as waist circumference (p = 0.026), and only within the healthy group did malondialdehyde (p = 0.004) levels decrease after OPO intake versus HOSO. Contrarily, after the SO intervention, apolipoprotein (Apo) B (p < 0.001) and Apo B/Apo A ratio (p < 0.001) increased, and to a lower extent Apo B increased with OPO. There were no differences between the study groups. OPO intake may improve cardiometabolic risk, particularly through reducing cholesterol-related parameters and waist circumference in healthy and hypercholesterolemic subjects.

Bicomponent polymeric architectures were fabricated through visible‐light polymerization starting from methacrylated and PEGylated high oleic sunflower oil (HO‐SFO) monomers and compatible polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEG‐DMA) capable of swelling in biological simulated fluid. Conversion of the methacryl moieties in the photo‐polymerization reactions was monitored by FTIR spectrometry and also gel fraction measurements. The amount of PEG‐DMA co‐reactant and PEG units grafted on the HO‐SFO backbone were found to directly influence the key properties of the oil‐based polymers. DSC measurements proved that higher content of PEG‐DMA (1:1wt, related to HO‐SFO monomer) influence the crystallinity degree, favoring also the increase of PBS absorption capacity. PEG chains from the HO‐SFO structure acts as mediator for the hydrophobic and hydrophilic components, influencing the system mobility, networks arrangement, affording the higher degree for PBS absorption (almost 70% after 50 days of immersion). For all the studied systems two‐phase absorption process was observed and assigned to the esters hydrolysis, yielding new –COOH and –OH groups, XPS and SEM confirming this hypothesis. Polymers degradation during PBS immersion conduce to the elimination of PEG oligomers and unreacted methacryl moieties from the fatty acids, by diffusion in the swelling medium, phenomenon supported by detectable architectural changes from the SEM images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behaviour of high oleic sunflower oil in deep frying process of purple potato Purple Majesty has been evaluated simulating a fast food cooking process. This oil was used for 8h/day for 6 days, filling up from the 2nd day. A discontinuous and prolonged procedure was tested. Free Fatty Acidity (FFA), Peroxide Value (PV), Total Polar Compounds (TPC), Fatty Acid (FA) composition, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) have been determined at different times in thermo-oxidized (T-OX) oil, and in frying oil. The FFA in T-OX oil samples showed values in the range 0.09%–0.24%, whereas in the frying oil values varied in a range between 0.09% and 0.16%. TPCs values varied from 1.76% to 38.24% in T-OX oils, whereas in frying oil used for frying purple potatoes (FOPP) showed values in the range from 1.76 to 29.13%. The peroxides values did not follow a regular pattern, both during thermo-oxidation and during frying. Among the Long Chain Fatty Acids (LCFAs), oleic acid was the most represented (84.13%). Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) amount was 0.34% (octanoic acid). Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) amount was 4.45% (palmitic acid). During the thermo-oxidation, the poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) amount decreased during the 48 h of heat treatment, reaching an amount of 6.21%. This determined the increase in short chain fatty acids (SCFA). Trans fatty acids increased with the frying time. Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) reached the value of 90.19%; SFA was 9.79%, and octanoic acid was 0.20%. A correlation between TPC vs UFA/SFA and TPC vs C18:2/C16:0 was observed in the frying oil. The most abundant volatile compounds in frying oil (from 0 to 48 h) were the aldehydes produced by decomposition of hydroperoxides of oleic and linoleic acids.

Several studies indicated that chlorine salts provoke 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD-FE) and 2-monochloro-1,3- propanediol fatty acid esters (2-MCPD-FE) formation in oils during frying. The amount of MCPD strongly depends on the type and the amount of chlorine salt. Food raw materials, additives themselves may contain several chlorine compounds, providing precursors for 2- and 3-MCPD-FE formation during frying. Then, the fat uptake can cause measurable concentrations in the fried food as well. This paper aims at screening chlorine compounds occurring in food industry. Influence of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl2), ferric chloride (FeCl3) and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on the formation of MCPD-FE was investigated, mimicking frying conditions (175-180 °C, atmospheric pressure), applying high oleic sunflower oil as frying medium. 2-MCPD-FE and 3-MCPD-FE were determined by using an indirect method based on alkaline-catalyzed transesterification and GC-MS analysis. As expected, the reference sample without using any chlorine salt resulted only slight increase in 3-MCPD-FE concentration, and no increase in 2-MCPD-FE concentration. In case of the stable salts minor formation was observed. At as high as 3% dosage of NaCl and KCl 1.6 and 2.4 mg/kg 3-MCPD-FE generated, respectively. Adding CaCl2, NH4Cl and FeCl3 resulted in very strong MCPD-FE formation by both isomers (2- and 3-MCPD-FE) in this increasing order. 0.1% FeCl3 generated 70 mg/kg 2-MCPD-FE and 238 mg/kg 3-MCPD-FE by the end of 8-hour heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured lipids (SL) were synthesized via enzymatic (EI) and chemical interesterification of high oleic sunflower oil (SO) and fully hydrogenated high oleic SO with Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginose) for 3 h at 70°C, 300 rpm. Reaction showed changes in the triacylglycerols (TAGs) composition, solid fat content (SFC), thermal behavior, regiospecific distribution, microstructure, and polymorphism. Results revealed that the EI caused considerable rearrangement of the TAG species with lower levels of tri-saturated and tri-unsaturated TAG and higher levels of monoun- and diunsaturated TAG. The interesterified blends showed reduced SFC between 20 and 35°C, lowering the melting point. After 3-h incubation, EI produced acyl migration to some extent. The SL showed the required characteristics for application as bakery fats and as additives for lipid crystallization in the food industry.

Although butter is valued for its characteristic flavor and aroma, it has the disadvantage of unsatisfactory spreadability at low temperatures. To increase the butter functionality, modifications have been proposed by associating the physical and nutritional characteristics. In this study, lipid bases composed of anhydrous milk fat (AMF) and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) were used in butter formulations, and the physicochemical characteristics and the physical properties were evaluated. Lipid bases made from AMF:HOSO blends at 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 (% w /w) were emulsified in skimmed milk, and added to milk cream (35% fat) prior to the beating step. The control butter (cream with 35% fat) and spreads were stored for 30 days at 5 °C and evaluated for the physicochemical properties, fatty acids composition, solid fat content, melting point, crystallization parameters, thermal stability, hardness, melting behavior, and polymorphism. The increase in HOSO content significantly reduced hardness of the spreads, which increased during storage for all formulations. A preference for crystallization in the polymorphic habit β' was observed for both butter and spreads during 30 days of refrigerated storage. However, there was a tendency for crystal formation in the β form, which suggests the formation of unstable crystals during processing and storage of the products. The modification of functionality allowed obtaining softer structured milk fat products with increased concentration of unsaturated fatty acids, without the use of chemical modifications of oils and fats. Unlabelled Image • Milk fat structured soft products without the use of chemical modifications. • There was no release of water from the lipid system during cyclization stages. • The polymorphic habit of AMF (β') was not affected by the addition of lipid bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bologna-type sausages were made with 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement of pork back fat by oleogel made with pork skin, water, and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) (1.5, 1.5: 1). The technological, nutritional, oxidative, and sensory properties were evaluated. Emulsion stability increased and cooking loss decreased with increasing the pork back fat replacement by oleogel. The reformulation increased the proportion of oleic acid within the lipid fraction by up to 20% and decreased the proportion of linoleic acid by up to 10%, with no changes in the oxidative stability. The acceptance and the sensory profile of the samples were not affected by the substitution of up to 50% of pork back fat by oleogel. Thus, the results showed that it is possible to produce Bologna-type sausages with reduced fat (~16% fat, ~29% reduction), cholesterol (40 mg, ~10% reduction), and energy value (~210 kcal/100 g, ~21% reduction) and with healthier lipid profile using oleogel from HOSO. Highlights • Oleogel rich in oleic acid was used as fat replacer in Bologna-type sausages. • The lipid reformulation improved the technological quality. • The lipid reformulation did not affect the lipid oxidation. • Modified sausages presented better fatty acids profile. • The replacement of up to 50% of fat by oleogel did not affect the sensory quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Мета. Провести дослідження зразків соняшникової олії з різним вмістом олеїнової кислоти хроматографічним методом, показати можливість застосування відносно простих, експресних та ефективних фізичних методів для конт­ролю вмісту олеїнової кислоти у процесі селекції гібридів соняшнику і в товарному виробництві під час визначення автентичності зразків високоолеїнової олії та розпізнавання її замінників. Методи. Загальноприйняті міжнародні методи ІСО, математико-статистичні. Результати. Проведено дослідження жирнокислотного складу соняшникової олії на газовому хроматографі за спрощеною процедурою, встановлено залежність ряду фізичних методів – заломлення на рефрактометрі, в’язкості та щільності – від жирнокислотного складу соняшникової олії, зокрема вмісту олеїнової кислоти. Висновки. Метод газової хроматографії виявився найінформативнішим та ефективним для контролю вмісту олеїнової кислоти на всіх етапах як селекційного процесу, так і в умовах товарного виробництва. Серед фізичних методів на особливу увагу заслуговують ті, що ґрунтуються на визначенні показників заломлення, кінематичної в’язкості та щільності, оскільки між ними та вмістом олеїнової кислоти в соняшниковій олії встановлено високу кореляційну залежність.

The global legislation regarding the elimination of trans fat in foods has led to the need for technological solutions to produce plastic fats. Currently, the industrial method used to obtain lipid bases with different physical properties is the chemical interesterification of blends from hardfats and vegetable oils. Milk fat can be an alternative to this process, which is natural plastic fat, as a structurant to obtain plastic lipid bases containing vegetable oils. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of the anhydrous milk fat (AMF) to structure lipid bases made from AMF and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) (~80% oleic acid) blends. The blends were prepared in the following AMF:HOSO proportions (% w/w): 100:00 (control); 90:10; 80:20; 70:30; 60:40; and 50:50, and characterized for fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition, solid fat content, compatibility, melting point, thermal behavior of crystallization and melting, crystallization kinetics, microstructure, polymorphism and hardness. All blends showed compatibility between the constituents, which is fundamental for the stability of plastic fats. The anhydrous milk fat governed the crystallization of these lipid bases, presenting crystals of <30 μm of diameter, crystallized in polymorphic form β′. The blends 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50 AMF:HOSO exhibited suitable profile for technological applications in the food industry, characterized by a solid fat content lower than 32% at 10 °C, and higher than 10% at 21 °C, and melting point near the body temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have shown that excessive intake of trans and saturated fatty acids is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In this context, the food industry has sought alternatives for the development of healthy lipid bases, with higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids, adapting to current legislation. The incorporation of structuring agents into liquid oils has proven to be a potential alternative for obtaining semi-plastic lipid bases with reduced levels of saturated fatty acids. Thus, the objective of this study was to produce zero trans fat bases with lower saturated fatty acids levels. Palm oil (PO) was used as a zero trans-lipid base reference because of its technological functionality. Blends containing different proportions of high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and PO were prepared as follows: control 100: 0; 80:20; 60:40; 40:60; 20:80; and 100: 0 PO: HOSO (w/w%), respectively. Then, 3% of fully hydrogenated crambe oil (FHCO) and 3% sorbitan monostearate (SMS) were added to the blends as structuring agents, forming the structured (S) blends. The addition of HOSO to the PO decreased the saturated fatty acids by up to 30.6%, with consequent increase of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid. The joint action of the SMS and the FCHO allowed for obtaining structured blends with plastic and spreadability characteristics, as well as modifications throughout the crystallization process of the original blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured lipids (SL) were synthesized via enzymatic (EI) and chemical interesterification of high oleic sunflower oil (SO) and fully hydrogenated high oleic SO with Lipozyme TL IM (Thermomyces lanuginose) for 3 h at 70°C, 300 rpm. Reaction showed changes in the triacylglycerols (TAGs) composition, solid fat content (SFC), thermal behavior, regiospecific distribution, microstructure, and polymorphism. Results revealed that the EI caused considerable rearrangement of the TAG species with lower levels of tri-saturated and tri-unsaturated TAG and higher levels of monoun- and diunsaturated TAG. The interesterified blends showed reduced SFC between 20 and 35°C, lowering the melting point. After 3-h incubation, EI produced acyl migration to some extent. The SL showed the required characteristics for application as bakery fats and as additives for lipid crystallization in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional lipids (e.g., those triacylglyerols containing EPA and DHA, besides others) are related to the prevention and treatment of many cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, fatty acids located at the central bond ( sn-2) of triacylglycerols are more efficiently absorbed via lymphatic route. Hence, the aim of this work is to increase the Omega-3 content at the sn-2 position of vegetable and fish oils (high oleic sunflower and sardine oil), via enzymatic interesterification. To that end, direct interesterification and a two-step treatment (in situ hydrolysis and re-esterification) were evaluated using Lipozyme TL IM and Novozyme 435. For both lipases, direct esterification led to a minor production of by-products, that is, free fatty acids and diacylglycerols (<10 mol%), and to an increase of EPA and oleic acid at the sn-2 position, regardless of the oil mixture composition. The best result was obtained using pure sardine oil and Lipozyme TL IM, (at sn-2 position, the content of EPA and oleic acid were doubled, while DHA presented an increase of 20%). This is an easy process by which the composition of the oils used in food fortification can be improved. Practical Applications: The regiodistribution of mixtures of fish and vegetables oils is modified using two enzymatic processes with random and 1,3-specific lipases. Direct interesterification produced minor by-products (<10 mol%) compared to hydrolysis and in situ re-esterification. Final triacylglycerols possess double EPA and 20% more DHA at the sn-2 position, thus, improving the composition of oils intended for Omega-3 fortified formulations. Enzymatic interesterification is used to enrich vegetable oil with Omega-3 at sn-2 for functional lipids used in food fortification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistance to chemical degradation, a melting point above body temperature, biodegradability, and generally regarded as safe status are prerequisites for a lipid matrix to produce nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). This study aimed to evaluate the composition and physical and crystallization properties of lipid systems composed of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO). The lipid systems were characterized by their composition in fatty acids and triacylglycerol (TAG), thermal behavior during melting and crystallization, solid fat content (SFC), microscopical features, and polymorphism. Elevated HOSO in lipid systems promoted an increase in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and di- and tri-unsaturated TAG, a reduction in SFC and in crystalized areas and variations in thermal behavior. Excepted lipid system 10:90 FHSO:HOSO (w/w), all systems exhibited polymorphic stabilization in β form after 60 days. Findings of the present study demonstrated that the raw materials are compatible for the formulation of NLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agar and κ-carrageenan emulsion gels were used to produce Frankfurters with reduced animal fat content by partially (50%) or completely (100%) replacing the pork back fat. The results showed that 50% of the pork back fat substitution did not affect the mechanical and physicochemical properties of the obtained sausages compared with the control (pure pork back fat). Slight changes in the textural and TBARS values were observed for the 100% substituted sausages, while a reduction from 25.37 to 17.07 g/g sample of total fat was attained. Thus, decreasing the caloric content from 280 to 209 kcal/g sample. The saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid ratio was also reduced from 0.58 to 0.38 with 50% substitution and 0.17 with total substitution, thus diminishing the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes by 35% and 70%, respectively. The reformulated Frankfurters with a reduced-fat content were accepted by the consumers, evidencing that the polysaccharide-based emulsion gels can be promising ingredients for developing meat products with improved nutritional composition. • Agar and κ-carrageenan emulsion gels are potential pork back fat replacers in Frankfurters. • Improved lipid profile was seen in the reformulated Frankfurters. • Textural and sensorial properties were affected by the percentage of substitution. • Healthier Frankfurters with a reduced-fat content were accepted by the consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blends [60:40, 70:30, and 80:20 ( w/ w)] of coconut oil (CO) and high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) were interesterified using immobilized enzyme, Lipozyme TL IM (Novozymes North America Inc., Franklinton, NC, USA). The structured lipids (SLs), referred to as interesterified products (IPs) IP60:40, IP70:30, and IP80:20, were compared to CO and HOSO for application in edible films. IPs were compared based on fatty acid profile, TAG molecular species, melting profile, moisture vapor permeability, mechanical properties, film transparency, density, and thickness. Interesterification increased oleic acid content at the sn-2 position of IPs. CO had 5.50 ± 1.67 mol% oleic acid at the sn-2 position, and when interesterified with HOSO (92.81 ± 1.10 mol% oleic acid) the amount of oleic acid significantly increased ( p < 0.05) at the sn-2 position for IP60:40, IP70:30, and IP80:20 (33.86 ± 1.55, 27.34 ± 1.20, 20.61 ± 1.50 mol%), respectively. There was no significant difference between SLs, HOSO, and CO for water vapor permeability and density when applied to emulsion edible films. The HOSO film was significantly different (1.43 ± 0.27 AUmm) from the rest of the SLs and CO for film transparency. IP60:40 (2.20 ± 0.22 AUmm) decreased the opacity and was significantly different from HOSO and IP80:20 (2.88 ± 0.08 AUmm). Tensile strength of IP60:40 was 0.39 ± 0.17 MPa which was significantly different from IP70:30, IP80:20, and HOSO. The elongation at break was significantly different for HOSO and IP60:40. IP60:40 could be used to further investigate the use of SL in edible film for sports nutrition products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-calorie structured lipids (SLs) rich in behenic and oleic acids were produced by enzymatic (EI) and chemical interesterification (CI) of high oleic sunflower oil and fully hydrogenated Crambe abyssinica oil in proportions of 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 30:70 (w/w), respectively. The immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM) was used for 3 h at 70 °C at a dosage of 7% (w/w) free of organic solvents. The original blend (BE) and the reaction products were evaluated for their fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerols (TAG) compositions, solid fat contents, thermal analysis, regiospecific distribution of the FA, microstructure and polymorphism. The tendency was towards a reduction in the C, C, C, C and C TAG contents and an increase in the C, C e C TAG contents, therefore the solid fat content was reduced. There was lower acyl migration at the sn-2 position of the TAGs in EI as compared to CI in all the blends ratios. Needle-like crystals were predominant in the IE while large symmetrical spherulites were observed in the BE. Reduction in the mean crystal diameter was observed in all the blends, in addition to modifications of the crystal morphology. X-ray diffraction analysis showed a predominance of the β' form crystals in both the IE and CI. The SLs were produced for application in the food industry as bakery/confectionery fats in the proportions of 60:40/50:50 and as additive in the crystallization of lipids in the proportions of 40:60/30:70. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structured lipids (SL) were prepared by enzymatic interesterification (EI) and chemical interesterification (CI) of high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSO) in a weight ratio of 50:50 w/w. The EI was catalyzed by the immobilized lipase Lipozyme TL IM ( Thermomyces lanuginosus) free of organic solvents at a concentration of 7% w/w, 70°C for 9 h, and samples were collected for analysis at 3, 6, and 9 h. The original blend and the reaction products were evaluated for fatty acid (FA) composition, triacylglycerols (TAG), solid fat content (SFC), thermal analysis, and regiospecific distribution of FA. The EI provided considerable rearrangement of triglycerides classes, with lower levels of trisatured and tri-unsaturated TAG, and higher levels of monoun- and diunsaturated TAG. The SL obtained by EI reduced SFC with a linear and wide melting range by thermal analysis, lowering the melting point. Lower acyl migration was observed in EI within 3 h of reaction, with similar results between both techniques at the maximum reaction time. The SL obtained by EI may have wide applications in specialty fats for confectionery and bakery products. Practical Applications: SL via enzymatic catalysis have been the focus of considerable attention in food industry. We report in this study, the comparison between enzymatic and chemical interesterification of a fully hydrogenated vegetable oil, and high oleic vegetable oil. The results show that the enzymatic process with 3 h of reaction time present more selectivity, lower acyl migration of sn-2 position of the unsaturated fatty acid, and better nutritional value, when compared with the chemical process. These SL were projected to have broad applications in foods, as bakery/confectionery fats, and as a crystallization additive for lipids. The enzymatic process with 3 h of reaction time showed the advantage of selectivity for production of new TAG and lower acyl migration sn-2 position of the unsaturated fatty acid when compared with the other reaction times, evidenced by NMR 13C. These SL were projected to have broad applications in foods, as bakery/confectionery fats and as a crystallization additive for lipids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Amino acids reduced the formation of glycerol core aldehydes (GCAs) in frying oil. • The addition of methionine produced the best inhibition on GCAs content and oxidation indices. • Better unsaturated GCAs inhibiting was detected than saturated GCAs. Glyceryl core aldehyde (GCAs) are hazard factors produced during the frying process using oils and fats, and GCAs control and mitigation research is very important. This study investigated the effects of adding amino acids (methionine, glycine, and histidine) at 2.5, 5, and 10 mM on the formation and distribution of four GCAs during frying. High oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) was selected as frying oil for French fries. After 12 h of frying, the content of GCAs in the tert -butylhydroquinone-treated group (0.02 wt%, 1.1 mM) decreased by 29 % compared with the control group. The addition of methionine, glycine, and histidine decreased the total GCAs by 51 %, 28 %, and 27 %, respectively. The total GCAs content was best inhibited by methionine, while glycine and histidine were not significantly different from TBHQ. Methionine addition significantly reduced GCAs (9-oxo), GCAs (10-oxo-8), and GCAs (11-oxo-9) by 39 %, 78 %, and 80 %, respectively, while histidine was the most potent inhibitor of GCAs (8-oxo), which decreased by 40 %. Methionine also proved effective in slowing degradation of frying oil quality. These results provide a new direction for decreasing GCAs in frying systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional and organoleptic attributes of oils can proceed via interesterification of oils blends catalyzed by enzymes or chemicals. Enzymatic interesterification processes are preferred due the regiospecific outcome. Traditionally, monitoring of distribution of fatty acids (FA) in glycerol backbone is performed by enzymatic and chromatographic methods that are time-consuming, involving a series of chemical manipulations employing large volumes of organic solvents. Alternatively, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance ( 13 C NMR) is a fast and reliable technique that could be applied to determine the saturated and unsaturated FA distribution of the triacylglycerols (TAGs) present in high oleic sunflower oil (SO) and fully hydrogenated high oleic sunflower oil (HSO) blends and their interesterification products. The enzymatic interesterification was conducted employing the immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (Lipozyme TL IM), the results show that the process was not completely regiospecific at sn -1,3 positions, due to the spontaneous acyl migration from position sn -2 to sn -1,3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tristearin solid lipid nanoparticles and tristearin/high oleic sunflower oil nanostructured lipid carriers were produced by solvent displacement method. All conditions allowed forming polydisperse particles within nanometric range and the presence of high oleic sunflower oil did not affect the particles mean size. Nevertheless, incorporation of β-carotene reduced the particles polydispersity. Thermograms of solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers showed that sunflower oil generated a crystal order disturbance, since nanoparticles with less-organized lipid matrix were produced. Nanostructured lipid carriers exhibited an improvement of β-carotene loading capacity when compared with solid lipid nanoparticles, which enhanced with the increasing of high oleic sunflower oil content. Although total β-carotene degradation was similar for all systems, color analysis showed that the degradation of encapsulated β-carotene was lower for high sunflower oil content. Nanostructured lipid carriers exhibited advantages over the solid lipid nanoparticles, such as enhanced drug loading capacity and prevention of drug expulsion, which makes this a versatile delivery system for food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emulsions formulated with healthy ingredients are becoming increasingly popular in the developed world, due to the consumer concern about diseases related to fat and to fatty diets. This study focuses on the O/W emulsions formulated with high-oleic sunflower oil, vegetable protein (potato protein) and chitosan; and deals with the role of pH in the preparation of 40 wt% high-oleic sunflower oil in water emulsions. First of all, potato protein suspensions were prepared in a pH range from 2.0 to 11.5 and enhanced protein solubility was observed with increasing pH. An increase in pH emulsion resulted in more viscoelasticity as demonstrated by the greater values for the storage and lost moduli derived from small amplitude oscillatory shear measurements as well as by the progressive change in the shape of the mechanical spectrum. Flow curves showed shear thinning properties and increasing viscosity values with pH. Z-potential measurements revealed that attractive interactions between potato protein and chitosan progressively increased with pH. The results obtained are consistent with the occurrence of a protein-polysaccharide complex around the interface of oil droplets, which yielded enhanced physical stability.

The formulation of environmentally friendly lubricants following the criterion of the European EcoLabel is expensive owing to the lack of technological development in this area. The present work deals with the development of lubricant formulations from vegetable oils, in particular using high oleic sunflower oil as base fluid. These new biolubricants have to perform as good as the reference lubricants used in the real application (an agricultural tractor) but with the additional condition and value of their biodegradability without toxicity. Formulation development has been performed by Verkol Lubricantes, involving the selection of the base oil and the design of the additive package. The investigation performed by Tekniker in the laboratory has covered different aspects, characterizing the most important physicochemical properties of the lubricants, including their behavior at low temperatures and their resistance to oxidation. The tribological properties of the new biolubricants have also been studied, analyzing their ability to protect the interacting surface from wear, as well as the level of friction generated during sliding. Moreover, the compatibility of the new formulated oil with all the seals present in the real application has been taken into consideration. The selected lubricant is now being tested in agricultural machinery from AGRIA.

The presence of innovative component in concept of the company is one of the conditions for its constant competitiveness. Innovative development of restaurant industry and food industry is the basis of strategic planning, which forms a set of measures related to the new products release, the implementation and use of new technologies, development of sales markets, organization of production. So today restaurant industry and food industry are focused on the innovative way of development, based on the purposeful process of searching for new technologies and raw material sources, characterized by affordability, manufacturability, functionality. The most important condition for the creation of the new technology is the obtaining of products that are not inferior to analogues in quality, and even exceeds them in some indicators. An important place in the structure of human nutrition is occupied by culinary products, among which choux pastry products are in high demand. In the overall structure of food industry choux pastry products occupy a significant part, and constitute the dynamically developing segment. Therefore, our scientific interests were focused on the development of fat-containing culinary and confectionery products and choux pastry products. It was analytically confirmed that the realization of the process of choux pastry products manufacturing is mainly determined by technical and technological properties of the fat component. The fatty acid composition comparative analysis of traditional choux pastry fat ingredients (butter and margarine) and high oleic sunflower oil was conducted. The studies results of structurally-mechanical properties of choux pastry with high oleic sunflower oil and physicochemical indicators of baked semifinished products are provided in article. The plastic viscosity and other indicators of choux pastry deformation, depending on the oil and water content in a model system were determined. It was established that the optimal concentration of oil in the recipe is 32%, the specific volume of baked semifinished product with this concentration is 7.3 cm3 /g; the stability of shape is 1 s.u.; oven loss is 39%; shrinkage is 4.4%. Study of choux pastry fat recipe component properties in terms of technological process modeling will allow to manage and ensure the obtaining of competitive products with a balanced composition of nutritional and biological value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unwashed, sliced, batch-fried potato crisps have a unique texture and are growing in popularity in the UK/EU premium snack food market. In this study, the storage stability of unwashed sliced (high surface starch) potatoes (crisps) fried in regular sunflower oil (SO) or in high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) was compared over accelerated shelf life testing (45 °C, 6 weeks); with and without nitrogen gas flushing. Primary oxidation products (lipid hydroperoxides) were measured with a ferrous oxidation-xylenol orange (FOX) assay and volatile secondary oxidation products (hexanal) were quantified by using solid phase micro-extraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS). Results revealed that crisps fried in SO were the least stable. Flushing the stored crisps with nitrogen gas proved to be effective in slowing down the oxidation rate after frying with sunflower oil, significantly stabilizing the crisps. However, crisps fried in HOSO were the most stable, with the lowest rate of development of oxidation markers, and this has previously not been shown for crisps with a high free starch content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bakery products are highly consumed by children and adults and as cereal-derived foods are considered a fundamental part of a balanced diet, but they are usually high in sugar and saturated and trans fat and low in fibre. This study aimed to develop four different bakery products (cookies, croissants, Spanish muffins and Spanish sponge cake) with healthier properties, such as lower fat and sugar content, healthy fatty acid profile and higher fibre content. Margarine and sunflower oil were replaced with high oleic sunflower oil, and inulin was also added. After the modifications, a significant reduction of fat content and kilocalories in all cases, an increment of monounsaturated fat and a decrease in saturated fatty acids in three products were observed. The sensory analysis resulted similar results in both recipes for cookies and lower acceptability in sponge cake, croissants and muffins. Purchase intention only decreased in sponge cake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oleoyl ethanolamide is a lipid mediator that exhibits biological activity in animal and cell models. In this study, an effective process is described to synthesize oleoyl ethanolamide by chemical amidation with native oil used as an acyl donor in the presence of sodium methoxide. Reaction conditions were optimized. When the amidation reaction was conducted in a mixed solvent, by reacting 2 mmol high oleic sunflower oil and 20 mmol ethanolamine in the presence of 1.5 % sodium methoxide with agitation, >90 % fatty acid ethanolamide was formed after 3 h of reaction time. The fatty acid ethanolamide product was purified by a two-step crystallization process to prepare oleoyl ethanolamide. Highly pure oleoyl ethanolamide was obtained in a 70.3 % molar yield. The novelty of the work is the use of native oil as acyl donor and the mixed solvent used as the reaction media. The use of native oil avoids the formation of ion pairs with ethanolamine that can occur in other synthesis routes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depuis les années 60 le tournesol traditionnel représentait le chef de file des « huiles poly-insaturées ». Depuis l’apparition des premières variétés riches en acide oléique (18:1), les sélections naturelles ou traditionnelles de variétés nouvelles de tournesol oléique ont trouvé leur place et leur justification sur le plan nutritionnel, par la qualité diversifiée de leurs acides gras, mais aussi par la préservation des qualités de l’insaponifiable (riche en vitamine E et en phytostérols). Une complémentarité entre les tournesols linoléique et oléique pourrait être tout à fait intéressante par l’utilisation d’huiles combinées, en vue d’un équilibre diététique mono/poly-insaturé dont l’effet serait d’assurer l’expression optimale des paramètres de protection vis-à-vis de l’athérothrombose à l’origine des maladies cardiovasculaires. Le développement du « tournesol-mid-oléique » (mid-range-oleic) pourrait également apporter une source d’oléique et de linoléique naturellement plus équilibrée. Cependant, il restera à satisfaire les besoins en alpha-linolénique (importance de la balance n-6/n-3) qui pourraient être apportés par le colza.

The use of vegetable oils as basestocks represents an important alternative to mineral lubricants. However, vegetable oil oxidation is a serious disadvantage for its use as a lubricant. In this sense, the use of natural antioxidant additives, which were obtained by different extraction processes from the rosemary plant, has been investigated to prevent the oxidation process in two selected potential vegetable oil-based lubricants (high oleic sunflower (HOSO) and castor (CO) oils). A variety of rosemary extracts with a different distribution of phenolic diterpene compounds have been obtained depending on the solvent used (n-hexane, methanol or 50% (v/v) methanol–water). The antioxidant resistance of these oils containing rosemary extract has been analyzed under accelerated conditions using both the ASTM D942-02 and ASTM E2009-08 standards. The results showed that the rosemary extracts are better solubilized in CO than in HOSO, obtaining the highest oxidation onset temperatures in CO. In addition to this, the rosemary extracts obtained with polar solvents had the highest concentration of rosmarinic acid, and showed a better antioxidant activity in CO; whereas the extract obtained with a non polar solvent had the highest concentration of carnosic acid, showing a better antioxidant activity in HOSO than the rest of rosemary extracts studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of virgin olive oil intake (with regard to the ingestion of high-oleic sunflower oil) on cholesterol distribution and transbilayer movement in the erythrocyte membrane of healthy subjects and hypertensive patients (with or without concomitant hypercholesterolaemia) was studied. The activity of erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport and blood pressure were also determined. The study was conducted over two 4-week periods, with a washout (4-week) period between both monounsaturated diets. Olive oil (but not high-oleic sunflower oil) was able to reduce the erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport activity, to normalize the erythrocyte membrane cholesterol distribution and transbilayer movement, and to significantly diminish the systolic and diastolic Wood pressures in hypertensive patients. Our data indicate that olive oil enriched-diet may modulate and/or partially prevent the alteration of those pathogenic parameters related to human hypertension and Cardiovascular Pathology. These processes cannot be exclusively ascribed to the content of oleic acid in virgin olive oil.

We studied the effect of virgin olive oil on plasma lipids and erythrocyte membrane lipids of healthy subjects and hypertensive patients (with or without hypercholesterolaemia). The effect of high-oleic sunflower oil was also tested. The study was conducted over two 4-week periods, with a washout (4-week) period between both monounsaturated diets. Olive oil and high-oleic sunflower oil signiflcantly increased the plasma HDL cholesterol concentration, but only decreased the plasma LDL cholesterol concentration in healthy subjects. There was a reduction in the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipids in the erythrocyte membrane of healthy subjects, while an increase in the erythrocyte of hypertensive patients after both MUFA periods. The content of membrane cholesteryl esters was fully decreased. Olive oil (but not high-oleic sunflower oil) increased the content of long-chain PUFAs (arachidonic acid, and docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids of n-3 family) in the erythrocyte membrane of hypertensive patients. The effects were more evident in hypercholesterolaemic patients. Our study indicates that olive oil and high-oleic sunflower oil improve the plasma atherogenic profile In humans, although olive oil (and not high-oleic sunflower oil) had favourable effect on membrane homeostasis processes.

• Chicken fat (CF) is a low-value by-product of meat production. • CF was modified by converting the double bonds to isopropyl branches. • Modified CF displayed better oxidative stability compared to CF. • Modified CF displayed increased viscosity and density compared to CF. • Modified CF has a potential to be used as an alternative animal-based bio-lubricant. Unlike vegetable oils, extensive efforts have not been made to chemically modify animal fats so that to improve their physico-chemical properties and be utilized as renewable resources to replace petroleum-based products such as lubricants. In this study, we have explored the possibility of utilizing chicken fat as a lubricant by changing its physical and tribological properties through chemical modification. Chicken fat was chemically modified by introducing isopropyl group into the unsaturated fatty acid components of the triglyceride using the industrially produced Lewis acid, ethylaluminum sesquichloride. The modified chicken fat was characterized using a combination of different analytical techniques including GC–MS, NMR and GPC. The physical and tribological properties of the modified and regular chicken fat as well as their blends with high oleic sunflower oil (HOSuO) were investigated. Compared to regular chicken fat, the modified chicken fat displayed higher density but their solubility in HOSuO and Polyalphaolefin (POA-6) was found to be similar. The modified chicken fat also exhibited better oxidative-stability, higher kinematic viscosity but lower viscosity index compared to the regular chicken fat and HOSuO. Unlike the regular chicken fat, blending of modified chicken fat with HOSuO led to an increase in density and improvement in oxidative stability. The present study demonstrated that animal fats could be chemically modified to improve their physicochemical properties like that of vegetable oils and they can be considered as alternative renewable resources for generating value-added products such as biolubricants for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The swordfish is an economically important species, of high commercial value. • Canning, filling medium and storage significantly affect the amino acid contents. • The changes depend on the amino acid considered. • Fresh and canned swordfish contained protein of high or excellent quality. This study was conducted to determine the effect of canning, different filling media (olive oil, corn oil, sunflower oil and high oleic sunflower oil) and storage on the amino acid profile and protein quality in swordfish. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine are the predominant amino acids in raw swordfish, representing 35.62 % of the total amino acids. Thawing-salting caused significant losses of methionine, glycine and tyrosine. Frying caused moisture loss, resulting in higher protein and amino acid contents in fried swordfish than in raw or salted fish. The changes observed during the sterilization process depended on the amino acid and filling medium. The concentrations of some amino acids, such as methionine and glycine, decreased during heat treatment; however, the proline content increased. Slight changes in some amino acids were detected after storage of the canned swordfish for 12 months. The changes during storage were also influenced by the filling medium and varied depending on the amino acid considered. The highest scores in raw and canned swordfish were observed for histidine. The quality indices used showed that canned swordfish packed in olive oil was the highest quality product of those considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A selected and trained descriptive sensory panel has assessed samples of crisps and French fries prepared on an industrial scale with either sunflower oil (SO) or high oleic sunflower oil (HOBO). Furthermore, crisps have been fried in these oils with or without dimethyl polysiloxane (DMPS). Reference samples were prepared using palm olein (PO) or hydrogenated rapeseed/palm oil mixture (RP). Crisps were stored at ambient temperature for six months and French fries at -20°C for 12 months. At regular intervals the samples were assessed. Crisps prepared in SO have a lower sensory quality than those prepared in PO. Frying in HOSO resulted in crips comparable with those fried in PO. The differences found in this study concerning the mouthfeel or texture were thought not to be caused by the application of different oils. The addition of DMPS did not have any positive effect on the storage quality of crisps fried in SO or HOSO. Frying of French fries in HOSO and especially in SO, in comparison with RP, resulted in a product with a typical sweet fruits odour and flavour. During storage these sensory attributes decreased in intensity. As this finding might be an artefact of this study, further research is needed.

Normal sunflower oil and high oleic acid sunflower oil were tested in industrial frying of crisps against the reference oil palm olein. A protective agent, dimethyl polysiloxane (DMPS), was also tested in crisp frying. Peroxide values and volatile contents of the crisps stored in normal storage conditions (room temperature) were measured during storage. From the peroxide values it could be seen that crisps fried in normal sunflower oil were the most unstable during storage. Crisps fried in high oleic sunflower oil proved to be almost as stable towards oxidation as crisps fried in reference oil palm olein. Volatile contents, measured by a static headspace - gas chromatograph - mass spectrometry system, confirmed the conclusions of peroxide analysis. Neither of the methods could find any difference between the samples which had been fried with and without DMPS.

After the elaboration of specific lists of descriptors for crisps and frozen pre-cooked french fries, the sensory profiles allowed to describe these products fried in sunflower, high oleic sunflower and palm/palm based blend oils. The sensory data were analysed by principal component analysis and factorial correspondence analysis. In the chosen conditions of the trials, the organoleptic quality of four french fries batches is different but stable within the storage period. For the crisps a more or less significant evolution is observed depending on the frying oil type; this modification is mostly described by the fruity and rancid attributes.

Conventional and high oleic sunflower oils were used to study the influence of dimethylpolysiloxane (DMPS) addition (2 mg/Kg) on discontinuous and simulated continuous laboratory frying. Analytical methods applied for a direct evaluation of oil degradation included determination of total polar compounds, polymers, oxidized triglyceride monomers and diglycerides. Results indicated that DMPS has a strong positive action in discontinuous frying as differences between samples with and without DMPS were very high and much more pronounced than those attributed to oil unsaturation. However, DMPS was not effective in simulated continuous frying. Comparison from results obtained for discontinuous and simulated continuous frying demonstrated that the surface was well protected from the penetration of oxygen when potatoes are being fried and, in consequence, protection by DMPS in discontinuous frying took place when the oil surface was unprotected.

High oleic sunflower oil has been developed for some special purposes where a good oxidation stability is needed and a healthy fatty acid profile is preferred. The oil is especially suitable for deep fat frying. These industrial frying trials with high oleic sunflower oil were part of the AIR-project CT 920687 "Utilisation of Sunflower Oils in Industrial Frying Operations". High oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) was tested against the traditional oils and fats in two industrial deep fat frying applications, namely crisps and prefried frozen french fries. The frying trials took place in Raisio Groups factories in Pyhanta and Vihanti, Finland in 1993 and 1994. According to the trials, high oleic sunflower oil is very suitable for deep fat frying. Problems occurred when a hard fat was substituted for a liquid oil in the preparation of prefrozen French Fries. These problems could be partly overcome by adjustments in the processing line.

Experiments were carried out in the absence of food to define the influence of significant variables of the frying process, i.e. oil unsaturation, temperature, surface-to-oil volume ratio, type of heating and dimethylpolysiloxane (DMPS) addition. Special emphasis was placed on clarifying the action of the addition of low concentrations of DMPS to frying oils. From statistical evaluation based on the content of polar compounds, the strong influence of the variables surface-to-oil volume ratio, DMPS addition and oil unsaturation was deduced. However, changes due to 10ºC difference in temperature were not significant. Analysis of two-way interactions demonstrated that interactions between type of heating/DMPS addition, type of heating/oil unsaturation, surface-to-oil volume ratio/DMPS addition and surface-to-oiI volume ratio/oil unsaturation were significant, thus indicating the complexity of the frying process. Finally, it was found that increase in specific groups of compounds formed through oxidative polymerization as well as loss of natural antioxidants depended mainly on the total content of polar compounds and, at a second level, on the oil unsaturation.

Chemical interesterification of different lipid materials has considerable potential for the production of a wide variety of special fats with improved functional and nutritional properties. The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical interesterification of blends of high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) and fully hydrogenated palm oil (FHPO) in the ratios (% w/w) of 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50. The blends were characterized in triacylglycerol composition, melting point, solid fat content and crystallization behavior, and some applications in food products were suggested. The interesterification altered the solid fat content, melting point and crystallization isotherm of the samples, after the levels of trisaturated triacylglycerols decreased and disaturated-monounsaturated and monosaturated-diunsaturated triacylglycerol contents increased, due to the randomization of fatty acids. The modification in the triacylglycerol composition promoted greater miscibility between the HOSO and FHPO fractions, creating new application possibilities for the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'High oleic' sunflower oil was converted into the respective triether using InBr3 or GaBr3 as catalysts and triethylsilane or 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS) as reducing agent in solvent-free reactions. GaBr3/TMDS was found to be the most efficient reduction system enabling to carry out the reduction at room or moderately elevated temperature using stoichiometric amounts of TMDS and low amounts of the catalyst (0.005-0.01 eq. Ga/ester functionality). The conversion of the starting material was 100% yielding 80% of glyceryl trioleyl ether 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]