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The last consensus statement of the Spanish Society of Neurology's Demyelinating Diseases Study Group on the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) was issued in 2016. Although many of the positions taken remain valid, there have been significant changes in the management and treatment of MS, both due to the approval of new drugs with different action mechanisms and due to the evolution of previously fixed concepts. This has enabled new approaches to specific situations such as pregnancy and vaccination, and the inclusion of new variables in clinical decision-making, such as the early use of high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (DMT), consideration of the patient's perspective, and the use of such novel technologies as remote monitoring. In the light of these changes, this updated consensus statement, developed according to the Delphi method, seeks to reflect the new paradigm in the management of patients with MS, based on the available scientific evidence and the clinical expertise of the participants. The most significant recommendations are that immunomodulatory DMT be started in patients with radiologically isolated syndrome with persistent radiological activity, that patient perspectives be considered, and that the term "lines of therapy" no longer be used in the classification of DMTs (> 90% consensus). Following diagnosis of MS, the first DMT should be selected according to the presence/absence of factors of poor prognosis (whether epidemiological, clinical, radiological, or biomarkers) for the occurrence of new relapses or progression of disability; high-efficacy DMTs may be considered from disease onset., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Neurología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Pattern separation is a hippocampal process in which highly similar stimuli are recognized as separate representations, and deficits could lead to memory impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. The 5-HT1A receptor (5-HT1AR) is believed to be involved in these hippocampal pattern separation processes. However, in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), the 5-HT1AR is expressed as a somatodendritic autoreceptor, negatively regulates serotonergic signaling, and could thereby counteract the effects of hippocampal postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. Therefore, this study aims to identify how pre- and post-synaptic 5-HT1AR activity affects pattern separation. Object pattern separation (OPS) performance was measured in male Wistar rats after both acute and chronic treatment (i.p.) with 5-HT1AR biased agonists F13714 (0.0025 mg/kg acutely, 0.02 mg/kg/day chronically) or NLX-101 (0.08 mg/kg acutely, 0.32 mg/kg/day chronically), which preferentially activate autoreceptors or postsynaptic receptors respectively, for 14 days. Body temperature - a functional correlate of hypothalamic 5-HT1AR stimulation - was measured daily. Additionally, 5-HT1AR density (DRN) and plasticity markers (hippocampus) were assessed. Acute treatment with F13714 impaired OPS performance, whereas chronic treatment normalized this, and a drop in body temperature was found from day 4 onwards. NLX-101 enhanced OPS performance acutely and chronically, and caused an acute drop in body temperature. Chronic NLX-101 treatment increased doublecortin positive neurons in the dorsal hippocampus, while chronic treatment with F13714 resulted in a downregulation of 5-HT1A autoreceptors, which likely reversed the acute impairment in OPS performance. Chronic treatment with NLX-101 appears to have therapeutic potential to improve brain plasticity and OPS performance.

The industrial application of lithium metal anode requires less side reaction between active lithium and electrolyte, which demands the sustainability of the electrolyte‐induced solid‐electrolyte interface. Here, through a new diluted lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate‐based (LiDFOB) high concentration electrolyte system, it is found that the oxidation behavior of aggregated LiDFOB salt has a great impact on solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation and Li reversibility. Under the operation window of Cu/LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 full cells (rather than Li/Cu configuration), a polyether/coordinated borate containing solid‐electrolyte interphase with inner Li2O crystalline can be observed with the increasing concentration of salt, which can be ascribed to the reaction between aggregated electron‐deficient borate species and electron‐rich alkoxide SEI components. The high Li reversibility (99.34%) and near‐theoretical lithium deposition enable the stable cycling of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Li cells (N/P < 2, 350 Wh kg−1) under high cutoff voltage condition of 4.6 V and lean electrolyte condition (E/C ≈ 3.2 g Ah−1)., High‐efficacy and polymeric solid‐electrolyte interphase is in situ formed on lithium metal anode by using a new diluted lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate‐based (LiDFOB) high‐concentration electrolyte. The outer SEI layer is an amorphous polyether/tri‐coordinated borate polymeric organic phase, while the inner layer contains robust Li2O inorganic crystalline. As‐fabricated cells deliver a high Li reversibility of 99.34% and long full‐cell lifetime under ≈350 Wh kg−1.

Brain serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission plays an important role in male sexual behavior and it is well established that activating 5-HT1A receptors in rats facilitate ejaculatory behavior. However, the relative contribution of 5-HT1A somatodendritic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors in this pro-sexual behavior is unclear. Moreover, it is unclear whether the contribution of somatodendritic 5-HT1A autoreceptors and postsynaptic 5-HT1A heteroreceptors alter when extracellular 5-HT levels are chronically increased. Serotonin transporter knockout (SERT-/-) rats exhibit enhanced extracellular 5-HT levels and desensitized 5-HT1A receptors. These rats model neurochemical changes underlying chronic SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. We want to determine the role of presynaptic versus postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors in the pro-sexual effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonists in SERT+/+ and in SERT-/- rats. Therefore, acute effects of the biased 5-HT1A receptor agonists F-13714, a preferential 5-HT1A autoreceptor agonist, or F-15599, a preferential 5-HT1A heteroreceptor agonist, and S15535 a mixed 5-HT1A autoreceptor agonist/heteroreceptor antagonist, on male sexual behavior were assessed. A clear and stable genotype effect was found after training where SERT+/+ performed sexual behavior at a higher level than SERT-/- rats. Both F-15599 and F-13714 induced pro-sexual activity in SERT+/+ and SERT-/- animals. Compared to SERT+/+, the F13714-dose-response curve in SERT-/- rats was shifted to the right. SERT+/+ and SERT-/- rats responded similar to F15599. Within both SERT+/+ and SERT-/- rats the potency of F-13714 was much stronger compared to F-15599. S15535 had no effect on sexual behavior in either genotype. In SERT+/+ and SERT-/- rats that were selected on comparable low sexual activity (SERT+/+ 3 or less ejaculations and SERT-/- 5 or less ejaculations in 10 weeks) S15535 also did not influence sexual behavior. The two biased compounds with differential effects on 5-HT1A auto- and hetero-receptors, exerted pro-sexual activity in both SERT+/+ and SERT-/- rats. Applying these specific pharmacological tools has not solved whether pre- or post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors are involved in pro-sexual activity. Moreover, the inactivity of S15535 in male sexual behavior in either genotype was unexpected. The question is whether the in vivo pharmacological profile of the different 5-HT1A receptor ligands used, is sufficient to differentiate pre- and/or post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptor contributions in male rat sexual behavior.