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A section measured from the upper part of the Pimienta Formation and the lowest part of the Tamaulipas Formation located in the central-eastern part of the state of Hidalgo, NE Mexico was studied. The lower part of the succession consists of an argillaceous and laminated dark gray limestone, black shale, black calcareous shale, siltstone and bentonite; the Pimienta–Lower Tamaulipas transition is marked by the sporadic appearance of light-colored limestone in the upper part of the Pimienta and the shift to a succession dominated by thicker beds of yellowish and bioturbated limestone. The microfossil assemblage consists of calpionellids, radiolarians, and planktonic and benthic foraminifers. The biostratigraphic study of the calpionellids enabled three zones to be identifi ed: Calpionella, Calpionellopsis and Calpionellites as well as fi ve subzones, Elliptica, Oblonga, Murgeanui, Darderi and Major, ranging from early late Berriasian to early Valanginian. This allows a chronostratigraphic correlation to be drawn between the Tethys and the Southeastern Pacifi c provinces. In addition, we report the occurrence of abundant radiolarians and planktonic and benthic foraminifers. The paleoenvironmental inferences in the studied section are documented from the predominant wackestone texture and microfossil association, indicating a pelagic basin environment. The abundant occurrence of radiolarians mostly in the Elliptica and Oblonga subzones could suggest an increase in the input of nutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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El objetivo de esta investigación consiste en analizar regionalmente la cadena de valor de la miel e identificar los factores (naturales, tecnológicos, socioproductivos y mercadológicos) que limitan o favorecen la inserción de ese producto en las cadenas de comercio global y la generación de ingresos. Para ello, se establece a las cadenas de valor como una consecuencia de la dinámica del sistema alimentario actual, en el cual se generan nichos de mercado específicos para productos cuyo origen se encuentra al otro lado del mundo; se divide al estado de Hidalgo en tres regiones apícolas: Golfo, Sierra y Altiplano, de acuerdo con sus características naturales y, en cada una, se analiza el proceso productivo de la miel, estableciendo diferencias y puntos de encuentro. Finalmente, se detectaron las fortalezas y áreas de oportunidad para incrementar los beneficios de los apicultores. Los resultados indican que la cadena de la miel es global en la región Golfo, en donde los apicultores se integran a las redes nacionales de acopio y exportación, pero también local y corta en la Sierra y el Altiplano, en donde apenas intervienen un par de actores. En ambos casos, la cadena se encuentra desarticulada y el valor que genera se distribuye de modo poco equitativo, pues los productores que se insertan en el mercado global producen mieles de excelente calidad, pero reciben un pago de hasta una quinta parte de lo que paga el consumidor final en otro país, lo cual explica sus ingresos bajos.

Se realizó una revisión del material entomológico depositado en la Colección Nacional de Insectos del Instituto de Biología (UNAM), donde se encontró un ejemplar de Stenopyrgota crassitibia Aczél, 1956 lo que constituye el primer registro de esta especie para México.

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El objetivo de este ensayo es esbozar la posibilidad de que la Comarca Minera en Hidalgo pueda ser investigada desde la perspectiva de la historia ambiental. En ese sentido, primero se aborda, de forma breve, la construcción histórica de esta región. Después, se trazan las líneas generales de una selección de artículos de investigación histórica sobre la Comarca Minera y se expone el área de oportunidad de la historia ambiental. En la tercera sección, se agrega una revisión de algunos estudios sobre la historia ambiental y la potencial aplicación de uno de ellos en el estudio la Comarca Minera. Como parte de las conclusiones de este texto, se afirma que la comarca puede ser estudiada desde diferentes perspectivas, cuidando los procesos sociohistóricos.

Abstract Background Domingo de Ramos, or Palm Sunday, is a traditional Christian religious event where devotees use ramos, which are bouquets currently elaborated from palm leaves and other natural elements. In various countries, it is assumed this use of biodiversity leads to the depletion of the species involved. However, other important aspects must be considered, including the role of the people who produce and sell these ramos, the associated symbolism that has been overlooked, as well as commercial aspects that have barely been documented. This ethnobotanical study evaluates the regional-scale cultural, biological and socioeconomic aspects associated with Domingo de Ramos in central Mexico from an emic perspective. Methods Ethnographic and commercial information was obtained through interviews with ramos sellers in 28 municipalities in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. We specifically sought sociodemographic data regarding the interviewees, as well as information pertaining to the ramos themselves and the palms. These aspects were explored with all of the sellers. The free list method was used to describe the uses and key elements associated with the ramos. Results Although the ramos are used for religious purposes, they have eight different uses in the daily life of the sellers, the main one being “protection.” They serve to protect families, crops and animals, as well as against several diseases. Likewise, they are considered valuable for diminishing strong storms. This belief in the protection conferred by the ramos preserves pre-Hispanic concepts and is combined with their use in blessing corresponding to Western beliefs. Ramos are made from 35 introduced and native plant species and comprise a base (made of palm, wheat or sotol), a “reliquia” (palm, rosemary, chamomile and laurel) and natural or artificial flowers. The ramos sellers are mostly adult women of indigenous origin and heads of family. Conclusions This study of Domingo de Ramos, carried out at a regional scale, highlights a syncretism that is reflected in both the symbolic importance of ramos palm and in the species used, as well as socioeconomic aspects that had not previously been identified in the study area and reflect the occurrence of complex relationships in non-timber forest products that remain little addressed.

Mexico harbors 10 endemic species of mud turtles of genus Kinosternon, but natural history information is lacking for most of them. Herein we describe some generalities of the reproductive ecology and natural history of one population of the Mexican endemic, Herrera’s mud turtle, K. herrerai from Hidalgo, Mexico. Females and males were similar in body mass and carapace length. Additionally, larger and heavier turtles moved more than smaller and lighter ones. Clutch size varied from one to six eggs, with an average of 3.4 ± 1.7, and egg laying occurred at environmental temperatures between 15 and 21°C (x̅ = 18.6°C). Total nesting time (from selection of nesting site to oviposition) lasted ca. 37 min, and the incubation period was 75 days in situ. These results enhance our understanding of natural history aspects of Kinosternon mud turtles, which are necessary to carry out conservation actions to preserve all of its populations.

En el siguiente artículo se examinan los nombres de lugar o topónimos dentro del municipio de Tetepango perteneciente al estado de Hidalgo, en el que se incluye la cabecera municipal y dos pequeñas localidades denominadas: Ulapa de Melchor Ocampo y Juandhó. Dichas poblaciones forman parte de la región conocida actualmente como Valle del Mezquital. En la metodología se usa un enfoque etnohistórico, en la cual se recuperan diferentes topónimos y signos gráficos de códices y fuentes coloniales, para después evaluar su significado, cambios y permanencias, a través de los idiomas náhuatl, otomí-hñähñu y el propio castellano. Con este ejercicio de análisis podemos comprender parte de la historia particular y la cosmovisión de dichas localidades, en las cuales los grupos nahuas y otomíes tuvieron su asiento y vivienda desde la época prehispánica. Igualmente, este trabajo académico contribuye a comprender la importancia del análisis toponímico como fuente primaria para la historia. Con base en una contextualización rigurosa podemos obtener datos sobre el espacio geográfico, modos de vida, identidad y otras variables sociales. Al igual, este trabajo académico contribuye a comprender la importancia del análisis toponímico como fuente primaria para la Historia, con base a una contextualización rigurosa podemos obtener datos sobre el espacio geográfico, modos de vida, identidad y otras variables sociales.

Background: Domingo de Ramos, or Palm Sunday, is a traditional Christian religious event where devotees use ramos, which are bouquets currently elaborated from palm leaves and other natural elements. In various countries, it is assumed this use of biodiversity leads to the depletion of the species involved. However, other important aspects must be considered, including the role of the people who produce and sell these ramos, the associated symbolism that has been overlooked, as well as commercial aspects that have barely been documented. This ethnobotanical study evaluates the regional-scale cultural, biological and socioeconomic aspects associated with Domingo de Ramos in central Mexico from an emic perspective. Methods: Ethnographic and commercial information was obtained through interviews with ramos sellers in 28 municipalities in the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. We specifically sought sociodemographic data regarding the interviewees, as well as information pertaining to the ramos themselves and the palms. These aspects were explored with all of the sellers. The free list method was used to describe the uses and key elements associated with the ramos. Results: Although the ramos are used for religious purposes, they have eight different uses in the daily life of the sellers, the main one being "protection." They serve to protect families, crops and animals, as well as against several diseases. Likewise, they are considered valuable for diminishing strong storms. This belief in the protection conferred by the ramos preserves pre-Hispanic concepts and is combined with their use in blessing corresponding to Western beliefs. Ramos are made from 35 introduced and native plant species and comprise a base (made of palm, wheat or sotol), a "reliquia" (palm, rosemary, chamomile and laurel) and natural or artificial flowers. The ramos sellers are mostly adult women of indigenous origin and heads of family. Conclusions: This study of Domingo de Ramos, carried out at a regional scale, highlights a syncretism that is reflected in both the symbolic importance of ramos palm and in the species used, as well as socioeconomic aspects that had not previously been identified in the study area and reflect the occurrence of complex relationships in non-timber forest products that remain little addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La presente investigación tuvo como objeto de estudio a las instituciones que ponderan el diálogo al abordar los conflictos cotidianos de los ciudadanos que pertenecen a un grupo étnico de los municipios de Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero y Huejutla de Reyes, Hidalgo. El objetivo consistió en caracterizar el tipo de proyecto político (autoritario, neoliberal o democrático participativo) al cual se adscriben dichas instituciones, así como el tipo de pluralismo jurídico (conservador o emancipador). El trabajo es de corte cualitativo, por lo cual la recolección de información se realizó mediante trabajo de gabinete, aunado a entrevistas con actores claves en ambas comunidades. Entre los hallazgos se observó que los proyectos políticos de las instituciones encargadas de conflictos cotidianos en ambas entidades incluyen rasgos tanto del proyecto autoritario como del democrático. En cuanto al pluralismo jurídico, también ser observa la ambivalencia entre el conservador y el emancipador.

A new species of Holochroa from the mountains of Hidalgo, Mexico is described and illustrated. Holochroa encina Garzón-Orduña can be distinguished from the other four species in the genus by the chestnut colored forewing, the male valvae narrowing at the apex, the thinner sclerotized processes of the anellus and by the mtDNA barcode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents new findings of bison remains associated with alluvial plains in central Mexico dating back to the Late Pleistocene. These discoveries encompass eight sites in Hidalgo (Conejos, Ventoquipa, Barranca del Berrendo, Barranca Jagüey Viejo, Las Cajas, El Barrio, Monte Alegre, and San Gabriel Azteca) and two sites in Puebla (Barranca Policarpio and Barranca Xocoa). Biometrical analysis was conducted on the herein studied material, consisting of a horn core fragment, a skull fragment, two mandible fragments, five isolated teeth, and several postcranial remains. A comparative study with selected specimens indicates the presence of Bison antiquu s and B. cf. latifrons. The record represents the first reported occurrences of these species for the states of Hidalgo and Puebla respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopes in tooth enamel apatite from the material of Hidalgo and Puebla was used to characterize the bison's diet and habitat, providing evidence of the flexible dietary regime observed in Pleistocene bison populations and that were common inhabitants of mixed environments. Body mass estimation of some individuals (average weight ≈ 450 kg) is in the lower limit of B. antiquus populations from the Late Pleistocene of North America. New knowledge about the geographical presence of Bison antiquus and B. cf. latifrons in central Mexico is provided. Comparison with another bison record of these species from North America suggests a biochronological delay between them, representing a younger time interval for Bison antiquus (maximum age at 50 ka), allowing us to biostratigraphically constrain some Mexican localities containing bison remains. • ++ Late Pleistocene Bison antiquus specimens from Hidalgo are described. • ++ Late Pleistocene Bison cf. latifrons was identified in Puebla. • ++ Both are recorded for first time in these states of central Mexico. • ++ Carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analyses indicate a flexible dietary regime. • ++ Biochronologically, B. antiquus is younger than B. latifrons in North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chiropterotriton is a relatively small genus that comprises 15 species with great morphological and ecological diversity. In previous studies, molecular data provided evidence for a considerable number of species that remain undescribed. In this study, we describe one new species, Chiropterotriton chico sp. nov. based on molecular and morphological characters. We present mtDNA phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood that include all described and several undescribed species. Morphometric data from eight recognized species provide evidence for the distinctiveness of the new taxon. Description of this new species adds to the already high salamander diversity of the state of Hidalgo, which is an important area for the diversification of the genus.

Copyright of Contaduría y Administración is the property of Facultad de Contaduria y Administracion-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Business & SMEs is the property of ECORFAN-Mexico S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En el estado de Hidalgo, México, la evolución del sector educativo público ha experimentado un amplio recorrido que ha atesorado un importante legado histórico, político, social y cultural a la entidad. Así, desde su configuración, como una entidad más del país, los diversos ámbitos educativos del estado han ido evolucionando. El presente texto es una investigación, en su mayoría descriptiva, que busca contribuir al análisis relacionado con la ampliación y cobertura educativa de los centros de trabajo educativos en Hidalgo. El objetivo es describir y analizar la evolución histórica, hasta la actualidad, que guarda el sistema educativo público en la entidad, abarcando sus diferentes niveles de formación. Esto, mediante un análisis histórico-descriptivo, fundamentado en la recopilación de textos relacionados con el tema y de elementos geo-referenciados, con dimensiones espaciales expresadas en una serie de mapas. La finalidad es presentar y enfatizar la importancia de los legados históricos e institucionales de la educación estatal, con cuyos elementos se muestran los grandes logros que ha tenido la educación pública hidalguense.

The article describes the strategies used by the authorities of the Medical Arbitration Commission of the State of Hidalgo to face the health emergency declared because of the COVID-19 pandemic, without putting public servers at risk and at the same time, without affecting the quality of the services offered to Hidalgo's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reconstructs fire history of Lake Atezca, Hidalgo, revealing two significant phases of plant biomass burning: one from ∼1140 to 1523 CE and another from ∼1523 to 2005 CE. The first phase shows frequent fires, likely linked to pre-Hispanic agricultural practices. The second phase, starting around the time of the Spanish Conquest, showed a decrease in biomass burning, indicating a major shift in agricultural practices and demographic density after the Spanish intervention. The pre-Hispanic era, particularly during the Postclassic period, was marked by anthropogenic deforestation, associated with intensive practices such as slash-and-burn agriculture and rainfed cultivation. We also observed low values in C/N ratio, which can be related to forest soil degradation and loss of terrestrial nitrogen, due to periods with high of fires recurrence associated to these agricultural practices. The Spanish arrival was associated with a drastic reduction in the indigenous population and, the subsequent colonization led to significant changes in land use and fire practices. The suppression of indigenous fire-use practices, combined with severe drought conditions during the Conquest, resulted in a decreased in biomass burning. The Spanish Colonial period and the transition to modern Mexico were characterized by an increase in terrestrial organic matter input, likely due to the adoption of European farming techniques and livestock husbandry, causing high erosion in the landscape. Notably, the study highlights three wood-burning events (∼1746–1794 CE, ∼1880–1918 CE, and ∼1954–1992 CE) potentially linked to severe droughts in the region: "El Año de Hambre" drought (1785–1786), the "Revolution Drought" (1909–1910), and the 1950s drought (1951–1957) that occurred in the mid-20th century. The presence of these events suggests a complex interplay between anthropogenic and climatic drivers in shaping Lake Atezca's ecosystem. • Change in the fire regime linked to the Spanish Conquest in Lake Atezca. • Both anthropogenic and climatic factors played a role in shaping fire activity. • The effects of fire activity on the C/N ratio are reflected as forest soil degradation and changes in catchment erosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citizen participation is a central aspect of democracy. It is a mechanism for the empowerment of citizens that allows it to be expanded. In order to generate empirical evidence on its impact on the efficiency of public administrations, we have, with a prior conceptual, theoretical, methodological and instrumental framework, investigated its results in the Municipal Social Infrastructure Fund (fism) received by the municipalities of Hidalgo. We sought to answer questions such as: will municipal efficiency improve if citizens are included in decisions? What kind of citizen participation --consultative, deliberative or evaluative-- influences financial efficiency the most? These questions were answered through an econometric methodology that uses panel data with a Random Effects Model (rem). The result obtained showed that evaluative citizen participation favors local financial efficiency in Hidalgo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an integrative taxonomic approach, a new species of the genus Loxosceles Heineken & Lowe, 1832, is described from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. is described based on DNA barcoding using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), and morphology. For species delimitation, four molecular methods were implemented: 1) corrected p-distances under neighbor joining (NJ); 2) automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD); 3) general mixed yule coalescent model (GMYC) and 4) Bayesian Poisson tree processes (bPTP). The new species morphologically resembles L. jaca, another species from Hidalgo, but there are morphological differences mainly in the tibiae of the male palp, the seminal receptacles of the females and also the high genetic p-distances. CO1 was more informative than ITS2 for the genetic separation; however, both concatenated genes (CO1 + ITS2) present robust evidence for species delimitation. Loxosceles tolantongo sp. nov. is considered a unique species for four reasons: 1) it can be diagnosed and distinguished by morphological characters (of the male palps mainly, but also of the seminal receptacles of the females); 2) the genetic p-distances with CO1 were high (>10%); 3) the molecular species delimitation methods were congruent under CO1 and CO1 + ITS2; and 4) under CO1 and CO1 + ITS2, the new species is a putative sister group of L. jaca + L. tenango.

En este trabajo se desarrolló un modelo para medir la aplicación de las mejores prácticas de un grupo de pequeñas empresas manufactureras del estado de Hidalgo. La metodología partió de una investigación con un enfoque mixto, donde el diseño planteado permitió desarrollar un diagnóstico y valorar 14 prácticas comunes en las PyMES en 4 niveles de madurez: vulnerable, estable, crecimiento y mejora continua. Se realizó un benchmarking con las prácticas, que permitieron posicionar a las empresas en 3 pilares: Estructura-Conocimiento-Aplicación, lo cual permitió conocer el estatus de cada empresa; de acuerdo a indicadores que proporcionan los puntos de debilidades, habilidades y sostenibilidad en su manejo.

Hechtia argentea was described from a cultivated pistillate plant of unknown origin. The type specimen consists of a leaf fragment and a portion of a pistillate inflorescence. Hechtia argentea is part of a group of species with rosettes that bloom laterally, showing variation in dimensions and structure of the inflorescences of both sexes through the different years of flowering. Delimitation of species becomes more complicated where staminate and/or pistillate plants of different species are frequently similar, making it essential to have all plant structures available for accurate identifications. We designate an epitype for Hechtia argentea, consisting of a staminate plant, allowing for the unambiguous identification of the species. Species in Hechtia have restricted geographical distributions; thus, we provide precise locality data for H. argentea within Megamexico based on herbarium specimens. The species is endemic to the Sierra Madre Oriental and Mexican Plateau biogeographical regions, in the Mexican States of Hidalgo and Querétaro. In addition, we include for the first time a complete morphological description of both morphs, line drawings and photos of the species in situ, as well as a map showing the known distribution. Finally, we present an evaluation of the risk of extinction following the IUCN criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A , -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1 , -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 122 Mexicans from the state of Hidalgo living in the city of Pachuca (N = 41) and rural communities (N = 81), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in Hidalgo include eight Native American and one European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Hidalgo are Native American (58.93 ± 2.16% by ML; 54.51% of Native American haplotypes) and European (32.49 ± 2.88% by ML; 28.69% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (8.58 ± 0.93% by ML; 6.97% of African haplotypes). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the nematode Triumphalisnema Kloss, 1962 (Oxyuridomorpha), is described from the wood beetle Proculejus hirtus Truqui from the mountain mesophilic forest in Hidalgo State, Mexico. Triumphalisnema zuuei n. sp. is distinguished from the other 4 congeners species by the presence of an expanded cervical ring, well-developed lateral alae, an obtuse cauda with a short and bifurcated caudal appendage, series of cuticular folds at ventral and dorsal body surface from excretory pore level to anal region, and ellipsoidal eggs ornamented with numerous small mushroom-like structures over the surface. The phylogenetic position of the new species is inferred based on a Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analysis of partial sequences of 18S SSU rRNA. The phylogenetic analysis showed that Triumphalisnema zuuei n. sp., the only representative of the Traklosiidae in our study, is closely related to Coynema poeyi and species of Longior, Hystrignathus, and Lepidonema, all of them members of Hystrignathidae. These relationships are supported by high support values. The present study increases to 5 the number of species assigned to Triumphalisnema, all of them parasites of Passalidae. Additionally, a taxonomic key to the species of the genus is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paleontological work carried out during the past years in the late Pleistocene (Rancholabrean) localities of Hidalgo, Puebla and Oaxaca states allowed the recovery of an important sample of proboscidean specimens, which consists of skull fragments, teeth, and several postcranial bones, collected from fluviolacustrine sediments. This material was identified as Mammuthus columbi. Based on tooth position and the estimated age in African elephant years, the sample studied represents 15 or 16 individuals; seven or eight from Oaxaca, and at least four from each locality of Puebla and Hidalgo. The best-represented age category is that of mature adults (≥ 30 years), followed by adolescents (3 to 17 years). Lamellar frequency (≤ 5) and enamel width (≥ 2.4 mm) indicate the presence of at least one adult male sexually mature in each of the Mexican states from where the specimens were recovered. On the other hand, the microwear analysis of some of the individuals studied showed a higher number of scratches compared to the pits and a high frequency of wide scratches. This microwear pattern is indicative of a mixed-feeding dietary habit with a high proportion of abrasive resources intake. Indirectly, the mixed-feeder condition of these M. columbi individuals indicates the presence of open areas, probably covered with grasses, bushes and herbs and closed-vegetation areas (with trees), in what now is the southeastern portion of Hidalgo, the Valsequillo basin in Puebla and the Mixteca Alta in Oaxaca during the late Pleistocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were used to study blue, red, and ochre pigments from wall paintings of the 16th century colonial convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino in Actopan, Hidalgo, Mexico. In the blue pigments, nanometric fibers with a chemical composition of mostly O, Si, Al, and Mg were identified. XRD and FTIR analysis indicated the presence of palygorskite clay, which suggests that these analyzed blue pigments are similar to Mayan blue. In the red pigment, structures with different morphologies (spines and flake shapes, for instance), with a composition of C, O, Al, Si, S, Ca, Na, Mg, and K and a higher concentration of Fe and Pb, were observed. Complementary analysis showed that the red color originates from hematite and lead. Finally, the ochre pigment showed a significant presence of O and Fe, which was associated with the goethite mineral, while calcite was a crystalline phase identified in all analyzed pigments; these show that these pigments are characteristic of the known Mexican Colonial color palette.

La detección de la expansión urbana a través del procesamiento digital de imágenes satelitales proporciona información valiosa para el conocimiento de la dinámica del cambio de uso del suelo y su relación espacial con factores ambientales. Para aplicar o generar políticas efectivas de pla - neación del territorio es indispensable contar con un registro histórico de la distribución regional de los asentamientos humanos, elemento que en nuestro país es prácticamente nulo. Por esta razón, este texto tiene por objetivo determinar la tasa de crecimiento urbano durante el periodo 2000-2014 en el estado de Hidalgo, México, e identificar las zonas potenciales de expansión a partir de imágenes Landsat. Se utilizaron seis escenas Landsat para el análisis espacial de la cobertura urbana estatal y se evaluó su relación con el área de influencia vial. Como productos cartográficos se obtuvieron dos mapas: uno de distribución de la cobertura urbana y otro de los municipios con mayor expansión, cuyas áreas están localizadas en la región del Valle del Mezquital. Sin embargo, Mineral de la Reforma, Tetepango, Tizayuca y Pachuca de Soto se destacan por sus tasas de crecimiento durante el periodo de estudio: 183.44%, 102%, 94% y 68.5%, respectivamente. En total, la superficie urbana es - tatal aumentó 72.3 km 2 del 2000 al 2014 con una tasa de crecimiento promedio de 1.8% por año. Dicho crecimiento se asoci ó con las áreas de influencia de infraestructura vial importante, como el Libramiento Arco Norte en Hidalgo. Por lo tanto, se considera al Valle del Mezquital y la Cuenca de México como regiones potenciales de expansión urbana en el estado.

El objetivo del presente artículo es recrear los inicios de la formación de docentes en Hidalgo a partir del nacimiento de la Escuela Normal “Benito Juárez” en 1913. En ese momento el Instituto Científico y Literario era la institución de mayor nivel en el estado y por decisiones gubernamentales lo referido al rubro de profesores se atendía en ella, situación que motivó vaivenes en el sostén y ubicación de la Escuela Normal. Se destaca la participación que tuviera el educador hidalguense Teodomiro Manzano en el desarrollo del sistema educativo estatal, así como el trabajo que realizó para que finalmente se considerara la necesidad de contar con un espacio adecuado para la formación a los profesores de educación primaria que, cuando Hidalgo surge como entidad federativa, sólo contaban con las escuelas nocturnas para conocer los rudimentos de la enseñanza. En estas escuelas aprendían lo que otros profesores podían transmitir en relación a su propia práctica pues tampoco habían pasado por procesos formales que les habilitaran en el oficio docente; otros profesores se certificaban por la vía del Instituto Científico y Literario, en el que podían solicitar un examen y al aprobarlo obtenían el aval que les permitía abrir una escuela, sin embargo tampoco habían pasado por un proceso de formación escolarizado. El profesor Manzano conocía el panorama educativo en el estado y su preocupación por los profesores en distintos planos le llevó a hacer las gestiones necesarias para abrir una Escuela Normal, con lo que se iniciaría la formación de los docentes en el estado. Para reconstruir este proceso se revisaron los archivos del Poder Judicial estatal y de la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo como fuentes principales, así mismo se revisó la literatura correspondiente, previa construcción de una línea del tiempo múltiple para ubicar acontecimientos y relaciones.