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Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To understand the relative role of prices versus utilization in the variation in total spending per patient across medical groups. Data Sources: We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of medical claims for commercially insured adults from a large national insurer in 2018. Study Design: After assigning patients to a medical group based on primary care visits in 2018, we calculated total medical spending for each patient in that year. Total spending included care provided by clinicians within the medical group and care provided by other providers, including hospitals. It did not include drug spending. We estimated the case mix adjusted spending per patient for each medical group. Within each market, we categorized medical groups into quartiles based on the group's spending per patient. To decompose spending variation into price versus utilization, we compared spending differences between highest and lowest quartile medical groups under two scenarios: (1) using actual prices (2) using a standardized price (same price used for a given service across the nation). Principal Findings: In total, 3,921,736 patients were assigned to 7284 medical groups. Per‐patient spending in the highest quartile of spending medical groups was $1813 higher than per‐patient spending in the lowest spending quartile of medical groups (50% higher relative spending). This overall difference was primarily driven by differences in inpatient care, imaging, and specialty care. In the scenario where we used standardized prices, the difference in spending between medical groups in the top and bottom quartiles decreased to $1425, implying that 79% of the $1813 difference in spending between the top and bottom quartile groups is explained by utilization and the remaining 21% by prices. The likely explanation for the modest impact of prices is that patients cared for by a given medical group receive care across a wide range of providers. Conclusions: Prices explained a modest fraction of the differences in spending between medical groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act prevents payors from imposing more stringent limitations on mental health and substance disorder benefits than medical and surgical benefits. In this study, we assess a New York City insurer's parity compliance based on the accuracy and validity of network-provided information and a consider legal framework to address this. Methods: A "secret shopper" analysis was performed, in which researchers attempted to contact the 192 psychiatrist providers listed in the 2019 online directory of United Healthcare psychiatry providers. Results: Only 3.1% of calls resulted in researchers booking an appointment. 50.5% of calls resulted in "no response", 18.75% connected to psychiatrists not accepting new patients, and 8.8% of listed providers stated they were not in the United Healthcare network. Conclusions: Erroneous directory information exacerbates the issue of access to mental health treatment. Enforcement policy should hold insurers accountable for the reliability of their online directories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of JBES: Brazilian Journal of Health Economics / Jornal Brasileiro de Economia da Saúde is the property of JBES: Brazilian Journal of Health Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Quality measures for social determinants of health (SDOH) have been introduced or proposed in more than 20 federal programs, initiatives, or guidance documents to capture performance, but understanding the scope of work needed to effectively collect and align with these new measurement requirements is still in its early stages. The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) recently developed the Social Need Screening and Intervention (SNS-E) measure and is currently building 2 new domains of interest: utility insecurity and social connection. Before these domains can be leveraged to drive population health, the feasibility of collecting and reporting on them must be assessed. This report describes qualitative data collection on the barriers and facilitators of collecting data elements for utility insecurity and social connection from 8 diverse health plans. Although plans reported that collecting SDOH data was feasible, they identified barriers associated with multiple data systems, coding, as well as data formatting, storage, extraction, and mapping. Further research is needed to explore additional codes, mechanisms for collecting SDOH data in a patient-centric manner, and ensuring that health plans, health care systems, and community partners can align with national measurement initiatives. Standardizing these data will be key to improving outcomes for all., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest Please see ICMJE form(s) for author conflicts of interest. These have been provided as supplementary materials., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Project HOPE - The People-To-People Health Foundation, Inc.)

Health plans can influence pediatric and primary care providers and patients to understand HPV vaccination coverage and increase HPV vaccination uptake. By initiating vaccination at age nine, health plans can lay the groundwork for on-time HPV cancer prevention by age 13. In 2022, the American Cancer Society engaged 28 health plans in a 12-month HPV vaccination learning collaborative in which plans set their own quality improvement targets, implemented multi-pronged interventions, and joined quarterly best-practice sharing calls. Twenty-five of the 28 plans reported including a focus on ages 9 to 10. Preliminary pre-intervention data illustrate that vaccination rates from participating plans follow national trends and reaffirm existing gaps for HPV vaccination. Health plan interventions to address HPV vaccination are consistent with best practices but could be maximized to target initiation at ages 9–10 by using provider and patient reminders, targeted provider education, and dose-specific provider pay for performance and patient incentive programs. Health plans should explore future capacity to analyze non-HEDIS required data, including HPV initiation and HPV vaccination data for adolescents below age 13.

BACKGROUND: Measuring quality at varying levels of the health care system requires attribution, a process of determining the patients and services for which each level is responsible. However, it is important to ensure that attribution approaches are equitable; otherwise, individuals may be assigned differentially based upon social determinants of health. METHODS: First, we used Medicaid claims (2010-2018) from Michigan to assess the proportion of children with sickle cell anemia who had less than 12 months enrollment within a single Medicaid health plan and could therefore not be attributed to a specific health plan. Second, we used the Medicaid Analytic eXtract data (2008-2009) from 26 states to simulate adapting the 30-Day Pediatric All-Condition Readmission measure to the Accountable Care Organization (ACO) level and examined the proportion of readmissions that could not be attributed. RESULTS: For the sickle cell measure, an average of 300 children with sickle cell anemia were enrolled in Michigan Medicaid each year. The proportion of children that could not be attributed to a Medicaid health plan ranged from 12.2% to 89.0% across years. For the readmissions measure, of the 1,051,365 index admissions, 22% were excluded in the ACO-level analysis because of being unable to attribute the patient to a health plan for the 30 days post discharge. CONCLUSIONS: When applying attribution models, it is essential to consider the potential to induce health disparities. Differential attribution may have unintentional consequences that deepen health disparities, particularly when considering incentive programs for health plans to improve the quality of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica (0103-3506) is the property of Revista Juridica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of A&C - Administrative & Constitutional Law Review - Revista de Direito Administrativo e Constitucional is the property of A&C - Revista de Direito Administrativo & Constitucional (Instituto Bacellar) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Colorectal cancer screening uptake is low, particularly among individuals enrolled in Medicaid. To the authors' knowledge, little is known regarding the effectiveness of direct-to-member outreach by Medicaid health insurance plans to raise colorectal cancer screening use, nor how best to deliver such outreach.Methods: BeneFIT is a hybrid implementation-effectiveness study of 2 program models that health plans developed for a mailed fecal immunochemical test (FIT) intervention. The programs differed with regard to whether they used a centralized approach (Health Plan Washington) or collaborated with health centers (Health Plan Oregon). The primary implementation outcome of the current study was the percentage of eligible enrollees to whom the plans delivered each intervention component. The primary effectiveness outcome was the rate of FIT completion within 6 months of mailing of the introductory letter.Results: The health plans identified 12,000 eligible enrollees (8551 in Health Plan Washington and 3449 in Health Plan Oregon). Health Plan Washington mailed an introductory letter and FIT kit to 8551 enrollees (100%) and delivered a reminder call to 839 (10.3% of the 8132 attempted). Health Plan Oregon mailed an introductory letter, and a letter and FIT kit plus a reminder postcard to 2812 enrollees (81.5%) and 2650 enrollees (76.8%), respectively. FIT completion rates were 18.2% (1557 of 8551 enrollees) in Health Plan Washington. In Health Plan Oregon, completion rates were 17.4% (488 of 2812 enrollees) among enrollees who were mailed an introductory letter and 18.3% (484 of 2650 enrollees) among enrollees who also were mailed a FIT kit plus reminder postcard.Conclusions: The implementation of mailed FIT outreach by health plans may be effective and could reach many individuals at risk of developing colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screening rates for colorectal cancer (CRC) remain low, especially among certain populations. Mailed fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) outreach initiated by U.S. health plans could reach underserved individuals, while solving CRC screening data and implementation challenges faced by health clinics. We report the models and motivations of two health insurance plans implementing a mailed FIT program for age-eligible U.S. Medicaid and Medicare populations. One health plan operates in a single state with ~220,000 enrollees; the other operates in multiple states with ~2 million enrollees. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with key stakeholders and observed leadership and clinic staff planning during program development and implementation. Interviews were transcribed and coded using a content analysis approach; coded interview reports and meeting minutes were iteratively reviewed and summarized for themes. Between June and September 2016, nine participants were identified, and all agreed to the interview. Interviews revealed that organizational context was important to both organizations and helped shape program design. Both organizations were hoping this program would address barriers to their prior CRC screening improvement efforts and saw CRC screening as a priority. Despite similar motivations to participate in a mailed FIT intervention, contextual features of the health plans led them to develop distinct implementation models: a collaborative model using some health clinic staffing versus a centralized model operationalizing outreach primarily at the health plan. Data are not yet available on the models' effectiveness. Our findings might help inform the design of programs to deliver mailed FIT outreach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the effect of the recent brazilian supplementary health plans regulation on the market efficiency. Most regulation is focused on the protection and enhancement of the rights of some consumers groups at the expense of market economic efficiency and long run sustainability. We found evidence of adverse selection in the post regulation period by implementing some econometric tests. This evidence shows the possible trade-off between regulation based on consumers protection and market development.

The present study highlighted the labour process of the dental surgeon (DS) in the private healthcare sector from the healthcare professional's perspective based on intervention bioethics. An observational, cross-sectional survey study was performed within the Federal District (Distrito Federal) region. Data were collected from 108 questionnaires completed by DSs affiliated with two types of private health insurers, self-insurance and group insurance, to assess job perception and the degree of job satisfaction in the dentistry market. The main source of dissatisfaction for healthcare professionals was related to the pay for dental procedures by insurers. For self-insurer 1, 38.1% healthcare professionals replied that the pay was satisfactory, whereas in self-insurance 2 and in the group insurance, 100% of healthcare professionals were dissatisfied. Another finding was that the group insurer considerably restricted elective treatments. In conclusion, loss of professional autonomy, depreciation of insurance claims and precarisation of dentistry occurs in the private healthcare sector, thus demonstrating the ethical conflicts in this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Few individuals with mood disorders have access to evidence-based collaborative chronic care models (CCMs) because most patients are seen in small-group practices (<20 providers) with limited capacity to deliver CCMs. In this single-blind randomized controlled trial, we determined whether a CCM delivered nationally in a U.S. health plan improved 12-month outcomes among enrollees with mood disorders compared with usual care.Methods: Aetna insurance enrollees (N=238), mostly females (66.1%) with a mean age of 41.1 years, who were recently hospitalized for unipolar major depression or bipolar disorder provided informed consent, completed baseline assessments, and were randomly assigned to usual care or CCM. The CCM included 10 sessions of the Life Goals self-management program and brief contacts by phone by a care manager to determine symptom status. Primary outcomes were changes over 12 months in depression symptoms (nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]) and mental health-related quality of life (Short Form-12).Results: Adjusted mean PHQ-9 scores were lower by 2.34 points (95% confidence level [CL]=-4.18 to -0.50, p=0.01), indicating improved symptoms, and adjusted mean SF-12 mental health scores were higher by 3.21 points (CL=-.97 to 7.38, p=0.10), indicating better quality of life, among participants receiving CCM versus usual care.Conclusions: Individuals receiving CCM compared with usual care had improved clinical outcomes, although substantial attrition may limit the impact of health plan-level delivery of CCMs. Further research on the use of health plan-level interventions, such as CCMs, as alternatives to practice-based models is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health plans can influence pediatric and primary care providers and patients to understand HPV vaccination coverage and increase HPV vaccination uptake. By initiating vaccination at age nine, health plans can lay the groundwork for on-time HPV cancer prevention by age 13. In 2022, the American Cancer Society engaged 28 health plans in a 12-month HPV vaccination learning collaborative in which plans set their own quality improvement targets, implemented multi-pronged interventions, and joined quarterly best-practice sharing calls. Twenty-five of the 28 plans reported including a focus on ages 9 to 10. Preliminary pre-intervention data illustrate that vaccination rates from participating plans follow national trends and reaffirm existing gaps for HPV vaccination. Health plan interventions to address HPV vaccination are consistent with best practices but could be maximized to target initiation at ages 9-10 by using provider and patient reminders, targeted provider education, and dose-specific provider pay for performance and patient incentive programs. Health plans should explore future capacity to analyze non-HEDIS required data, including HPV initiation and HPV vaccination data for adolescents below age 13.

Background: Personalised care planning is argued for but there is a need to know more about what the plans actually contain. Aim: To describe the content of person-centred health, plans documented at three healthcare levels for patients with acute coronary syndrome. Design: Patients with acute coronary syndrome aged under 75 years and admitted to two coronary care units at a university hospital were enrolled in the study. This retrospective descriptive study documented 89 person-centred health plans at three healthcare levels: hospital, outpatient and primary care. In total, 267 health plans were reviewed and a quantitative content analysis conducted. The health plans included commonly formulated goals, patients’ own resources and support needed. Results: The health plan goals were divided into three categories: lifestyle changes, illness management and relational activities. The most frequently reported goal for better health was increased physical activity, followed by social life/leisure activities and return to paid professional work. In order to reach the goals, patients identified three ways: own resources, family and social support and healthcare system, in total three categories. The most frequently reported own capability was self-motivation. Spouses and children were important sources of family and social support. The most frequently reported healthcare support was cardiac rehabilitation. Conclusion: In traditional care and treatment plans devised by health professionals, patient goals often comprise behavioural changes. When patients identify their own goals and resources with the help of professionals, they include maintaining social relations and being able to return to important activities such as work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) is the most widely used accrediting body of health plans, but no study has explored how differences in health quality affect the accreditation level. Consumers may benefit as they guide health insurance purchasing decisions toward a cost-quality evaluation. The authors conducted a multinomial logistic regression analysis using data from the 2015 NCQA Quality Compass of 351 health plans. This study's outcome variable represented NCQA accreditation at 3 levels: accredited, commendable, and excellent. The authors examined the relationship of patient satisfaction, monitoring and prevention activities, appropriate care, and readmission rates on accreditation level. Satisfaction and monitoring and prevention activities were significantly associated with higher levels of accreditation in all analyses, but readmission was not. The expanded coverage of the Affordable Care Act provides an opportunity for health plans to market to consumers the benefits of accreditation to foster higher quality care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Evidenciação Contábil & Finanças is the property of Revista Evidenciacao Contabil & Financas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: This study examined private health plans' arrangements for accessing and continuing specialty behavioral health treatment in 2010 as federal health reforms were being implemented. These management practices have historically been stricter in behavioral health care than in general medical care; however, the Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2010 required parity in management policies.Methods: The data source was a nationally representative survey of private health plans' behavioral health treatment management approaches in 2010. Health plan executives were asked about activities for their plan's three products with highest enrollment (weighted N=8,427, 88% response rate).Results: Prior authorization for outpatient behavioral health care was rarely required (4.7% of products), but 75% of products required authorization for ongoing care and over 90% required prior authorization for other levels of care. The most common medical necessity criteria were self-developed and American Society of Addiction Medicine criteria. Nearly all products had formal standards to limit waiting time for routine and urgent treatment, but almost 30% lacked such standards for detoxification services. A range of wait time-monitoring approaches was used.Conclusions: Health plans used a variety of methods to influence behavioral health treatment entry and continuing care. Few relied on prior authorization for outpatient care, but the use of other approaches to influence, manage, or facilitate access was common. Results provide a baseline for understanding the current management environment for specialty behavioral health care. Tracking health plans' approaches over time will be important to ensure that access to behavioral health care is not prohibitively restrictive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case of teaching aims to lead the reader to the role of leader, and thus, based on the literature of strategic administration and/or international business, reflect on the reality experienced by IBOPE and decide on strategic actions for the company. After years of monopoly in Brazil, GfK entered the country in April 2015. It is a German corporation equipped with bold technology, experience and contracts signed with the main national broadcasters of open channel. Due to the characteristics of the market, it is difficult to harmonize the market share with two large corporations. Given this scenario, IBOPE managers have challenges that need to be addressed, namely: how to keep the Brazilian company market leader in their country of origin? What business strategies can contribute to the German rival? The case can be used at the undergraduate or postgraduate level, later or concomitantly with the basic concepts of Strategic Management or Internationalization of Companies. It is recommended to use classroom sessions that discuss international strategies, competition, corporate strategies, competitive advantage, and input modes being discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2011 the National Health Agency (NHA) issued Resolution No. 259 which regulates the deadlines for scheduling appointments, examinations and surgeries, seeking to better fiscalization of the private sector healthcare in Brazil. Because of this regulation, the private healthcare market created the discount card, which does not fit the supervision of NHA. In this context, the SM Assistance Center, which today offers a discount card for outpatient care for the population of the C and D classes, need to set up to diversify the products offered, also referring to classes A and B. The objective of this teaching case is to provide reflection and discussions on topics such as entrepreneurship, marketing strategies, health sector context in Brazil and marketing products and services and the difficulties faced by managers to make strategic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the arguments in favor of government intervention in financing and regulation of health in Brazil. It describes the organizational arrangement of the Brazilian health system, for the purpose of reflection on the austerity agenda proposed for the country. Based on the literature in health economics, it discusses the hypothesis that the health sector in Brazil functions under the dominance of the private sector. The categories employed for analysis are those of the national health spending figures. An international comparison of indicators of health expenses shows that Brazilian public spending is a low proportion of total spending on Brazilian health. Expenditure on individuals' health by out-of-pocket payments is high, and this works against equitability. The private health services sector plays a crucial role in provision, and financing. Contrary to the belief put forward by the austerity agenda, public expenditure cannot be constrained because the government has failed in adequate provision of services to the poor. This paper argues that, since the Constitution did not veto activity by the private sector segment of the market, those interests that have the greatest capacity to vocalize have been successful in imposing their preferences in the configuration of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health systems around world are increasingly adopting cost-effectiveness (CE) analysis to inform decisions about access and reimbursement. We study how CE thresholds imposed by a health plan for granting reimbursement affect drug producers' pricing incentives and patients' access to new drugs. Analysing a sequential pricing game between an incumbent drug producer and a potential entrant with a new drug, we show that CE thresholds may have adverse effects for payers and patients. A stricter CE threshold may induce the incumbent to switch pricing strategy from entry accommodation to entry deterrence, limiting patients' access to the new drug. Otherwise, irrespective of whether entry is deterred or accommodated, a stricter CE threshold is never pro-competitive and may in fact facilitate a collusive outcome with higher prices of both drugs. Compared to a laissez-faire policy, the use of CE thresholds when an incumbent monopolist is challenged by therapeutic substitutes can only increase the surplus of a health plan if it leads to entry deterrence. In this case the price reduction by the incumbent necessary to deter entry outweighs the health loss to patients who do not get access to the new drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health plans are key players in substance use treatment in the United States, and the opioid crisis presents new challenges for them. This article is part of the HEALing Communities Study (HCS) funded by NIH, which seeks to facilitate communities' adoption of activities that might reduce overdose deaths, including overdose prevention education and naloxone distribution, medication for opioid use disorder, and safer opioid prescribing. We examine how health plans in one state (Massachusetts) are adapting to encourage and sustain activities that help communities to address opioid use disorder (OUD). We conducted semi-structured interviews with managers of behavioral health services at eight health plans in Massachusetts that that have Medicare, Medicaid, and commercial lines of business. Two plans in this sample contract with a specialized behavioral health organization ("carve-out"). The interviewees also completed a survey on policies regarding access to treatment and opioid prescribing. Interviews were recorded and transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. Analysis of the data included intended influence of the policies at three levels: member level (micro), group or community level (meso), and system or institutional level (macro). All health plans developed strategies to increase access to treatment for OUD, primarily through eliminating or decreasing cost-sharing, eliminating pre-authorization for MOUD, and increasing supply of providers. Health plans encourage qualified practitioners to offer MOUD, but most do not provide incentives or training. Identifying high risk populations is a focus of health plans in this sample. Naloxone is a covered benefit in all health plans, although with variation in monthly limits and cost-sharing. Most health plans take measures to influence opioid prescribing. Health plans' activities are predominately aimed at the micro (member) level with little ability to influence at the macro (wider system-level changes). This study provides insight into how health plans develop strategies to address the rise in OUD and fatal opioid overdoses, many of which are key in the HCS initiative. How active a role health plans play in addressing the opioid crisis varies, even within the insurance industry in one state (Massachusetts). • There is a high degree of variability in how active a role health plans play in increasing access to care. • Plans are more active in encouraging individual-level interventions and less active in promoting community-level initiatives. • We found very little collaboration among health plans with stakeholders beyond the healthcare system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cattle Health and Welfare Group of Great Britain report (CHAWG; 2012) lists the most important cattle diseases and disorders but fails to fully acknowledge the importance of animal mental health and; in so doing; misses the opportunity to further promote animal welfare. There are effective prevention regimens; including vaccination; husbandry and management strategies for all ten listed animal health concerns in the CHAWG report; however control measures are infrequently implemented because of perceived costs and unwillingness of many farmers to commit adequate time and resources to basic farm management tasks such as biosecurity; and biocontainment. Reducing disease prevalence rates by active veterinary herd and flock health planning; and veterinary care of many individual animal problems presently “treated” by farmers; would greatly improve animal welfare. Published studies have highlighted that treatments for lame sheep are not implemented early enough with many farmers delaying treatment for weeks; and sometimes even months; which adversely affects prognosis. Disease and welfare concerns as a consequence of sheep ectoparasites could be greatly reduced if farmers applied proven control strategies detailed in either veterinary flock health plans or advice available from expert veterinary websites. Recent studies have concluded that there is also an urgent need for veterinarians to better manage pain in livestock. Where proven treatments are available; such as blockage of pain arising from ovine obstetrical problems by combined low extradural injection of lignocaine and xylazine; these are seldom requested by farmers because the technique is a veterinary procedure and incurs a professional fee which highlights many farmers’ focus on economics rather than individual animal welfare.

The article discusses the United States have highlighted the importance of social, behavioral, and environmental factors encompassed in the term social determinants of health (SDOH) in promoting health. Topics include health plans has leverage philanthropic and community benefit programs to test and evaluate approaches to improve SDOH; and health plans sharing lessons learned from unsuccessful pilots to refine and accelerate work in the field.

Este estudo parte da premissa de que hospitais com alto nível de complexidade incorrem em maiores custos quando comparados com hospitais com médio e baixo nível de complexidade. A lógica econômica que sustenta esse raciocínio é que a resolução de diagnósticos mais complexos exige mais investimentos tanto em ativos quanto na capacitação do seu corpo clínico e administrativo. Diante disso, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar se os preços dos serviços hospitalares praticados por hospitais privados junto à operadoras de planos de saúde seriam capazes de discriminar os hospitais de acordo com seu nível de complexidade (alto, médio e baixo). Foram coletados dados relativos a oito serviços em cinqüenta e quatro hospitais privados localizados na cidade de São Paulo. A amostra não é aleatória e foi obtida mediante a análise das faturas de 648 pacientes internados nesses hospitais no período de 2006 e 2007. A Análise Discriminante foi realizada e os resultados indicam que, para a amostra objeto deste estudo, os preços praticados pelos hospitais privados pelos serviços prestados junto a operadoras de planos de saúde não discriminam os hospitais de acordo com seu nível de complexidade, ou seja, há indícios de que, para a amostra selecionada, os planos de saúde não estejam atribuindo importância para o nível de complexidade dos hospitais privados no momento de pactuar os preços dos serviços.This study assumes that hospitals with a high level of complexity resulting in higher costs when compared with hospitals with low and medium level of complexity. The economic logic that underlies this reasoning is that the resolution of more complex diagnoses requires more investment on both the active and the training of clinical staff and administrative staff. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether prices charged for hospital services by private hospitals by the health plan operators would be able to discriminate among hospitals according to their level of complexity (high, medium and low). We collected data on eight services in fifty-four private hospitals located in São Paulo. The sample is not random and was obtained by analysis of the bills of 648 patients admitted to those hospitals between 2006 and 2007. Discriminant analysis was performed and the results indicate that for the sample object of this study, the prices charged by private hospitals for services rendered to health plan providers do not discriminate against hospitals according to its level of complexity, ie there evidence that, for the selected sample, health plans are not attaching importance to the level of complexity of private hospitals at the time of agreeing on the price of services.

FUNDAMENTO: Pouco se sabe, principalmente em nosso meio, sobre a influência dos planos de saúde na evolução a longo prazo pós-infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução de pacientes com IAM usuários do SUS ou de outros convênios. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 1588 pacientes com IAM (idade média de 63,3 ± 12,9 anos, 71,7% homens), incluídos de forma prospectiva em banco de dados específico, e seguidos por até 7,55 anos. Deste total, 1003 foram alocados no "grupo SUS" e 585 no "outros convênios". Qui-quadrado, log-rank e Cox ("stepwise") foram aplicados nas diferentes análises estatísticas. O modelo multivariado a longo prazo, com mortalidade como variável dependente, incluiu 18 variáveis independentes. RESULTADOS: As mortalidades hospitalares nos grupos "outros convênios" e "SUS" foram de 11,4% e 10,3%, respectivamente (P=0,5); a longo prazo, as chances de sobrevivência nos grupos foram, respectivamente, de 70,4% ± 2,9 e 56,4% ± 4,0 (P=0,001, "hazard-ratio"=1,43, ou 43% a mais de chance de óbito no grupo "SUS"). No modelo ajustado, o grupo "SUS" permaneceu com probabilidade significativamente maior de óbito (36% a mais de chance, P=0,005), demonstrando-se ainda que cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica e angioplastia melhoraram o prognóstico dos pacientes, ao passo que idade e história de infarto prévio, diabete ou insuficiência cardíaca, pioraram o prognóstico dos mesmos. CONCLUSÃO: Em relação a usuários de outros convênios, o usuário SUS apresenta mortalidade similar durante a fase hospitalar, porém tem pior prognóstico a longo prazo, reforçando a necessidade de esforços adicionais no sentido de melhorar o nível de atendimento destes pacientes após a alta hospitalar.BACKGROUND: Little is known, especially in our country, about the influence of health insurance plans on the long term outcome of patients after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). OBJECTIVE: To assess the outcome of patients with AMI who are covered by the National Health System (SUS) or other health insurance plans. METHODS: We analyzed 1,588 patients with AMI (mean age of 63.3 + 12.9 years, 71.7% male) who were included prospectively into a specific database and followed up for up to 7.55 years. Of this total, 1,003 were placed in the "SUS" group and 585 in the "other insurance plans" group. We applied chi-square, log-rank and Cox (stepwise) to the different statistical analyses. The long term multivariate model with mortality as a dependent variable included 18 independent variables. RESULTS: In-hospital mortality rates in the "other insurance plans" and "SUS" groups were 11.4% and 10.3%, respectively (p = 0.5); in the long term, survival chances in the groups were respectively, 70.4% + 2.9 and 56.4% + 4.0 (p = 0.001, hazard-ratio = 1.43, or a 43% higher chance of death in the "SUS" group). In the adjusted model, the "SUS" group had a significantly higher chance of death (a 36% higher chance, p = 0.005). Surgical revascularization and angioplasty improved the prognosis of these patients, whereas age and previous history of infarction, diabetes or heart failure worsened the prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: Relative to patients with other insurance plans, SUS users present similar mortality rates during hospital stay, but their prognosis is worse in the long term, thus reinforcing the need for additional efforts to improve the care provided to these patients after hospital discharge.

Este artigo caracteriza os hospitais filantrópicos com operadoras de planos de saúde, as operadoras em si, considerando seu nível de autonomia em relação aos hospitais e seu grau de desenvolvimento gerencial a partir de um estudo nacional. Foi constituída uma amostra aleatória de hospitais individuais e considerado o universo dos conglomerados hospitalares. Considerando as recusas e substituições restaram 112 hospitais individuais e dez conglomerados hospitalares. As operadoras de hospitais filantrópicos não operam exatamente dentro do mercado de planos, onde se encontra a maior parte das operadoras - seguradoras, empresas de medicina de grupo e cooperativas médicas. Não se constituem como operadoras típicas, mas funcionam a partir de "dentro da própria entidade ou hospital", quase sempre em condições limitadas de estruturas de gestão e com pouca autonomia em relação às entidades que as abrigam. Observa-se um peso maior dos planos individuais em relação aos produtos coletivos, diferentemente do resto do mercado, o que além de outras determinações pode também ser decorrente de sua limitada capacidade gerencial.This article describes charitable hospitals in Brazil that provide managed care and the health management organizations themselves, considering the level of autonomy by the latter in relation to the hospitals and their degree of management development, based on a nationwide study. A random sample of individual hospitals was drawn from the hospital groups. After refusals and replacements, the final sample consisted of 112 individual hospitals and 10 hospital groups. The charitable hospitals' managed care plans do no operate precisely according to the overall Brazilian health plan market, in which most of the managed care is situated in insurance companies, group medicine, and medical cooperatives. Rather than operating as typical plans, they function "inside the organization or hospital itself", almost always with a limited management infrastructure and with little autonomy in relation to the organizations harboring them. Individual plans were more common than collective products, unlike the rest of the market, which may also result from the limited management capacity of these arrangements.

BACKGROUND: The Affordable Care Act (ACA) initiated federally and state-run health insurance exchanges, or marketplaces, with health plans offering subsidies for plan members as well as coverage for essential health benefits, to help individuals, families, and small businesses find health plans that fit their specific needs. A recent study found that the value of these healthcare subsidies varied with the number of health plans in the different geographic rating areas, but that study only examined the premiums and the deductibles of those health plans. OBJECTIVES: To examine the value of subsidies of health plans, including cost-sharing for prescription drugs in the health insurance marketplace. METHODS: We have used publicly available health plan data from HealthCare.gov and from county population data obtained from the US Census Bureau in June 2015. The average-weighted premium; medical deductible; medical maximum out-of-pocket spending; and cost-sharing for generic drugs, preferred and nonpreferred brand-name drugs, and specialty drugs were calculated for the second lowest-cost silver plan in each geographic rating area. These were then compared across geographic areas with different numbers of plans to determine the value of the subsidies. We also compared the difference between the cost of the average silver plan and the second lowest-cost silver plan for each area to determine the cost to enrollees if they selected the average silver plan. RESULTS: The monetary value of the subsidies provided by health plans was lower in areas with a larger number of plans, because the second lowest-cost silver plans in these areas tended to have lower premiums and higher deductibles. For the most common type of cost-sharing for generic and for preferred brand-name drugs, plan enrollees would likely have a lower or similar copayment if they selected the average-cost silver plan instead of the second lowest-cost silver plan. However, they may end up paying approximately $8 less in copayment for nonpreferred branded drugs and approximately 4% less for coinsurance after a deductible for specialty drugs if they resided in a geographic area with fewer than 11 plans. CONCLUSION: The value of subsidies provided by the ACA-initiated health plans in the healthcare marketplace, including cost-sharing for prescription drugs, varies across geographic areas with different numbers of health plans. This suggests that potential enrollees should consider cost-sharing for prescription drugs in addition to health plans' premiums and deductibles when choosing their health plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An increasing number of medications are available to treat addictions. To understand access to addiction medications, it is essential to consider the role of private health plans. To contain medication expenditures, most U.S. health plans use cost-sharing and administrative controls, which may impact physicians' prescribing and patients' use of addiction medications. This study identified health plan approaches to manage access to and utilization of addiction medications (oral and injectable naltrexone, acamprosate, and buprenorphine).Methods: Data are from a nationally representative survey of private health plans in 2010 (n=385 plans, 935 products; response rate 89%), compared to the same survey in 2003. The study assessed formulary inclusion, prior authorization, step therapy, overall restrictiveness, and if and how health plans encourage pharmacotherapy.Results: Formulary exclusions were rare in 2010, with acamprosate excluded most often, by only 9% of products. Injectable naltrexone was covered by 96% of products. Prior authorization was common for injectable naltrexone (85%) and rare for acamprosate (3%). Step therapy policies were used only for injectable naltrexone (41%) and acamprosate (20%). Several medications were often on the most expensive tier. Changes since 2003 include fewer exclusions, yet increased use of other management approaches. Most health plans encourage use of addiction pharmacotherapy, and use a variety of methods to do so.Conclusions: Management of addiction medications has increased over time but it is not ubiquitous. However, health plans now also include all medications on formularies and encourage providers to use them, indicating that they value addiction pharmacotherapy as an evidence-based practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The leading causes of morbidity and mortality for people in high-income countries living with HIV are now non-AIDS malignancies, cardiovascular disease and other non-communicable diseases associated with ageing. This protocol describes the trial of HealthMap, a model of care for people with HIV (PWHIV) that includes use of an interactive shared health record and self-management support. The aims of the HealthMap trial are to evaluate engagement of PWHIV and healthcare providers with the model, and its effectiveness for reducing coronary heart disease risk, enhancing self-management, and improving mental health and quality of life of PWHIV.Methods/design: The study is a two-arm cluster randomised trial involving HIV clinical sites in several states in Australia. Doctors will be randomised to the HealthMap model (immediate arm) or to proceed with usual care (deferred arm). People with HIV whose doctors are randomised to the immediate arm receive 1) new opportunities to discuss their health status and goals with their HIV doctor using a HealthMap shared health record; 2) access to their own health record from home; 3) access to health coaching delivered by telephone and online; and 4) access to a peer moderated online group chat programme. Data will be collected from participating PWHIV (n = 710) at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months and from participating doctors (n = 60) at baseline and 12 months. The control arm will be offered the HealthMap intervention at the end of the trial. The primary study outcomes, measured at 12 months, are 1) 10-year risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction or coronary heart disease death as estimated by a Framingham Heart Study risk equation; and 2) Positive and Active Engagement in Life Scale from the Health Education Impact Questionnaire (heiQ).Discussion: The study will determine the viability and utility of a novel technology-supported model of care for maintaining the health and wellbeing of people with HIV. If shown to be effective, the HealthMap model may provide a generalisable, scalable and sustainable system for supporting the care needs of people with HIV, addressing issues of equity of access.Trial Registration: Universal Trial Number (UTN) U111111506489; ClinicalTrial.gov Id NCT02178930 submitted 29 June 2014. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on Integrating youth and family voice informing healthcare policies. Topics include obtaining youth voice for informing quality improvement (QI) and care design growth; learning collaborative providing opportunities sharing learnings as plans working for integrating youth perspective as advisors as QI activities.

Objetivo: Analizar la sensibilidad a las desigualdades de nivel socioeconómico (NSE) en los planes de salud en vigor de las comunidades autónomas (CCAA) del Estado español. Métodos: Revisión sistemática de 14 planes de salud. Los contenidos introductorios se denominaron «contenidos simbólicos» y las propuestas de acción «contenidos operativos». En los contenidos simbólicos se valora la presencia de desagregación por NSE del análisis de la situación de salud, de principios y valores para reducir las desigualdades y de objetivos generales enunciados con este fin (índice de sensibilidad simbólica, rango 0-3). En los contenidos operativos se evalúa la consideración del NSE en el análisis de situación y en las intervenciones propuestas. Resultados: El País Vasco y Extremadura obtuvieron el máximo índice de sensibilidad simbólica (ISS = 3). Otras 6 CCAA (Canarias, Cataluña, Castilla y León, Galicia, Murcia y Navarra) presentan ISS = 0. En cuanto a los contenidos operativos destacan el País Vasco, Galicia y Canarias por ser las CCAA que más tienen en cuenta las desigualdades de NSE. El alcohol, las drogas y la salud reproductiva son las áreas relacionadas con la salud en las que con mayor frecuencia se analiza la situación teniendo en cuenta el NSE. Conclusiones: Se pone de manifiesto la escasa atención que se presta al NSE en los planes de salud, con excepción del País Vasco. Es necesario que el Gobierno del Estado español y los de las comunidades autónomas sitúen las desigualdades en salud por NSE más claramente en la agenda política, lo que se traduciría también en su presencia en los planes de salud.Objective: To systematically examine sensitivity to socioeconomic (SE) inequalities in the policies formulated in the health plans of the Autonomous Communities of Spain. Methods: We performed a systematic review of 14 health plans. The introductory content of the health plans was called the «symbolic content» and was separated from specific interventions, or «operative content». The symbolic content was analyzed through the presence or absence of SE description of the health areas, the principles and values to reduce SE inequalities in health, and the general objectives for this topic (sensitivity index, range 0-3). To review the operative content, consideration of SE inequalities in the description of health areas and proposed interventions were evaluated. Results: The Basque Country and Extremadura had a sensitivity index of 3 for symbolic content. Six Autonomous Communities had an index of 0 (Canary Islands, Catalonia, Castilla-León, Galicia, Murcia and Navarre). Regarding operative content, the Autonomous Communities that most clearly took SE inequalities into account were the Basque Country, Galicia and the Canary Islands. The specific health-related areas most frequently analyzed according to SE inequalities were alcohol and drug consumption and reproductive health. Conclusions: This study shows that little attention is paid to SE inequalities in the health plans of the various Autonomous Communities, with the exception of the Basque Country. The national and regional governments of Spain should prioritize inequalities in health in the political agenda, which would translate into their presence in the health plans.

OBJETIVO: Identificar temáticas que promovam consenso e divergências entre médicos, enfermeiros e agentes que compõem a equipe do Programa Saúde da Família. MÉTODOS: Estudo qualitativo que utiliza grupos focais como técnica de pesquisa com agentes masculinos e femininos, médicos e enfermeiras da equipe do Programa Saúde da Família, em Teresina, PI. Foram realizadas sessões com os grupos, conduzidas por monitor e participação de observador, utilizando roteiro com as questões: inserção no programa; processo de capacitação; princípios do programa; relações com a formação e com o modelo assistencial predominante; relações entre membros da equipe e comunidade; serviços demandados e disponíveis; situação trabalhista e condições de trabalho; e fatores positivos e negativos. RESULTADOS: Temáticas gerais como trabalho na comunidade, cuidados preventivos e trabalho em equipe geraram consenso entre as três categorias de profissionais. Temas que reforçaram a divisão entre categorias foram salário, organização do processo de trabalho, relações com a comunidade, responsabilidades da equipe e estratégias de atendimento à demanda. Temas que promoveram o aparecimento de subgrupos em cada categoria foram: condições de trabalho, salário, relações com a comunidade e responsabilidades da equipe. CONCLUSÕES: Temas que evidenciaram diferenças em maior grau reforçaram as características corporativas de cada categoria, enquanto temas que promoveram o aparecimento de subgrupos foram discutidos a partir de referências externas, implicando a necessidade de definir especificidades do processo de trabalho no programa. As estratégias para atendimento às demandas da comunidade representaram temáticas emergenciais ao grupo de agentes, pois a eles coube a solução imediata para os problemas na relação comunidade e serviço.OBJECTIVE: To identify issues that promote agreement and disagreement among doctors, nurses, and health care professionals who integrate the Family Health Care Program team. METHODS: A qualitative study using focus groups was carried out. The participants were male and female health care professionals, doctors and nurses from the Family Health Care Program team in Teresina, Brazil. Group sessions were conducted by a coordinator and with the participation of an observer and the following issues were raised: insertion in the program, capacitating process, main concepts of the program, relation with the organization and the prevailing health care model, relationships between the team members and the community, required and available services, work conditions and legal work situation, positive and negative factors. RESULTS: General issues such as community work, preventive care and teamwork brought out agreement among the three categories of professionals. Issues that reinforced the disagreement of the professional categories were salary levels, relationship with the community, team responsibility, and strategies to meet the needs. Issues that promoted internal disagreement in each group were work conditions, relationship with the community and team responsibility. CONCLUSIONS: Issues that brought out more disagreement where those that reinforced the corporate aspects of each professional category, while issues that promoted internal disagreement in each group were discussed based on external references, suggesting the need for better defining specific matters in the Family Health Care Program. Strategies to meet the community needs have proven to be a matter of urgency for the health care professionals group since they are the first ones responsible for solving community health care services problems.

This study assumes that the accounting information is a vital tool in the process of control and supervision exercised by the National Health Agency - ANS providers in health plans. In this sense it was necessary to understand the key accounting issues inherent to market Health Insurance, which are evaluated by the NSA. This research sought to demonstrate how important is the quality of accounting information to health plan providers, since they may, for example, determine its continuity. In theoretical sought to address the key requirements of character accounting performed by the NSA, since there are specific issues in relation to market accounting Supplemental Health. Where accounting information produce a set of information that can be reflected, for example, the Performance Index of Health Supplements - IDSS and contribute in the process of establishment of the special fiscal direction. Thus, the present study was to understand the central focus use and evaluation of accounting information both from the perspective of ANS on the viewpoint of health insurance providers. In this literature, were used as a source of research, books, articles and official pronouncements of the ANS. Then the data analysis seeks to answer the objectives initially raised, also presenting a case study to examine the relation between accounting information reflected in IDSS 2010 with operators who entered the special direction in fiscal 2011. The result has been to demonstrate the contribution of accounting information for control and monitoring of process operators, portraying the vast universe that extends the theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Universal access to health services, predicted by the Federal Constitution, should ensure integrated care, including specialized component medications (high cost). Considering that this is one of the biggest challenges to the Unified Health System, the aim of this study was to analyze the costs of providing these drugs to users of private health plans, by the state Department of Health of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Processes requests for specialized component of the medications rejected by the State Department of Health in the first semester of 2008 were selected. Record Linkage's method was used to check with the National Health Agency, whether or not the applicants were beneficiaries of health private plans. The data showed that about 37% of the expenses on these drugs were requests from users of private plans and the median cost of these medications was higher, with a significant difference in relation to requests from users who had no plan. It was also observed that the cost of drugs requested by the Regional Health Management of Belo Horizonte was significantly higher when compared to others. We can conclude that it is necessary further studies on policy implementation of pharmaceutical care by private health plans in order to minimize public expenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As part of the process of updating the National List of Health Services in Israel, health plans (the 'payers') and manufacturers each provide estimates on the expected number of patients that will utilize a new drug. Currently, payers face major financial consequences when actual utilization is higher than the allocated budget. We suggest a risk-sharing model between the two stakeholders; if the actual number of patients exceeds the manufacturer's prediction, the manufacturer will reimburse the payers by a rebate rate of α from the deficit. In case of under-utilization, payers will refund the government at a rate of γ from the surplus budget. Our study objective was to identify the optimal early estimations of both 'players' prior to and after implementation of the risk-sharing scheme. Methods: Using a game-theoretic approach, in which both players' statements are considered simultaneously, we examined the impact of risk-sharing within a given range of rebate proportions, on players' early budget estimations. Results: When increasing manufacturer's rebate α to be over 50 %, then manufacturers will announce a larger number, and health plans will announce a lower number of patients than they would without risk sharing, thus substantially decreasing the gap between their estimates. Increasing γ changes players' estimates only slightly. Conclusion: In reaction to applying a substantial risk-sharing rebate α on the manufacturer, both players are expected to adjust their budget estimates toward an optimal equilibrium. Increasing α is a better vehicle for reaching the desired equilibrium rather than increasing γ, as the manufacturer's rebate α substantially influences both players, whereas γ has little effect on the players behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe the Medicare star rating system, created by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) in 2007; identify quality measures that can potentially be improved through collaboration between health plans and community pharmacy; provide examples of current collaboration between health plans and community pharmacy; and identify collaboration goals, challenges, components, and strategies. Data sources: National thought leaders at a conference titled CMS Star Ratings: A Stakeholder Discussion, held on March 21,2013, supplemented with related information from the literature. Summary: The Medicare star rating system is part of CMS's efforts to define, measure, and reward quality health care. Approximately one-half of the star rating performance measures can be influenced directly by community pharmacists working in conjunction with payers that must meet the quality measures. In 2012, a weighting system for star ratings was implemented. Of 10 triple-weighted ratings, 8 are related directly and indirectly to medication therapy and thus have the potential to be improved by pharmacist intervention. Plan ratings can have a substantial impact on beneficiary enrollment. Since very small improvements in performance measures can translate into large effects on star ratings, concerted efforts to improve pharmacy-related measures could move a plan to a higher star rating; conversely, inattention to areas such as high-risk medications, antidiabetic pharmacotherapy, and medication adherence could lower a plan's star rating. Topics discussed in this article include the Electronic Quality Improvement Platform for Plans and Pharmacies, or EQUIPP, the payer perspective on pharmacies, programs currently under way in community pharmacies, and ways plans and pharmacies can better collaborate with each other. Conclusion: The pharmacist's ability to work directly with patients to improve medication use is a critical factor in improving health plan Medicare star ratings. Health plans and community pharmacies must forge partnerships based on well-defined goals and innovative tactics to ensure care quality consistent with evolving public and private payment models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To validate classification of race/ethnicity based on the Bayesian Improved Surname Geocoding method ( BISG) and assess variations in validity by gender and age. Data Sources/Study Setting Secondary data on members of Kaiser Permanente Georgia, an integrated managed care organization, through 2010. Study Design For 191,494 members with self-reported race/ethnicity, probabilities for belonging to each of six race/ethnicity categories predicted from the BISG algorithm were used to assign individuals to a race/ethnicity category over a range of cutoffs greater than a probability of 0.50. Overall as well as gender- and age-stratified sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value ( PPV), and negative predictive value ( NPV) were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) curves were generated and used to identify optimal cutoffs for race/ethnicity assignment. Principal Findings The overall cutoffs for assignment that optimized sensitivity and specificity ranged from 0.50 to 0.57 for the four main racial/ethnic categories (White, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic). Corresponding sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV ranged from 64.4 to 81.4 percent, 80.8 to 99.7 percent, 75.0 to 91.6 percent, and 79.4 to 98.0 percent, respectively. Accuracy of assignment was better among males and individuals of 65 years or older. Conclusions BISG may be useful for classifying race/ethnicity of health plan members when needed for health care studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]