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Hay transfer is a promising method to restore temperate and subtropical grasslands, but its efficiency may depend on the harvesting timing and amount of hay used. We evaluated effects of harvest date (mid‐spring/November, early summer/December, and mid‐summer/February) and hay quantity (500 and 1000 g/m2) on vegetation cover, species richness, and species composition in an experimental study in subtropical southern Brazil for a period of 2 years. We transfer undried hay from a well‐conserved reference area onto a former grassland site degraded by pine plantations. Hay harvested during mid‐spring and early summer led to higher soil cover and species richness compared to the mid‐summer hay treatment in the first year of the experiment. A drought spell decreased vegetation cover in the second year following the hay transfer, with the mid‐spring hay treatment being the least affected. C3 grasses were more effectively introduced by mid‐spring and early summer hay, in contrast to C4 grasses that were better introduced by mid‐summer hay. Lower quantities of hay tended to lead to higher cover and species richness for all harvest dates. Freshly cut undried hay can be an effective way to reintroduce native species in degraded subtropical grasslands. We conclude that timing of hay collection and the amount of hay used influence vegetation cover and species composition at the restoration site and that multiple harvest dates increase restoration success. The drought in the second year of the experiment illustrates the need to consider the possibility of adverse climatic conditions in restoration planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) modeling to be trained to forecast the effects of different irrigation water levels and fertilizer doses on the hay yield and some quality traits of herbal parts of Sorghum × Sudan grass hybrid (Sorghum sudanense vs. Sorghum bicolor). The ANN model was developed on the limited field experiments implemented in Bilecik, Turkey, for 2 years in 2021 and 2022. Experiments were conducted in split-plot design with three replications. In the study, three irrigation levels (I100, I60, and I30) were placed in the main parcels, and four fertilizer levels (N0, N50, N100 and N150 kg ha−1) were placed in the sub-parcels. Irrigations were made in three critical periods according to the amount of cumulative evaporation occurring in the Class A Pan. The results showed that irrigation and fertilization are important in terms of yield and quality characteristics. The yield increased depending on the irrigation and fertilization dose, and the highest value was obtained from the I100 × N150 interaction (28.10 t ha−1). The highest protein yield was determined from the I60 × N150 (2.37 t ha−1) interaction, and the Relative Feed Value (RFV) value was determined from the I30 × N150 (92.17) interaction. Irrigation Water Use Efficiency (IWUE) and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) values increased with decreasing irrigation amount, and the highest IWUE was determined from I30 and the highest WUE was determined from I60 irrigation subjects. According to the field experiments and ANN model, the I80 irrigation with 100 kg ha−1 nitrogen doses would suit the feed yield and quality of Sorghum × Sudan grass hybrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current trends in agricultural intensification lead to degraded grasslands, requiring their restoration through native species reintroduction. Various techniques are available for harvesting seeds from donor sites. However, little is known about their performance in South American C3/C4 mixed grasslands, where studies are scarce. Their particular species composition and phenology, with different flowering periods, require specific harvest strategies. We evaluated mechanical seed harvest in a northern Uruguay grassland, part of Río de la Plata grasslands. Performance of two mechanical harvest methods (seed‐stripper and dry hay) was compared in two harvest seasons (late‐spring and mid‐summer). The evaluation considered the quantity and identity of harvested seeds, and their germination in a greenhouse. Hand collections were made to assess standing seed yield. For each seed mixture, efficiency of mechanical harvests (number of seeds and seedlings compared to hand collection), proportion of germinated seeds, species transfer relative to donor site, and composition were calculated. Results revealed trade‐offs between harvests: seed‐stripper in late‐spring presented low seed collection efficiency (2% for seeds, 5% for seedlings) and species richness (43% transfer), but high seed germination (64%), showing selectivity toward winter species; seed‐stripper in mid‐summer and dry hay in both seasons showed high seed collection efficiency (42–154% for seeds, 26–50% for seedlings) and species richness (65–80% transfer), resembling donor site, albeit lower seed germination (9–20%). Seed‐stripper performance varied between seasons, while dry hay remained consistently effective. These results are pioneering for grassland restoration in Uruguay, encouraging future studies to focus on establishment in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The list of standard abbreviations for JDS is available at adsa.org/jds-abbreviations-24. Nonstandard abbreviations are available in the Notes. We investigated the short- and long-term effects of different forage types supplemented in preweaning dairy calves on growth performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation, bacterial community, and milk production during first lactation. A total of 60 healthy 30-d-old female Holstein calves were blocked by birth date and body weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups (n = 20): normal milk and pelleted starter feeding (CON), supplemented with chopped oat hay (OAH; 75.0 g/d per calf [DM basis]), or alfalfa hay (ALF; 75.0 g/d per calf [DM basis]). The forage supplementation started when calves were 30 d old (d 1 of the experimental period) and ended when they were 73 d old (d 44 of the experimental period, when calves were weaned). Milk and feed intakes and fecal consistency scores were recorded daily. Growth performance, rumen fluid, and blood samples were collected biweekly. After weaning, all the calves were integrated with the same barn and diets. After calving, the milk production was recorded daily. During the experimental period, the OAH group had greater solid feed and total DM intakes and greater rumen pH than the CON group (P ≤ 0.04), but had lower forage intake and CP digestibility than the ALF group (P ≤ 0.04). The ALF group had higher rumen pH and blood BHB concentration (P ≤ 0.04), lower fecal score (P = 0.02), and greater ether extract digestibility (P = 0.02) than the CON group. The ALF and OAH groups had lower concentrations of ruminal total VFA (P = 0.01). Still, the ALF group had a greater proportion of acetate and a relative abundance of cellulose degradation-related bacteria (Lachnoclostridium_1 and Oribacterium) and a lower relative abundance of inflammation-related bacteria (Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-009) in the rumen compared with CON. Interestingly, the average milk production from 6 to 200 DIM was greater in the ALF group (P < 0.01), even though no significant effects were found on the rumen fermentation parameters and blood metabolites at 200 DIM. Generally, alfalfa hay supplementation in preweaning dairy calves had positive effects in the short- and long-term for rumen development, health status, and future milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article titled "Selva" recounts the author's personal journey through the Amazon rainforest with her partner Diego. The author expresses a deep admiration for the abundant plant life and diverse wildlife found in the jungle. During her exploration, she encounters a manatee and its calf, which prompts her to reflect on her own desire to have children in the future. The author also expresses a profound appreciation for the rain, which brings her a sense of liberation and happiness. The article concludes with the author reflecting on her experience and finding contentment. The text describes a personal experience of the narrator in a jungle campsite. They describe the beauty of the sunset, the sounds of nature, and the intoxicating fragrance of orchids. The narrator feels a sense of spiritual awakening and a newfound appreciation for life. They are drawn to the moon reflecting in the water and feel a strong connection to nature. The narrator decides to swim in the river and eventually transforms into a manatee, feeling a sense of freedom and belonging in the water. They embrace their new form and leave behind their human memories. The text ends with the narrator being joined by other male manatees, who recognize and accept them. [Extracted from the article]

The experiment aimed to determine the optimal harvesting period for triticale in Northwestern He'nan Province, and to study the effects of the mowing period on the agronomic traits, yield, and nutritional quality of different triticale varieties. The experiment used six varieties as experimental materials: Zhong Si 3366 (ZS3366), Zhong Si 1640 (ZS1640), Zhong Si 1257 (ZS1257), Zhong Si 1048 (ZS1048), Shi Da No. 1 (SD1), and Gan Nong No. 2 (GN2). Four harvesting treatments were set up: Jointing stage (JNT), booting stage (HD), flowering stage (FLW), and milky stage (MLK), with the JNT treatment involving a second harvest of the regrowth at the milky stage. The results showed that as the growth period progressed, the plant height and dry hay yield continued to increase overall, while fresh hay yield first increased and then decreased. The fresh hay yield was in the order of HD > JNT > FLW > MLK, and the dry hay yield was in the order of MLK > FLW > HD > JNT. As the growth period progressed, the nutritional quality of the ryegrass decreased. Compared with JNT, the crude protein content and relative feed value of MLK decreased, while the content of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber increased. The crude protein content was extremely positively correlated with moisture and feed value (P<0.01), and extremely negatively correlated with the content of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber (P<0.01). The study indicates that SD1 has a higher comprehensive evaluation at different harvesting stages compared to other varieties, and the plant height, dry hay yield, and crude protein yield during the FLW stage are all higher than those of other varieties. Considering both yield and nutritional quality, the optimal harvesting period for triticale in the Northwestern He'nan Province is the flowering stage, and the variety SD1 has outstanding comprehensive traits, making it suitable for planting and promotion in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the performance of isotropic and anisotropic diffuse models to estimate the total solar energy received on flat-plate collectors fixed on dual-axis trackers. These estimations are applied at twelve sites selected in both hemispheres with different terrain and environmental conditions. The diffuse (or transposition) models used in this study are the isotropic Liu-Jordan (L&J), Koronakis (KOR), Badescu (BAD), and Tian (TIA), and the anisotropic Hay (HAY), Reindl (REI), Klucher (KLU), Skartveit and Olseth (S&O), and Steven and Unsworth (S&U). These models were chosen because of their simplicity in the calculations and minimum number of input values. The results show that a single transposition model is not efficient for all sites; therefore, the most appropriate models are selected for each site under all, clear, intermediate, and overcast conditions in skies. On the other hand, an increase in the ground albedo in the vicinity of the solar installation can increase the annual inclined solar availability on a two-axis tracker by at least 9% on average. Further, a linear dependence of the annual inclined solar energy on the variation of the ground albedo was found. Also, a linear relationship exists between the annual diffuse-fraction and cloud-modification factor values at the 12 sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study assessed the influence of the preceding crop (crotalaria or corn) on the bromatological, digestibility and microbiological aspects of the EMBRAPA 139 black oat hay (Avena strigosa) cultivar. A randomized block design was used, with subplots divided according to time, whereby the preceding crop (crotalaria or corn) was allocated to the main plot and hay storage times (baling, 30, 60 and 90 days of storage) to the subplots, with five repetitions. Crotalaria as predecessor resulted in lower indigestible fiber and higher protein contents in black oat hay, both in acid detergent, as well as higher pH. Corn as the preceding crop provided better hay digestibility due to lower neutral detergent insoluble protein content and higher in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility. The preceding crop did not significantly affect the drying time of forage and the microorganism population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Different types of supplied roughage may cause losses in the chemical composition and digestibility of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium [Jacq.] Kunth ex Walp.) depending on their making and fed-out management. This study has summarized data from scientific studies on gliricidia and compared its nutritional value in various fed forms using a systematic review approach and principal component analysis (PCA). A robust survey of scientific papers was realized on web indexes of periodicals and databases from 1990 to 2023. Data from 100 scientific researches has been compiled and analyzed. In 40% of the trials, the gliricidia nutritional value was determined as fresh leaves, while 30% was in the form of ‘leaves + thin stems’. Gliricidia was evaluated as silage in 11% of the opportunities, followed by 10% as leaf meal and 9% as hay. Non-fiber carbohydrates, crude protein (CP), and organic matter digestibility (OM) had negative correlations with neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin. Only NDF, ADF, and CP contents could explain 71% of the total data variation (PC1 and PC2). There was no discrimination among fed forms, so they showed similar nutrient compositions. Eventual nutrient losses reported in the scientific researches owing to ensilage, haymaking, and leaf meal-making processes do not mischaracterize the gliricidia nutritional value. The assorted manners of roughage making, and fed-out management traditionally performed by farmers can conserve the excellent nutritional quality of gliricidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) is one of the primary perennial forages in the southeastern USA. Newer hybrid cultivars have superior production and nutritive value compared to common ecotypes. However, there are many challenges facing bermudagrass production in the region. First, the bermudagrass stem maggot (BSM; Atherigona reversura Villeneuve) has severely damaged bermudagrass throughout the region. Strategically timed pyrethroid applications significantly reduce adult BSM populations, but efforts are needed to develop integrated pest management plans. Second, an increasing number of producers are noting challenges with green‐up following winter dormancy. This may be attributed to disease, unbalanced soil fertility, and weed pressure. Perhaps one of the most limiting factors for continued production is the deficit of sprigs and trained personnel to sprig hybrid bermudagrasses. This research is critically important as the need for cold‐tolerant bermudagrass is increasing as tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbyshire) is declining due to changes in temperature and precipitation throughout the northern parts of the region. Plant breeders are investigating hybrid bermudagrass at latitudes >35° with respect to freeze or cold tolerance. Despite the many challenges facing hybrid bermudagrass in the southeastern USA, researchers are working to ensure its persistence, productivity, and availability for the future.

Although evidence is sporadic it is becoming clear that haymaking and hay meadow management were likely indispensable elements of practices related to animal husbandry during the Roman period. As large towns begin to emerge, success in breeding large livestock such as cattle and horses would have required good quality fodder. Yet, how we distinguish fodder or other animal associated plant remains in the archaeological record can be problematic for many reasons. This paper explores this issue through the context of Roman Mursa, located in modern day Osijek, Croatia. Two pits dating to c. AD133, contained relatively large quantities of grassland and wet ground species, such as Trifolium/Melilotus sp. Prunella vulgaris and the grasses Poa sp. and Phleum sp., as well as chaff and other remains, such as dung, eggshells, and fish scales. By examining the proportion of species grouped into habitat types, we see that the composition of sample SU391 is indictive of hay meadows and could indicate nearby animal stabling in the centre of the early Roman colony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) seeds intake on liver tissue transcriptome in growing Angus × Simmental steers and heifers through RNA-seq analysis. Normal weaned calves (~8 months old) received either endophyte-free tall fescue (E-; n = 3) or infected tall fescue (E+; n = 6) seeds for a 30-d period. The diet offered was ad libitum bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) hay combined with a nutritional supplement of 1.61 kg (DM basis) of E+ or E- tall fescue seeds, and 1.61 kg (DM basis) of energy/protein supplement pellets for a 30-d period. Dietary E+ tall fescue seeds were included in a rate of 20 μg of ergovaline/kg BW/day. Liver tissue was individually obtained through biopsy at d 30. After preparation and processing of the liver samples for RNA sequencing, we detected that several metabolic pathways were activated (i.e., upregulated) by the consumption of E+ tall fescue. Among them, oxidative phosphorylation, ribosome biogenesis, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and apoptosis, suggesting an active mechanism to cope against impairment in normal liver function. Interestingly, hepatic protein synthesis might increase due to E+ consumption. In addition, there was upregulation of "thermogenesis" KEGG pathway, showing a possible increase in energy expenditure in liver tissue due to consumption of E+ diet. Therefore, results from our study expand the current knowledge related to liver metabolism of growing beef cattle under tall fescue toxicosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of haymaking is to dry forage adequately to inhibit the growth of undesirable microbes and halt residual plant enzymatic activity that causes nutrient losses. During the field and storage phases of haymaking, the environment, management practices, and other factors influence the extent of dry matter losses. This review discusses these factors and the strategies that have been developed to mitigate nutrient losses. A major emphasis was placed on hay microbiome dynamics, as it has been scarcely studied despite its importance on nutrient losses during storage and harvest, especially under humid conditions. The effects of cutting height, mower type, and swath manipulation on soil contamination were discussed. Also, the impact of environmental conditions and swath manipulation on wilting time was analysed for humid and arid conditions. Special attention was given to design improvements in harvesting equipment to reduce wilting time and field losses. Furthermore, we assessed the nutrient losses during storage caused by microbial and residual plant enzymatic activity resulting from excessive moisture at baling or re‐introduced moisture during storage. The spoilage extent during storage depends on bale moisture, size, density, shape, wrapping, forage type, and storage facilities. A Venn diagram analysis showed that each phase of haymaking process has a unique microbiome and that certain fungal and bacterial genera could be shared across more than one hay production phase. To take corrective actions, hay producers need to be aware of the increased susceptibility to nutrient losses associated with particular field and storage practices, environmental conditions, and forage types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A study was conducted to quantify the performance differences of the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration models developed with different degrees of hay sample preparations. Methods: A total of 227 imported alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and another 360 imported timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay samples were used to develop calibration models for nutrient value parameters such as moisture, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, crude protein, and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Spectral data of hay samples prepared by milling into 1-mm particle size or unground were separately regressed against the wet chemistry results of the abovementioned parameters. Results: The performance of the developed NIRS calibration models was evaluated based on R², standard error, and ratio percentage deviation (RPD). The models developed with ground hay were more robust and accurate than those with unground hay based on calibration model performance indexes such as R² (coefficient of determination), standard error, and RPD. Although the R² of calibration models was mainly greater than 0.90 across the feed value indexes, the R² of cross-validations was much lower. The R² of cross-validation varies depending on feed value indexes, which ranged from 0.61 to 0.81 in alfalfa, and from 0.62 to 0.95 in timothy. Estimation of feed values in imported hay can be achievable by the calibrated NIRS. However, the NIRS calibration models must be improved by including a broader range of imported hay samples in the modeling. Conclusion: Although the analysis accuracy of NIRS was substantially higher when calibration models were developed with ground samples, less sample preparation will be more advantageous for achieving rapid delivery of hay sample analysis results. Therefore, further research warrants investigating the level of sample preparations compromising analysis accuracy by NIRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa L.) is a valuable forage plant that is drought-resistant and has good nutritional value. However, for many years, various rootworms that damaged sainfoin have caused a decrease in its cultivation areas, and a variety resistant to rootworms has yet to be developed in scientific research. Local populations are of great importance to studies aiming to one day develop resistant varieties. This research aimed to determine the hay yield, forage quality, morphological characteristics, and rootworm infestation of local sainfoin genotypes from six villages in the Erzurum Province of Türkiye. The research took place in 2017, and forage yield, forage quality, some plant characteristics, and the rootworm infestation of local sainfoin genotypes were examined between 2018 and 2021. According to the data obtained from the study, yield, forage quality, morphological characteristics, and the rootworm infestation of local sainfoin genotypes showed significant changes according to year and genotype. Sainfoin is a high-yielding crop in the first three years after sowing; the dry hay yield decreases after this period. This study revealed that local sainfoin genotypes have a strong potential for developing new varieties. For this reason, breeding should be initiated using populations from Aribahçe and Göztepe, which have high yields, and Güneyköy, where rootworm infestation is not found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a growing export and local market, sheep farming is critical to the economy of smallholder farmers; however, indigenous sheep breeds usually exhibit low carcass output and live weight due to nutritional constraints. The study aimed to investigate the impact of supplementing local sheep with dawri‐damaa leaf meal (DDLM) on their performance, carcass characteristics, and profitability when fed native grass hay. The research used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to administer four feeding treatments (T1, T2, T3, and T4 at 0%, 30%, 50%, and 70% DDLM, respectively) to 20 local uncastrated male lambs having an average 23.72 ± 0.73 kg body weight and average age of 11.72 ± 0.74 months. Greater doses of DDLM in the diet resulted in greater average daily gain (ADG) of 51.4–83.8 g/day and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) of 0.066–0.089 in lambs, compared to 15.0 g/day ADG and 0.025 FCE in lambs under control diet (T1). Additionally, the lambs had increased slaughter body weight (SBW), empty body weight (EBW), and hot carcass weight (HCW) in T4 and T3 compared to other treatments (p <.05). There were no significant differences in dressing percentages (DPs) across any treatment group. The study also discussed the economic viability of supplementing with DDLM, suggesting that feeding 70% daily dry matter of DDLM at 2.5% live weight might be beneficial depending on availability, access, and cost factors. In conclusion, feeding DDLM up to 70% has improved the performance of sheep and is economically feasible. Further research might be required to discover whether such levels of inclusion are harmful and apply different processing methods for feeding animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sainfoin species (Onobrychis spp.) have been employed for centuries as an essential forage for ruminant animals, both for grazing and as hay. The seeds produced by sainfoin have also been investigated as an animal feed source and were indicated to be a particularly protein‐rich supplement for monogastric animals. This study explores the effects of two sainfoin seed inclusion rates in rat diets compared to a control diet, focusing on blood biochemical parameters and a comprehensive histopathological evaluation of multiple organ systems. Thus, we provide a novel contribution to the body of evidence investigating sainfoin seeds as a protein supplement in monogastric animal diets. In this 21‐day experiment, seven rats each were assigned to the control group, a 5% sainfoin seed group, and a 10% sainfoin seed group. The control group received standard feed and water; the second group received feed with 5% sainfoin seeds; and the third group received feed with 10% sainfoin seeds. At the experiment's end, necropsies and evaluations were conducted. Histopathological exams revealed normal organ structures in all 21 samples, regardless of the group. Blood analysis showed statistically significant decreases in creatine, ALT, P, Ca, and Mg levels in the sainfoin seed groups compared to the control group, with most values nearing reference levels, suggesting potential benefits. Notably, no adverse effects were observed when sainfoin seeds were included at 5% and 10% in the rat feed. These findings contribute to a growing body of research investigating the inclusion of sainfoin seeds in monogastric animal diets, which is a foundational component of assessing sainfoin's potential as a novel pulse crop for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the consumption and behavior of recently weaned foals receiving different sources of roughage. Twenty recently weaned foals of the Mangalarga Marchador breed, with an average of 6 months and 135.9kg, were distributed into four groups: corn silage (CS), conventional hay (HAY), pelleted hay (PELET), and haylage (HL). The diets were formulated to meet the requirements of the category and were isoproteic and isoenergetic. The experimental period lasted 110 days, with the first 35 days of adaptation. The dry matter intake was manually measured at the beginning, middle, and end of the twenty foals experiment, and the ingestion and ingestive behavior of ten foals were also evaluated in an automated way (Intergado®). Two behavioral assessments were also performed (START and END) through visual observations at 5-minute intervals for 24 hours. Ingestion and behavior results were analyzed in a randomized block design (RBD) with split plots, and the results recorded by the Intergado® electronic feeder were analyzed in RBD, and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% of significance. The lowest forage dry matter (FDMI) and total (TDMI) intakes throughout the experiment were from the CS treatment and the highest was from the HAY Similar results were found for FDMI measured by the Intergado® feeder (FDMIi). At the START, the CS and PELET treatments provided the lowest times consuming roughage and the longest times standing idle and performing stereotypical behavior. At the END, the same treatments provided the shortest times in social interaction and the longest times performing stereotypic behavior. PELET continued to be the treatment with the shortest time-consuming roughage. Thus, CS should not be used as a roughage base in diets for recently weaned foals, as it results in lower FDMI and lower TDMI, resulting in longer idle times and higher frequency of stereotypic behavior. The pelleted hay should be used with caution, because in addition to causing less consumption time, longer idle time, and greater frequency of stereotypic behavior, it can cause colic. • Corn silage provides foals with lower forage consumption and greater frequency of stereotypic behavior. • Pelleted hay provides longer idle time and a greater frequency of stereotypic behavior. • Corn silage should not be used as a roughage base in diets for newly weaned foals. • Pelleted hay should be used with caution, especially in ad libitum consumption. • Hay and haylage of Tifton 85 can be used in diets for newly weaned foals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes the combustion of pellets and briquettes made of plant biomass in low-power heating devices powered periodically with fuel being placed on the grate, as well as after modification using an automatic fuel feeding system in the gutter burner. The use of herbaceous biomass in the form of pellets in low-power heating devices with automatic fuel feeding and combustion in a gutter burner is not widely promoted and popular. Therefore, this study used four types of herbaceous waste biomass (wheat straw, rye straw, oat straw and hay) and one type of woody waste biomass (birch sawdust) for testing. The basic chemical characteristics were determined for the raw materials. After appropriate preparation, the selected starting materials were subjected to briquetting and pelleting processes. Selected physical properties were also determined for the obtained biofuels. Biofuels made from birch sawdust had the lowest heat value (16.34 MJ·kg−1), although biofuels made from wheat, rye and hay straw had a slightly lower calorific value, respectively: 16.29; 16.28 and 16.26 MJ·kg−1. However, the calorific value of oat straw biofuels was only 15.47 MJ kg−1. Moreover, the ash content for herbaceous biomass was 2–4 times higher than for woody biomass. Similar differences between herbaceous and woody biomass were also observed for the nitrogen and sulfur content. To burn the prepared biofuels, a domestic grate-fired biomass boiler was used, periodically fed with portions of fuel in the form of pellets or briquettes (type A tests), which was then modified with a gutter burner enabling the automatic feeding of fuel in the form of pellets (type B tests). During the combustion tests with simultaneous timing, the concentration of CO2, CO, NO and SO2 in the exhaust gases was examined and the temperature of the supplied air and exhaust gases was measured. The stack loss (qA), combustion efficiency index (CEI) and toxicity index (TI) were also calculated. The research shows that the use of automatic fuel feeding stabilizes the combustion process. The combustion process is balanced between herbaceous and woody biomass biofuels. Disparities in CO2, CO and Tgas emissions are decreasing. However, during type B tests, an increase in NO emissions is observed. At the same time, the research conducted indicates that the combustion of herbaceous biomass pellets with their automatic feeding into the combustion chamber is characterized by an increase in combustion efficiency, indicating that when the combustion process is automated, they are a good replacement for wood biofuels—both pellets and briquettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of forage inclusion and sources on performance, metabolism, and feeding behavior of dairy calves. Forty-eight Holstein calves were blocked and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments according to sex and BW at 28 d of life to determine the effects of feeding forage sources (ensiled and dry), with different quality on performance, metabolites, and behavior. Treatments consisted of a no-forage coarsely ground starter (CON); or total mixed ration (TMR) containing 7.5% on a dry matter (DM) basis of Tifton hay of either medium quality (MH) or low quality (LH); or 10% on a DM basis of corn silage (CS). During the first 28 d of life, all calves received 3 L of whole milk twice daily, a commercial pelleted starter and no forage, and water ad libitum. After that, the solid diet was changed to the respective dietary treatments. Calves were gradually weaned from 52 to 56 d of age, and followed for 14 d postweaning. Individual solid feed and milk intakes were recorded daily, and BW and metabolic indicators of intermediate metabolism were recorded weekly. Behavior was recorded, and the analysis was conducted on wk 7 (preweaning) and 10 (postweaning). Solid feed intake increased at wk 7 and 8 when MH, LH, and CS were included in TMR; the same results were observed postweaning. The diets did not affect the average daily gain and BW, but the feed efficiency increased with the CON diet. The β-hydroxybutyrate concentration was greater in calves receiving TMR-containing forage than CON diet. Furthermore, calves supplemented with forage had a greater rumination time. In conclusion, all forage sources included in the TMR showed feed intake and behavior benefits, reinforcing the need for fiber from forage in pre- and postweaning diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) is one of the primary perennial forages in the southeastern USA. Newer hybrid cultivars have superior production and nutritive value compared to common ecotypes. However, there are many challenges facing bermudagrass production in the region. First, the bermudagrass stem maggot (BSM; Atherigona reversura Villeneuve) has severely damaged bermudagrass throughout the region. Strategically timed pyrethroid applications significantly reduce adult BSM populations, but efforts are needed to develop integrated pest management plans. Second, an increasing number of producers are noting challenges with green‐up following winter dormancy. This may be attributed to disease, unbalanced soil fertility, and weed pressure. Perhaps one of the most limiting factors for continued production is the deficit of sprigs and trained personnel to sprig hybrid bermudagrasses. This research is critically important as the need for cold‐tolerant bermudagrass is increasing as tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) S. J. Darbyshire) is declining due to changes in temperature and precipitation throughout the northern parts of the region. Plant breeders are investigating hybrid bermudagrass at latitudes >35° with respect to freeze or cold tolerance. Despite the many challenges facing hybrid bermudagrass in the southeastern USA, researchers are working to ensure its persistence, productivity, and availability for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the synergistic effects of prebiotics containing galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and/or mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), essential oil blend (EOB), and onion peel (OPE) on fermentation characteristics using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) system. Three rumen-cannulated, non-lactating Holstein Friesian cows were the inoculum donors. The substrate used for the study was a total mixed ration (TMR), which consisted of corn silage, alfalfa hay, and concentrate at 6:2:2, respectively. Sixteen fermentation vessels were randomly allotted to four treatments with four replicates each over a 9-day period in a completely randomized design. The treatments assessed include: control [TMR only], GEO [TMR + GOS + EOB + OPE], MEO [TMR + MOS + EOB + OPE], and OLEO [TMR + OLG + EOB + OPE]. OLG comprises GOS and MOS in equal proportion. EOB was included at 3 µL/g, while OPE, GOS, MOS, and OLG were added at 30 mg/g TMR. Results showed that pH, gas volume, effluent volume, and ammonia-N were not affected (p > 0.05) by the different additives. Similarly, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nutrient digestibility were not affected by the treatments. Compared to the control, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were decreased (p < 0.05) by 14.8, 10.8, and 8.5% with GEO, MEO, and OLEO inclusion, respectively, while the molar proportion of acetate was increased (p = 0.011) by 3.3, 1.1, and 3.8% with GEO, MEO, and OLEO inclusion, respectively. MEO increased isobutyrate (p = 0.001) and branched chain VFA (p = 0.013) contents; however, GEO and OLEO inclusion reduced them. Overall, the interaction of EOB, OPE, GOS, and/or MOS did not affect nutrient digestibility or GHG emissions but reduced VFA production. Further research is recommended to assess the dose effect of the additives on GHG emissions and VFA production; and to determine the long-term effects of these interventions on the rumen microbiome and animal performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was hypothesised that hay type will affect feed intake and growth with significant interactions between breeds of sheep. Ten rams aged between 18 and 24 months and weighing 24.70, 25.50 and 24.75 each of Balami, Uda and Yankasa indigenous breeds of sheep in a complete randomised design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement were used. The rams were fed Brachiaria decumbens or Digitaria smutsii hay supplemented with concentrate at 1 % of their body weight. The trial lasted 90 days after 14 days adjustment period to the diets. Individual animal basal and supplementary concentrate feed intakes were recorded daily and liveweights were measured fortnightly. Data were analysed using SAS. Results of breed effect showed that Balami and Uda had significantly (P<0.05) higher values for most of the parameters measured while the effect of hay showed that rams fed Digitaria smutsii hay had significantly (P<0.05) higher feed intake and weight gain than their counterparts fed Brachiaria decumbens hay. The interaction effect also revealed that Balami had significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain and feed conversion ratio while Yankasa had the lowest (P>0.05). It is therefore concluded from this study that feeding D. smutsii hay to rams gave better results than feeding B. decumbens hay. Hence, it is recommended that feeding D. smutsii hay can be effectively used in a feedlot production system for growing rams during a 90-day feedlot period. Furthermore, the detected interaction effect of hay type level with breed permits working choices of improving the ability to grow rams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐quality forages can benefit from being harvested as baleage when the environmental conditions are not favorable for dry hay production. Currently, it is recommended that baleage should be fed within 9‐months post‐harvest; however, mild winters can reduce the demand for these stored forages. Data are limited on the changes in nutritive value of baleage stored beyond the recommended timepoint. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effect of storage length on nutritive value of forage harvested and stored as baleage. This study evaluated baleage harvested from 2016 to 2018 in Tifton, GA, consisting of either bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.), or a mixture of bermudagrass and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Baleage was sampled for nutritive value analysis at 6‐weeks and 9‐ and 12‐months post‐harvest, with a subset of bales sampled at 24 months. Regardless of forage, crude protein, total digestible nutrients, and in‐vitro dry matter digestibility at 48 h were not impacted in bales sampled up to 12‐months post‐harvest (p > 0.07). However, acid detergent fiber increased when baleage was stored beyond 6 weeks but did not change from 9 to 12 months (p < 0.01). In the subset of bales stored up to 24‐months post‐harvest, all nutritive value parameters evaluated were negatively impacted (p < 0.01). The prolonged storage period may negatively affect the baleage plastic integrity, resulting in a decline in nutritive value if anaerobic conditions are not maintained. Future research is warranted to evaluate the changes in the fermentation profile of baleage under extended storage conditions. Plain Language Summary: High quality forages can benefit from being harvested as baleage when the environmental conditions are not favorable for dry hay production. Currently, it is recommended that baleage should be fed within 9‐months post‐harvest; however, mild winters can reduce the demand for these stored forages. Data are limited on the changes in nutritive value of baleage stored beyond the recommended timepoint. Therefore, the objective was to determine the effect of storage length on nutritive value of forage harvested and stored as baleage. Baleage was sampled at four timepoints: 6‐weeks and 9‐, 12‐, and 24‐months post‐harvest. Nutritive value of baleage was not negatively impacted for storage up to 12 months. Storage up to 24 months reported a drop in nutritive value likely due to ability to maintain bale integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of giant cactus harvest time and the inclusion of pigeon pea hay in improving the ensiling process and the nutritional composition of cactus silage. In total, 40 polyvinyl chloride-PVC mini-silos (10 × 40 cm) were used. Mini-silos were distributed in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, referent to 2 harvest times (18 and 24 months) and 5 levels (0, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%) of pigeon pea hay inclusion in a randomized design. Effluent losses (p < 0.001) showed a negative linear effect as the inclusion of pigeon pea hay increased. Gas losses (p < 0.001), dry matter (DM) recovery (p < 0.001), and pH (p < 0.001) revealed the interactive effects between the pigeon pea hay inclusion and the harvest time. The DM content was higher in the giant cactus harvested at 24 months. The difference in nutritional composition promoted by the harvest time did not affect the silage quality. The gradual inclusion of pigeon pea hay improved the fermentative and bromatological characteristics of giant cactus silage. It is important to highlight that the inclusion of pigeon pea hay contributed to the increase in pH without affecting the necessary acidity for ideal conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aminopyralid (2-pyridine carboxylic acid, 4-amino-3, 6-dichloro-2-pyridine carboxylic acid) is an auxin herbicide that has been used widely to control broadleaf weeds in pasture and hay fields. With no post-application withdrawal time, aminopyralid absorbed into forage material can contaminate compost feed stocks such as hay, grass bedding material, and manure. Composts derived from such feed stocks raises concerns about after-effect injuries to sensitive crops by residual aminopyralids. Biochar (BC) additive may affect the composting process and immobilizes organic pollutants. This study examined the effect of composting dairy manure/sawdust 1:1 mixture containing 10 ppb (wet) of aminopyralid with 0%, 2%, 4%, and 10% (w/w) BC levels on chemical and biological characteristics of compost, residual aminopyralid concentration, and intensity of plant injury to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants after composting in 140 L plastic rotary drum reactors for two 6-month cycles. Biochar addition decreased organic matter degradation and intensified reduction in residual aminopyralid levels in a dose-dependent manner. Composting with BC concentrated more N, P, and K, caused mild plant injuries, and increased the above ground biomass compared to the no BC incorporation. Addition of BC for composting aminopyralid-contaminated dairy manure can increase the phyto safety level of compost while enhancing the key fertilizer values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of hay feeding devices, such as the use of hay nets or slow feeders, can help with the management of weight in ponies; however, there is still a lack of knowledge regarding their effect on equine posture. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of different feeding devices on the posture of ponies using morphometric analysis. Two different breed types, Shetland type (SH, n = 5) versus Welsh Cob type (WC, n = 4), were fed the same forage in four different ways: on the ground (G), using a fully filled haynet (HF), using a partially filled haynet (HL) and using a slow‐feeder hay box (HB). Video recordings were obtained and then geometric morphometric analysis was applied. Breed morphology was confirmed by body morphometric measurements. Data were analysed statistically using one‐way ANOVA, canonical variate analysis (CVA), principal component analysis (PCA), partial least‐squares (PLS) analysis and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Moreover, a mixed model was performed to study differences in mandibular angle. SH and WC ponies were shown to have significantly different body morphometric measurements. The geometric morphometric analysis results showed that ponies arch their back and modify their neck shape differently according to the feeding method and their morphological group. For the neck, the SH and WC ponies adapted similarly to the use of small‐holed hay nets, but their posture varied when feeding from the ground or hay box. The back postures consistently differed according to the breed type and feeding method. The mandibular angle for both breed types was reduced with all the feeding devices compared to feeding from the ground. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long‐term effects of slow‐feeding devices on posture and mandibular angle, taking into consideration animals with different morphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumination is reported to be more pronounced in sheep compared to goats. This study compared the feeding and rumination behaviour of small ruminants and consisted of two experiments (E1 and E2). In E1, four sheep and four goats were offered low‐quality hay (NDFom: 692 g/kg dry matter [DM]), processed to two chop lengths (long hay [LH]: 35 mm; short hay [SH]: 7 mm) in a 2 × 2 factorial (2 species × 2 chop lengths), cross‐over design. In E2, the same animals were offered moderate‐quality hay (NDFom: 636 g/kg DM) processed as LH and SH. Hay was offered for ad libitum consumption. Feeding and rumination behaviour was evaluated using video recordings. Aspects of rumination like chewing frequency were evaluated for 30 min per day. Faecal samples were analysed for faecal‐N and particle size. There was no species effect on feed intake and organic matter digestibility (faecal N as proxy); however, goats consumed more LH than SH in E1 and E2. There was an effect of species on rumination:eating duration (R:E) ratio (higher in sheep) in E1 but not in E2, where there was a tendency for a species effect on rumination duration. In E1 and E2, sheep had a higher R:E ratio for SH than for LH. For rumination behaviour, there was a species effect for number of daily boli, chewing frequency and chews per day (more in sheep) in E1 and E2. No effect of species was found for faecal particle size. Despite much concordance, feed comminution behaviour differed in some aspects between sheep and goats. In an evolutionary context, a shift of significance of rumination could be triggered by a higher amount of abrasives in natural diets of sheep, rendering a shift of chewing towards ruminally prewashed material a rewarding strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Seasonal variations between the rain and dry seasons are the main obstacle to agricultural productivity in tropical regions, making it essential to conserve surplus for periods of scarcity. One of the limiting factors in ensiling grasses is moisture, requiring the use of additives or withering. Using a mixture of grasses and legumes can be an alternative to balance the advantages and disadvantages of both in the ensiling process, and mata-pasto hay (MPH) can be an option. Aims: This study evaluated different forms of Tanzania grass (Megathyrsus maximum) and MPH silages, as well as silages with increasing levels of MPH. Methods: Silages of Tanzania grass and MPH in their natural form, as well as silages with increasing doses of MPH, were evaluated for nutritional value, degradability in situ. The microbiology was also evaluated. Key results: Among the types of silages, natural MPH and wilted MPH were superior to natural Tanzania grass silage. The use of MPH in Tanzania grass silages improves fermentation processes, the population of beneficial microorganisms, resulting in better nutritional value of these silages. Conclusions: Natural and wilted MPH hay silages are qualitatively better compared to natural Tanzania grass silage. Increasing doses of MPH improve the quality of the silage. A recommended dose is 30% of MPH hay. Implications: Adding MPH to silages is a way to reduce the negative impacts of this weed on pastures. However, further studies with the use of complementary additives are needed. The seasonality between the rainy and dry seasons is a challenge for tropical agriculture. This study evaluated different forms of ensiling Tanzania grass (Megathyrsus maximum) and forest pasture hay (FPH) aiming to improve the conservation and nutritional value of silages. Results showed that the use of 30% FPH improved the fermentative processes and the nutritional value of the silages. This strategy can reduce the negative impacts of weeds on pastures, although further research is needed for complementary additives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This experiment was conducted in the Research and Application Field of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Agriculture, during the 2020 and 2021 summer period. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of different harvesting heights on forage yields and crude ash, fat, protein, and carbon and nitrogen content of leaves and stalks of sweet sorghum (SS) and sorghum sudangrass hybrid (SSH) cultivars. Methods: Nutri Honey and Nutrima varieties of SSH and the M81-E and Topper-76 varieties of SS were used in this study. The experiment was conducted using the randomized complete block design with four replications. The main plots each included two early and late varieties of SS and SSH cultivars, while the subplots were used to test different harvesting heights (30, 60, 90, 120, 150 cm) and physiological parameters of each crop. Results: The results of this study showed that dry forage yields increased with plant growth, with the amount of forage produced at the end of the growth cycle increasing 172.2% compared to the early growth stages. Carbon (C) content of leaves decreased by 6.5%, nitrogen (N) by 46%, crude protein (CP) by 54%, crude fat (CF) by 34%, while crude ash (CA) content increased by 6% due to the increase in plant height harvest. At the same time, in parallel with the increase in plant height at harvest, the nitrogen content of the stems of the plants decreased by 87%, crude protein by 65%, crude ash by 33% and crude fat by 41%, while the carbon content increased by 4%. As plant height at harvest increased, hay yield increased but nutrient contents of the hay decreased. However, the Nutrima, Nutri Honey and M81-E sorghum cultivars, harvested three times at heights of 90 to 120 cm, are recommended for the highest yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The foliage of the tree Brosimum alicastrum is widely employed by small farmers in Latin America to supplement cattle, sheep and goats during the dry season. Foliage is manually cut, and the branches are chopped and fed directly, being highly palatable to ruminant species. The foliage remains green throughout the year, and the tree can be defoliated twice per year. Cattle can also directly browse the foliage from the tree, but it is mostly used in cut and carry systems and transported in carts to farms. The experiment hereby described showed that the crude protein fraction of the foliage of B. alicastrum is highly fermentable in the rumen, supplying nitrogen for growth of the microbial population. As the percent of foliage of B. alicastrum in the ration was increased, dry matter intake by sheep was concomitantly increased, as was the rate of the passage of digesta through the rumen and the supply of microbial nitrogen to the small intestine. The foliage of B. alicastrum is a valuable feedstuff for ruminants in the tropics and can be used as a cheap source of protein during the critical periods of the year to improve weight gain and milk yield in a sustainable way. An experiment was carried out to assess the effect of the incorporation of sun-dried foliage of Brosimum alicastrum into rations based on hay of Megathyrsus maximus on intake, rumen fermentation, kinetics of passage, microbial nitrogen supply to the small intestine, apparent digestibility in Pelibuey hair sheep. Four rations were randomly allotted to four rumen-cannulated lambs (BW = 37.4 ± 4.9 kg) using a 4 × 4 Latin square design to assess the effect of increasing levels (0, 15, 30 and 45% DM basis) of foliage of Brosimum alicastrum on a basal ration of M. maximus. Organic matter intake and water consumption increased linearly (p < 0.01) with increasing levels of B. alicastrum in the ration. The rate and potential extent of rumen fermentation of OM and CP of B. alicastrum were 10.6%/h and 86.6% and 11.4%/h and 95.2%, respectively, but no effect (p > 0.05) was found on the potential rumen degradation of DM (40.2%) or on the rate of degradation of DM (0.033%/h) of M. maximus, although a positive effect was found in the rumen degradation rate of NDF (p < 0.05). VFA and ammonia concentration in the rumen and the rate of passage of solids and liquids through the rumen (k1) increased linearly (p < 0.01) with increasing levels of B. alicastrum. Rumen pH was not affected by the incorporation of B. alicastrum (p > 0.05). Microbial nitrogen supply to the small intestine (p < 0.001), apparent digestibility of dry matter (p < 0.01) and NDF (p < 0.05) of the rations were also significantly increased as a result of the incorporation of B. alicastrum foliage. Results from this experiment suggest that the foliage of Brosimum alicastrum can be readily incorporated at around 30% of the ration of dry matter in hair sheep with beneficial effects on feed intake, rate of passage and microbial N supply to the lower tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alfalfa harvest time is determined by the alfalfa growth stage and the weather factors at that time, which will affect the yield and quality of the alfalfa hay. Addressing issues like the lack of precise harvesting timing and underutilized production potential of lucerne, this study is based on the internal(fall dormancy level, crude protein, acid, neutral detergent fiber, relative feed value) and external factors(air temperature, precipitation, wind speed, ground temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation) affecting the quality of lucerne, as well as the relevant experimental data of the existing literature and the weather factors within 24 h after the lucerne harvest.Using principal component analysis to calculate the weights of the above indicators, the harvest suitability score formula was constructed to determine the harvesting time, harvesting method and harvesting stubble. Huanghua City was used as an example to confirm the method's effectiveness in guiding for determining the optimal harvest date of lucerne in the city. Key findings include the following: The hay quality of the first two crops of alfalfa in Huanghua City was higher than that of the third and fourth crops, and the optimal harvest stage of alfalfa was before the precipitation concentration period, which was consistent with other local research results and weather characteristics, and the method was feasible. Precipitation was the most significant factor affecting the lucerne harvest. The effects of other weather factors on hay quality varied with precipitation conditions. The temperature was the second important factor when daily precipitation is less than 1 mm, and the wind speed became the second important factor when the daily precipitation is less than 10 mm and more than 1 mm. Under low suitability and high precipitation, it may be advisable to convert hay harvest to silage to maximize economic benefits. This research could help agricultural decision-makers to develop precise harvesting strategies, and further improve lucerne production efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out on the economic efficiency of three herds of the Awassi breed for the period 2021-2023. The animals included in the study amounted to 986 animals in 2021, and 996 animals in 2023. The results of the survey show that during the survey period, herd renovations were carried out at the rate of 32.4%. By the same percentage, the number of rams was reduced, which significantly exceeded those required for the herds and made production more expensive. All natural indicators have been improved. Milk produced for the study period increased by 28.22%, but the established milk yield of 126 liters was below the requirements of the breeding program of 160 liters per milking period. The fertility of the breed increased and reached values of 144% with the requirements set in the breeding program at 110%. The live mass of lambs for sale increased by 4%, but the purchase price increased by 37.49% per 1 kg. On average, farm income increased by 33.35% and expenditure by 27.62%. The increase in costs was due to the higher prices of fodder, which, with the exception of alfalfa hay in the village of Tankovo, was purchased from other farms. In 2021, minimal profit was realized, and in 2023, there was satisfactory profitability, but with a low value of income and expenses. The results of the study prove that farmers experience a dire need of land for the production of animal feed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document summarizes a court case published in Actualidad Jurídica Ambiental, which involves a legal challenge to the approval of a plan for a large commercial establishment in Valle de Egües, Navarra, Spain. The challengers argue that the plan violates regulations regarding residential use, territorial planning, and emissions criteria. The court ultimately rules in favor of the challengers, annulling the plan's approval. The document also discusses the broader context of commercial regulations in Navarra and the impact of the European Directive on Services. It references a specific court case, STSJ NA 825/2023, which exemplifies the application of legislation prioritizing the protection of the urban environment and surroundings when establishing large commercial establishments. [Extracted from the article]

This document summarizes a court case in Navarra, Spain, regarding the authorization of a wind energy project. The court ruled in favor of the regional government, stating that the project was not illegally divided and that the government had the authority to approve it. The court also dismissed concerns about the impact on bird species and protected areas. The court concluded that the wind farms should be considered as separate projects but acknowledged their shared infrastructure. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a summary of a court case, specifically the Supreme Court's ruling on March 12, 2024, regarding urban planning and environmental evaluation. The case involved a dispute over the approval of a Special Plan for the Logistics Activities Zone (ZAL) of the Port of Valencia in Spain. The court determined that the plan should have undergone a more comprehensive environmental evaluation process, rather than a simplified one. However, the court also considered the specific circumstances of the case, including the fact that the land had already been developed and integrated into the urban fabric. The ruling highlights the importance of incorporating environmental considerations into urban planning decisions. [Extracted from the article]

This document is a summary of a court case, specifically the Supreme Court's ruling on February 29, 2024, regarding a legal dispute over the use of desalinated water in Spain. The case involved a company called Mercantil challenging a government decree that included regulations on the use of desalinated water. The court ultimately ruled against Mercantil, stating that desalinated water falls under the category of public water resources and requires a concession for private use. The ruling emphasizes the importance of protecting public water resources and the role of water planning in ensuring their sustainable use. [Extracted from the article]

This summary discusses a judgment by the Court of Justice of the European Union on access to environmental information. The court ruled that the coordinates of forest plots used in a national forest inventory are considered environmental information and cannot be denied access under confidentiality or international relations exceptions. The court emphasized the need to balance public interest with protected interests. The summary provides a link to the full text of the judgment for further exploration. [Extracted from the article]