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Summary: Polyamines (PAs) are pleiotropic bioorganic molecules. Cellular PA contents are determined by a balance between PA synthesis and degradation. PAs have been extensively demonstrated to play vital roles in the modulation of plant developmental processes and adaptation to various environmental stresses. In this review, the latest advances on the diverse roles of PAs in a range of developmental processes, such as morphogenesis, organogenesis, growth and development, and fruit ripening, are summarized and discussed. Besides, the crosstalk between PAs and phytohormones or other signalling molecules, including H2O2 and NO, involved in these processes is dwelled on. In addition, the attempts made to improve the yield and quality of grain and vegetable crops through altering the PA catabolism are enumerated. Finally, several other vital questions that remain unanswered are proposed and discussed. These include the mechanisms underlying the cooperative regulation of developmental processes by PAs and their interplaying partners like phytohormones, H2O2 and NO; PA transport for maintaining homeostasis; and utilization of PA anabolism/catabolism for generating high‐yield and good‐quality crops. This review aims to gain new insights into the pleiotropic role of PAs in the modulation of plant growth and development, which provides an alternative approach for manipulating and engineering valuable crop varieties that can be used in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using chicken manure biochar organic fertilizer as the material, the effects of different dosage and biochar application on the growth, development, and quality of Shangluo flue-cured tobacco were studied, in order to provide a theoretical basis for reducing the cost of using organic fertilizer in Shangluo tobacco area. In 2022, a community experiment was conducted on the application technology of chicken manure biochar organic fertilizer in Luonan County, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province. Six treatments were set up: T1 [ conventional fertilization+ commercial chicken manure (450 kg/hm²) ], T2 [conventional fertilization + commercial chicken manure (900 kg/hm²)], T3 [conventional fertilization+commercial chicken manure (1 050 kg/hm²)], N1 [conventional fertilization+70 chicken manure/30 biochar (750 kg/hm²)], N2 [conventional fertilization+80 chicken manure/20 biochar (750 kg/hm²)] and N3 [conventional fertilization+90 chicken manure/10 biochar (750 kg/hm²)], with CK(conventional fertilization, no organic fertilizer) and CK, (conventional fertilization+tobacco company set organic fertilizer) as controls. The results showed that chicken manure biochar organic fertilizer could significantly improve the agronomic traits and disease resistance of tobacco plants; chicken manure biochar organic fertilizer increased the material accumulation of tobacco plants and enriched their organic elements; chicken manure biochar organic fertilizer significantly improved the economic traits of flue-cured tobacco. The combination of chicken manure and biochar was beneficial for improving the yield and quality of Shangluo flue-cured tobacco, among which N2 treatment [conventional fertilization+80 chicken manure/20 biochar (750 kg/hm²)] has the best effect on improving the growth and development of Shangluo flue-cured tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an emerging group of bioactive fatty acids, monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) have sparked the interest of many researchers both domestically and internationally. In addition to documenting the importance of mmBCFAs for growth and development, there is increasing evidence that mmBCFAs are highly correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. According to previous pharmacological investigations, mmBCFAs also exhibit anti-inflammatory effects and anticancer properties. This review summarized the distribution of mmBCFAs, which are widely found in dairy products, ruminants, fish, and fermented foods. Besides, we discuss the biosynthesis pathway in different species and detection methods of mmBCFAs. With the hope to unveil their mechanisms of action, we recapitulated detailed the nutrition and health benefits of mmBCFAs. Furthermore, this study provides a thorough, critical overview of the current state of the art, upcoming difficulties, and trends in mmBCFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Plant growth, crop yield, and pest and disease control are enhanced by PGPR (Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria), which are beneficial microorganisms found in a close symbiosis with plant roots. Phytohormones are secreted, nutrient uptake is improved, and soil properties along with the microbiological environment are regulated by these microorganisms, making them a significant focus in agricultural research. In this study, the efficient PGPR strain T1 was isolated and screened from tobacco inter-root soil, and identified and confirmed by ITS sequencing technology. Tobacco growth indicators and soil property changes were observed and recorded through potting experiments. The activities of key enzymes (e.g., sucrase, catalase, urease) in soil were further determined. High-throughput sequencing technology was utilized to sequence the soil microbial community, and combined with macro-genomics analysis, the effects of T1 strain on soil microbial diversity and metabolic pathways were explored. Following the application of T1, significant improvements were observed in the height, leaf length, and width of tobacco plants. Furthermore, the physical and chemical properties of the soil were notably enhanced, including a 26.26% increase in phosphorus availability. Additionally, the activities of key soil enzymes such as sucrase, catalase, and urease were significantly increased, indicating improved soil health and fertility. Comprehensive joint microbiomics and macrogenomics analyses revealed a substantial rise in the populations of beneficial soil microorganisms and an enhancement in metabolic pathways, including amino acid metabolism, synthesis, and production of secondary metabolites. These increase in beneficial microorganisms and the enhancement of their metabolic functions are crucial for plant growth and soil fertility. This study provides valuable references for the development of innovative microbial fertilizers and offers programs for the sustainable development of modern agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), a globally staple food crop, frequently encounters growth, developmental, and yield limitations due to phosphate deficiency. LOW PHOSPHATE ROOT1/2 (LPR1/2) are essential genes in plants that regulate primary root growth and respond to local phosphate deficiency signals under low phosphate stress. In rice, five LPR genes, designated OsLPR1–OsLPR5 based on their sequence identity with AtLPR1, have been identified. OsLPR3 and OsLPR5 are specifically expressed in roots and induced by phosphate deficiency, contributing to rice growth, development, and the maintenance of phosphorus homeostasis under low phosphate stress. In contrast, OsLPR2 is uniquely expressed in shoots, suggesting it may have distinct functions compared with other family members. This study employed Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing technology to generate oslpr2 mutant transgenic lines and subsequently investigated the effect of OsLPR2 gene knockout on rice growth, phosphate utilization, and salt stress tolerance in the seedling stage, as well as the effect of OsLPR2 gene knockout on rice development and agronomic traits in the maturation stage. The results indicated that the knockout of OsLPR2 did not significantly impact rice seedling growth or phosphate utilization, which contrasts significantly with its homologous genes, OsLPR3 and OsLPR5. However, the mutation influenced various agronomic traits at maturity, including plant height, tiller number, and seed setting rate. Moreover, the OsLPR2 mutation conferred enhanced salt stress tolerance in rice. These findings underscore the distinct roles of OsLPR2 compared with other homologous genes, establishing a foundation for further investigation into the function of the OsLPR family and the functional differentiation among its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant transcription factors (TFs) are integral proteins associated with gene transcription. That ability arises after TFs bind to specific DNA sequences, such as promoters, responding positively or negatively to a multitude of endogenous and exogenous factors or stressors. For this reason, in plants, the vast majority of TFs are associated with growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. As is commonly known, the genes coding for TFs are written in uppercase italics, whereas the resulting proteins are written in lowercase, such as OsWRKY28 and OsWRKY28, respectively for a member of the WRKY TF family in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, despite the existence of some conventions for the nomenclature of TFs, some deviation from these norms has been observed in the literature. Several cases are highlighted, primarily related to NAC TFs. These cases emphasize the need for stricter quality control of literature pertaining to the nomenclature of plant TFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light is crucial for higher plants, driving photosynthesis and serving as a powerful sensory signal that profoundly modulates growth, development, physiological functions, hormone activation, and biochemical pathways. Various light parameters—quality, intensity, composition, and photoperiod—exert a tremendous influence on plant growth and development, particularly in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). C. sativa, a crop of historical significance and unparalleled versatility, holds immense value in the food, fiber, and medicinal industries. The cultivation of medicinal cannabis is burgeoning in controlled environments due to evolving healthcare regulations. Optimal light conditions significantly enhance both yield and harvest quality, notably increasing the density of apical inflorescences and the ratio of inflorescence to total aboveground biomass. C. sativa metabolites, especially phenolic and terpene compounds and Phytocannabinoids like CBD (cannabidiol), THC (tetrahydrocannabinol), and CBG (cannabigerol), possess immense medicinal value. Secondary metabolites in C. sativa predominantly accumulate in the trichomes of female flowers and surrounding sugar leaves, underscoring the critical need to boost inflorescence weight and metabolite concentrations while ensuring product consistency. Different light parameters distinctly impact C. sativa's metabolic profile, providing a robust foundation for understanding the optimal conditions for synthesizing specific secondary metabolites. While the effects of light measurement on various crops are well-established, scientific evidence specifically relating to light quality effects on C. sativa morphology and secondary metabolite accumulation remains scarce. In this review, we critically summarized how different light properties can alter cannabis growth (vegetative and reproductive), physiology and metabolism. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which specific wavelengths influence growth, development, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis in C. sativa are not fully elucidated, which could be a prospective task for future researchers. Our review paves the way for a profound understanding of light's influence on C. sativa growth and advancements in greenhouse settings to maximize metabolite production for commercial use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent research has highlighted the importance of Cys2/His2-type zinc finger proteins (C2H2-ZFPs) in plant growth and in responses to various stressors, and the complex structures of C2H2-ZFP networks and the molecular mechanisms underlying their responses to stress have received considerable attention. Here, we review the structural characteristics and classification of C2H2-ZFPs, and consider recent research advances in their functions. We systematically introduce the roles of these proteins across diverse aspects of plant biology, encompassing growth and development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and in doing so hope to lay the foundations for further functional studies of C2H2-ZFPs in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusion This scoping review aims to assess the utility of ultrasound as a prospective tool in measuring body composition and nutritional status in the paediatric population. We provide a comprehensive summary of the existing literature, identify gaps, and propose future research directions.We conducted a systematic scoping review following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. This involved screening titles and abstracts of relevant studies, followed by a detailed full‐text review and extraction of pertinent data.We identified and synthesised 34 articles. The review revealed that while ultrasound has been used to assess body composition and bone properties in children, significant gaps remain in the literature. These include limited studies on ultrasound performance, insufficient attention to relevant sample characteristics, reliance on manual image measurements, and limited sample diversity.Point‐of‐care ultrasound shows significant promise for assessing paediatric body composition and nutritional status. To validate and enhance its effectiveness, further research is needed. Future studies should include larger and more diverse patient cohorts and conduct longitudinal investigations to evaluate nutritional interventions. Additionally, developing artificial intelligence (AI) for standardising and automating data interpretation will be crucial in improving the accuracy and efficiency of ultrasound assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive growth is one of the most important stages in the life history of plants and is regulated by photoperiod. However, the effect of different photoperiods after flowering on the reproductive growth stages of different plants and their roles is still unclear. For this reason, this study took the short-day plant strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. cv. Akihime) as the research object, performed different photoperiod treatments (ND: natural daylight; SD: short daylight; LD: long daylight) after flowering, and studied the effects of photoperiod on fruit growth period, fruit quality, flower opening, and plant height in different inflorescence of fruits. The results showed that different photoperiods had significantly different effects on the growth and development of strawberries after flowering, and LD and SD had opposite effects: (1) Under the condition of SD, the fruit matured after 17 days of treatment, while the LD and ND advanced this by 6 and 5 days. LD could significantly delay the development of the first inflorescence of fruits, resulting in longer ripening period and fruit appearance, and the quality traits were better. (2) The number of flowers in the secondary inflorescence and the development process was effectively accelerated by LD, and the total number of flowers under the long-day treatment was significantly more than that under the short-day treatment and the natural condition from 12 to 25 days after the end of the flowering period. Under the condition of LD, the fruits matured after 53 days of treatment, which was 5 days earlier than the other two treatments, and the period from flowering to maturity was shortened. (3) The effect of different photoperiods on the final plant height of strawberries after flowering had no significant difference (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study found that photoperiod could effectively regulate the reproductive growth stage of strawberry after flowering, which enriched the experimental material and theoretical basis for studying the photoperiod as a mechanism for regulating plant growth and development, providing technical guidance for artificial regulation of strawberry growth period and fruit quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this study, 0 mM NaCl was used as the control, while 75 mM NaCl (4.4‰ salt content) and 150 mM NaCl (8.8‰ salt content) were employed to simulate mild and moderate salinized soil environments, respectively. The differences in the metabolome of cotton plants under different salt stress conditions and the fitness of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover) were analyzed. The results demonstrated a significant decrease in fecundity, adult longevity, and survival rate of cotton aphids on salt-stressed cotton plants with increasing NaCl concentration. Furthermore, it was observed that higher concentrations of NaCl led to the upregulation of 49 metabolites and the downregulation of 86 metabolites closely associated with the growth, development, and fecundity of cotton aphids. Therefore, these substances present in cotton leaves play a crucial role as mediators influencing the growth and development of cotton aphids. The degree of global soil salinization is gradually deepening, which will inevitably affect agricultural ecology. It has been found that salt stress induces the resistance of host plants to phytophagous pests. However, little is known about the effects of salt-stressed cotton plants on the fitness of cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii Glover). In this study, we investigated the differences between cotton metabolomes under mild (75 mM NaCl) and moderate (150 mM NaCl) salinity conditions and their effects on the fitness of cotton aphids. The results showed that 49 metabolites exhibited significant upregulation, while 86 metabolites were downregulated, with the increasing NaCl concentration. The duration of nymphal aphids under 150 mM NaCl significantly extended to 6.31 days when compared with the control (0 mM NaCl, 4.10 days). Meanwhile, the longevity of adult aphids decreased significantly under 75 and 150 mM NaCl, with an average of 10.38 days (0 mM NaCl) reduced to 8.55 and 4.89 days, respectively. Additionally, the total reproduction number of single females decreased from 31.31 (0 mM NaCl) to 21.13 (75 mM NaCl) and 10.75 (150 mM NaCl), whereas the survival rate of aphids decreased from 81.25% (0 mM NaCl) to 56.25% (75 mM NaCl) and 34.38% (150 mM NaCl) on the 12th day. These results support the hypothesis that plants growing under salt stress are better defended against herbivores. Furthermore, 49 differential metabolites were found to be negatively correlated with the longevity and fecundity of adult aphids, while 86 different metabolites showed the opposite trend. These results provide insights into the occurrence and control of cotton aphids amidst the escalating issue of secondary salinization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tendons enable locomotion by transmitting high tensile mechanical forces between muscle and bone via their dense extracellular matrix (ECM). The application of extrinsic mechanical stimuli via muscle contraction is necessary to regulate healthy tendon function. Specifically, applied physiological levels of mechanical loading elicit an anabolic tendon cell response, while decreased mechanical loading evokes a degradative tendon state. Although the tendon response to mechanical stimuli has implications in disease pathogenesis and clinical treatment strategies, the cell signaling mechanisms by which tendon cells sense and respond to mechanical stimuli within the native tendon ECM remain largely unknown. Therefore, we explored the role of cell–ECM adhesions in regulating tendon cell mechanotransduction by perturbing the genetic expression and signaling activity of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) through both in vitro and in vivo approaches. We determined that FAK regulates tendon cell spreading behavior and focal adhesion morphology, nuclear deformation in response to applied mechanical strain, and mechanosensitive gene expression. In addition, our data reveal that FAK signaling plays an essential role in in vivo tendon development and postnatal growth, as FAK‐knockout mouse tendons demonstrated reduced tendon size, altered mechanical properties, differences in cellular composition, and reduced maturity of the deposited ECM. These data provide a foundational understanding of the role of FAK signaling as a critical regulator of in situ tendon cell mechanotransduction. Importantly, an increased understanding of tendon cell mechanotransductive mechanisms may inform clinical practice as well as lead to the discovery of diagnostic and/or therapeutic molecular targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MVFI can display the real-time perfusion status of fetal microvessels, including blood flow velocity, volume, and other related parameters. This technology is a non-invasive method that can be used to evaluate the blood flow situation in the fetal cranial region. • Growth restricted fetuses have lower biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference, and femur length than normal fetuses, and their microvascular index and peak systolic velocity of internal arteries are also lower than normal fetuses. • The larger the microvascular index and peak systolic velocity of the internal artery, the more severe the fetal growth restriction. The study conducted retrospective analysis design, aiming to explore the use of Microvascular Imaging Technique (MVFI) to assess fetal cerebral microcirculation and analyze the relationship between Microvascular Index (MVI) and fetal growth and development. 100 pregnant women who met the criteria for fetal growth restriction (FGR) provided in the Expert Consensus on Fetal Growth Restriction (2019 Edition) and underwent routine prenatal examinations at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Peking University Third Hospital from January 2021 to June 2023 were selected as the study subjects. A normal fetus with a fetal weight less than 10 % can be classified as FGR, Pregnant women with fetal umbilical artery (UA) systolic and diastolic (S/D) values ≥3 were included in the observation group, while 200 pregnant women with normal fetuses were selected as the control group during the same period. The fetuses' change in both groups were measured using color Doppler ultrasound, including bi-parietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and femur length (FL). The cerebral microcirculation of the fetuses in both groups was evaluated using MVFI, and the MVI values were compared. The clinical characteristics of FGR fetuses with umbilical artery S/D ratio ≥ 3 were summarized, and the correlation between fetal cerebral microvascular status and fetal growth and development was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. The outcomes told that the BPD, HC, AC, and FL values of the fetuses in the control group were lower the other's value (P < 0.05), and the MVI and peak systolic velocity of the middle cerebral artery (MCA-PSV) values were also lower in the control group (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between fetal growth and development and MVI and MCA-PSV values in FGR fetuses. In conclusion, MVFI can monitor and quantitatively analyze fetal intracranial microcirculation, visualize slow blood flow in microvascular structures, and this study provides preliminary evidence of the close relationship between fetal cerebral microcirculation and intrauterine growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleic acid demethylases of α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (AlkB) family can reversibly erase methyl adducts from nucleobases, thus dynamically regulating the methylation status of DNA/RNA and playing critical roles in multiple cellular processes. But little is known about AlkB demethylases in filamentous fungi so far. The present study reports that Monascus purpureus genomes contain a total of five MpAlkB genes. The MpAlkB1 gene was disrupted and complemented through homologous recombination strategy to analyze its biological functions in M. purpureus. MpAlkB1 knockout significantly accelerated the growth of strain, increased biomass, promoted sporulation and cleistothecia development, reduced the content of Monascus pigments (Mps), and strongly inhibited citrinin biosynthesis. The downregulated expression of the global regulator gene LaeA, and genes of Mps biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC) or citrinin BGC in MpAlkB1 disruption strain supported the pleiotropic trait changes caused by MpAlkB1 deletion. These results indicate that MpAlkB1-mediated demethylation of nucleic acid plays important roles in regulating the growth and development, and secondary metabolism in Monascus spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the correlation between dentoskeletal parameters related to craniofacial morphology and the upper airway (UA) volume. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 106 randomly selected orthodontic patients were analyzed using NemoFab Ortho software. The dentoskeletal variables assessed were anterior facial height (AFH), posterior facial height (PFH), PFH/AFH ratio, hyoid position, maxillary width (MW), and palatal depth. The UA volume (evaluation in anatomical regions and as a whole) was also assessed using the same software. We also evaluated potential differences in UA variables between age and sex groups. The correlation between the dentoskeletal parameters and UA volume was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient (R). Analysis of variance and Student's t test were performed to assess differences between age and sex for UA variables. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 26 for Windows). Results: This study found that PFH, AFH, and MW were the dentoskeletal parameters most strongly correlated with UA volume. However, the ANB angle did not show any significant correlation with UA volume. Additionally, differences in UA volumes were observed between age groups. Sex differences were found in both the "8-12" and "≥ 16" age groups for oropharyngeal and pharyngeal volumes. Conclusions: In conclusion, our findings indicate a significant correlation between UA volume and dentoskeletal parameters, particularly those related to facial height and MW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children are an important asset for a nation, so the education and care provided must be able to improve the quality of children in the future. Child Protection Law no. 23 of 2002 explains that every child has the right to receive growth and development monitoring without exception. Early detection of deviations in growth and development needs to be done, one of which is by using digital-based growth and development e-Reports. Objective: The e-report product produced can increase efficiency and effectiveness, helping teachers, homeroom teachers, cadres or health workers in managing the SDIDTK program so that valid, practical and effective digital-based e-Report applications can be obtained. Research methods: The research design for the development of digital-based growth and development e-reports was carried out referring to the development of the 4D model which includes define, design, develop and disseminate. Results: There is an influence of perceived usefulness on interest in using the child health e- report application Conclusion: e-Report can be used to check children's health and growth and development at the PAUD unit level to increase the scope of monitoring children's health and SDIDTK [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Prataculturae Sinica is the property of Acta Prataculturae Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Although bariatric surgery is associated with a decrease in obesity complications, it may affect the children's growth by a maternal nutritional deficiency. This study was conducted to assess the effect of maternal bariatric surgery on offspring anthropometry. Materials and Methods: In a mixed cohort, anthropometric status of children aged 5 years or less born to mothers with a history of bariatric surgery was compared with a control group consists of peers born to mothers with obesity but without bariatric surgery. Anthropometric indices including crude and quantile values for BMI, weight, height, and head circumference at birth and the first 5 years of life were measured. Then, the adjusted effect of maternal surgical history on anthropometric status was estimated by linear regression. Results: From a total of 56 children, 28 born to mothers with a history of bariatric surgery, and 28 born to mothers with obesity but without bariatric surgery. At birth, weight (2915 vs 3225 g) and BMI (11.72 vs 12.94 kg/m2) were lower in the group with maternal bariatric surgery than in the control group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively), although after regression adjustment, there was only a significant difference between the two groups in height for age value in children less than 5 years old (B = 0.872, P-value = 0.001). Conclusion: Bariatric surgery with decrease of weight indices at birth has a probable influence on growth and development in next years. Therefore, it is recommended further studies to identify unknown effect of types of preconception surgical procedures on childhood outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein ubiquitination, an important post-translational modification, plays a wide role in the life activities of eukaryotic cells. E3 ubiquitin ligases specifically recognize target proteins in the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation system and play a decisive role in the ubiquitination pathway. Recent studies have shown that E3 ubiquitin ligases play an extensive regulatory role in the growth, development and stress response of fruits and vegetables. This article introduces the ubiquitin system and the types of E3 ubiquitin ligase in fruit and vegetable crops, focusing on recent advances in understanding the regulatory role and mechanisms of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the growth, development, and stress response of fruits and vegetables. We anticipate that this review will provide a reference for research on the regulatory role of E3 ubiquitin ligases in the life activities of fruits and vegetables.

Main conclusion: AtPLC1 plays a critical role in plant growth, development, and response to drought stress. Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) hydrolyzes substrates to generate secondary messengers crucial for plant growth, development, and stress responses. Drought escape (DE) response is an adaptive strategy that plants employ under drought conditions. The expression levels of the flower meristem-specific gene APETALA 1 and flowering regulatory genes FLOWERING LOCUS T and SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS 1 were downregulated in plc1, and FLOWERING LOCUS C was upregulated. The flowering time of the plc1flc double mutant was earlier than that of the wild type. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the Gene Ontology of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was enriched in abscisic acid (ABA) response signaling, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed differential gene expression annotated to plant hormone signaling pathways. Our experiments show that AtPLC1 is upregulated by ABA in Arabidopsis. Under ABA induction and water stress, wild-type plants exhibit a DE response, and the DE response in plc1 disappears. Expression levels of ABA signaling pathway transcription factors ABA-responsive element-binding factors 3 (ABF3) and ABF4 were downregulated in plc1. In conclusion, our study suggests that AtPLC1 participates in regulating plant growth and development and participates in the DE response through the regulation of ABA signaling pathway transcription factors ABF3/ABF4. The study enhances our comprehension of the role of AtPLC1 in plant development and drought stress, providing a theoretical foundation for further investigation into DE responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between birth order and life satisfaction across several factors--financial stability, faith and values, career, growth and development, and life partner--among young adults in Bacoor, Cavite. Grounded in Adler's Birth Order Theory and the Bottom-Up Theory of life satisfaction, this quantitative research involved 150 respondents aged 18-25, categorized by birth position (firstborn, middleborn, lastborn, and only child). Data were collected through a self-made questionnaire, employing a Likert scale to assess responses across five life satisfaction domains. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data. Results showed a significant difference in perceived financial stability across birth orders, with firstborn and lastborn respondents showing higher financial stability than only children. However, no significant differences were found in the other factors of life satisfaction across birth orders. The study concludes that while birth order may influence financial stability, it has minimal impact on other aspects of life satisfaction. Further research with a larger and more diverse sample is recommended to explore additional variables, such as family status and interpersonal relationships, to better understand how birth order affects life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】The study is carried out to explore the effect of mulberry leaf feeding on the growth and development of Spodoptera frugiperda, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis and reference for the potential damage of mulberry gardens caused by S. frugiperda.【Method】The populations of S. frugiperda feeding on artificial diet and mulberry leaves were established by two-sex life tables, and the growth & development and reproductive indexes were measured, including the development duration, oviposition amount, pupal weight and pupation rate. And the population parameters were calculated with the two-sex life table software TWOSEX-MS Chart 2024, followed by ANOVA and graphing. Finally, TIMING-Mschart was used to predict the future 90 d population dynamics of S. frugiperda feeding on artificial diet and mulberry leaves.【Result】The total developmental durations of S. frugiperda feeding on mulberry leaves and artificial diet were 44.18 (±0.93) and 32.30 (±0.26) d, the larval survival rates were 41.17 (±5.88)% and 55.56 (±12.73)%, the pupal weight were 174.4 (±34.2) and 225.9 (±23.7) mg per pupa, the oviposition amounts of single female moth were 499.58 (±278.67) and 877.40 (±440.79), and both of the pupation rate were 100%. The intrinsic rates of increase of S. frugiperda feeding on mulberry leaves and artificial diet were 0.10 (±0.01) and 0.14 (±0.01) per day, finite rates of increase were 1.11 (±0.01) and 1.16 (±0.01) per day, net reproduction rates were 128.57 (±36.37) and 250.64 (±77.14) eggs per single female moth, and mean generation times were 47.03 (±1.42) and 37.86 (±0.34) days, respectively.【Conclusion】S. frugiperda feeding on mulberry leaves and artificial diet could complete the generation development, and compared with feeding on artificial diet, the growth and development rate of S. frugiperda feeding on mulberry leaves is slower, and the developmental uniformity, the survival rate, and oviposition amount are all lower. In conclusion, under natural conditions, when the population density is too large or the most suitable host plant is insufficient, it may pose a threat for S. frugiperda larvae to live on mulberry leaves.

Objective To determine the normative values of the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) score for typically developing children in Korea and assess its suitability for use in children. Methods Rehabilitation physicians and occupational therapists with children were invited through an online platform to participate in a survey assessing their children’s performance of activity of daily living (ADL) using the K-MBI. The questionnaire encompassed queries on sociodemographic information of children and the assessment criteria outlined in the K-MBI. The standardized K-MBI scores by age were estimated using the nonlinear least squares method. Results The analysis incorporated responses from a total of 206 individuals. K-MBI total scores showed a rapid increase over the first 8 years of life, with 99% of children achieving a score of 90 or higher by age 8. Mobility scores exhibited a swift increase during early childhood, surpassing 90% of the maximum score at 3 years of age and nearing 100% at 7 years of age. In contrast, self-care scores demonstrated a more gradual advancement, achieving approximately 100% of the maximum score by the age of 10 years. Conclusion Age-specific normative values for K-MBI scores of typically developing children were established, which can be used as a reference in clinical care. While the K-MBI captured the overall trajectory of children’s ADL development, it did not discern subtle differences across various developmental stages. There is a need for the development of more refined assessment tools tailored specifically to children.

The temporomandibular joint is the only joint structure within the craniofacial skeletal system, responsible for performing functions related to opening and closing mouth movements, such as chewing, speaking, and facial expression in daily life. The condyle of the mandible, as a vital component of the temporomandibular joint, originates from the mandibular process formed by the first gill arch and is the key growth center at the end of the mandibular ramus. Condyle is composed of a layer of cartilage as its surface and subchondral bone below, exhibiting unique biological processes during its growth and development. In the articular fossa, the functional movement of the condyle depends on its normal physiological and anatomical structure, which plays a crucial role in establishing occlusion and shaping facial features. Abnormal growth and development can lead to the occurrence of condylar deformities, which affect the vertical height of the patient's maxillofacial region and ultimately lead to secondary skeletal class Ⅱ or Ⅲ craniofacial deformities. During the process of growth and development, the condyle is subject to complex signal regulation. In recent years, with in-depth research on the temporomandibular joint, researchers have begun to discuss the regulatory mechanisms of condyle growth and development from the perspectives of gene expression and molecular level, in order to explain the causes of temporomandibular joint diseases and condylar deformities. This article provides a review on the growth process and structure of condyle, classification and pathological manifestations of condylar deformities, and related regulatory mechanisms of the growth and development of condyle, as well as pathogenesis of condylar deformities. The aim of this article is to provide research ideas for temporomandibular joint diseases and craniofacial malformations caused by abnormal development of the mandibular condyle in clinical practice.

Objective·To analyze the anatomical and macroscopic characteristics of the pterygopalatine suture (PPS) in Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology, and to preliminarily investigate its developmental pattern and its association with the correction of maxillary underdevelopment.Methods·A total of 134 CBCT images, taken from July to August 2023 at Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, were categorized into six age groups. The PPS landmarks were utilized to determine the overall transverse position (XPPS), sagittal position (YPPS), insertion angle (IAP), insertion width of the pyramidal process (IWP), and insertion depth of the pyramidal process (IDP). The pterygomaxillary junction was identified through multiplanar observations. Regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation of these parameters with age and gender, and pairwise comparisons were made to determine the stable age range for parameter changes. Paired t-tests and paired chi-squared tests were conducted to analyze the bilateral parameter differences.Results·Results showed that YPPS and IDP did not exhibit significant correlation with age, whereas XPPS, IAP, IWP, and the incidence of pterygomaxillary fusion were significantly positively correlated with age (P

Introduction: Lead is a well-documented potent environmental toxin that has various harmful effects on the body, growth, and development noticed since, birth. Despite notable advancements in the decrease of lead exposure, researchers found environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic factors associated with elevated blood lead levels in children in Chennai, India, aged 1-5 years. This underscores the necessity for additional research on correlated risk factors. Aim: To assess the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels in children and estimate its values while identifying potential sources of lead exposure to the children. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional analytical research was conducted at SRM Medical College, Hospital, and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India from July 2019 to July 2022. A total of 92 children aged 1-5 years attending the Paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD) and inpatients at the same hospital were included in the study. This study was conducted to examine the impact of lead exposure on children aged one to five years by using a lead exposure risk assessment questionnaire by World Health Organisation (WHO). Blood lead levels were measured using Lead Care II analyser equipment and lead care blood lead testing kits. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were applied to statistically analyse the data. Results: The majority, 48 (52.17%), were boys, while 44 (47.83%) were girls. The study found that 8 (8.7%) out of all the children had lead toxicity. Thumb sucking was associated with higher lead toxicity, while frequent waste material combustion was linked to higher lead toxicity. Other risk factors like age, gender, residence conditions, recent renovations, and exposure to smoke or dust were not significantly associated with increased blood lead levels. Food prepared in metal vessels, water sources, canned food, traffic near home, imported food, cosmetics, home remedies usage, and parental education status were not significantly associated with increased blood lead levels. Conclusion: Among the study population of 92 children, the prevalence of lead toxicity (>5 μg/dL) was found in 8 (8.7%) children. The results of present study point towards a significant association of lead toxicity in children with thumb sucking and combustion of waste material in surroundings. To fully understand lead exposure in primary and secondary care settings, greater sample sizes and additional research on confounding factors are required.

Abstract. The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) is considered as one of the most important pests of vegetables worldwide. Nowadays, alternative safe control measures are usually recommended against various insect pests. We investigated the ethanolic extracts of a medicinal plant fruit called winter cherry Withania somnifera L. (Solanaceae) against third instar larvae of cotton bollworm. The LC50, LC30, and LC10 values were estimated by feeding through larval diet at 1.33, 0.53, and 0.14 (% w/v). Later, the LC30 value (0.53 % w/v) obtained was again treated on third instar larvae to find out its sublethal effects on some important molecules and enzymes. The results showed elevated amount of uric acid and also increased activity in acid phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione S-transferase in comparison with the controls (fed artificial diet with ethanol alone). However, decreased activity of alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, acetylcholinesterase, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase were observed. The midgut histology showed disruption in main midgut epithelial cells as well as other cell types in treated vs controls. Chemical components of the ethanolic extract of winter cherry fruits were also identified using GC-MS where the main components included 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (51.18 %) and 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl (21.86%). Our results are indicative of a promising natural product that can be regarded as a new source for insect pest control.

The toddler period is a vulnerable time, especially with regard to growth, as it can affect the development of children in the future. Therefore, it is necessary to intervene to increase the interaction of health professionals with parents to have a positive impact on child development. The Maternal and Child Health Information Sharing Agenda (ASIKIA) is an activity carried out in an effort to empower the community, especially cadres and mothers of toddlers in optimizing the growth and development of infants and toddlers. Community empowerment activities were carried out through cadre mentoring activities on March 14, 2023 and toddler mother class activities on March 16, 2023. The empowerment model used is Unlimited Totality Health Empowerement (UTHE) which uses several kinds of models in activities in the form of lectures, group discussions, demonstrations and discussions. The activities carried out proved to be able to increase the knowledge of cadres about stimulation of growth and development of toddlers as shown by the results of the pre-test and post-test where before being given counseling, cadre knowledge in the good category was 50% and after being given counseling cadre knowledge increased to the good category as much as 88%. Likewise, the knowledge of mothers of toddlers about stunting showed results before being given counseling, the knowledge of mothers of toddlers in the good category was 17% and after being given counseling, the knowledge of mothers of toddlers increased to the good category by 100%. In addition, the success of the activity is also indicated by the ability of cadres to correctly assess child development using the "SIP (Developmental Stimulation) Bag" media. ASIKIA can be used as a means of sharing knowledge and active discussion between the service team and activity participants on various maternal and child health issues.

Abstract Background Although growth delays and disruption are a well described medical complication of restrictive eating disorders in children and young adolescents, this complication has received less attention in patients with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). Patients with ARFID have challenges with adequacy of food volume and variety that are not related to body image but are instead related to lack of interest in eating, sensory concerns, and/or fears of aversive consequences. Because onset of ARFID is commonly before puberty, concerns regarding growth adequacy may present an additional treatment challenge and a unique opportunity for support. Review Child and adolescent patients with other restrictive eating disorders are at risk of irreversible deleterious impact on growth and development, particularly when onset is before or around puberty. Although faltering growth is a defining feature of ARFID, less attention has been paid to methods for examining growth concerns in young patients with ARFID and training providers to assess growth adequacy when prepubertal and peripubertal patients present with this diagnosis. Providers working with patients under 18 years of age with eating disorders will benefit from the tools discussed in this narrative review to adequately assess growth and development against genetic potential, recognize alterations in growth that are a result of nutritional deficiencies, and support and maximize catch-up growth and development when it has been impaired. Conclusion Established pediatric growth monitoring tools and techniques to assess adequacy of growth can be applied to child and adolescent patients presenting with ARFID. These tools can improve long term outcomes in linear height for these patients and allow for monitoring during and after treatment until growth and development is complete. Medical providers caring for patients presenting with ARFID will need to establish best practices for assessing and monitoring growth.

Abstract Background Intramuscular fat content is an important index reflecting the quality of mutton, which directly affects the flavor and tenderness of mutton. Livestock and poultry intramuscular fat content is influenced by genetics, nutritional level, and environmental factors. Key regulatory factors play a crucial role in intramuscular fat deposition. However, there is a limited amount of research on the identification and function of key genes involved in intramuscular fat content deposition specifically in sheep. Results Histological differences in the longest dorsal muscle of the small-tailed frigid sheep increased in diameter and decreased in several muscle fibers with increasing monthly age; The intramuscular fat content of the longest dorsal muscle of the small-tailed cold sheep varied with age, with a minimum of 1 month of age, a maximum of 6 months of age, and a minimum of 12 months of age. Transcriptomic sequencing and bioinformatics analysis revealed a large number of differential genes in the longest dorsal muscles of little-tailed billy goats of different months of age, which were enriched in multiple GO entries and KEGG pathways. Among them, the pathway associated with intramuscular fat was the AMPK signaling pathway, and the related genes were PPARGC1A and ADIPOQ; Immunohistochemical studies showed that PPARGC1A and ADIPOQ proteins were expressed in connective tissues, cell membranes, and, to a lesser extent, the cytoplasm of the longest dorsal muscle of the little-tailed frigid sheep; Real-time PCR and Western Blot validation showed that PPARGC1A and ADIPOQ were both expressed in the longest dorsal muscle of the little-tailed frigid sheep at different ages, and there were age differences in the amount of expression. The ADIPOQ gene was negatively correlated with the intramuscular fat content of the longest dorsal muscle, and the PPARGC1A gene was positively correlated with the intramuscular fat content of the longest dorsal muscle; As inferred from the above results, the ADIPOQ gene was negatively correlated with the intramuscular fat content of the longest dorsal muscle (r = -0.793, P

Despite agreement that humans have evolved to be unusually fat primates, adipose patterning among hunter–gatherers has received little empirical consideration. Here we consider the development of adiposity among four contemporary groups of hunter–gatherers, the Aka, Savanna Pumé, Ju'/Hoansi and Agta using multi-level generalized additive mixed modelling to characterize the growth of tricep skinfolds from early childhood through adolescence. In contrast to references, hunter–gatherers show several consistent patterns: (i) children are lean with little fat accumulation; (ii) no adiposity rebound at 5 years is evident; (iii) girls on average have built 90% of their body size, and reach menarche when adiposity is at its maximum velocity; and (iv) a metabolic trade-off is evident in young, but not older children, such that both boys and girls prioritize skeletal growth during middle childhood, a trade-off that diminishes during adolescence when height velocity increases in pace with fat accumulation. Consistent results across hunter–gatherers living in diverse environments suggest that these patterns reflect a general forager pattern of development. The findings provide a valuable baseline for adipose development not apparent from reference populations. We emphasize both generalized trends among hunter–gatherers, and that inter-populational differences point to the plasticity with which humans organize growth and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using different improved organic materials as materials, the effects of different improved organic materials on the growth, development, and quality of Shangluo flue-cured tobacco were studied, in order to provide a theoretical basis for reducing the cost of organic fertilizer use in Shangluo tobacco area. In 2022, a community experiment on improving soil with organic materials was conducted in Luonan County, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province. Three treatments were set up: T1 (conventional fertilization+high carbon base fertilizer 750 kg/hm²), T2 (conventional fertilization+commercial chicken manure 750 kg/hm²), and T3 (conventional fertilization+decomposed cake fertilizer 750 kg/hm²). CK0 (conventional fertilization, no organic fertilizer) and CK1 (conventional fertilization+tobacco company set organic fertilizer) were used as controls. The results showed that different improved organic materials could significantly improve the agronomic traits and disease resistance of tobacco plants; different improved organic materials increased the material accumulation of tobacco plants and enriched their organic elements; Different improved organic materials significantly improved the economic traits of flue-cured tobacco. The use of different improved organic materials in soil was beneficial for improving the yield and quality of Shangluo flue-cured tobacco, among which T1 (conventional fertilization+high carbon base fertilizer 750 kg/hm²) and T2 treatment (conventional fertilization+commercial chicken manure 750 kg/hm²) had the best effect on improving the growth and development of Shangluo flue-cured tobacco. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis, metabolism and transport of plant carbohydrates in different tissues and organs of "source-sink-flow" are essential for the normal life activities of organism. Among them, the short-distance or long-distance transport of sugars, such as sucrose, glucose and fructose, play a key role in the "flow" from source to sink, the transport and distribution of carbohydrates require the synergistic involvement of multiple cellular sugar transporters. Sugars will eventually be exported transporters（SWEETs） exhibit diverse functions, participating in regulating important physiological processes such as nutrient allocation, utilization, tissue organ growth, and development, as well as responding to biotic and abiotic stress by maintaining or regulating cellular sugar levels. This review summarizes the research progress in the basic structural characteristics, physiological functions, and stress responses of the SWEETs gene family, which holds significant implications for understanding plant cellular physiology and research areas like biotic breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the awareness of hearing, balance, language and speech skills of parents of children aged 3--12 years with hearing loss with and without special needs. Method: The Parental Awareness Screening Scale for Hearing, Balance, Language and Speech Skills in Children with Hearing Loss (PASBSS) was used. The scale was administered to parents face-toface and online and data were collected. The scale is a 5-point Likerttype scale consisting of a total of 21 questions. Statistical analyses were performed with IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program version 21.0. Results: When parental awareness in terms of speech-language skills was compared, it was concluded that 63.2% of parents with children with special needs and 90.9% of those without special needs had high awareness. 81.8% of parents of children with special needs and 90.9% of those without special needs had high auditory awareness. In balance awareness, which is another subheading, 36.4% of parents with children with special needs and 63.6% of those without special needs have high awareness. Again, 63.6% of the parents with children with special needs and 63.6% of those without stated that they provided parental support. A significant difference (p=0.005) was found in the last subheading, parents' recognition of symptoms, and it was found that none of the parents of children with special needs and 63.6% of those without special needs had high awareness. Conclusion: A significant difference (p=0.005) was found in the two groups in terms of parents' awareness of symptoms in their children with and without children with special needs with hearing loss. There is a need to increase the awareness of parents in all developmental areas of their children for the development of children with hearing loss, especially children with special needs. In addition, for each developmental stage, the relevant specialist and the parent should be in cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lead is a well-documented potent environmental toxin that has various harmful effects on the body, growth, and development noticed since, birth. Despite notable advancements in the decrease of lead exposure, researchers found environmental, socioeconomic, and demographic factors associated with elevated blood lead levels in children in Chennai, India, aged 1-5 years. This underscores the necessity for additional research on correlated risk factors. Aim: To assess the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels in children and estimate its values while identifying potential sources of lead exposure to the children. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional analytical research was conducted at SRM Medical College, Hospital, and Research Centre, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India, from July 2019 to July 2022. A total of 92 children aged 1-5 years attending the Paediatric Outpatient Department (OPD) and inpatients at the same hospital were included in the study. This study was conducted to examine the impact of lead exposure on children aged one to five years by using a lead exposure risk assessment questionnaire by World Health Organisation (WHO). Blood lead levels were measured using Lead Care II analyser equipment and lead care blood lead testing kits. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were applied to statistically analyse the data. Results: The majority, 48 (52.17%), were boys, while 44 (47.83%) were girls. The study found that 8 (8.7%) out of all the children had lead toxicity. Thumb sucking was associated with higher lead toxicity, while frequent waste material combustion was linked to higher lead toxicity. Other risk factors like age, gender, residence conditions, recent renovations, and exposure to smoke or dust were not significantly associated with increased blood lead levels. Food prepared in metal vessels, water sources, canned food, traffic near home, imported food, cosmetics, home remedies usage, and parental education status were not significantly associated with increased blood lead levels. Conclusion: Among the study population of 92 children, the prevalence of lead toxicity (>5 μg/dL) was found in 8 (8.7%) children. The results of present study point towards a significant association of lead toxicity in children with thumb sucking and combustion of waste material in surroundings. To fully understand lead exposure in primary and secondary care settings, greater sample sizes and additional research on confounding factors are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cordyceps cicadae is recognized for its medicinal properties, attributed to bioactive constituents like polysaccharides and adenosine, which have been shown to improve kidney and liver functions and possess anti-tumor properties. Rho GTPase activating proteins (Rho GAPs) serve as inhibitory regulators of Rho GTPases in eukaryotic cells by accelerating the GTP hydrolysis of Rho GTPases, leading to their inactivation. In this study, we explored the function of the CcRga8 gene in C. cicadae, which encodes a Rho-type GTPase activating protein. Our study found that the knockout of CcRga8 resulted in a decrease in polysaccharide levels and an increase in adenosine concentration. Furthermore, the mutants exhibited altered spore yield and morphology, fruiting body development, decreased infectivity, reduced resistance to hyperosmotic stress, oxidative conditions, and cell wall inhibitors. These findings suggest that CcRga8 plays a crucial role in the development, stress response, and bioactive compound production of C. cicadae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the normative values of the Korean version of the Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) score for typically developing children in Korea and assess its suitability for use in children. Methods: Rehabilitation physicians and occupational therapists with children were invited through an online platform to participate in a survey assessing their children's performance of activity of daily living (ADL) using the K-MBI. The questionnaire encompassed queries on sociodemographic information of children and the assessment criteria outlined in the K-MBI. The standardized K-MBI scores by age were estimated using the nonlinear least squares method. Results: The analysis incorporated responses from a total of 206 individuals. K-MBI total scores showed a rapid increase over the first 8 years of life, with 99% of children achieving a score of 90 or higher by age 8. Mobility scores exhibited a swift increase during early childhood, surpassing 90% of the maximum score at 3 years of age and nearing 100% at 7 years of age. In contrast, self-care scores demonstrated a more gradual advancement, achieving approximately 100% of the maximum score by the age of 10 years. Conclusion: Age-specific normative values for K-MBI scores of typically developing children were established, which can be used as a reference in clinical care. While the K-MBI captured the overall trajectory of children's ADL development, it did not discern subtle differences across various developmental stages. There is a need for the development of more refined assessment tools tailored specifically to children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reversible regulation of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of eukaryotic RNA via methyltransferases is an important epigenetic event affecting RNA metabolism. As such, m6A methylation plays crucial roles in regulating animal growth, development, reproduction, and disease progression. Herein, we review the latest research advancements in m6A methylation modifications and discuss regulatory aspects in the context of growth, development, and reproductive traits of livestock. New insights are highlighted and perspectives for the study of m6A methylation modifications in shaping economically important traits are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temporomandibular joint is the only joint structure within the craniofacial skeletal system, responsible for performing functions related to opening and closing mouth movements, such as chewing, speaking, and facial expression in daily life. The condyle of the mandible, as a vital component of the temporomandibular joint, originates from the mandibular process formed by the first gill arch and is the key growth center at the end of the mandibular ramus. Condyle is composed of a layer of cartilage as its surface and subchondral bone below, exhibiting unique biological processes during its growth and development. In the articular fossa, the functional movement of the condyle depends on its normal physiological and anatomical structure, which plays a crucial role in establishing occlusion and shaping facial features. Abnormal growth and development can lead to the occurrence of condylar deformities, which affect the vertical height of the patient's maxillofacial region and ultimately lead to secondary skeletal class II or 皿 craniofacial deformities. During the process of growth and development, the condyle is subject to complex signal regulation. In recent years, with in-depth research on the temporomandibular joint, researchers have begun to discuss the regulatory mechanisms of condyle growth and development from the perspectives of gene expression and molecular level, in order to explain the causes of temporomandibular joint diseases and condylar deformities. This article provides a review on the growth process and structure of condyle, classification and pathological manifestations of condylar deformities, and related regulatory mechanisms of the growth and development of condyle, as well as pathogenesis of condylar deformities. The aim of this article is to provide research ideas for temporomandibular joint diseases and craniofacial malformations caused by abnormal development of the mandibular condyle in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective • To analyze the anatomical and macroscopic characteristics of the pterygopalatine suture (PPS) in Chinese population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) technology, and to preliminarily investigate its developmental pattern and its association with the correction of maxillary underdevelopment. Methods • A total of 134 CBCT images, taken from July to August 2023 at Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, were categorized into six age groups. The PPS landmarks were utilized to determine the overall transverse position (XPPS), sagittal position (YPPS), insertion angle (IAP), insertion width of the pyramidal process (IWP), and insertion depth of the pyramidal process (IDP). The pterygomaxillary junction was identified through multiplanar observations. Regression analysis was performed to assess the correlation of these parameters with age and gender, and pairwise comparisons were made to determine the stable age range for parameter changes. Paired t-tests and paired chi-squared tests were conducted to analyze the bilateral parameter differences. Results • Results showed that YPPS and IDP did not exhibit significant correlation with age, whereas XPPS, IAP, IWP, and the incidence of pterygomaxillary fusion were significantly positively correlated with age (P<0.01). Gender differences were only significant for XPPS, with males demonstrating greater values than females (P<0.01). Analysis of age-related trends indicated significant differences in XPPS between group 1 (6 yearsWage<9 years) and group 2 (9 yearsWage<12 years) (female: F=0.006, male: F=0.004); significant differences in IAP were observed between group 2 and group 3 (12 years Wage<15 years)孑=0.042), with 98.5% of samples having an IAP greater than 45 degrees; IWP differences were significant between group 1 and group 3 (P=0.016), and the pterygomaxillary fusion incidence was significantly different among group 1, 2, and 3 (group 1 vs. 2: P<0.001, group 2 vs 3: P=0.037, group 1 vs 3: P<0.001), with an incidence rate exceeding 90% in adults. No significant bilateral differences were found for all parameters. Conclusion • No significant changes were observed in YPPS and IDP after the age of 6, indicating a trend towards fusion of the maxilla with the pterygoid process. The overall transverse position of the PPS tends to stabilize around 12 years of age, while the IAP and IWP continue to increase and reach stability around 15 years of age,with a sagittal insertion orientation of the pyramidal process into the pterygoid notch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronomica Sinica is the property of Crop Science Society of China and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Objective] The effects of water and fertilizer coupling on the growth and yield of day lily were studied. [Method] This experiment took day lily as the research object, two factors experiments were set up to study the effects of water and fertilizer coupling on the growth and yield of day lily. [Result] Under the same drip amount, the yield of day lily was significantly different under different drip times, and the agronomic characters of day lily were the best under IV and V treatments, and the maximum yield was 5 983.96-6 000 kg/hm². Under the same fertilization time and different fertilization rates, S-IV treatment and S-V treatment showed the best agronomic characters such as height, number of flower buds and flower buds. [Conclusion] Daylily should be dripped 8-10 times during the whole growth period and fertilized with 525-600 kg/hm². [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences is the property of Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Dendrobium hybrids have a significant role in the present floral sector. The aim of this research was to evaluate how various light qualities affect the physiological and biochemical traits of Dendrobium 'Shuijing'. In order to determine the optimal light quality for in vitro cultivation of Dendrobium plantlets, we examined the correlations between growth, antioxidant capacity, and nutrient and chlorophyll levels, as well as chlorophyll fluorescence. The growth rate was compared by using different light qualities emitted by the LED light source. These included red light (R), blue light (B), and three ratios: 8R:2B, 7R:3B, and equal proportions of both colors, known as white, fluorescent light (CK). The combination of 7R:3B resulted in noticeable enhancements in leaf count, root length, root activity, fresh and dry weight measurements, antioxidant capability, as well as chlorophyll content and fluorescence. Specifically, the mixture of red and blue LED lights at a ratio of 7R:3B led to increased leaf number, root length, root activity, fresh and dry weight measurements, antioxidant ability, and chlorophyll content with improved fluorescence. In order to explore the effect of light quality on the growth and development of Dendrobium, the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of plants under all light quality conditions were analyzed by using a linear regression model with other physiological and biochemical indexes. A significant correlation between non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and leaf length was also observed. The content of chlorophyll b showed significant correlations with both root number and leaf number. Furthermore, chlorophyll a, along with its ratio to chlorophyll b, significantly correlated with root length. Chlorophyll b and the relative electron transport rate of PSII (ETRII) significantly correlated with root activity and the free proline content (FPC) and catalase (CAT) activity. The photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) significantly correlated with total soluble sugars content (SSC) and peroxidase (POD) activity. The correlation between the quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was found to be significant. Similarly, the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) showed significant correlations with fresh weight, dry weight, soluble protein content (SPC), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. Through a principal component analysis (PCA), it was observed that plants cultivated under the 7R:3B light treatment achieved significantly better comprehensive scores compared to those grown under different light treatments. In conclusion, growth achieved under an LED emitting a ratio of 7R:3B light yielded the most robust Dendrobium hybrid plantlets within a controlled environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Edulis Fungi is the property of Acta Edulis Fungi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis is the property of Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)