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INTRODUCTION: The environmental impact of holding in-person academic conferences and continuing medical education (CME) programs can be significant. In-person conferences provide a unique social and professional platform to engage in networking and foster professional development; however, there is an opportunity for hybrid and virtual platforms to provide CME for broader audiences looking to improve their clinical skills and strengthen their knowledge base. This study seeks to describe the reduction in carbon emissions associated with a webinar hosted by an online dermatology-focused medical education platform. METHODS: This cross-sectional study used the location of deidentified virtual attendees of a webinar to predict the carbon emissions produced if attendees had instead traveled to the location of the most recent Integrative Dermatology Symposium (Sacramento, CA). Following collection of each virtual attendees location, the mode of transportation was predicted on the basis of each participants distance to the conference. RESULTS: The estimated carbon emissions were calculated for 576 participants. The total estimated, unadjusted carbon emissions for both attendees predicted to fly or drive was 370,100 kg CO2. The emissions produced per participant from those expected to fly to an in-person CME after adjusting for all additional passengers on every flight were 4.5 kg CO2. The emissions produced per participant from those expected to drive were 42.7 kg CO2. CONCLUSION: The use of a virtual CME webinar led to a significant reduction in travel-related carbon dioxide emissions when compared to running the same program in-person event. When accounting for all passengers traveling via plane on any flight, driving to an event produced more emissions per participant than flying.

This study estimates the relationships between street network characteristics and transport-sector CO2 emissions across every urban area in the world and investigates whether they are the same across development levels and urban design paradigms. The prior literature has estimated relationships between street network design and transport emissions – including greenhouse gases implicated in climate change – primarily through case studies focusing on certain world regions or relatively small samples of cities, complicating generalizability and applicability for evidence-informed practice. Our worldwide study finds that straighter, more-connected, and less-overbuilt street networks are associated with lower transport emissions, all else equal. Importantly, these relationships vary across development levels and design paradigms – yet most prior literature reports findings from urban areas that are outliers by global standards. Planners need a better empirical base for evidence-informed practice in under-studied regions, particularly the rapidly urbanizing Global South.

• Estimates of modeled CH 4 emission (E) data for 1,325 U.S. landfills were reviewed. • Operators use two methods to estimate E from landfills with a gas collection system. • First-order decay (FOD) method shows increasing emissions. • Collection efficiency assumption method shows decreasing emissions. • FOD method shows some agreement to remotely sensed national estimates. As part of its commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the U.S. annually develops a national estimate of methane emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills by aggregating activity data from each facility. Since 2010, the U.S. has reported a 20 % decrease in MSW landfill emissions despite a 21 % increase in tons disposed. Operator-submitted data were investigated to understand the causes of this decline. In the U.S., operators of landfills with a gas collection and control system (GCCS) calculate their facility's emissions via two separate approaches – (1) first-order decay (FOD) and (2) collection efficiency assumption (CEA) − and select either result to feed into the annual inventory. The FOD model predicts methane generation proportional to waste disposal and that approach calculated a 19 % increase in total methane generated from 2010 to 2022, whereas generation via the CEA approach decreased by 8.9 %. The amount of measured methane collected has increased 7.5 % for the same years. Discrepancies between the two models' generated methane, assumed gas collection efficiencies, and oxidized methane compound into substantive differences in national estimates. Operators more frequently select the CEA method, which results in decreased national estimates. If only the FOD method was used, U.S. MSW landfill emissions would be 1.3-1.7 times greater than current estimates which is similar to recent extrapolations from remote sensing campaigns in the U.S. Both models contain parameters with large inherent uncertainty. Without measurement methods that continuously quantify both point-source and diffuse emissions, an assessment of either equation's accuracy cannot be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the largest contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and the livestock sector is a major source of non-CO2 GHG emissions. Mitigation of GHG emissions from the livestock sector is beneficial to the sustainable development of the livestock sector in China. This study investigated the provincial level of GHG emissions from the livestock sector between 2000 and 2020 in China, to determine the driving factors affecting the provincial-level GHG emissions from the livestock sector, based on the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) model, which took into account of technological progress, livestock structure, economic factor, and agricultural population. Moreover, a gray model GM (1, 1) was used to predict livestock GHG emissions in each province until 2030 in China. The results showed that the GHG of Chinese livestock sector was decreased from 195.1 million tons (MT) CO2e in 2000 to 157.2 MT CO2e in 2020. Henan, Shandong, and Hebei provinces were the main contributors to the reduction in Chinese livestock GHG emissions, with their livestock GHG emissions reduced by 60.1%, 53.5% and 45.5%, respectively, in 2020 as compared to 2000. The reduction in GHG emissions from the Chinese livestock sector can be attributed to two main factors: technological progress and the shrinking of the agricultural laborers. In contrast, the agricultural economic development model with high input and high emissions showed a negative impact on GHG emission reduction in China's livestock sector. Furthermore, the different livestock structure in each province led to different GHG reduction effects on the livestock sector. Under the gray model GM (1,1), the GHG emissions of the livestock sector will be reduced by 33.7% in 2030 as compared with 2020 in China, and the efficiency factor will account for 76.6% of the positive effect of GHG reduction in 2030. The eastern coastal region will be the main contributor to the reduction of GHG emissions from the Chinese livestock sector in 2030. Moreover, recommendations (such as upgrading livestock management methods and promoting carbon emission mitigation industries) should be proposed for the environmentally sustainable development of the livestock sector in the future. Highlights: • Inner Mongolia was a major contributor to increase GHG emissions from the livestock sector in China. • Henan played a dominant position in decreasing GHG emissions of the Chinese livestock sector due to the efficiency factor. • The GHG emissions of the Chinese livestock sector will be reduced by 33.7% in 2030 compared with 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improved urban greenhouse gas (GHG) flux estimates are crucial for informing policy and mitigation efforts. Atmospheric inversion modeling (AIM) is a widely used technique combining atmospheric measurements of trace gas, meteorological modeling, and a prior emission map to infer fluxes. Traditionally, AIM relies on mid‐afternoon observations due to the well‐represented atmospheric boundary layer in meteorological models. However, confining flux assessment to daytime observations is problematic for the urban scale, where air masses typically move over a city in a few hours and AIM therefore cannot provide improved constraints on emissions over the full diurnal cycle. We hypothesized that there are atmospheric conditions beyond the mid‐afternoon under which meteorological models also perform well. We tested this hypothesis using tower‐based measurements of CO2 and CH4, wind speed observations, weather model outputs from INFLUX (Indianapolis Flux Experiment), and a prior emissions map. By categorizing trace gas vertical gradients according to wind speed classes and identifying when the meteorological model satisfactorily simulates boundary layer depth (BLD), we found that non‐afternoon observations can be assimilated when wind speed is >5 m/s. This condition resulted in small modeled BLD biases (<40%) when compared to calmer conditions (>100%). For Indianapolis, 37% of the GHG measurements meet this wind speed criterion, almost tripling the observations retained for AIM. Similar results are expected for windy cities like Auckland, Melbourne, and Boston, potentially allowing AIM to assimilate up to 60% of the total (24‐hr) observations. Incorporating these observations in AIMs should yield a more diurnally comprehensive evaluation of urban GHG emissions. Plain Language Summary: It is crucial to improve greenhouse gas (GHG) emission estimates to inform policy and mitigation strategies. However, the current model techniques used to estimate such emissions rely on incorporating only mid‐afternoon observations of atmospheric concentrations of GHGs. For cities, this limits a detailed understanding of emissions during hours of the day when emissions are the highest, such as the morning rush hours. This constraint is due to the limitations on how well meteorological models can describe the atmosphere during stable conditions, such as when calm winds prevail. To understand if there are any atmospheric conditions when meteorological models have good performance, for non‐afternoon hours, we used atmospheric measurements of carbon dioxide and methane, alongside meteorological model outputs. We found that observations during non‐afternoon hours are suitable for use in models when wind speed is greater than 5 m/s. This means that it is possible to double the amount of data that goes into the modeled GHG emission estimates. With this finding, emission estimates will potentially be improved, leading to a better evaluation of the diurnal cycle of GHG emissions. Key Points: Assimilating non‐afternoon greenhouse gas (GHG) observations in atmospheric inversions is reliable when wind speeds are greater than 5 m/sInclusion of non‐afternoon atmospheric observations during windy conditions doubles the current data assimilation in atmospheric inversionsAdditional observations in atmospheric inversions have the potential to improve GHG emissions estimates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the genome sequence of a strain of Methylomonas sp. AM2-LC, a methanotrophic bacterial species found in a Finnish lake. Methanotrophic bacteria are important for reducing methane emissions and have potential for biotechnological applications. The genome sequence can be used for comparative analysis and understanding the metabolic capabilities of methanotrophs. The article also discusses the isolation and DNA extraction process, as well as bioinformatic services provided by a sequencing facility. The document is a list of references related to methanotrophic bacteria, providing a comprehensive overview of current research in the field. It includes references to three scientific articles that cover microbial variant detection, methane-dependent mineral reduction, and the discovery of a new type of methanotroph. These articles are valuable resources for library patrons conducting research in microbiology. [Extracted from the article]

The issue of greenhouse gas emissions from foreign direct investment (FDI) continues to fuel debate in the climate change mitigation literature. Some support the pollution halo hypothesis while others emphasize on the pollution haven hypothesis. Thus, the overall objective of this research is to analyze the effect of agricultural foreign direct investment on methane emissions in Sub‐Saharan Africa. The data for the study are from several sources, mainly FAOSTAT, WDI, and Chin‐Ito Index. For econometric estimations, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) model is applied to unbalanced panel data and the Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) is used for robustness check. The results indicate that increasing agricultural foreign direct investment by 1% increases methane emissions by 3.30% in Sub‐Saharan Africa, thus confirming the pollution haven hypothesis. Consequently, the move toward the Paris Agreement is proving to be delicate in an increasing agricultural FDI context. Thus, the integration of climate change mitigation strategies into the business plans of foreign agricultural investors is strongly recommended in Sub‐Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen power and electric vehicle rollout are among the global mitigation efforts for net-zero emission targets. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) is a promising embodiment of these two climate-neutral levers. Nevertheless, insufficient investigation of the life cycle of hydrogen production pathways and supply-demand mismatching jeopardize the optimal implementation of HFCV. A novel integrated framework combining life cycle greenhouse gas assessment and intra-regional supply-demand optimization method is developed to (1) evaluate the emissions performance for six typical HFCV hydrogen production pathways and (2) map out the optimal intra-regional hydrogen supply-demand allocation based on the trade-off between resource flow and geographical proximity. As one of the world's largest HFCV producers and consumers, China is chosen as the case study. The life cycle emissions assessment reveals that the Natural Gas Steam Methane Reforming (NG_SMR) pathway emits the most greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (i.e., 0.215 g CO 2 -eq/kJ H 2) while the Clean Energy_Water Electrolysis (CE_WE) pathway emits the least GHG emissions (i.e., 0.02 g CO 2 -eq/kJ H 2), stretching a 10-times emission difference. For intra-regional supply-demand optimization, provinces like Shaanxi, Shanxi, and Shandong act as the main suppliers (>50% of the total hydrogen source in China) to provinces like Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Sichuan, suggesting a north-to-south (N-S) regional hydrogen transmission. A sensitivity analysis is conducted based on the variation in production efficiency among different hydrogen production technologies in the HFCV value chain. The results inferred that the Coal Gasification & Carbon Capture and Storage (C l G & CCS) and CE_WE pathways are insensitive to efficiency improvement. In the scenario analysis, the outcome suggested urgently phasing out grey hydrogen pathways and accelerating the transition of grey-to-green hydrogen production pathways with the buffering of blue hydrogen pathways between 2015 and 2040 for the net-zero emission ambition by 2060. This study enlightens the decision-makers to endorse green hydrogen production for HFCV while securing hydrogen energy security. [Display omitted] • Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles accelerate low carbon transition in transportation sector. • Hydrogen resource allocation is one of the challenges developing fuel cell vehicle. • Life cycle assessment and intra-regional supply-chain optimization are coupled. • The integrated framework suggests a north-to-south hydrogen delivery in China. • Blue hydrogen pathway serves as an intermediate between grey-to-green transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve cost-effective and efficient removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, a comparative analysis was conducted on the efficacy of pyrite- and sulfur-coupled autotrophic denitrification (PSAD), sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD), and heterotrophic denitrification (HD) in terms of nutrient elimination and the potential reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The addition of sodium acetate made the NO3−-N removal rate of HD higher than that of PSAD and SAD processes, but the synergistic effect of sulfur and pyrite made the average removal efficiency of phosphates (PO43−-P) in PSAD system (92%) significantly higher than that of SAD (65%) and HD (0). PO43−-P was mainly removed in the form of Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O. PSAD system produces a lower concentration of N2O (62.92 ± 4.74 mg/m3), and is prone to anaerobic oxidation of methane. CH4 concentration decreased from 31.32 mg/m3 to 22.32 ± 1.34 mg/m3. Thiobacillus can use pyrite or sulfur as electron donor to complete the autotrophic denitrification process and evolve into the dominant bacterium in PSAD. Acinetobacter is good at using acetic acid as electron donor to complete the denitrification process. Therefore, PSAD has the important significance of economical and efficient simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this article, we explore why dairy science, technology, and innovation will for the foreseeable future remain important, and some of the future trends we can expect in the field. Given the nutrient richness and density of milk, its ubiquitous production and utility of use to produce foods and food ingredients, dairy will almost certainly continue to play an important role in diets and the global food system. Annual milk production at over 900 billion litres represents approximately 8% of total food biomass but has a disproportionate contribution to global nutrient provision. The value of the global dairy market will reach over $860 billion in 2024, employing approximately 240 million people, and supporting the livelihoods of up to one billion. The importance and long history of dairy has fuelled a vast amount of research in dairy science and technology with hundreds of thousands of papers published in the field. Given the amount of existing dairy science and technology is there anything significant left to be done? However, with advances in numerous other fields such as materials, biology and biochemistry, analytical technology, computing technology, etc., the opportunities in dairy science and technology also advance. Future innovations in the dairy sector will include those relating to environmental science and technology, the food matrix, foods tailored to diets for life stages and lifestyles, developments based on our expanding knowledge of microbiomes, and new opportunities from the use of AI. Dairy is the target for technology‐enabled disruption by those looking to produce substitute products. Some of the technologies to produce dairy alternatives will feature in the future of dairy innovation but the impact is more likely to complement rather than disrupt the dairy sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Straw return has important impacts on black soil protection, food security, and environmental protection. One year of straw return (S1) reduces rice yield and increases greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the effects of successive years of straw return on rice yield, soil nutrients, and GHG emissions in the northeast rice region are still unclear. Therefore, we conducted four successive years of straw return (S4) in a positional experiment to investigate the effects of different years of straw return on rice yield, soil nutrients, and GHG emissions in the northeast rice region. The experimental treatments included the following: no straw return (S0), a year of straw return (S1), two successive years of straw return (S2), three successive years of straw return (S3), and four successive years of straw return (S4). Compared with S1, the rice yields of S2, S3, and S4 increased by 10.89%, 15.46%, and 16.98%, respectively. But only S4 increased by 4.64% compared to S0, while other treatments were lower than S0. S4 increased panicles per m2 and spikelets per panicle by 9.34% and 8.93%, respectively, compared to S1. Panicles per m2 decreased by 8.06% at S4 compared to S0, while spikelets per panicle increased by 13.23%. Compared with S0, the soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, available phosphorus, and available potassium of S4 increased by 11.68%, 10.15%, 24.62%, 21.38%, 12.33%, and 13.35%, respectively. Successive years of rice straw return decreased GHG intensity (GHGI). Compared with S1, the GHGI of S4, S3, and S2 decreased by 16.2%, 11.84%, and 9.36%, respectively. Thus, S4 increased rice yield and soil nutrients, reducing GHGI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen is one of the alternative energy sources given its clean combustion without carbon emissions and high gravimetric energy density. However, it is required for the hydrogen to be generated by cleaner pathways rather than the conventional gas reforming pathway which emits significant carbon. Currently, it is considered that water electrolysis using renewable energy is the ultimate cleaner pathway of hydrogen production. Unfortunately, given that renewable energy capacity has a large deviation by the global region and may not meet some regional demands, the international trading of renewable energy-based clean hydrogen will be inevitable. In line with the trend, a case study of introducing clean hydrogen from Australia in Korea is conducted with economic and environmental impact analyses to indicate its economics and sustainability. In the pathway of hydrogen introduction, water electrolysis with renewable energy mix, and ammonia are considered as the hydrogen production way, and hydrogen carrier, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The Greenhouse gas Observations of Biospheric and Local Emissions from the Upper sky (GOBLEU) is a new joint project by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and ANA HOLDING INC. (ANAHD), which operates ANA flights. GOBLEU aims to visualizes our climate mitigation effort progress in support of subnational climate mitigation by collecting greenhouse gas (GHG) data as well as relevant data for emissions (nitrous dioxide, NO2) and removals (Solar-Induced Fluorescence, SIF) from regular passenger flights. We developed a luggage-sized instrument based on the space remote-sensing techniques that JAXA has developed for Japan's Greenhouse gas Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The instrument can be conveniently installed on a coach-class passenger seat without modifying the seat or the aircraft. Results: The first GOBLEU observation was made on the flight from the Tokyo Haneda Airport to the Fukuoka Airport, with only the NO2 module activated. The collected high-spatial-resolution NO2 data were compared to that from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite and surface NO2 data from ground-based air quality monitoring stations. While GOBLEU and TROPOMI data shared the major concentration patterns largely driven by cities and large point sources, regardless of different observation times, we found fine-scale concentration pattern differences, which might be an indication of potential room for GOBLEU to bring in new emission information and thus is worth further examination. We also characterized the levels of NO2 spatial correlation that change over time. The quickly degrading correlation level of GOBLEU and TROPOMI suggests a potentially significant impact of the time difference between CO2 and NO2 as an emission marker and, thus, the significance of co-located observations planned by future space missions. Conclusions: GOBLEU proposes aircraft-based, cost-effective, frequent monitoring of greenhouse emissions by GOBLEU instruments carried on regular passenger aircraft. Theoretically, the GOBLEU instrument can be installed and operated in most commercially used passenger aircraft without modifications. JAXA and ANAHD wish to promote the observation technique by expanding the observation coverage and partnership to other countries by enhancing international cooperation under the Paris Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately detecting atmospheric carbon dioxide is a vital part of responding to the global greenhouse effect. Conventional off-axis integral cavity detection systems are computationally intensive and susceptible to environmental factors. This study deploys an Extreme Learning Machine model incorporating a cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filter into the off-axis integrating cavity. It is shown that appropriate parameters can effectively improve the performance of the instrument in terms of lower detection limit, accuracy, and root mean square deviation. The proposed method is incorporated successfully into a monitoring station situated near an industrial area for detecting atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration daily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) are emerging as useful tools in environmental studies due to their mobility and ability to cover large areas. In this study, we used an air analyzer attached to a UAS to measure gas and particulate matter (PM) emissions from rotationally grazed dairy pastures in northern Wisconsin. UAS-based sampling enabled wireless data transmission using the LoRa protocol to a ground station, synchronizing with a cloud server. During the measurements, latitude, longitude, and altitude were recorded using a high-precision global positioning system (GPS). Over 1200 measurements per parameter were made during each site visit. The spatial distribution of the emission rates was estimated using the Lagrangian mass balance approach and Kriging interpolation. A horizontal sampling probe effectively minimized the impact of propeller downwash on the measurements. The average concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were 800.1 ± 39.7 mg m−3, 1.38 ± 0.063 mg m−3, and 0.71 ± 0.03 mg m−3, respectively. No significant difference was found between CO2 concentrations measured by the UAS sensor and gas chromatography (p = 0.061). Emission maps highlighted variability across the pasture, with an average CO2 emission rate of 1.52 ± 0.80 g day−1 m−2, which was within the range reported in the literature. Future studies could explore the impact of pasture management on air emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the engine performance and life-cycle emissions of hydrogen enriched LNG as a pragmatic solution to more rapidly introducing hydrogen as marine fuel, while waiting for pure hydrogen fuel infrastructure to be built. Engine experiments in a 4-stroke marine diesel engine operating with a spark-ignited pre-chamber ignition system were conducted, and a wide range of engine exhaust emissions measurements including CH 4 , N 2 O, H 2 , and particulate matter (black carbon emission evaluation) were recorded at varying engine loads. The fuel compositions ranged from pure LNG operation to pure hydrogen operation and also included pure conventional diesel fuel oil for comparison. The research methodology integrates engine tests with a full well-to-wake life-cycle assessment (LCA). The impact of using 39.6% hydrogen by energy fraction in natural gas reduced GHG emission by 37.8% on a life-cycle basis at 50% engine load, which could mean a significant reduction of GHG emissions. • Analysis of Hydrogen enriched LNG GHG impact through LCA approach (Well-to-Wake). • A mid-term solution to introduce Hydrogen as maritime fuel. • Experiment of Hydrogen enriched LNG on maritime scale test engine laboratory. • GHG analysis of measured emission data for CO, CO 2 , N 2 O, NO X , PM, CH 4 , H 2. • Detailed climate impact of CH 4 , N 2 O and Black Carbon (BC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper explores the impact of energy consumption, foreign direct investment, and economic expansion on greenhouse gas emissions in OPECmember states. A panel data of 12 out of 13 OPEC nations over the period 1983 to 2022 obtained from the World Development Indicators is used. The autoregressive distributed lag simulation was adopted to determine the correlation among the series. Our estimations unveil that economic growth in the member states contributes 7.47 per cent to greenhouse gas emissions for every 1 percent increase, trade flow tends to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 0.37 per cent for every 1 percent rise. Though the impact of foreign direct investment on greenhouse gas emissions in the OPEC member states is negative, it is statistically insignificant. The positive association between energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions emphasizes the need for OPEC countries to move to cleaner energy sources in order to reduce environmental damage. A proactive approach to investing in clean technology is critical for governments and companies in OPEC countries. This includes supporting research and development of renewable energy sources, encouraging the adoption of environmentally-safe practices in industry and fostering innovation to promote sustainable development. Strict environmental standards for industries that contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions should be adopted and enforced. This includes: Setting caps on emissions, advocating for cleaner production processes, and imposing penalties for non-compliance with environmental regulations. Sustainable practices should be encouraged through tax incentives, subsidies, and other financial mechanisms designed to incentivized companies to adopt environmentally friendly processes. The implications of these findings for policymakers and future studies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With emphasis on constructing low-carbon cities, the renovation of the riverbank highlights energy conservation and carbon reduction. However, methods and standards for quantifying carbon emissions during ecological river channel construction are currently lacking. There is a scientific gap in research into carbon footprint assessment and reduction potential in ecological revetment technologies in water networks of China. This study attempts to clarify the carbon emission factors of different ecological revetment technologies and explore the carbon reduction potential during the construction stage of ecological rivers from the river revetment design, construction process and materials. The results show that in the carbon emission factors of six ecological revetment technologies, building materials have the largest adjusting potential for carbon reduction. The concrete material is responsible for 55.37–95.86% of carbon emissions in six ecological river technologies, with an average proportion of 69.96%. Accordingly, the concrete material emerges as the primary contributor to carbon emissions in ecological river engineering, followed by gasoline truck transportation and earthwork excavation. Moreover, the carbon emissions from ecological frame structures were the largest, followed by those of block structures, gabion structures, planted concrete and interlocking blocks and the wooden stake structure has the smallest carbon footprint. The choice of ecological revetment technologies is not only related to the realisation of regional water conservancy functions, but it also affects the carbon emissions of water conservancy projects. Engineers and decision-makers should pay great attention to the optimal design of the project, selection of low-carbon materials, energy saving and emission reduction in the construction process. This research not only provides guidance for design units in selecting appropriate river revetment technologies but also offers a theoretical foundation and data support for construction units to optimise their construction process management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the impact of nitrogen fertilizer reduction on greenhouse gas emissions in paddy fields under the condition of continuous straw return, an eight-year positioning experiment was carried out in the Qianjin Farm Science and Technology Demonstration Park in Heilongjiang Province in 2022. In the experiment, there were seven treatments:straw-free and nitrogen fertilizer application, nitrogen fertilizer application, straw application, straw application and routine nitrogen application, straw application and 10% nitrogen fertilizer reduction, straw application and 20% nitrogen fertilizer reduction, straw application and 30% nitrogen fertilizer reduction, and the greenhouse gas emissions during the rice growing period were compared with straw-free and nitrogen fertilizer application. The results showed that compared with straw and conventional nitrogen fertilizer treatment, the cumulative CO2 emissions were significantly reduced by 20. 00%, 40. 00% and 49. 43%, respectively, in the treatments of straw application and 10% nitrogen fertilizer reduction, straw application and 20% nitrogen fertilizer reduction, straw application and 30% nitrogen fertilizer reduction, the cumulative emissions of CH4 were significantly reduced by 16. 30%, 20. 21% and 28. 80%, and the cumulative emissions of N2O were significantly reduced by 48. 76%, 60. 03% and 67. 74% respectively; The global warming potential was significantly reduced by 37. 75%, 46. 90% and 54. 93%, and the greenhouse gas emission intensity was significantly reduced by 32. 59%, 39. 79% and 51. 51%, respectively. Under the condition of straw return, nitrogen fertilizer reduction will reduce rice yield, and under this experimental condition, nitrogen fertilizer reduction by 10% will reduce greenhouse gas emissions and rice yield will not be greatly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia has been struggling to effectively manage waste which accounts for a substantial amount of greenhouse gases. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify whether renewable energy from combustible renewable and waste could significantly reduce the total greenhouse gas emissions in both the short and long run in Malaysia. This study applies time series estimation techniques which cover 47 years of Malaysia’s data from the year 1971–2018. The model fits VECM estimation which examines the renewable energy effect on greenhouse gas emissions in the short and long run. The empirical analysis significantly establishes that the renewable energy reduced the total greenhouse gas emissions in the long run. Statistically, a 1% increase in combustible renewable and waste (CRW) reduced the total greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 0.14% in the long run. Furthermore, arable land, methane emissions potentially reduced greenhouse gas emissions between 1971–2018. However, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions from manufacturing industries and construction significantly increased total greenhouse gas emissions in the long run. The study concludes empirically that waste generation could be utilized to produce renewable energy through combustible renewable and waste which could slowly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Savannas play a key role in estimating emissions. Climate change has impacted the Cerrado savanna carbon balance. We used the burned area product and long-term field inventories on post-fire vegetation regrowth to estimate the impact of the fire on greenhouse gas emissions and net carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the Cerrado savanna between 1985 and 2020. We estimated the immediate emissions from fires, CO2 emissions by plant mortality, and CO2 removal from vegetation regrowth. The burned area was 29,433 km2; savanna fires emitted approximately 2,227,964 Gg of CO2, 85,057 Gg of CO, 3010 Gg of CH4, 5,103 Gg of NOx, and 275 Gg of N2O. We simulated vegetation regrowth according to three fire regime scenarios: extreme (high fire frequency and short fire interval), intermediate (medium fire frequency and medium fire interval), and moderate (low fire frequency and long fire interval). Under the extreme and intermediate scenarios, the vegetation biomass decreased by 2.0 and 0.4% (ton/ha-year), while the biomass increased by 2.1% under a moderate scenario. We converted this biomass into CO2 and showed that the vegetation regrowth removed 63.5% of the total CO2 emitted (2,355,426 Gg), indicating that the Cerrado savanna has been a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With growing concerns about global warming, it is crucial to adopt agronomic practices that enhance rice yields from paddy fields while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for sustainable agriculture. An optimal nitrogen (N) fertilization rate and planting density are vital to ensure high rice yields, minimize GHG emissions, and understand emission behavior for better field management. We hypothesized that optimizing N application rates and planting density to improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in rice cultivation would reduce resource losses and GHG emissions. To test this hypothesis, we implemented five treatments with a rice straw return cultural system: two planting densities (16 hills m−2 (traditional density, D1) and 20 hills m−2 (25% higher density, D2)) and three N application rates (no N fertilizer (N0), 180 kg N ha−1 (N1), and 144 kg N ha−1 (N2)). The control treatment (CK) was traditional planting density with no N fertilizer. The four new cropping modes were N1D1, N1D2, N2D1, and N2D2. We investigated the effects of N application rates and planting density on rice grain yield, NUE, and GHG emissions in multiple rice-growing seasons. The N1D2 treatment exhibited the highest grain yield over the three years, with a value of 10,452 kg ha−1, representing an increase of 12.2% compared to CK. Moreover, N uptake in N1D2 was the highest, averaging 39.2% (p < 0.05) higher than CK, and 8.5%, 3.5%, and 2.8% (p < 0.05) higher than N1D1, N2D1 and N2D2, respectively. N2D2 exhibited the highest NUE, with a value of 58.99 kg kg−1, surpassing all other treatments over the three years. GHG emissions, global warming potential (GWP), and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in N2D2 were lower than in N1D1, N1D2, and N2D1. Additionally, reducing N application (comparing N1D1 to N2D1) and increasing plant density (comparing N1D1 to N1D2) improved N agronomic efficiency (NAE) and N partial productivity (PFPN). The negative correlation between the NAE and PFPN with GWP and GHG emissions further supports the potential for optimized N management and denser planting density to reduce environmental impact. These findings have important implications for sustainable rice cultivation practices in Southwest China and similar agroecosystems, emphasizing the need for integrated nutrient management strategies to achieve food security and climate change mitigation goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biogas digestate is increasingly used in organic farming to improve soil nutrient supply and sustainably increase yields. However, biogas digestate can also lead to environmentally relevant N2O emissions. The benefits, opportunities, and risks associated with the use of digestate as a fertilizer in organic farming are a subject of ongoing debate, in part due to a lack of conclusive experimental results. A field trial conducted in southern Germany examined the short-term and long-term impacts of digestate fertilization on winter wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and N2O-N emissions. The four-year results from the years 2019 to 2022 are presented. Digestate was applied with a nitrogen input of up to 265 kg ha−1, with 129 kg ha−1 NH4+-N. The application of digestate resulted in a significant increase in wheat yield, with an average increase of 53% (2019) to 83% (2022) compared to the unfertilized control. It is notable that the treatment applied for the first time did not reach the yield of the long-term fertilized treatment, with a yield gap of 0.5 to 1.2 Mg ha−1 (6% to 15%). The highest N2O-N emissions (up to 3.30 kg ha−1) in the vegetation period from spring to autumn were measured in the long-term fertilized treatment. However, very high N2O-N emissions (up to 3.72 kg ha−1) also occurred in two years in winter in the unfertilized treatment. An increase in soil inorganic N stocks and N2O-N emissions was observed following the wheat harvest and subsequent tillage in all treatments. No significant differences were identified between the fertilizer treatments with regard to product-related emissions. The experimental results demonstrate that N2O-N emissions are not solely a consequence of N fertilization, but can also be attributed to tillage, post-harvest practices, and previous crops, with considerable variability depending on weather conditions. The experimental data provide comprehensive insight into the influence of cultivation, soil characteristics, and meteorological conditions on N2O-N emissions at an agricultural site in southern Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Background: Recommendations exist that aim to mitigate the substantial ecological impact of anaesthesia. One option is to use anaesthetic gas capturing technology at anaesthesia workstation exhausts to harvest and recycle volatile agents. However, the efficiency of such technology is mainly unverified in vivo. Methods: The efficiency of CONTRAfluran™ in capturing sevoflurane from an anaesthesia workstation exhaust (when set to minimal flow and end‐tidal control mode) was evaluated in 70 adult patients scheduled for general or bariatric laparoscopic surgery. The weight of the sevoflurane vaporiser and CONTRAfluran canister was measured before and after each case, to calculate total sevoflurane consumption and retention. Retention was measured after the minimal flow maintenance phase and after the high flow washout phase. The total retention efficiency was the fraction of all consumed sevoflurane captured by the CONTRAfluran canister. The primary objective was to examine the retention efficiency of CONTRAfluran in a clinical surgical setting, where all feasible strategies to minimise sevoflurane consumption and optimise the efficacy of CONTRAfluran were utilised. The secondary objective was to analyse the correlation between mass transfer and the duration of the case. Results: Mean (SD) volume of sevoflurane captured using CONTRAfluran was 4.82 (1.41) ml, representing 45% (95%CI 42–48%) of all sevoflurane administered. The highest amount of retention was found during the washout phase. Retention efficiency did not correlate with the duration of the case. Conclusions: Over half of the sevoflurane administered was not captured by the CONTRAfluran canister when minimal flow techniques were used, likely due to residual accumulation of sevoflurane in the patient after tracheal extubation or, to a lesser extent, due to ventilation system leakage. However, as every prevented emission is commendable, CONTRAfluran may be a potentially valuable tool for reducing the environmental footprint of sevoflurane‐based anaesthesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous rise in population, urbanization, industrialization, and improvement in people's living conditions over the past few decades have led to an increase in the consumption of fossil fuels. While there are several strategies to overcome it, such as afforestation, increasing the number of natural sinks, trapping the produced carbon dioxide in exhausted oil wells, and sorption of CO2 on absorbers, all of these are only short-term remedies. However, a long-term solution would be conversion of CO2 into another type of substance. Thereby, reduction of CO2 to generate short chain hydrocarbons like CH3OH, CH4, C2H6, etc. can act as a renewable strategy to produce green energy sources. Reduction of CO2 can be achieved following several pathways which include pyrolysis, chemical-catalysis, electrocatalysis and/or photocatalysis, etc. Among these routes, photocatalytic pathway is more appealing as it is an inherently green approach where solar light can directly convert CO2 to value-added products. During molecular photocatalytic CO2 reduction, typically Ru- or Ir-based photosensitizers are commonly used in presence of a cocatalyst. In this context, metal chalcogenides photocatalysts including CdS, CuS, MoS2, ZnS, ZnTe, and their heterostructures like CdSe/CdS, CdS/CeO2, etc. are made of earth-abundant metals and have received a considerable attention towards CO2 reduction due to their notable photocatalytic efficiency. As it is well known, it is nearly impossible to concurrently satisfy the various performances in a one-step excitation system utilizing a single photocatalyst. As a result, the idea of composite photocatalysts which combine the advantages of many materials emerged, and this trend has become essential and foreseeable. This compact review highlights the application and the engagement of metal chalcogenides which due to their unique properties not only helps in the reduction of CO2 but also plays a vital role in reducing environmental pollution and hence seen as a potential remedy towards the concerned problem. This compact review highlights the application and engagement of metal chalcogenides which due to their unique properties not only helps in the reduction of CO2 but also plays a vital role in reducing environmental pollution. Various metal chalcogenides photocatalysts including CdS, CuS, MoS2, ZnS, ZnTe, and their heterostructures like CdSe/CdS, CdS/CeO2, etc. are made of earth-abundant metals and have received a considerable attention towards CO2 reduction due to their notable photocatalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paddy fields are recognized as significant sources of methane ( CH4) emissions, playing a pivotal role in global climate change. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide ( C02) concentrations ( e [ C02 ] ) exert a profound influence on the carbon cycling of paddy fields. Understanding the effects of e[C02] on CH2 emissions, as well as the underlying microbial processes, is crucial for enhancing carbon sequestration and reducing emissions in paddy fields. We reviewed the impacts of e[C02] on CH2 emission in paddy fields, focusing on the activity, abundance, community structure, and diversity of carbon-cycling-related microbes. We also delineated the roles of various microbial processes in mitigating CH2 emissions under e[C02], as well as the primary environmental determinants. Overall, the type of e [ C02 ] experimental platforms, duration of fumigation, concentration gradients, and the methods of C02 enrichment all influence CH4 emissions from paddy fields. e[C02] initially stimulates CH2 emissions, which may decrease over time, indicating an adaptability of the methane-emitting microbial community to e [ C02 ]. This response exhibits a trend of initial attenuation followed by an intensification of the positive effects on CH2 emissions. Experiments with abrupt increase of C02 concentration might overestimate CH2 emissions. The impact of e[C02] on microbial processes is predominantly characterized by enhanced activities and abundance of methanogens, aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs. It significantly alters the community composition and diversity of methanotrophs, with minimal effects on methanogens and anaerobic methanotrophic communities. Finally, we outlined future research directions: 1) Integrated investigations into the effects of e [ C02 ] on CH4 emissions, methanogenesis, and both aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs in paddy fields could elucidate the mechanisms underlying the impacts of climate change on CH4 emissions; 2) Long-term studies are essential to understand the mechanisms of e [ C02 ] on CH2 emissions and associated microbial processes more accurately and realistically; 3) Multi-scale (temporal and spatial), multi-factorial ( C02 concentration, temperature, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, and water management practices), and multi-methodological (observational, data, and model integration) research is necessary to effectively reduce the uncertainties in assessing the response of CH4 emissions in paddy fields and related microbial processes to e[C02] under future climate change scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Through an extensive literature review, this study determines the COVID-19 pandemic's impacts and challenges on worldwide waste management for sustainable development. The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has adversely and harshly affected almost every element of global social, economic, and environmental systems over the past few years. The widespread use of disposables and personal protective equipment (PPE) for infested and healthy people and frontier employees caused unprecedented miscellaneous garbage. Increasing waste volumes caused a problem for standard waste disposal facilities, which harmed the global waste management sector and resulted in a vital global scenario. Since waste management in developing countries is still in its infancy, the pandemic has broken many regions of the globe. The complete assessment gives a synopsis of COVID-19's impacts and difficulties on waste management. This study reviews the COVID-19 pandemic's effects and challenges on worldwide waste management for sustainable development to fill this gap. This analysis refers to the quantitative research method used to analyze bibliographic content. It provides a general overview of a research topic that may be further broken down into publications, authors, and journals. With a few notable exceptions, the results obtained align with accepted wisdom. In this study, we used the VOSviewer software. This study showed that most countries, essential to managing the increased waste, have seen an increase due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nonetheless, a complete bibliometric examination of the issue still needs to be completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drylands occupy 41% of the Earth's surface and 31% of South America. In these environments, anthropogenic climate changes may contribute to the intensification of droughts and increase the susceptibility of lands to desertification. In this study, the evolution, current topics, and the research trends in climate change in four dry environments in South America (Caatinga, Patagonia, Gran Chaco, and the Atacama Desert) were analyzed. Methods: The database was obtained from the Core Collection of Web of Science. A total of 1,386 scientific papers (1993–2022) were analyzed. Results: Patagonia accounted for 37.4% of research on climate change in the four studied environments, while the Gran Chaco accounted for only 6.9%. Overall, the research trends indicate the need for the understanding in the increasing severity of drought in the Caatinga and the intensification of fire frequency in the Gran Chaco on soil properties, animals, and plants. The implementation of more sustainable animal production systems, aiming at soil conservation and reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions should be a priority in Patagonia. In Atacama Desert, the relationship between climate change and soil microbiome, as well as plant-microorganism interactions under hyper-arid conditions, represent important research trends in this ecosystem. Across all biomes, quantification of GHG emissions, the development of strategies to promote C sequestration by biomass and in soils and studies to understand the effects of climate change on people's lives have been scarce and urgently need implementation. Conclusion: There is an urgent need to implement public policies aimed at mitigating and adapting to climate change in the dry climate environments of South America with emphasis on the Gran Chaco, where climate-environmental research is limited, and ecosystem degradation is pronounced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of the RECCAP2 initiative, we present the greenhouse gas (GHG) and carbon (C) budget of Europe. For the decade of the 2010s, we present a bottom‐up (BU) estimate of GHG net‐emissions of 3.9 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 (using a global warming potential on a 100 years horizon), which are largely dominated by fossil fuel emissions. In this decade, terrestrial ecosystems acted as a net GHG sink of 0.9 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1, dominated by a CO2 sink that was partially counterbalanced by net emissions of CH4 and N2O. For CH4 and N2O, we find good agreement between BU and top‐down (TD) estimates from atmospheric inversions. However, our BU land CO2 sink is significantly higher than the TD estimates. We further show that decadal averages of GHG net‐emissions have declined by 1.2 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 since the 1990s, mainly due to a reduction in fossil fuel emissions. In addition, based on both data driven BU and TD estimates, we also find that the land CO2 sink has weakened over the past two decades. A large part of the European CO2 and C sinks is located in Northern Europe. At the same time, we find a decreasing trend in sink strength in Scandinavia, which can be attributed to an increase in forest management intensity. These are partly offset by increasing CO2 sinks in parts of Eastern Europe and Northern Spain, attributed in part to land use change. Extensive regions of high CH4 and N2O emissions are mainly attributed to agricultural activities and are found in Belgium, the Netherlands and the southern UK. We further analyzed interannual variability in the GHG budgets. The drought year of 2003 shows the highest net‐emissions of CO2 and of all GHGs combined. Plain Language Summary: We have synthesized the European budgets of carbon and the greenhouse gases (GHG) carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. This synthesis includes estimates of direct emissions from fossil fuel burning, industrial production, waste management and agriculture, as well as of sources and sinks in the terrestrial biosphere. Summing up the sources and sinks of the three GHGs, we estimate for the decade of the 2010s an average annual net‐emission of 3.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalents. These net‐emissions are dominated by carbon dioxide from fossil fuel emissions (4.1 billion tons of carbon dioxide). In contrast, the terrestrial biosphere acts as a net sink of carbon dioxide, the effect of which is only partly counterbalanced by net emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. The net‐effect of the terrestrial biosphere's GHG budget is a sink of 0.9 billion tons of carbon dioxide equivalents per year. Over the last three decades, European GHG emissions have declined by 1.2 billion tons carbon dioxide equivalents per year, mainly due to reductions in fossil fuel emissions. However, the sink capacity of the terrestrial biosphere has diminished since the 2000s. Key Points: We provide a bottom‐up estimate of CO2, CH4, N2O emissions of 3.9 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1 over Europe, 2010–2019Terrestrial ecosystems acted as a greenhouse gas net sink of 0.9 Pg CO2‐eq. yr−1, dominated by CO2 sinkNet‐greenhouse gas emissions decreased by ∼1/4 since the 1990s, but land carbon sink is weakening since the 2000s [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urochloa spp. are the most important grasses for ruminants in Brazil and contain secondary metabolites, mainly saponins. Urochloa brizantha extracts (ethanolic EE and hydroalcoholic HE with 3.62 and 5.38 mg protodioscin mL−1, respectively) were developed to verify their potential as additives for ruminant nutrition. The in vitro gas production technique was used to evaluate ten treatments in a completely randomized factorial arrangement (2 × 4 + 2), where the main effects were two extracts (EE and HE); four levels (50, 100, 150, and 200 mL of the extract kg−1 of DM), plus two controls (one positive with 25 ppm of monensin and another with no additives). The extracts EXT (EE and HE) produced a higher proportion of acetate (C2) and lower propionate (C3) than CTL, reflected in a 31% higher C2:C3 ratio. However, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the treatments for methane production parameters. Archaea and Ruminococcus' relative gene expressions were higher in EE than in HE; however, the protozoa opposite occurred, HE was higher than EE. Fibrobacter succinogenes were 33% lower in EXT than in CTL. The addition of these extracts in a sheep diet increased the production of SCFA and decreased Fibrobacter succinogenes without altering the methane and archaeal population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper explores the diverse applications of polylactide or polylactic acid (PLA) and its contributions to environmental sustainability. It delves into the synthesis, properties, and numerous applications of PLA, accompanied by illustrative examples demonstrating its ability to reduce carbon emissions. The environmentally friendly characteristics of PLA, coupled with its versatility, make it a vital player in the ongoing efforts to combat climate change. PLA generally requires lower extrusion temperatures than other 3D printing materials, such as ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene). Lower extrusion temperatures lead to reduced energy consumption during the printing process thus the reduction in carbon dioxide emissions during production. Plants, such as corn and sugarcane, play a crucial role in absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during their growth cycle. When these plants are utilized to produce PLA, the captured CO2 remains sequestered within the plastic material. This contributes to offsetting CO2 emissions from other sources. In conclusion, the usage of PLA has demonstrated positive contributions to the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions through its renewable sourcing, lower extrusion temperatures, lower dependence on fossil fuels, reduced greenhouse gas emissions during production, biodegradability, and participation in a closed carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are known to contribute to global climate change. A two-year field study on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) evaluated cultivation practices and fertilizer use on GHGs. The presence of urea and hollow-tine aerification resulted in the highest soil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. No significant differences between soil methane (CH4) flux were observed based on fertilizer; however, in 2014 the verticutting cultivation treatment fluxed significantly more soil CH4 than the uncultivated control. Results showed no significant differences in soil nitrous oxide (N2O) in 2013; however, in 2014, both fertilizer and cultivation practices showed significant differences between treatments, with the urea and the hollow-tine treatments fluxing significantly more soil N2O. The hollow-tined plots produced the greenest turf in 2013, followed by the uncultivated control and the verticutted treatment. In 2014, both the hollow-tine and the uncultivated control produced the greenest turf, followed by the verticutted treatment. The hollow-tined and uncultivated control treatments had significantly higher turfgrass quality than the verticutted treatment. The verticutted urea treatment was above acceptable levels (>6.0) for turfgrass quality following all cultivation events. The results show cultivation practices can be identified that reduce GHG emissions while maintaining turfgrass quality and color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change mitigation requires creative solutions to reduce greenhouse gases (GHG). Little research has been performed on GHG emissions from shaded turfgrass systems, resulting in a lack of best management practice (BMP) development. The aim of this research was to investigate the soil flux of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) as impacted by shade [shade (98.8%) versus sun (100%)] and differing sources (fast- versus slow-release) and rates (147 versus 294 kg ha−1 yr−1) of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on creeping bentgrass putting greens. The results show that emissions of soil CO2 and soil N2O are significantly lower in shaded plots versus sunny plots. The presence of N fertilizer significantly increased soil CO2 emissions over unfertilized plots. Quick-release N fertilizer fluxed significantly more soil N2O than the slow-release N fertilizers. Turfgrass color was significantly higher on the sunny green versus the shaded green except in late summer. Turfgrass quality was significantly higher for the shaded green versus the sunny green. Milorganite improved turfgrass quality whereas urea decreased turfgrass quality due to fertilizer burn. When N is needed to improve turfgrass color and quality, the use of slow-release N sources should be a BMP for shaded greens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The EU faces two economic challenges: managing non-performing exposures (NPEs) and climate change. This paper analyzes the relationship between the NPEs of domestic banking groups and climate risks, including macroeconomic variables such as the GDP growth rate, unemployment rate (UnEmp), and the voice and accountability percentile (VCA) and the interaction variable between the GHG and the Rule of Law Percentile (GhGRLP). The estimation uses ordinary least squares with time-fixed and individual effects. Physical and transition risks significantly affect NPEs, showing that both adverse climate events and the transition to a low-carbon economy worsen the financial situation of European banking institutions. The analysis also revealed that increased levels of VCA lead to a rise in NPEs, while an increase in GhGRLP reduces NPEs. In contrast, financial institutions tend to recognize and report NPEs more accurately in contexts with greater transparency and accountability. In comparison, UnEmp negatively affects NPEs, suggesting that economic support measures during high unemployment can reduce NPEs in the subsequent period. In conclusion, climate risk management represents a crucial challenge for the financial stability of banking institutions. Policymakers and financial institutions must continue to develop and implement climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies to preserve financial system stability amid growing climate uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of flooding-tolerant grasses on wet or rewetted peatlands is a priority in climate change mitigation, balancing the trade-off between atmospheric decarbonisation and biomass production. However, effects of management intensities on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the global warming potential (GWP) are widely unknown. This study assessed whether intensities of two and five annual harvest occurrences at fertilisation rates of 200 kg nitrogen ha− 1 yr− 1 affects GHG exchange dynamics compared to a ‘nature scenario’ with neither harvest nor fertilisation. Fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), using opaque and transparent chambers, were measured on a wet fen peatland with a mean water table depth of -10 cm below soil surface. Overall, no treatment effect was found on biomass yields and GHG emissions. Annual cumulative CH4 emissions were low, ranging between 0.3 and 0.5 t CO2-C eq ha− 1 yr− 1. Contrary to this, emissions of N2O were high, ranging between 1.1 and 1.5 t CO2-C eq ha− 1 yr− 1. For magnitudes of CH4 and N2O, soil moisture conditions and electrical peat properties were critical proxies. Atmospheric uptake of CO2 by net ecosystem exchange was higher for the treatments with management. However, this benefit was offset by the export of carbon in biomass compared to the treatment without management. In conclusion, the results highlighted a near-equal GWP in the range of 10.5–11.5 t CO2-C eq t ha− 1 yr− 1 for all treatments irrespectively of management. In a climate context, a restoration scenario but also intensive paludiculture practices were equal land-use options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relationship between soil ecology, food systems, and organic waste, highlighting the often overlooked interconnectedness of these factors. It discusses the changes in food production and consumption that have led to the prevalence of processed foods and the associated rise in obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. The article also addresses the environmental implications of modern agriculture, such as soil depletion and reduced biodiversity, as well as the impact of organic waste and greenhouse gas emissions on climate change. Possible solutions are proposed, including sustainable agricultural practices, recycling organic waste through composting and biochar production, and shifting dietary habits towards a greater focus on produce. The importance of accessibility and affordability of nutrient-rich foods is emphasized, along with the potential benefits of community gardens, urban farms, and food forests. The text emphasizes the need for collective efforts to change our approach to food in order to improve our health and the health of the planet. It highlights the importance of viewing food systems as interconnected networks and suggests that healing the soil can lead to better nutritional quality in our food, increased agricultural yields, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The text also mentions the decline in the nutritional quality of foods and the potential benefits of practices such as crop rotation, no-till farming, and biochar application. It discusses the environmental impacts of food waste and the potential benefits of programs like the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and produce prescriptions in improving access to healthy food. Additionally, it mentions the positive effects of community gardens on diet, health, and [Extracted from the article]

The perfluorocarbons tetrafluoromethane (CF4, PFC-14) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6, PFC-116) are potent greenhouse gases with near-permanent atmospheric lifetimes relative to human timescales and global warming potentials thousands of times that of CO2. Using long-term atmospheric observations from a Chinese network and an inverse modeling approach (top--down method), we determined that CF4 emissions in China increased from 4.7 (4.2-5.0, 68% uncertainty interval) Gg y-1 in 2012 to 8.3 (7.7-8.9) Gg y-1 in 2021, and C2F6 emissions in China increased from 0.74 (0.66-0.80) Gg y-1 in 2011 to 1.32 (1.24-1.40) Gg y-1 in 2021, both increasing by approximately 78%. Combined emissions of CF4 and C2F6 in China reached 78 Mt CO2-eq in 2021. The absolute increase in emissions of each substance in China between 2011-2012 and 2017-2020 was similar to (for CF4), or greater than (for C2F6), the respective absolute increase in global emissions over the same period. Substantial CF4 and C2F6 emissions were identified in the less-populated western regions of China, probably due to emissions from the expanding aluminum industry in these resource-intensive regions. It is likely that the aluminum industry dominates CF4 emissions in China, while the aluminum and semiconductor industries both contribute to C2F6 emissions. Based on atmospheric observations, this study validates the emission magnitudes reported in national bottom--up inventories and provides insights into detailed spatial distributions and emission sources beyond what is reported in national bottom--up inventories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, buildings account for 40% of the energy consumption and produce 36% of CO2 emissions. Renovation could be a great tool to decarbonize the building stock since it allows for a decrease in the operational energy required for buildings and is less material-consuming than new construction. Further benefits are brought by the usage of bio-based insulation materials that can drastically reduce embodied emissions and transform structures into factual carbon sinks. This study focuses on a particular kind of biogenic material, mycelium-wood composites, consisting of organic matter bound by the root structure of fungal organisms. This innovative insulation material was compared with traditional ones for the renovation of the building stock, with a focus on vertical components like walls in the Helsinki metropolitan area. To characterize mycelium-wood composites, density and carbon content information were gathered from the samples realized in the Politecnico di Milano MaBa.SAPERLab, while the production processes were included in a SimaPro model to obtain the GWP value. Different scenarios were then defined by two variables: the renovation rate of the building stock and the market penetration of myceliumwood composites. For each scenario, the overall GWP and CO2 stored values were calculated. Results show the great potential of the innovative material that grants carbon storage in the building stock that could even surpass the amount stored in the 32,500 ha of forest in the area. However, this possibility is heavily influenced by factors independent of the type of insulation used that should be further investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salt marshes provide many important ecosystem services, key among them being carbon sequestration. However, a large degree of uncertainty remains in salt marsh carbon budgets, particularly during colder months of the year when salt marsh microbial and vegetative activity is assumed to dormant. We also lack data on urban systems. In this study, we used an easily portable carbon dioxide sensor package to directly measure net carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes throughout the winter in a temperate, urban salt marsh. We sampled across the dormant season both on normal (cold) temperature days and on days that were anomalously warm (defined here as air temperatures 2.8°C above the long-term average). We demonstrated that median (±mad) daytime CO2 fluxes doubled on the warm days, compared to cold days (1.7 ± 2 mmol m-2 h-1, 0.7 ± 1.3 mmol m-2 h-1, respectively). We also show that net CO2 emissions scaled with soil temperature. The high day-to-day variability, however, implies that infrequent or sparse measurements cannot sufficiently capture the temporal dynamics of dormant season salt marsh net CO2 fluxes. The magnitude of the net CO2 source from our sampling during the dormant season leads us to hypothesize that, as mean annual temperatures continue to increase, dormant season CO2 emissions from salt marshes will increasingly offset growing season carbon dioxide uptake. This change compromises the carbon sequestration capacity, and therefore the climate mitigation potential of these ecosystems. Future studies should focus on quantifying the impact of dormant season CO2, and other greenhouse gases on salt marsh carbon budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the problem of joint production and preventive maintenance (PM) planning of a deteriorating manufacturing system generating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The system is composed of a deteriorating machine, subject to random failures and repairs evolving in a dynamic and stochastic context. The main objective is to develop control policies that minimize the sum of backlog, inventory, maintenance, and emission costs. The stochastic optimal control theory based on the dynamic programming approach is used to obtain the optimality conditions and the optimal control policies, which are determined using numerical methods. Sensitivity analyses are provided to depict and validate the obtained structure of the production and PM policies characterized by multiple thresholds that jointly regulate the production and PM rates with the age, emissions, and inventory levels. Furthermore, we compared the performance of the obtained control policies with that of the most relevant policies found in the literature and showed their superiority by considerable cost savings. Finally, the proposal's implementation is provided to equip managers of the considered manufacturing system with an effective and robust decision-support tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION Relay intercropping of maize and soybean can improve land productivity. However, the mechanism behind N2O emissions in this practice remains unclear. A two‐factor randomized block field trial was conducted to reveal the mechanism of N2O emissions in a full additive maize–soybean relay intercropping. Factor A was three cropping systems – that is, monoculture maize (Zea mays L.), monoculture soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) and maize–soybean relay intercropping. Factor B was different N supply, containing no N, reduced N and conventional N. Differences in N2O emissions, soil properties, rhizosphere bacterial communities and yield advantage were evaluated.The land equivalent ratio was 1.55–2.44, and the cumulative N2O emission (CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$) was notably lower by 60.2% in intercropping than in monoculture, respectively. Reduced N declined CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ without penalty on the yield advantages. The relay intercropping shifted soil properties – for example, soil organic matter, total N, NH4+$$ {\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+} $$ and protease activity – and improved the soil microorganism community – for example, Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria. Intercropping reduced CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by directly suppressing nirS‐ and amoA‐regulated N2O generation during soil N cycling, or nirS‐ and amoA‐mediated soil properties shifted to reduce CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ indirectly. Reduced N directly reduced CEN2O$$ \mathrm{C}{\mathrm{E}}_{{\mathrm{N}}_2\mathrm{O}} $$ by decreasing soil N content and reducing soil microorganism activities to alleviate N2O produced in soil N cycling.Conducting a full additive maize–soybean relay intercropping with reduced nitrogen supply provides a way to alleviate N2O emissions without the penalty on the yield advantage by changing rhizosphere bacterial communities and soil N cycling. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the factors that influence the disclosure of carbon emissions. The factors tested in this study include company size, profitability, competition, growth, debt-to-equity ratio, the reputation of a public accounting firm, and environmental performance. The method used to measure the extent of carbon emission disclosure adopts a checklist developed based on a request sheet obtained from the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP). The sample of this study was selected using purposive sampling and selected 40 agriculture, Industry, and energy companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange consecutively from 2020-2022. The results of this study indicate that profitability, growth, and reputation of public accounting firms have a significant effect on the disclosure of carbon emissions. In contrast, other factors have no significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The area of land dedicated to growing maize for bioenergy in the United Kingdom is rapidly expanding. To understand how maize production influences soil carbon (C) dynamics, and whether this is influenced by soil type, we measured net ecosystem exchange (NEE) using the eddy covariance technique over the 2021 growing season. We combined the NEE data with C imports and exports to calculate the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of two maize crops grown for bioenergy in the United Kingdom, one site on mineral soil and the other on lowland agricultural peat. Maize was similarly productive at both sites—gross primary productivity was 1107 g C m−2 at the site with mineral soil and 1407 g C m−2 at the peat site. However, total ecosystem respiration was considerably higher from the peat site (1198 g C m−2) compared with the mineral soil site (678 g C m−2). After accounting for the removal of C in harvested biomass, both sites were net C sources, but C losses were over two times greater from the peat site (NEP = 290 g C m−2) than the mineral site (NEP = 136 g C m−2). While annual crops may be needed to produce bioenergy in the short term, growing maize for bioenergy in the United Kingdom does not appear to be a viable option for C sequestration over the long term, as it leads to high carbon losses from agroecosystems, especially those on organic soils. Instead, growing perennial bioenergy crops on mineral soils with a low organic C content is a more appropriate option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reservoir construction and operation profoundly alter the hydrological, hydrodynamic, and carbon and nitrogen cycling processes of rivers. However, current research still lacks a systematic understanding of the characteristics of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from reservoirs in arid/semi-arid regions. This study integrates existing monitoring data to discuss the characteristics of GHG emissions from reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin and illustrate the controlling factors and underlying mechanism of these processes. The results indicate that while CO2 emission flux from reservoirs is lower than that from river channels, the emission fluxes of CH4 and N2O are 1.9 times and 10 times those from rivers, respectively, indicating that the emission of GHG with stronger radiative effect is significantly enhanced in reservoirs. Compared to the reservoirs in humid climates (e.g., the Three Gorges Reservoir), reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin exhibit relatively lower emissions of CO2 and CH4 due to lower organic matter concentrations, but significantly higher N2O emissions due to higher nitrogen loads. Monte Carlo simulations for 237 reservoirs in the Yellow River Basin showed that total emission of the three GHGs is 3.05 Tg CO2-eq yr−1, accounting for 0.39% of the total emission from global reservoirs and lower than the area percentage of the basin (0.53%). This study has important implications on revealing the GHG emission characteristics and control mechanisms of reservoirs in arid/semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin layer sediment placement (TLP) is used to build elevation in marshes, counteracting effects of subsidence and sea level rise. However, TLP success may vary due to plant stress associated with reductions in nutrient availability and hydrologic flushing or through the creation of acid sulfate soils. This study examined the influence of sediment grain size and soil amendments on plant growth, soil and porewater characteristics, and greenhouse gas exchange for three key U.S. salt marsh plants: Spartina alterniflora (synonym Sporobolus alterniflorus), Spartina patens (synonym Sporobolus pumilus), and Salicornia pacifica. We found that bioavailable nitrogen concentrations (measured as extractable NH4+‐N) and porewater pH and salinity were inversely related to grain size, while soil redox was more reducing in finer sediments. This suggests that utilizing finer sediments in TLP projects will result in a more reduced environment with higher nutrient availability, while larger grain sized sediments will be better flushed and oxygenated. We further found that grain size had a significant effect on vegetation biomass allocation and rates of gas exchange, although these effects were species‐specific. We found that soil amendments (biochar and compost) did not subsidize plant growth but were associated with increases in soil respiration and methane emissions. Biochar amendments were additionally ineffective in ameliorating acid sulfate conditions. This study uncovers complex interactions between sediment type and vegetation, emphasizing the limitations of soil amendments. The findings aid restoration project managers in making informed decisions regarding sediment type, target vegetation, and soil amendments for successful TLP projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to evaluate the performance of a novel three-phase reactor Belt Conveyor Reactor BCR (with rotating sieve trays patent GB2567340B) as a photobioreactor compared with a traditional Airlift Bubble Column ALR, both influenced by the flow of the gas. Chlorella vulgaris was cultivated in these two photobioreactors using ambient air has a CO 2 concentration of 0.038% with different aeration flowrates 0.145, 0.195, 0.24, and 0.29 vvm (gas volume per minute/liquid volume in the reactor). The maximum growth rate achieved on the 14th day of culture was 2.120 and 1.420 g/L for BCR, ALR respectively, with initial biomass concentrations of 0.2 g/L and aeration flow of 0.29 vvm. Moreover, the removal efficiency of carbon dioxide sequestration by the two photobioreactors is 40% for BCR and 25% for ALR. The innovative design succeeded in operational quality of agitation with high gas holdup inside the sieve trays to increase the biomass growth up to 50% higher than in the ALR. The maximum CO 2 fixation for ALR was at about 18% at a specific aeration rate of 0.145 vvm in the bubbly regime. Whereas in the BCR can be reached about 38% with wide range operation condition of airflow rate 0.145–0.24 vvm due to well-distributed liquid due to rotating trays, and good gas–liquid mass transfer surface area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice based cropping systems are the most predominantly grown systems in India contributing a major share to India's food grain production. However, systems i.e., rice-rice and rice-wheat brought us second generation sustainability issues over long run. Cowpea being a multi-role legume crop can be considered for the intensification of rice-based system with limited resources and its residue having lower C:N ratio can easily decompose in soil and enhance soil fertility. Following experiment was conducted at Institutional Research Farm, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha during kharif, rabi and summer season during 2017-18 and 2018-19. The treatments were laid out in split plot design and consisted of three replications. The main plot consisted of two rice-based cropping systems i.e., rice-maize-cowpea (R-M-C) and rice-groundnut-cowpea (R-G-C), sub-plots consisted of five nutrient and residue management practices i.e., C-C-C, R-R-R, RI+R75-R-R, RI+R75-SM+R-R and RI+R75-SM+R-R50. The pooled value for the season 2017-18 and 2018-19 revealed that, RI+R75-SM+R-R and RI+R75-SM+R-R50 resulted higher yield i.e., pod yield, seed yield, stover yield, HI, nutrient content, nutrient uptake, economic return i.e., gross return, net return and B:C ratio, higher CH4 flux and lower N2O flux than R-R-R. Between two cropping systems, R-M-C cropping system recorded highest yield and is more feasible to take over R-G-C. Among nutrient management, RI+R75-SM+R-R recorded higher growth and yield but due to consistent residue retention and incorporation, even if using 50% of recommended dose of fertilizer in cowpea i.e., RI+R75-SM+R-R50 recorded similar growth, yield, economic return, and even higher B:C ratio than RI+R75-SM+R-R and recommended. Cowpea residue incorporation and 25% reduced dose of chemical fertilizer application in rice crop, rice straw mulch in rabi maize and 50% reduction in chemical fertilizer application in summer cowpea (RI+R75-SM+R-R50) received highest cowpea yield, and economic return and this system-based nutrient management should be recommended in R-M-C cropping system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]