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Medicinal products in Europe are under the strict control of many organisations headed by the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare (EDQM) in Strasbourg and its related General European Official Medicines Control Laboratories (OMCLs) Network (GEON). The EDQM works in cooperation with the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). All of these institutions have one main goal – to protect public health in Europe and around the world. One of the more important effects of the harmonisation of pharmaceutical law in Europe was the introduction of the mutual recognition principle for the Official Control Authority Batch Release (OCABR)/Official Batch Protocol Review (OBPR) certificates in the European Union. The National Veterinary Research Institute (NVRI) in Poland is an example of an OMCL laboratory within the Veterinary Batch Release Network (VBRN) that issues the European certificates. The NVRI is actively involved in the batch release of immunological veterinary medicinal products (IVMPs), with approximately 1,800 certificates for IVMPs issued per year. It is also one of only four veterinary OMCLs that perform Post Marketing Surveillance (PMS) studies including approximately 47 IVMPs per year. All the results of the testing data are sent to the Chief Veterinary Officer, and also to the electronic Network platforms of the EDQM, which enables transparent information exchange.

We investigate the possible existence of graviballs, a system of bound gravitons, and show that two gravitons can be bound together by their gravitational interaction. This idea connects to black hole formation by a high-energy $2\to N$ scattering and to the gravitational geon studied by Brill and Hartle. Our calculations rely on the formalism and techniques of quantum field theory, specifically on low-energy quantum gravity. By solving numerically the relativistic equations of motion, we have access to the space-time dynamics of the (2-gravitons) graviball formation. We argue that the graviball is a viable dark matter candidate and we compute the associated gravitational lensing., 25 pages, 6 figures, 2 videos as ancillary files. Includes two new sections

Most people think science is exclusively about things like experiments, observations, and measurement. But to quote Professor of Mathematics Holmes Boynton who wrote World Book Encyclopedia’s “Geometry” article, “(Geometry) is important (later in the paragraph the quote is from, he uses the words “simple and easy to picture”) … because it shows students how to develop ideas by logical reasoning, rather than by observation, description, and measurement.” Therefore, it’s reasonable to use a simple geometry to help show that physics has uncovered a flaw with the results of all kinds of radioactive dating. Four years after publishing General Relativity (ie in 1919), Albert Einstein published a paper that asked "Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?" (1) That paper was published in an attempt to clarify the inner workings of the atom. But it might well apply in the present paper. Central to radiometric dating’s overestimates are two things: a) mathematics’ vector-tensor-scalar geometry (a simple geometry conceived by the author) which, answering “yes” to Einstein’s 1919 paper, shows that gravitational and electromagnetic waves compose particles of matter; and b) the conclusion supported by last century’s physics that these waves contain “advanced” and “retarded” components travelling backwards and forwards in time (this is not science fiction but will be reconciled here with quantum entanglement as well as Einstein’s Relativity). Astronomers study gravitational and electromagnetic waves - it's natural to wonder if, for example, distances to astronomical objects have also been overestimated. Intriguingly, neutralizing the advanced waves should dramatically increase the health and lifespan of humans and all other species if it doesn't adversely affect anatomy and physiology ie if the retarded waves alone are sufficient for normal structure and function.This work relates waves to the Complex Number Plane and Wick rotation - different phases rotate from the x-axis to the so-called “imaginary” y-axis where they can produce the extra mass of another large-scale dimension (so-called Dark Matter) as well as the Dark Energy which the mass possesses. &nbsp

We report on numerical constructions of fully non-linear geons in asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) spacetimes in four dimensions. Our approach is based on 3+1 formalism and spectral methods in a gauge combining maximal slicing and spatial harmonic coordinates. We are able to construct several families of geons seeded by different families of spherical harmonics. We can reach unprecedentedly high amplitudes, with mass of order $\sim 1/2$ of the AdS length, and with deviations of the order of 50\% compared to third order perturbative approaches. The consistency of our results with numerical resolution is carefully checked and we give extensive precision monitoring techniques. All global quantities like mass and angular momentum are computed using two independent frameworks that agree each other at the $0.1\%$ level. We also provide strong evidence for the existence of excited (i.e. with one radial node) geon solutions of Einstein equations in asymptotically AdS spacetimes by constructing them numerically., Comment: 34 pages, 9 figures, 5 tables, corrections were not taken into account in v2, now really matches accepted version to CQG

A detailed perturbative construction of globally regular, asymptotically anti-de Sitter (AdS) time-periodic solutions of Einstein's equations with a negative cosmological constant (AdS geons) is presented. Starting with the most general superposition of the $l=2$ even parity (scalar) eigenmodes of AdS at linear order, it is shown that at the fifth order in perturbation theory one obtains five one-parameter geon families, two of which have a helical Killing vector, one with axial symmetry, and two others without continuous symmetries. The details and some subtle aspects of the perturbative expansions are also presented., Comment: 65 pages, minor changes

Uno de los problemas abiertos en la descripción de la gravedad es la existencia de singularidades. Las geometrías singulares se caracterizan por geodésicas incompletas, lo que físicamente se corresponde con observadores que desaparecen del espacio-tiempo, o que aparecen de la nada. Múltiples extensiones de la Relatividad General tratan de resolver este problema de algún modo. Por ello, en esta tesis estudio modificaciones al Lagrangiano de Relatividad General, tales como gravedad cuadrática y gravedad de Born-Infeld, en el formalismo Métrico-Afín. En este formalismo, la conexión (de la cual se derivan los tensores de curvatura) se considera independiente de la métrica, y permitimos que sea el principio variacional el que dictamine su valor. Encontramos que en estas teorías, la conexión en vacío es la conexión de Levi-Civita de la métrica (como en el formalismo Riemanniano de Relatividad General); pero empezamos a ver diferencias cuando el valor del tensor energía-momento es suficientemente alto, tal como en las cercanías de la región central de un agujero negro. Queremos destacar que este formalismo es necesario en física del estado sólido, para describir la geometría de sistemas como los cristales de Bravais. En estos sistemas, la densidad de defectos en el cristal genera no-metricidad, de manera análoga a la materia para teorías de gravedad en el formalismo Métrico-Afín. En este contexto, hemos obtenido soluciones analíticas para agujeros negros cargados, donde en lugar de una singularidad central, encontramos una estructura de agujero de gusano con una esfera mínima cuya área depende de la carga del agujero de gusano. Estudiamos la regularidad de esta solución de tres maneras diferentes: - Según el criterio estándar de singularidad, que es la completitud geodésica. Las soluciones que obtenemos son geodésicamente completas, o bien porque un observador no es capaz de alcanzar el agujero de gusano, o bien porque si llega, es capaz de atravesarlo sin problemas. - Dado que las geodésicas son una idealización en la cual el tamaño del observador es mucho más pequeño que el tamaño de la variación de la curvatura, también hemos estudiado congruencias de geodésicas para representar observadores con tamaño no despreciable. Demostramos que los componentes individuales del observador no pierden el contacto causal a la hora de atravesar el agujero de gusano, lo cual garantiza la transmisión de interacciones entre ellos. - Dado que al final, la naturaleza de las partículas fundamentales es cuántica, y es descrita de manera más adecuada por una onda, también hemos estudiado la propagación de ondas escalares a través del agujero de gusano. Para ello, hemos separado una onda genérica en ondas parciales, cada una de las cuales se propaga de acuerdo a un potencial efectivo. Encontramos que estas soluciones son regulares en la garganta del agujero de gusano, y las dos soluciones independientes tienen o bien un comportamiento constante, o un comportamiento lineal al cruzarlo. Estos agujeros de gusanos los construimos sin necesidad de materia exótica, al contrario que otras soluciones conocidas en la literatura. Las ecuaciones electromagnéticas y gravitacionales son resueltas en todo el espacio-tiempo, y muestran que no existe una fuente para la carga y la masa del agujero negro, sino que es un producto del campo eléctrico que lo atraviesa. Estas soluciones son consistente con la definicion de Wheeler de geón. A la luz del trabajo realizado en esta tesis, deberíamos reconsiderar nuestro enfoque habitual a la hora de tratar las singularidades. Es posible que no sea un problema que debe resolver gravedad cuántica, sino que quizás es necesario obtener una teoríıa clásica que no tenga ese problema antes de intentar una cuantización. Después de todo, en esta tesis hemos introducido conceptos geométricos que están artificialmente restringidos en Relatividad General. En física del estado sólido, estas herramientas son necesarias para describir un cristal con defectos, mientras que el formalismo Riemanniano sólo es capaz de describir cristales perfectos; y estos defectos son imprescindibles a la hora de describir las propiedades globales del cristal. Esto hace plantearnos cual es la verdadera estructura geométrica del Universo. En esta tesis, hemos considerado que la materia no se acopla a estas nuevas estructuras; pero si lo hiciera, podríamos buscar violaciones del principio de equivalencia de Einstein cerca de las regiones más curvadas del Universo, y queda como una pregunta abierta que debemos resolver. One of the open problems in the description of gravity is the existence of singularities. Singular geometries are characterized by incomplete geodesics, which physically means that there are observers which disappear from the space-time, or which appear suddenly. Many extensions to General Relativity try to deal with this problem in some fashion. In this thesis I study modifications to the Lagrangian of the General Relativity, such as quadratic gravity and Born-Infeld gravity, in the Metric-Affine formalism. In this formalism, the connection (from which the curvature tensors are derived) is independent of the metric, and we let the variational principle to give its value. In these theories we find that the connection in vacuum is the Levi-Civita connection of the metric (as in the Riemannian formalism of General Relativity); but we start seeing differences when the value of the stress-energy tensor is high enough, such as near the central region of a black hole. We want to highlight that this formalism is necessary in solid-state physics, to describe the geometry of systems such as Bravais crystals. In these systems, the density of defects creates non-metricity, in a similar way as matter does in gravity theories in the Metric-Affine formalism. In this context, we have found analytical solutions for charged black holes where, instead of a central singularity, we find a wormhole structure with a minimum sphere whose radius depends on the charge of the black hole. We study the regularity of these solutions in three different ways: - According to the standard criteria for singularities, which is the completeness of the geodesics. These solutions are geodesically complete: either physical observers are unable to reach the wormhole, or it is able to cross it without problems. - Since geodesics are an idealization in which the size of the observer is much smaller than the the size of the variations in curvature, we have also studied congruences of geodesics to represent observers with non-negligible size. We prove that the individual components that constitute the observer do not lose causal contact when crossing the wormhole, which guarantees the transmission of physical interactions between them. - Since ultimately the nature of fundamental particles is quantum, and more aptly described by a wave, we have studied the propagation of waves through the wormhole. For this, we have separated a generic wave into partial waves, each of them propagating according to some effective potential. We find that the propagation is regular at the wormhole throat, and that the two independent solutions have a constant behaviour or a linear behaviour when crossing it. These wormhole solutions are constructed without the need for exotic matter, unlike other solutions found in the literature. The electromagnetic and gravitational equations are solved in all the space-time and show that there is not a source for the charge and the mass of the wormhole, but it is the product of and electric field crossing it. These solutions are consistent with Wheeler’s definition of geon. In the light of the work of this thesis, we should reconsider our usual approach when dealing with singularities. It is possible that this problem is not one that should be solved by a quantum theory of gravity, instead it may be necessary to obtain a classical theory without this problem before attempting a quantization. After all, in this thesis we have introduced geometric tools that are artificially restricted in General Relativity. In solid-state physics, these tools are necessary to describe a crystal with defects; and these defects are essential to describe the global properties of the crystal. This makes us wonder which is the true underlying geometry of the Universe. In this thesis we have considered that matter sources do not couple to these new structures; but if it did, we would see violations of the Einstein Equivalence principle near the most curved regions of the space-time, so which is the underlying geometry is still an open question we must solve.

The mechanism of predator recognition in birds hasn't been understood well yet. There are two main hypotheses: recognition by components and particulate feature theory. We examined these theories in two-feeder experiment under natural conditions on wild untrained birds. We tested reactions of great tit (Parus major), blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), marsh tit (Poecile palustris), willow tit (Poecile montanus) and Eurasian nuthatch (Sitta europaea) to dummies of scrambled sparrow hawk (Accipiter nisus) compared to control complete sparrow hawk and pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica). Our results suggested that birds assesss all scrambled dummies equally as a real unscrambled sparrowhawk. Therefore our results support rather the particulate feature theory.

Nonaccidental properties (NAPs) are image properties that are invariant over orientation in depth and allow facile recognition of objects at varied orientations. NAPs are distinguished from metric properties (MPs) that generally vary continuously with changes in orientation in depth. While a number of studies have demonstrated greater sensitivity to NAPs in human adults, pigeons, and macaque IT cells, the few studies that investigated sensitivities in preschool children did not find significantly greater sensitivity to NAPs. However, these studies did not provide a principled measure of the physical image differences for the MP and NAP variations. We assessed sensitivity to NAP vs. MP differences in a nonmatch-to-sample task in which 14 preschool children were instructed to choose which of two shapes was different from a sample shape in a triangular display. Importantly, we scaled the shape differences so that MP and NAP differences were roughly equal (although the MP differences were slightly larger), using the Gabor-Jet model of V1 similarity (Lades & et al., 1993). Mean reaction times (RTs) for every child were shorter when the target shape differed from the sample in a NAP than an MP. The results suggest that preschoolers, like adults, are more sensitive to NAPs, which could explain their ability to rapidly learn new objects, even without observing them from every possible orientation.