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Coastal zones are highly dynamic and constantly influenced by geomorphological and physical properties. Thus, estimating coastal vulnerability around the world is necessary for coastal zone management. Makran region, in the southeast of Iran, with a 133 km coastline, is considered a case study for vulnerability analysis and estimating its potential for further economic developments. The coastal vulnerability index (CVI) was considered with five parameters: geomorphology, regional elevation, coastal slope, shoreline changes and mean significant wave height. Significant wave height is an additional variable we added to CVI estimation compared to previous works. MIKE 21 software was used to extract this variable. Seven images from the Landsat satellite were employed to provide shoreline transformation. According to our results 52% of the coastline is ranked as high-vulnerability index, and 15% as very-high vulnerability index. We detected some anthropogenic areas with considerable accretion along the shoreline, while these areas were not considered vulnerable areas according to CVI. Thus, we reckon a sort of shortcoming in calculating CVI for not giving weight to the variables involved. This aim to be achieved necessitates organized historical research over the area, which was out of the scope of this sole research. Research highlights: Inclusive employment of geomorphic and hydrodynamic parameters is suggested for calculating CVI. However, a shortcoming in this calculation is the lack of information to give weight to the variables involved. More than half of Makran shoreline (67%) is ranked as high to very high-vulnerable area, which means specific concern is needed for any further anthropogenic activities around this area. Accretion can be counted as an issue on CZM, specifically on the area with anthropogenic activities, such as ports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land suitability is a crucial factor in land use planning and sustainable agricultural production. Evaluating land suitability helps optimize land use, promote sustainable land use, protect the environment, and ensure optimal use of natural resources. This study was conducted in the Abiek region of Qazvin province in northwest Iran, covering an area of 60,000 hectares. After collecting data from 300 soil profiles and determining land suitability classes for wheat cultivation with surface irrigation using the FAO classification system, digital elevation models, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 satellite images, and environmental variables extracted from the digital elevation model were used to create digital maps using both traditional and machine learning methods. The results showed that the machine learning method had a higher accuracy rate of 74% and a Kappa index of 68 compared to the traditional method with an accuracy rate of 62% and a Kappa index of 53. The most important environmental variables used in the machine learning model were those extracted from the digital elevation model and Landsat-8 satellite images. The largest area for wheat cultivation with surface irrigation was found in the relatively suitable class (S2), with 30,753 hectares in the random forest method and 21,028 hectares in the traditional method. In contrast, the smallest area belongs to the unsuitable class (N), with 3,052 hectares in the forest method. Additionally, random fields and 7185 hectares were identified in the traditional method. Also, 15,000 hectares of the study area are suitable for wheat cultivation without restrictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The study's overarching goal was to examine the dynamics of geomorphological interaction and their effects on the urban expansion of the Weija-Gbawe Municipality in Ghana's Greater Accra Region. The study deployed a quantitative research approach to achieve the objective. A descriptive research design was used in collecting and analyzing data from three hundred and fifty-one (351) participants with a closed-ended questionnaire. The study employed a cluster sampling technique to select the participants based on areas with high concentrations of built-ups and other areas with low concentrations. Using the important relative index (RII), the fundamental level is ranked by the index. SPSS version 26 was used to analyse the data, and the results are shown in a descriptive frequency distribution table. The findings revealed population growth in the Weija-Gbawe Municipality as the main human factor transforming the landscapes' geomorphology, as residents change the landscape for human occupation and industrial uses. Similarly, the topographical terrain, emphasizing slope and elevation were the predominant geomorphological characteristic modifying urban expansion in the Municipality, as settlements were mainly distributed on flat terrain, and the elevation and slope were significant constraints for expansion of the city. Furthermore, urban land utilization in the Weija Gbawe Municipality is distinguished by an industrialized economy and built-up facilities. The paper concludes that applying geographic information systems, remote sensing, and field surveys is essential for generating comprehensive knowledge of urban and anthropocene geomorphology; this is possible through the use of GIS and remote sensing in analyzing the land use land cover changes in the study area. The study suggests enacting, enforcing environmental by-laws, intensifying, and restructuring environmental education by various stakeholders, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Municipality's Physical Planning Agency (PPA). This could be done by bridging the weak linkage between land use/road planning and aborting applications received which were not in line with the planning standards and approving those that are accurate and standard.

A study was conducted on the 145 largest rivers in the world with consistent long-term sediment records, and the findings indicate that 50% of the rivers statistically tend towards significantly lower flow because of sedimentation. According to reports, the global reservoir gross storage capacity is approximately 6000 km3 and annual reservoir sedimentation rates are approximately 31 km3 (0.52%). This indicates that by the year 2100, the capacity of the world's reservoirs will have been reduced by 50% due to sedimentation. Since Sukkur Barrage is one of the largest and severely affected reservoirs in Pakistan. This paper involves the HEC-RAS 6.1 to determine sediment transport and deposition of Sukkur Reservoir. The model was calibrated and validated for bathymetric survey of the year 2020. The sedimentation analysis was carried out during the flood season. The results of HEC-RAS 6.1 were incorporated into a GIS software to visualize sediment accumulation in reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's overarching goal was to examine the dynamics of geomorphological interaction and their effects on the urban expansion of the Weija-Gbawe Municipality in Ghana's Greater Accra Region. The study deployed a quantitative research approach to achieve the objective. A descriptive research design was used in collecting and analyzing data from three hundred and fifty-one (351) participants with a closed-ended questionnaire. The study employed a cluster sampling technique to select the participants based on areas with high concentrations of built-ups and other areas with low concentrations. Using the important relative index (RII), the fundamental level is ranked by the index. SPSS version 26 was used to analyse the data, and the results are shown in a descriptive frequency distribution table. The findings revealed population growth in the Weija-Gbawe Municipality as the main human factor transforming the landscapes' geomorphology, as residents change the landscape for human occupation and industrial uses. Similarly, the topographical terrain, emphasizing slope and elevation were the predominant geomorphological characteristic modifying urban expansion in the Municipality, as settlements were mainly distributed on flat terrain, and the elevation and slope were significant constraints for expansion of the city. Furthermore, urban land utilization in the Weija Gbawe Municipality is distinguished by an industrialized economy and built-up facilities. The paper concludes that applying geographic information systems, remote sensing, and field surveys is essential for generating comprehensive knowledge of urban and anthropocene geomorphology; this is possible through the use of GIS and remote sensing in analyzing the land use land cover changes in the study area. The study suggests enacting, enforcing environmental by-laws, intensifying, and restructuring environmental education by various stakeholders, including the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Municipality's Physical Planning Agency (PPA). This could be done by bridging the weak linkage between land use/road planning and aborting applications received which were not in line with the planning standards and approving those that are accurate and standard. Highlights: Topography is a significant factor influencing urban development. Land utilization in Weija-Gbawe is predominantly commercial and domestic-based. Geographic Information Systems are reliable for gathering information about urban expansion. Population growth in Weija-Gbawe Municipality is the primary human factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geomorphological forms each at different stages of the process of environmental change and evolution, stable conditions and instabilities under the influence of external and internal processes. One of these forms is igneous masses, which take on a distinct shape and change due to tectonic movements and fault movements. This change can be shown using geomorphological evidence and indicators. The igneous massif is located beyond the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt in the western part of Qom province. By examining different patterns such as drainage patterns, color tone, slope, circular rings, and geomorphological indices, mass growth was revealed in this area. The pattern index completely indicates the instability of this mass. Most of the surfaces of the alley mass slopes are composed of triangular shapes, the formation of which is the result of the performance of active internal processes against external processes. The color tone of this cone is light and indicates that it is active. The circular rings of the mass indicate the expansion of the eastern slopes. The slope of this mass is between 5-10.5 which is justified by tectonic action and all the alluvial fans of the surface morphology are in the form of ducts and small ridges 2 cases of erosion were observed in the southeastern part of the intrusive mass, which is advancing towards the top of the alluvial fan. Captivity and diversion of waterways in the region is another piece of evidence that is influenced by active tectonics. Due to the instability of the slopes and alluvial fans, no human activity (except in special cases) has been formed in the area. In general, the indicators and evidence of instability and active tectonic movements in different parts of the intrusive rock of diorite and the lack of news of the day. Due to the active tectonics and instability of this environment is fully approved.

Soil oxides are important diagnostic indicators for soil quality assessment, and their content has a positive effect on adsorption of heavy metals, remediation of pollution, and enhancement of organic matter enrichment. Moreover, soil oxides are affected by multiple environmental factors such as soil pH, geomorphological, and elevation, and their distribution is highly regional. In this study, 421 ground soil samples and 2 hyperspectral satellite data were collected. The content distribution of 8 main oxides in soil, including SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O, and Corg. were obtained according to the process of data preprocessing, spectral transformation, feature extraction, band combination, and model establishment. The results indicated that the homogenization spectral transformation method is the most suitable; The calculation accuracy of complex spectral characteristic parameters is inferior to that of characteristic bands; The difference model is more suitable for the extraction of soil oxide content in this study area; The average content of SiO2 and CaO shows a decreasing trend with the elevation increasing; The average content of SiO2 and Fe2O3 shows an upward trend with the increase of slope; East is the main geomorphic direction of soil oxide enrichment. SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO are the three soil oxides with the highest correlation. The response relationship between soil oxides, topography and pH is discussed, and the distribution rule of soil oxides and environmental determinants are obtained, which provides a set of technical schemes for digital soil research. This study can extract the content of soil components in a large area, analyze the causes, and provide a new technical scheme for soil investigation and treatment.

Mud volcanism is a global phenomenon usually associated with compressional tectonics that favor extrusion of fluid- and clay mineral-rich sediment both on land and offshore. Iran's coastal, bordering the western Makran Coast, has more than 50prominent onshore MVs. In this research, after data collection, including topography and geology maps, IRS satellite data and aerial photos, remote sensing verifications were implemented. Then, mud volcanoes determination was completed by field work studies and checking. Their geomorphology characteristic such as area and height were measured. One sediment and one water samples were taken from each mud volcano in the field work, then analyses of major, minor and trace elements were carried out through ICP-OES. About 20 small or big mud volcanoes were determined in Hormozgan province that they have not been introduced before. In the meantime, hydrogeochemistry studies or determination of the percentage of available elements in water for all mud volcanoes were implemented. Since this geomorphological phenomenon indicates tectonic activity of a region, hence there is a possibility of mild earthquake and faulting occurrence. After determine correlation analysis cluster and factor analyiss determine between different factors from scoter plot map characterized that source of elements Al, Fe, Ni, V, Sc, Ti, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mn, Na, K, Li, Be is geogenic and source of elements Ca,Mn and S is biogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) has been analysing submissions for extension of the continental shelf for the last 20 years. As a scientific and technical body, the CLCS is mandated to examine the coastal states' submissions according to geological and geomorphological criteria, which sometimes implies a qualitative reasoning that allows this panel to carry out its functions. In some other instances, the CLCS faces situations which require an interpretation beyond geophysical factors. Under those circumstances, the CLCS refrains from making interpretations as certain issues go beyond a scientific–technical assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strengthening of a coastal zone involves a complex of hydrodynamic factors (waves, currents, wind and materials carried by them), climate, rock stability, sedimentation and eustatic fluctuations at sea level. The sea terrace on which the urban structures of Nessebar are located is formed on almost horizontal Miocene limestone sandstones, marl limestones and clays. It is limited by the steeply abraded coast, subjected to the destructive energy of the sea surf until the end of the last century. The destruction of ancient and early Byzantine constructions can be identified along the slope of the sea-cliff between the 8th and 13th isohypses (contour lines) and the coastline and along the seabed to at least the 4th isobath (depth contour). In the process of tracing the fortifications, the ancient coastline is not followed, but rather the proximity to the base of the peninsular slope. The values and relative chronology of the eustatic benchmarks corresponding to the destruction of the classical Mesambrian fortifications (third quarter of the 5th century BC) mark the coast during the regression in the middle of the first millennium BC; the route of the late Antique fortress wall (second quarter of the 5th century AD) identify the point of the rise in the sea level until the third quarter of the first millennium AD; the collapse of the northern aisle and the renewal of the monastery basilica of 'The Holy Mother of God Eleusa' in 1341/42 probably coincides with the first stages of the transgression in the second half of the second millennium AD, while the collapse of the church 'St Protomartyr Stephen' in 1855 appears to be shortly before a slow-down in this transgression. The engineering facilities, designed in the 1980s both to preserve the coastline and act as a port, confirm the optimal choice of the ancient and medieval builders in locating their sites.

النهر ککتلة متحرکة من الماء لابد أن يکون له طاقة أو قوة تتوقف على العديد من المتغيرات الهيدروليکية والتي يصعب الفصل بينهما، ومع اختلاف هذه المتغيرات تتباين طاقة النهر من موقع لأخر، لتکون سبب في نشأة وتطور العديد من الظاهرات الجيومورفولوجية، إذ ترتبط عمليات النحت والنقل والارساب بفعل الأنهار ونشاطها الجيومورفولوجي بطاقة النهر. وقد تم تطبيق النمذجة في تقدير طاقة النهر والعوامل المؤثرة فيها والظاهرات الجيومورفولوجية الناتجة عنها بنهر النيل بمنطقة جزيرة الکريمات، وذلک عن طريق استخدام تقنيات الجيوانفورماتيکس للوصول إلى أعلى دقة في النتائج وفي عملية التحليل والتقييم. Hydraulic Modeling of River Energy and Its Role in the Geomorphological Changes in the Nile River in the Al Kuraimat Island Area. Abstract A river, as a moving mass of water, must have energy or power that depends on many hydraulic variables, which are difficult to separate. With the difference of these variables, the river’s energy varies from one location to another, causing the emergence and development of many geomorphological phenomena, as the processes of erosion, transport and deposition are related, due to rivers and their geomorphological activity, to the energy of the river. The modeling was applied in estimating the energy of the river, the factors affecting it, and the geomorphological phenomena resulting from it in the Nile River in the area of Al-Kuraimat Island, by using geoinformatics techniques to reach the highest accuracy in the results and in the analysis and evaluation process.

The city of João Pessoa has relief features formed by karstic processes, called closed depressions. The natural dynamics of the karst relief is dominated by the process of dissolution of rocks, especially carbonates. The geological characteristics identified, and the conditions related to the evolution of the relief in the city place it in an area susceptible to the occurrence of karst processes, which adds to the strong urbanization process observed in the area. Thus, this article aimed to identify and characterize landforms developed by karstification processes to enable the analysis of risks in these environments, considering, in addition to natural susceptibility, aspects related to forms of urban uses and occupation. For this purpose, we mapped features of karst relief, called closed depressions. A map of susceptibility to karstification processes was created by using the map algebra technique, considering the factors of structural conditions, lithology, and geomorphology, as well as the conditions of urban occupation. Finally, the generated data were superimposed producing the classification of risk areas associated with karstic processes. The structural condition has been found to represent the preponderant factor for the risk conditions in the city of João Pessoa, Paraíba state, in addition to the impacts introduced in the karst system due to human activities, which sometimes represent the trigger for the occurrence of phenomena such as the opening of craters in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Qilian Shan, which is located along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, plays a key role in understanding the dynamics of the outward and upward growth of the plateau. However, when and how tectonic deformation evolved into the geographic pattern which is currently observed in the Qilian Shan are still ambiguous. Here, apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology and sedimentology were conducted to interpret the low-temperature tectonic deformation/exhumation events in well-dated Late Miocene synorogenic sediment sequences in the Xining Basin, which is adjacent to the southern flank of the Qilian Shan. These new low-temperature thermochronological results suggest that the Qilian Shan experienced four stages of tectonic exhumation during the late Mesozoic–Cenozoic. The Late Cretaceous exhumation events in the Qilian Shan were caused by the diachronous Mesozoic convergence of the Asian Plate and Lhasa Block. In the early Cenozoic (ca. 68–48 Ma), the Qilian Shan quasi-synchronously responded to the Indian–Asian plate collision. Subsequently, the mountain range experienced a two-phase deformation during the Eocene–Early Miocene due to the distal effects of ongoing India–Asia plate convergence. At ca. 8 ± 1 Ma, the Qilian Shan underwent dramatic geomorphological deformation, which marked a change in subsidence along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau at that time. Our findings suggest that the paleogeographic pattern in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau was affected by the pervasive suture zones in the entire Qilian Shan, in which the pre-Cenozoic and Indian–Asian plate motions reactivated the transpressional faults which strongly modulated the multiperiodic tectonic deformation in northern Tibet during the Cenozoic. These observations provide new evidence for understanding the dynamic mechanisms of the uplift and expansion of the Tibetan Plateau.

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding geomorphological characteristics must provide morphographic, morphometric,morphogenetic, and morphochronological information. This study aims to identify geomorphological characteristics in the Prambanan hills area compiled in the form of a geomorphological map. The research is based on maps, previous research reports, and field observations in the form of field checks on theelements studied. The geomorphological mapping system used is the ITC system. The main analysis in this research is spatial analysis in the form of overlapping spatial data. The relationship between landform units,lithology, and slopes is information that is analyzed descriptively. The results showed that on a map with a scale of 1: 30,000, 9 geomorphological units could be identified. The 9 geomorphological units are a combination of morphometry, genetics, and lithology. The combination consists of 2 landforms, namelytraditional and structural hills, and slopes; The lithology consists of 3 layers, namely the Lapili Formation of Semilir, Sand Formation of Kebo Butak, and Tuff Formation of Semilir. While the morphometry is in theform of slope units, namely 8-15%, 15-25%, 25-45%, and >45%. While the age based on lithology is Late Oligocene – Early Miocene in the Kebo Butak Formation and Early Miocene – Middle Miocene in theSemilir Formation.

Copyright of Journal of Historical & Cultural Studies an Academic Magazine is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Tamoios is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study objective to map and characterize the geomorphological units of the watershed of the river Salamanca in Barbalha/CE city, from integration of elements as lithology, ground, declivity and altimetry (level curves). It was decided adhere methodology of IBGE-2009. For the preparation of cartographic products was required to use radar image SRTM project TOPODATA / INPE with resolution to 30 meters. The information cartographic were generated using ArcGIS 9.3 software. Were mapped two units morphostructural, which are divided in six units morfoesculturais allowing demonstrate through the map, the group of forms and processes that contribute to the dynamic landscape of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is objectified to discuss about the existent implications among the advances of Cartographic Science and the Geomrophological Cartography, taking for base the concepts, the progresses and the tendencies of the traditional cartography. For so much, it intends to describe the techniques and improvements as well as, the problematic resultant of thos innovations, still highlighting the employment of the computer science in the marking of digital maps.

ABSTRACT Um-Rimam depression is one of the largest depressions in Kuwait. It is about 16.5 km2 and located in northern Kuwait. It consists of a northern and southern playa whose floors cover 0.39 and 0.72 km2 at 50 m and 60 m above sea level, respectively. The two playas are separated by a narrow zone (250 m in width) called the neck area. The depression is developed on alluvial sediments classified under Kuwait Group (Oligo-Pleistocene). The main geomorphological features of the study area are wadis, playas and yardangs. 73 wadis (11 major and 62 minor wadis) were observed in the field with variable orientations. The depression is a mere erosional feature, because no indications of a tectonic origin have been found in the study area. The depression has a variety of surface sediments such as pebbly sheets, active sand sheets, wadi fill deposits, alluvial fans, falling dunes, and nabkha deposits around shrub (Haloxylon salicornicum and Lycium shawii). The surface sediments in the Um-Rimam depression are sandy, poorly sorted, positively skewed and very platykurtic. The amount of aeolian deposits (sand and dust) is low in the study area compared to the average deposited aeolian particles in surrounding areas within Kuwait, but the annual amount of sand trapped in the northern playa (31 kg.yr-1) is higher than the southern playa. The proposed artificial lakes in the depression might be good for improving the vegetation cover and wildlife, but an environmental impact assessment study should be prepared.

Conventional methods for the estimation of flood frequency are generally based on the statistical analysis of data series resulting from the measurement of water levels at specific locations, which are translated into discharges (m3/s) using standard stage/discharge relationships. Subsequently, these gauged flows are used to identify the largest flood event experienced by a river or catchment, and to produce growth curves used in the estimation of the return periods of specific flood events, as well as in the calculation of discharges for specific required design events (e.g. return period 1 in 100 year). In areas where gauging data records are scarce, and/or the data series are short or interrupted, geomorphological interpretation of the physical environment, dating of fluvial deposits and flooding episodes and hydraulic reconstruction of past flood events can be used as complementary tools aiding conventional hydrological and flood frequency analysis methods. This paper will discuss the undertaking of this approach in the Guadalope Catchment in northeast Spain. It will examine the findings in relation to the inadequate design of existing structures such as dams, spillways, canals and reservoirs, and will also look at the potential risks associated with flooding at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of an experiment to compare glacial geomorphology mapped from remotely sensed imagery with 1:10,000-scale field mapping. The field mapping was validated against high resolution LiDAR imagery of an area glacierized during the Younger Dryas and found to provide an essentially reliable, if not complete, representation of the glacial geomorphology. The experiment consists of comparing the field mapping with digital elevation models (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission C-Band, Landmap, OS Panorama®, OS Profile®, NEXTMap) and satellite imagery (Landsat Thematic Mapper) of a 100-km2 region of central Scotland, north of Glasgow, that was last glaciated during the Last Glacial Maximum and during the Younger Dryas, respectively c. 14.5 and 11.5 cal. ka BP. For the purposes of this exercise, we concentrated on glacial lineaments (flutes, drumlins, and crag and tail), but attention was also given to moraine ridges and eskers. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons are performed and the results show that of the remotely sensed data sets, only NEXTMap Great Britain™ provided results that showed any approximation to the field mapping. OS Panorama® and OS Profile® provided very poor approximations, and the other methods fail to provide any information of value. Attention is given to the issues of scale and the differences between a small-scale detailed study, such as this experiment, in which a high resolution glacial geomorphological reconstruction is required, and the small-scale studies where the remote sensing techniques used here provide important evidence of regional significance when glaciers formed the largest elements of the landscape. The paper concludes with a consideration of protocols for future geomorphological mapping exercises, and outlines some of the requirements that must be adopted as these protocols are developed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]