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Aromatic and medicinal plants constitute a vast source of bioactive compounds, with remarkable chemical diversity. The aim of the present study is to investigate the antioxidant activity of extracts and fixed oils of Lavandula dentata L. aerial parts. Dried powdered aerial parts of Lavandula dentata was extracted with methanol by refluxing. Different solvent fractions of aqueous methanol extract of L. dentata aerial part were prepared by successive extraction in chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol in order of increasing polarity. Fixed oil of L. dentata aerial parts was obtained by maceration in chloroform at room temperature. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the crude methanol extract was determined using standard methods. The antioxidant activity of the crude methanol extract, fractions, and fixed oil was evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay. Total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents determination revealed that L. dentata crude methanol extract have high contents of polyphenols (27.43 mg GAE/g), and flavonoids (20.62 mg QE/g). The ethyl acetate fraction of L. dentata exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 16.41 ± 0.11 μg/mL as measured by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The n-butanol extract also demonstrated notable antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 42.32 ± 0.86 μg/mL. The fixed oil extracted from L. dentata aerial parts demonstrated mild antioxidant activity, with IC50 of 414.2 mg/mL. The findings from this study have shown that Lavandula dentata aerial parts contains bioactive compounds with antioxidant potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the chemical composition, nutritional, and biological properties of extracts obtained from A. melanocarpa berries using different extraction methods and solvents. Hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 allowed us to isolate fruit essential oil (HDEX) and fixed oil (SFEEX), respectively. A phenol-enriched extract was obtained using a mild ultrasound-assisted maceration with methanol (UAMM). The HDEX most abundant component, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was italicene epoxide (17.2%), followed by hexadecanoic acid (12.4%), khusinol (10.5%), limonene (9.7%), dodecanoic acid (9.7%), and (E)-anethole (6.1%). Linoleic (348.9 mg/g of extract, 70.5%), oleic (88.9 mg/g, 17.9%), and palmitic (40.8 mg/g, 8.2%) acids, followed by α-linolenic and stearic acids, were the main fatty acids in SFEEX determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-DAD/ELSD). HPLC-DAD analyses of SFEEX identified β-carotene as the main carotenoid (1.7 mg/g), while HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLU) evidenced α-tocopherol (1.2 mg/g) as the most abundant tocopherol isoform in SFEEX. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of UAMM showed the presence of quercetin-sulfate (15.6%, major component), malvidin 3-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl) glucoside-4-vinylphenol adduct (pigment B) (9.3%), di-caffeoyl coumaroyl spermidine (7.6%), methyl-epigallocatechin (5.68%), and phloretin (4.1%), while flavonoids (70.5%) and phenolic acids (23.9%) emerged as the most abundant polyphenol classes. UAMM exerted a complete inhibition of the cholesterol oxidative degradation at 140 °C from 75 μg of extract, showing 50% protection at 30.6 μg (IA50). Furthermore, UAMM significantly reduced viability (31–48%) in A375 melanoma cells in the range of 500–2000 μg/mL after 96 h of incubation (MTT assay), with a low toxic effect in normal HaCaT keratinocytes. The results of this research extend the knowledge of the nutritional and biological properties of A. melanocarpa berries, providing useful information on specific extracts for potential food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective extraction is an improved method applied to fenugreek seeds to isolate specific bioactive compounds from different seed fractions. This process leads to the recovery of two fixed oils (FO) from husk (HK) and cotyledon (CT) as by-products of the defatting process. The main objective of this study is to investigate and compare the properties obtained from these fractions FO. A comprehensive analysis of the extracted FO was performed, including lipid class distribution, fatty acid analysis, molecular species of triacylglycerols, nutraceutical profile (sterol and tocopherol content), antioxidant activity (polyphenol content) and physicochemical properties. The percentage oil yield of the husk and cotyledon fractions was 2.625 ± 0.2% and 11.6 ± 0.69%, respectively. In addition, nutrient profiling identified β-sitosterol, 1340.31 ± 1.01 and 1670.28 ± 1.22 and α-tocopherol, 0.17 and 0.13 mg/100 g in HK and CT, respectively. Fatty acid analysis revealed a higher proportion of linoleic acid (50.17 µmol %) in HK FO and α-linolenic acid (15.28 µmol %) in CT FO as major fatty acids. The Husk FO exhibited significant antioxidant activity due to its high polyphenol content. Other parameters related to the physical and chemical properties determine the quality, stability and characteristics of the fixed oils from both fractions. The results provide valuable insights into the specific properties of FO obtained from these fractions and shed light on differences in the composition of bioactive compounds such as sterols, tocopherols and fatty acids. This research contributes to the understanding of the constituents of fenugreek seeds and their potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 18 fenugreek genotypes and two cultivars were cultivated under irrigated and dryland conditions to determine the morphological, yield, quality, and bioactive properties. The morphological and seed yield values showed differences among the fenugreek genotypes and cultivars. The PI 286532 and PI 639185 genotypes for total alkaloid content and the PI 426973 and PI 572538 genotypes for trigonelline content were prominent under both irrigated and dryland conditions. The PI 215615 and PI 286532 genotypes were found to be rich in fixed oil contents under two growing conditions, while all fenugreek genotypes had high linoleic contents. The PI 568215 and PI 251640 genotypes and the gürarslan cultivar had the highest antioxidant activity compared with the other genotypes. The PI 215615 and PI 302448 genotypes and the gürarslan cultivar were found to be superior with respect to phenolic and flavonoid contents. Generally, the cluster analysis clustered the genotypes into two main groups and two sub-groups. Group B included more than 66% of the genotypes and cultivars. The biplot analysis accounted for over 53% of total variations. As a result of this study, most of the genotypes were found to be high in the examined properties, and these genotypes were good sources of natural components with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Sabit yağlar ve uçucu yağlar, yüzyıllardır insanlar tarafından, hastalıkların tedavi edilmesinde, hastalıklardan korunmak amacıyla ve yaşam kalitesini artırmak için kullanılmaktadır. Ayrıca çoğu bitkisel kökenli olan, özellikle bitkilerin yağlı tohumlarından elde edilen yağlar, aromaterapide “taşıyıcı yağ” olarak kullanılmaktadır. Tedavide kullanılan bu yağların yapısı, kalitesi, elde ediliş şekli ve tedaviye uygun olarak seçilmesi, yağın tedaviye olumlu katkı vermesini sağlayan en önemli etmendir. Özellikle yaşlanma karşıtı ürünlerde tercih edilen yağlar antioksidan özellikleri ile ön plana çıkmakta ve bu yönüyle tedaviye destek olmaktadırlar. Çalışmada da bu amaca yönelik olarak piyasada bulunan bazı yağların antioksidan aktivitesi karşılaştırılmıştır. Yöntem olarak 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH•) radikal süpürücü etki, 2,2’- azino-bis (3-etilbenzotiazolin-6- sulfonik asit) (ABTS+•) radikal süpürücü etki ve askorbat–Fe (III)-katalizli fosfolipit peroksidasyonunu engelleyici etki tayini yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Deneysel çalışmalarda kullanılan buğday rüşeymi (Triticum sativum), keten tohumu (Linum usitatissimum), nar çekirdeği (Punica granatum), kişniş (Coriandrium sativum), çörek otu (Nigella sativa), sakız kabağı tohumu yağları (Cucurbita sp.) ve zerdeçal ekstresi (Curcuma longa) piyasadan temin edilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda zerdeçal ekstresi ve buğday rüşeym yağı en aktif yağlar olarak belirlenmişlerdir.

Copyright of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology is the property of Duzce University Journal of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the chemical composition, nutritional, and biological properties of extracts obtained from A. melanocarpa berries using different extraction methods and solvents. Hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 allowed us to isolate fruit essential oil (HDEX) and fixed oil (SFEEX), respectively. A phenol-enriched extract was obtained using a mild ultrasound-assisted maceration with methanol (UAMM). The HDEX most abundant component, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was italicene epoxide (17.2%), followed by hexadecanoic acid (12.4%), khusinol (10.5%), limonene (9.7%), dodecanoic acid (9.7%), and (E)-anethole (6.1%). Linoleic (348.9 mg/g of extract, 70.5%), oleic (88.9 mg/g, 17.9%), and palmitic (40.8 mg/g, 8.2%) acids, followed by α-linolenic and stearic acids, were the main fatty acids in SFEEX determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-DAD/ELSD). HPLC-DAD analyses of SFEEX identified β-carotene as the main carotenoid (1.7 mg/g), while HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLU) evidenced α-tocopherol (1.2 mg/g) as the most abundant tocopherol isoform in SFEEX. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of UAMM showed the presence of quercetin-sulfate (15.6%, major component), malvidin 3-O-(6-O-p-coumaroyl) glucoside-4-vinylphenol adduct (pigment B) (9.3%), di-caffeoyl coumaroyl spermidine (7.6%), methyl-epigallocatechin (5.68%), and phloretin (4.1%), while flavonoids (70.5%) and phenolic acids (23.9%) emerged as the most abundant polyphenol classes. UAMM exerted a complete inhibition of the cholesterol oxidative degradation at 140 °C from 75 μg of extract, showing 50% protection at 30.6 μg (IA50). Furthermore, UAMM significantly reduced viability (31–48%) in A375 melanoma cells in the range of 500–2000 μg/mL after 96 h of incubation (MTT assay), with a low toxic effect in normal HaCaT keratinocytes. The results of this research extend the knowledge of the nutritional and biological properties of A. melanocarpa berries, providing useful information on specific extracts for potential food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.

In this study, 18 fenugreek genotypes and two cultivars were cultivated under irrigated and dryland conditions to determine the morphological, yield, quality, and bioactive properties. The morphological and seed yield values showed differences among the fenugreek genotypes and cultivars. The PI 286532 and PI 639185 genotypes for total alkaloid content and the PI 426973 and PI 572538 genotypes for trigonelline content were prominent under both irrigated and dryland conditions. The PI 215615 and PI 286532 genotypes were found to be rich in fixed oil contents under two growing conditions, while all fenugreek genotypes had high linoleic contents. The PI 568215 and PI 251640 genotypes and the gürarslan cultivar had the highest antioxidant activity compared with the other genotypes. The PI 215615 and PI 302448 genotypes and the gürarslan cultivar were found to be superior with respect to phenolic and flavonoid contents. Generally, the cluster analysis clustered the genotypes into two main groups and two sub-groups. Group B included more than 66% of the genotypes and cultivars. The biplot analysis accounted for over 53% of total variations. As a result of this study, most of the genotypes were found to be high in the examined properties, and these genotypes were good sources of natural components with potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnaceae) is a large spiny shrub or small tree, native to the Indian subcontinent that can reach a maximum height of 9–15 m. This plant stands as a renowned tropical fruit variety, commonly recognized as the Indian plum, Desert apple, or Indian Jujube. The objective of this study was to examine the standard physicochemical parameters of Z. mauritiana seed kernel oil and to formulate the ketoconazole soap (2 % w/w), using the obtained oil, as a base. The oil was obtained through hexane extraction from the seed kernels. To formulate pharmaceutical ketoconazole soap, Z. mauritiana seed kernel oil was subjected to a basic saponification reaction using potassium hydroxide. All the examined physicochemical parameters, namely acid value (4.71 mg KOH/g), saponification value (229.18 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (4.15 milliequivalents KOH/g), ester value (224.47 mg KOH/g), iodine value (11.19 mg KOH/g), refractive index (1.448), pH (5.93), viscosity (89 cP), and specific gravity (0.912 g/mL) were within the acceptable range for industrial purposes. The examination of quality control parameters, namely drug content (99.49 %), total fatty matter (71.13 %), foam retention time (17.21 min), foam height (18.56 cm), moisture content (9.14 %), and pH (7.16) indicated that the newly formulated ketoconazole soap complied with the acceptable limits. In summary, our research demonstrated the excellent physicochemical stability of Z. mauritiana seed kernel oil and its suitability as a soap base, supporting its promising prospects for cost-effective production of cosmetics, soaps, and shampoos in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries, reducing reliance on synthetic bases.

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) approximately constitutes 90% of the reported cases. 30-40% of diabetics eventually develop diabetic nephropathy (DN); accounting for one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Increased glucose autoxidation and non-enzymatic glycation of proteins in diabetic kidneys lead to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in lipid peroxidation and activation of inflammatory mediators which overwhelms the scavenging capacity of the antioxidant defense system (Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1). Centratherum anthelminticum commonly called as kali zeeri (bitter cumin) and its seeds are well known for culinary purposes in Asia (Pakistan). It has reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. The present study has attempted to explore the in-vivo anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential of the C. anthelminticum seed’s fixed oil (FO) and its fractions in high fat-high fructose-streptozotocin (HF-HFr-STZ) induced T2DM rat model. Methods The T2DM rat model was developed by giving a high-fat and high-fructose diet followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ 60 mg/kg) on 28th day of the trial. After 72 hours of this injection, rats showing fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels≥230 mg/dL were recruited into six groups. These groups were orally administered distilled water (1 mL/kg), Gliclazide (200 mg/kg), Centratherum anthelminticum seed (FO) and its hexane (HF), chloroform (CF) and ethanol (EF) soluble fractions (200 mg/kg each), respectively for 4 weeks (i.e. 28 days). Blood, serum, and kidney tissue samples of euthanized animals were used for biochemical, pro-inflammatory, and antioxidant markers (ELISA, qRT-PCR, and spectrophotometric assays) and histology, respectively. Results C. anthelminticum FO and its fractions reduced the lipid peroxidation, and improved the antioxidant parameters: enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and GPx), non-enzymatic (GSH), and mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory markers (Nrf-2, keap1, and HO-1). mRNA expression of inflammatory and apoptotic markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-1, NF-κB, Bax, and Bcl-2) were attenuated along with improved kidney architecture. Conclusion C. anthelminticum can mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in early DN. The anti-nephropathic effect can be attributed to its ability to down-regulate NF-κB and by bringing the Nrf-2 expression levels to near normal.

A microwave hot pressing machine (MHPM) was used to heat the colander to produce fixed oils from each of castor, sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa seed and compared them to those obtained using an ordinary electric hot pressing machine (EHPM). The physical properties, namely the moisture content of seed (MCs), the seed content of fixed oil (Scfo), the yield of the main fixed oil (Ymfo), the yield of recovered fixed oil (Yrfo), extraction loss (EL), six Efficiency of fixed oil extraction (Efoe), specific gravity (SGfo), refractive index (RI) as well as chemical properties, namely iodine number (IN), saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), and the yield of fatty acid (Yfa) of the four oils extracted by the MHPM and EHPM were determined. Chemical constituents of the resultant oil were identified using GC/MS after saponification and methylation processes. The Ymfo and SV obtained using the MHPM were higher than those for the EHPM for all four fixed oils studied. On the other hand, each of the SGfo, RI, IN, AV, and pH of the fixed oils did not alter statistically due to changing the heating tool from electric band heaters into a microwave beam. The qualities of the four fixed oils extracted by the MHPM were very encouraging as a pivot of the industrial fixed oil projects compared to the EHPM. The prominent fatty acid of the castor fixed oil was found to be ricinoleic acid, making up 76.41% and 71.99% contents of oils extracted using the MHPM and EHPM, respectively. In addition, the oleic acid was the prominent fatty acid in each of the fixed oils of sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa species, and its yield by using the MHPM was higher than that for the EHPM. The role of microwave irradiation in facilitating fixed oil extrusion from the biopolymeric structured organelles (lipid bodies) was protruded. Since it was confirmed by the present study that using microwave irradiation is simple, facile, more eco-friendly, cost-effective, retains parent quality of oils, and allows for the warming of bigger machines and spaces, we think it will make an industrial revolution in oil extraction field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae) is widely found in Asian Countries and has been traditionally prescribed owing to its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxation properties. Purposely, in this study, phytochemical composition and isolation of fixed oil from F. benghalensis were comprehended for the first time. The fatty acids were isolated from hexane (HO) and chloroform (CO) fractions and were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The fatty acid ester was identified by comparing the mass spectra with the equipment library. The major fatty acids identified from HO extract were oleic acid methyl ester (42.67), palmitic acid methyl ester (28.79), linoleic acid methyl ester (11.36), docosanoic acid methyl ester (8.83), and stearic acid methyl ester (3.21). Similarly, the major constituents of CO fraction were palmitic acid methyl ester (65.94), oleic acid methyl ester (10.18), stearic acid methyl ester (9.15), elaidic acid methyl ester (5.32), and linoleic acid methyl ester (3.94). Both of the isolated fixed oils were screened for antibacterial, antioxidant, analgesic, and muscle relaxant effects. Regarding the antibacterial effect, the maximum zone of inhibition against Bacillus subtilis was 26.32 and 25.09 mm by HO and CO fractions, respectively. Both HO and CO demonstrated significant antioxidant effects, i.e., 70.23 and 72.09 µg/mL at a higher dose (100 µg/mL). Similarly, both experimented fractions demonstrated significant analgesic effects while the muscle relaxant effect and sedative were non-significant. Results of the present study conclude that fixed oils are the significant antibacterial and analgesic.

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochist.) is an oilseed crop with high in euricic acid with industrial uses in production of biodiesel, nylon, plasticizers, and lubricants. Little information is available about Crambe response to phosphorus and potassium fertilization. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of phosphate (25 and 50 P2O5 kg Fed.−1) and potassium (10 and 20 K2O kg Fed.−1) fertilization on the growth characteristics and oil quality of Crambe plants. The experiment had a randomized complete block design, and it was carried out in the Experimental Station of National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt in 2019 and 2020. The results showed that the application of potassium and/or phosphorus fertilization resulted in significant increases of all vegetative growth traits, such as plant height, number of branches, fresh weight, and dry weight as well as fixed oil content. The GC analysis of fatty acid identified eight compounds in the following order of main averages; erucic acid (50.5%), elaidic acid (23.1%), Linoleic acid (10.9%), linolenic acid (6.5%), palmitic acid (4.8%), eicosanoic acid (1.9%), stearic acid (1.3%), and oleic acid (1.0%). Phosphorus and potassium had opposite effect on the main components of Crambe oil. Erucic acid increased with potassium fertilization and decreased with phosphorus fertilization. Contrast results were shown in Elaidic acid in response to potassium and phosphorus fertilizations. These results suggested the positive effect of both potassium and phosphorus fertilization on growth and oil yield of Crambe plants as well as they considered as limited factors for Erucic acid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study estimated the chemical constituents of wild Pistacia atlantica parts. Leaves, fruits, and rachis in spring and autumn were chosen. In addition, the analysis covered the bark and gum of the plant. Between April and October 2020, samples were collected from Sulaymaniyah and Halabja governorates in Kurdistan (Northeastern Iraq). Notably, at various locations, spring leaves contained more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbohydrates than autumn leaves. Moreover, Qaradagh autumn fruits contained the highest levels of fixed oil (32.08%). GC analysis of autumn fruit oil showed the concentrations of palmitic acid (11.02-11.69%), stearic acid (2.7-4.2%), oleic acid (44.25-45.39%), linoleic acid (13.11-15.36%) and linolenic acid (0.36-0.77%). Lastly, Qaradagh spring leaves had the highest total phenolic content (307.057 mg/g), while Ranya spring leaves had the highest total flavonoid concentration (101.483 mg/g). HPLC analysis of Ranya spring leaves revealed that the concentrations of quercetin, rutin, catechin, ferulic acid, and ellagic acid were 168.9 µg/g, 149.7 µg/g 124.5 µg/g, 122.4 µg/g, and 97.4 µg/g, respectively. Phenolic compounds are abundant in Qaradagh spring leaves. As such, further studies are needed to investigate the potential therapeutic uses of bioactive compounds isolated from Qaradagh spring leaves of P. atlantica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to its leaf, few studies have been reported on the seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. Metabolites profiling analysis of M. oleifera seed methanolic extract (ME) and its fixed oil (MO) was attempted via LC/MS and GC/MS. LC/MS analysis of M. oleifera seeds annotated 84 peaks of which glucosinolates and their corresponding acetyl isomers were abundant. GC/MS of seed oil revealed the abundance of fatty acids with oleic acid at 34.3%. ME exhibited significant anti-Helicobacter pylori activity with MIC50 0.92 µg/mL, nearly one-half that of Clarithromycin. Fixed oil (MO) showed a nonselective anti-inflammatory effect with IC50= 24.4 ± 0.8 µg/mL correlated to Ibuprofen. To unravel the mechanism of the anti-H. pylori activity a molecular docking study of the principal components of the ME has been performed, using H. pylori urease enzyme. Interactions with Ni2+ ions and amino acid residue in the active site, which are crucial for the enzyme's biochemical role, are evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens seeds contain fixed oil that is used as edible oil. Perilla seed oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as alpha or a-linolenic acid (ALA/omega-3 FAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) like oleic acid (LA). This work was devoted to physicochemical characterization, gas chromatography (GA) analysis of the chemical composition, and estimation of the health benefits of fatty acids contained in the perilla seed oil. The seed oil was extracted with petroleum ether by using the Soxhlet apparatus. Petroleum ether extract of perilla seeds contained about 35 – 38% oil. The oil had a specific gravity of 0.924 g/cm3 at 31°C, 180.92 saponification values, 1.68 acid value, 1.68 peroxide value, 135.0 iodine value, and 1.8% unsaponifiable matter. Methyl ester of perilla oil prepared for the GC analysis showed the presence of alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3-FA/ω-3-FA), linoleic acid (omega-6-FA/ω-6-FA), oleic acid (omega-9/ω-9 FA), stearic acid, and palmitic acid. Experiments on animals revealed laxative effects of P. frutescens seed oil taken orally in doses of 5 and 10 mL/kg body weight. The effects of laxatives were measured in terms of feces consistency (percentage), quantity of feces pellets, and stool frequency (times per day). According to the findings, perilla seed oil has a laxative effect. It may be concluded that perilla seed oil contain a significant amount of PUFAs and MUFAs, which is beneficial for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sage (Salvia officinalis L.) is an annual and biennial plant of Mediterranean origin from the Lamiaceae family. It's a valuable medicinal plant, which is widely used in traditional medicine in world and in Tunisia; this species is very rich in active biological compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the phyto-purifying activity of sage essential, fixed oil and ethanolic extracts in an extensive wastewater purification system of Tunisian national sanitation office. We have measured the physico-chemical parameters of wastewater treated with sage oils and extracts. Then, we have carried out a bacteriological analysis of this wastewater. Our results showed that pH values measured following treatment with sage essential oil gave a pH close to neutral. Therefore, this water can be used for irrigation. In addition, the sage leaves and stems have a considerable effect on the salinity and caused a very remarkable increase in electrical conductivity of the wastewater, the measure of elimination rate demonstrated the effectiveness of sage extracts in eliminating all the microorganisms existing in wastewater. In fact, sage essential oil has the greatest effectiveness in reducing the chemical oxygen demand of the wastewater and we have noticed that a decrease in chemical oxygen demand of microorganisms existing in the wastewater was necessarily accompanied by a decrease in biological oxygen demand. Therefore, sage leaves and stems were more effective in reducing suspended matter existing in wastewater. • Purifying activity of sage essential and fixed oils, ethanolic extracts in an extensive wastewater purification system. • To measure the physico-chemical parameters of wastewater. • A bacteriological analysis of wastewater treated with sage extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out at a private farm in AL-Radisiya city, Markaz Edfu, Aswan Governorate, Egypt on the banks of Nile River and Experimental Laboratory of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, EL-Qaloubia Governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 on chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant. A study was initiated through various biostimulant and chemical fertilizer aiming to evaluate effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) or seaweed extract and/or humic acid as well as chemical fertilizer (N.P and K) and the combination of them on vegetative growth, seed yield, chemical constituent's, fixed oil productivity and fixed oil composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant. Plants sprayed by biostimulants gave the significantly highest mean values for all of studied characteristics mentioned above, particularly T6: the combined of mycorrhiza, humic acid, seaweed and recommended dose of NPK followed by T5: recommended dose of NPK (350:200:100 kg/feddan) in the first and second seasons. Meanwhile, T4: seaweed (1 ml/l) ranked the third values in parameters mentioned before in this concern. Whereas, the richest fixed oil percentage was scored by T6, followed descendingly by T5 in the 1st and 2nd seasons. Chromatography analysis of chia fixed oil revealed the identification of four components. i.e. palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid. The main component was α-linolenic acid (43.34 to 53.28%). It can be concluded that T6 was the best for improving growth, seed yield, fixed oil productivity, chemical constituents and fixed oil components of Salvia hispanica L. plant.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) approximately constitutes 90% of the reported cases. 30-40% of diabetics eventually develop diabetic nephropathy (DN); accounting for one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. Increased glucose autoxidation and non-enzymatic glycation of proteins in diabetic kidneys lead to the excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that results in lipid peroxidation and activation of inflammatory mediators which overwhelms the scavenging capacity of the antioxidant defense system (Nrf2/Keap1/HO-1). Centratherum anthelminticum commonly called as kali zeeri (bitter cumin) and its seeds are well known for culinary purposes in Asia (Pakistan). It has reported anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. The present study has attempted to explore the in-vivo anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antihyperglycemic potential of the C. anthelminticum seed's fixed oil (FO) and its fractions in high fat-high fructose-streptozotocin (HF-HFr-STZ) induced T2DM rat model. Methods: The T2DM rat model was developed by giving a high-fat and high-fructose diet followed by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ 60 mg/kg) on 28th day of the trial. After 72 hours of this injection, rats showing fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels≥230 mg/dL were recruited into six groups. These groups were orally administered distilled water (1 mL/kg), Gliclazide (200 mg/kg), Centratherum anthelminticum seed (FO) and its hexane (HF), chloroform (CF) and ethanol (EF) soluble fractions (200 mg/kg each), respectively for 4 weeks (i.e. 28 days). Blood, serum, and kidney tissue samples of euthanized animals were used for biochemical, pro-inflammatory, and antioxidant markers (ELISA, qRT-PCR, and spectrophotometric assays) and histology, respectively. Results: C. anthelminticum FO and its fractions reduced the lipid peroxidation, and improved the antioxidant parameters: enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and GPx), non-enzymatic (GSH), and mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory markers (Nrf-2, keap1, and HO-1). mRNA expression of inflammatory and apoptotic markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-1, NF-κB, Bax, and Bcl-2) were attenuated along with improved kidney architecture. Conclusion: C. anthelminticum can mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress in early DN. The anti-nephropathic effect can be attributed to its ability to down-regulate NF-κB and by bringing the Nrf-2 expression levels to near normal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a specialty crop capable of providing healthy food and metabolites. The goal of our study was to explore the possibility of expanding seed yield, oil production, and metabolites of chia in response to amino acid, barthenosteriode, and algae extract treatments used as bio-stimulants. The experiment was conducted in the field in a randomized complete block design with three repeats. The treatments were (1) control (spray only with water), (2) amino acids with nutrients (2 mL/L vs. 4 mL/L), (3) brassinolide (5 mL/L vs. 10 mL/L), and algae extract (2 mL/L vs. 4 mL/L). The growth and yield measurements of chia, such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, amino acids, indoles, phenols, macro- and micronutrients, carbohydrates, total oil, and fatty acids were analyzed. The chia plants sprayed with growth stimulant materials showed increases in most studied characteristics, particularly algae extract at 4 mL/L, followed by algae extract at 2 mL/L during the first and second seasons. Meanwhile, amino acids at 4 mL/L led to the third-highest increases in most cases. Conversely, all bio-stimulant treatments decreased total phenols in leaves (mg/100 g f.w.), especially seaweed at 4 mL/L, compared to high levels in the control during both seasons. Control plants showed the lowest levels of the measurements mentioned previously when scored by barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L during the first and second seasons. GLC for fixed oil in chia showed the recognition of four biocomponents. i.e., oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and α-α linolenic acids. The main biocomponent was α-α linolenic acid and reach (49.7 to 57.9%). The application of seaweed at 4 mL/L could be exploited to improve growth, seed crop, fixed oil production, chemicals and bio-constituents, especially the fixed oil composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work was aimed to assess the antioxidant, antimicrobial and enzyme inhibitory properties of fixed oil extracted from Tamarix aphylla stem bark. Fixed oil composition was assessed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The plant extract activity was assessed against various bacterial and fungal strains using hole diffusion and macro dilution techniques. Spectrophotometric method was used to measure the lipoxygenase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities while antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Fixed oils were analyzed with the help of GC-MS, resulting in the identification of 03 compounds. Antibacterial assay showed that Staphylococcus aureus was the most affected bacterial strain with 7 mm zone of inhibition while among fungal strains, Candida glabrata was most significantly inhibited with 11 mm zone of inhibition. The tested samples were very efficient in its inhibitory activities against bacteria when 0.125, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml concentration was used. Similarly in case of fungi, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg/ml of tested samples were showing significant results. Lipoxygenase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities showed IC50 values of 90.1 μg/mL and 128.4 μg/mL, respectively. The antioxidant activity was assessed using ABTS radical scavenging and FRAP assays, and maximum inhibition of 87.01% was achieved at 800 μg/mL concentration. These results validate and endorse the centuries old folklore usage of T. aphylla as medicinal plant against various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is one of the essential spice plants used in Turkey. The present study investigated the yield and some agronomic, morphological, and qualitative characteristics of 31 different black cumin genotypes (30 lines and one control variety of Çameli) of domestic and foreign origin under the ecological conditions of the city of Ankara. The study was carried out in the experimental areas of İkizce Research and Application farm of Ankara Field Crops Central Research Institute during the vegetation periods of 2018-2019. The experiment was set up as three replications according to the Experiment Design in Randomized Blocks. According to the results of the research, the plant height of the genotypes in the experiment changed for two years between 17.1-33.5 cm, the height of the first capsule between 11.6-26.6 cm, the number of seeds in the capsule between 28.5-69.6 seeds capsule-1, the number of branches between 2.0-3.4 pieces plant-1, the number of capsules between 1.8-2.9 capsules plant-1, thousand seed weight between 2.0-3.0 g, seed yield between 194.5-505.9 kg ha-1, fixed oil rate between 27.2-35.3%, maturation (growth/harvest) time between 136.5-141.7 days and germination (emergence time) between 27.2-30.7 days. In terms of fatty acids, the most proportional fatty acids were found to be linoleic acid (45.45-55.62%), oleic acid (18.83-25.01%), palmitic acid (6.95-11.72%), stearic acid (3.50-4.77%), respectively. It has been determined as the result of the study that black cumin genotypes with the number 1 (Denizli), 4 (Burdur), 17 (Borsa) and 3 (Burdur) respectively performed better than other black cumin genotypes and Çameli variety in terms of seed yield and genotypes with the number 28 (Kırıkkale), 29 (Ankara) and 26 (Egypt) performed better in terms of fixed oil ratio under the ecological conditions of Ankara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to assess the impacts of fertilization and plant density on fixed oil content, oil yield, and fatty acids profile of Nigella sativa L. under Mediterranean environment. The 3-year experiment was set up in a split-plot design with three replications, two main plots (plant densities: 200 and 300 plants m-2) and four sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, seaweed compost, farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer). The seed yield, fixed oil content, as well as the fixed oil yield were positively affected by the increase of available nitrogen and negatively by the increase of plant density, with their highest values recorded in the low-density and inorganic fertilization. Regarding the composition in fatty acids, it was found that with the increase of plant density there was a decrease in saturated (SAFA: myristic, palmitic and stearic acid) and polyunsaturated (PUFA: linoleic, α-linolenic and eicosadenoic acid) fatty acids, while there was an increase in oleic acid which was the only monounsaturated fatty acid detected in fixed oil. In terms of fertilization, the organic fertilizers were the ones that contributed positively to the content of the respective fatty acid. As a conclusion, plant densities greater than 200 plants m-2 result in lower seed yield, fixed oil content and yield, whereas the effect of inorganic fertilization was equally important in seed and fixed oil yield; however, when the seed and/or its fixed oil are utilized for their high medicinal and nutritional value, the application of compost is indicated, resulting in a significant increase in the content of PUFAs, characterized for their beneficial effects on human health.

The present study estimates the antimicrobial potential of root extract of Andrographis paniculata which are extensively used in traditional medicine against clinical pathogens. The in vitro antibacterial activities were done with ten pathogen bacterial strains. Among the three extracts, the methanol extract exhibited the highest zone of inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium (45 mm), while ethanol and ethyl acetate extract revealed strong in vitro antibacterial against Shigella flagella (42 mm) and E. faecalis (38 mm), respectively at 200 µg/ml concentration. Antifungal activities of ethanol and methanol extract were done against four reference fungal strains. The ethanol and methanol extract confirmed the highest antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (38 mm) and Candida albicans (38 mm), respectively. The constituents of the fixed oil of petroleum ether root extract were evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer. Eleven composites have recognized, methyl palmitate (56.732%) was the major constituent. The investigation come to an end that the phytochemical constituents of methanol and ethanol root extract have capacity to kill both drug resistant bacteria and fungal.

A microwave hot pressing machine (MHPM) was used to heat the colander to produce fixed oils from each of castor, sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa seed and compared them to those obtained using an ordinary electric hot pressing machine (EHPM). The physical properties, namely the moisture content of seed (MCs), the seed content of fixed oil (Scfo), the yield of the main fixed oil (Ymfo), the yield of recovered fixed oil (Yrfo), extraction loss (EL), six Efficiency of fixed oil extraction (Efoe), specific gravity (SGfo), refractive index (RI) as well as chemical properties, namely iodine number (IN), saponification value (SV), acid value (AV), and the yield of fatty acid (Yfa) of the four oils extracted by the MHPM and EHPM were determined. Chemical constituents of the resultant oil were identified using GC/MS after saponification and methylation processes. The Ymfo and SV obtained using the MHPM were higher than those for the EHPM for all four fixed oils studied. On the other hand, each of the SGfo, RI, IN, AV, and pH of the fixed oils did not alter statistically due to changing the heating tool from electric band heaters into a microwave beam. The qualities of the four fixed oils extracted by the MHPM were very encouraging as a pivot of the industrial fixed oil projects compared to the EHPM. The prominent fatty acid of the castor fixed oil was found to be ricinoleic acid, making up 76.41% and 71.99% contents of oils extracted using the MHPM and EHPM, respectively. In addition, the oleic acid was the prominent fatty acid in each of the fixed oils of sunflower, rapeseed, and moringa species, and its yield by using the MHPM was higher than that for the EHPM. The role of microwave irradiation in facilitating fixed oil extrusion from the biopolymeric structured organelles (lipid bodies) was protruded. Since it was confirmed by the present study that using microwave irradiation is simple, facile, more eco-friendly, cost-effective, retains parent quality of oils, and allows for the warming of bigger machines and spaces, we think it will make an industrial revolution in oil extraction field.

We studied the chemical composition and the nutritional properties of fixed oils extracted from seeds and pericarps of the medicinal plant Whitania somnifera. W. somnifera wild germplasm was collected in Sardinia (Italy) and cultivated in Campidano subregion (Southern Sardinia). The main fatty acids of seed oil were 18:2 n-6 (53%, 73.6 mg/g of dry weight), 18:1 n-9 (21%, 29.3 mg/g of dry weight), 16:0 (19%), and 18:0 (4%). Trilinolein and dilinolein derivatives represented the main seed oil triacylglycerols. Linoleic (40%, 67.7 mg/g of dry weight), oleic (29%, 48.7 mg/g of dry weight), palmitic (22%), stearic (4%) and α-linolenic (3%), were the main fatty acids in pericarp oil, with higher total level of monounsaturated fatty acids than seed oil, while monolinolein and dilinolein derivatives represented the main triacylglycerols. The results of this study qualify Sardinian W. somnifera berries as an interesting source of oils with nutritional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to assess the impacts of fertilization and plant density on fixed oil content, oil yield, and fatty acids profile of Nigella sativa L. under Mediterranean environment. The 3-year experiment was set up in a split-plot design with three replications, two main plots (plant densities: 200 and 300 plants m2) and four sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, seaweed compost, farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer). The seed yield, fixed oil content, as well as the fixed oil yield were positively affected by the increase of available nitrogen and negatively by the increase of plant density, with their highest values recorded in the low-density and inorganic fertilization. Regarding the composition in fatty acids, it was found that with the increase of plant density there was a decrease in saturated (SAFA: myristic, palmitic and stearic acid) and polyunsaturated (PUFA: linoleic, a-linolenic and eicosadenoic acid) fatty acids, while there was an increase in oleic acid which was the only monounsaturated fatty acid detected in fixed oil. In terms of fertilization, the organic fertilizers were the ones that contributed positively to the content of the respective fatty acid. As a conclusion, plant densities greater than 200 plants m2 result in lower seed yield, fixed oil content and yield, whereas the effect of inorganic fertilization was equally important in seed and fixed oil yield; however, when the seed and/or its fixed oil are utilized for their high medicinal and nutritional value, the application of compost is indicated, resulting in a significant increase in the content of PUFAs, characterized for their beneficial effects on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of volatile and fixed oil from milled parsley (Petroselinum crispum L.) seeds, using CO2 as solvent, is presented in this study. Extraction experiments were carried out in two steps: at pressures of (90 or 300) bar and temperature of 40 °C. The first extraction step, performed at 90 bar, produced a volatile fraction mainly formed by apiole (82.1%) and myristicin (11.4%). The volatile oil yield was 2.6% by weight of the charge. The second extraction step, carried out at 300 bar produced a fixed oil at a yield of 0.4% by weight. The most represented fatty acids in P. crispum fixed oil were 18:1 n-12 (49.9%), 18:2 n-6 (18.2%), 18:1 n-9 (11.8%), and 16:0 (7.4%). In particular, the unsaturated fatty acids 18:1 n-12 and 18:1 n-9 averaged 182.2 mg/g and 92.1 mg/g of oil extract, respectively. The quality of the oils extracted by SFE, in terms of its chemical composition, was compared to the oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) in a Clevenger apparatus and by solvent extraction (SE) using n-hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus. The antioxidant properties were determined by means of the ABTS assay. The results indicated that the fixed oil possessed low antioxidant activity (EC50 = 0.4 mg/mL) and the volatile oil had no antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content, expressed as concentration of gallic acid (gallic acid equivalent, GAE), of the fixed oil was 1.5 mg/g. The fixed oil found to have inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase, the volatile oil is active on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosinase, and α-glucosidase. Both samples have weak inhibitory activity on α-amylase and no activity on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was implemented to examine three factors' effect on medicinal pumpkin plants. Seeds yield and the proportion of oil and fatty acids were estimated. The first factor included four agricultural systems (traditional P1, organic farming system P2, organic farming system P3, and organic farming system P4). The second factor was two sowings (D1 on March 10, 2019, and D2 on April 1, 2019). The third factor was without pinching the plant head tip C1 or with pinching the plant head tip C2. Thus, the experiment included 16 treatments. The experiment was designed in RCBD design. The results showed that the organic agricultural system P3 was significantly superior in most of the traits studied. This treatment resulted in the highest value of seed yield per hectare and percentage of fatty acids. The percentages of linoleic, linolenic, oleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and stearic were 1288 kg, 33.08%, 0.772%, 45.90%, 11.75%, 0.752%, and 6.979%, respectively. D1 treatment was significantly superior in seed yield 1150 kg per hectare, linolenic 0.591%, oleic 43.72%, palmitic 10.47%, palmitoleic 0.577%, and stearic 6.736%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed oil, the non-volatile fraction of oil from spices remains an unexplored entity. The study aimed to extract fixed oils from 13 Indian spices belonging to the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae family. Further fatty acid composition, antioxidant activities and phytochemical profile of the fixed oils was estimated. Among the studied spices, Ferula assa-foetida had the highest amount of fixed oil (19.93%). GC–MS profiling of the fixed oils showed palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and alpha-linolenic to be the major fatty acids. The study further identified fixed oils from Trachyspermum ammi L., Petroselinum crispum L., Ocimum basilicum L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. to be major source of protocatecheuic, 4,hydroxybenzoic, trans-cinnamic, myristein and trans-ferulic acid. R. officinalis, O. basilicum and Thymus vulgaris L. fixed oils also showed highest radical scavenging property. T. vulgaris, Majorana hortensis Moench. and O. Basilicum fixed oils confirmed high amounts of α-, β + γ- and δ-tocopherol respectively. β-sitosterol was found to be the dominating phytosterol in all fixed oils. Principal component analysis revealed existence of variation among spice fixed oils concerning to their fixed oil composition. The study thus identifies spice fixed oils as a rich source of lipid soluble bioactive compounds that are of tremendous industrial and pharmaceutical importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fixed vegetable oils (FVOs) possess insecticidal properties against insect pests of stored cowpea, but information on their efficacy over a prolonged storage period is still scanty. Bioassays were conducted to investigate the potentials of oil from castor, groundnut, neem, and palm kernel in protecting stored cowpea seeds against Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. over 180 days. Each FVO was admixed with cowpea at 5.0 mL/kg, untreated seeds served as the control, and treatments were replicated four times. The FVOs significantly decreased the bruchid’s population growth rate, reduced seed perforation, minimized loss in seed weight, and preserved seed viability compared to the control. Among the FVOs, neem kernel oil appeared to be a better seed protectant for cowpea. But bioactivity of all the FVOs seemed to be short-lived, given the increase in bruchid infestation and seed damage observed after 90 days of treatment. The highest growth in C. maculatus population was at 120 days. None of the untreated seeds could germinate after 180 days of C. maculatus attacks. The level of infestation and seed damage that occurred after 90 days post-treatment resulted in low germination (<20%) of treated seeds. Our results showed that for a short-term (≤90 days) preservation of cowpea, the FVOs at 5.0 mL/kg could be a valuable tool in the management of C. maculatus attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective of the present study was to investigate and determine fixed oil (lipids) contents from in vitro induced calluses of leaf, cotyledon and intermodal explants of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis L.). The leaf and internodal explants were from micropropagated in vitro plants whereas mature seeds were used for the acquisition of cotyledons. Sterilized explants were cultured on different concentrations (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 µM) of either 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) or α-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) alone or in combination (1+1, 2+1, 4+1, 6+2, 8+2 or 10+2 µM) with 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) or Kinetin (Kin) for callus induction. Highly proliferating callus lines (CLs) growing on 8 µM 2, 4 - D (CL-1), 10 µM 2, 4-D (CL-2) and 2, 4-D (10 µM) + 2 µM BAP (CL-3) were selected for the determination of fixed oil contents by distillation method. Highest rate of callus induction (100%) as well as 6.87 gm fresh weight was obtained from leaf explant on CL-3 after 99 days of culture. Amount of fixed oil content (290mg/6gm FW), acid value (0.320), free fatty acid (0.160) and saponification number (91) were highest from calluses of cotyledons on CL-1 as compared to other callus lines CL-2 or CL-3. The present investigation demonstrated an efficient method for determination of the fixed oil contents and related biochemical parameters from calluses of jojoba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anadolu (1300-0225) is the property of Anadolu Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Laurus nobilis was a common plant raised in Algeria and various researches were confirmed the medicinal potential of this plant. Some studies were focused on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of this plant but no studies were performed to determine its anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. Thus, the present study was carried out to study and compare the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of leaves with that of the fixed oil extracted from the fruits of Laurus nobilis. For our experiment, male BALB / c mice (n = 40) weighing 20 ± 1.0 g at 8 weeks old were divided into four treatment groups (10 mice / group): (a) control, (b) extract fruit (fixed oil), (c) leaf extract (ethanolic extract 100 mg / kg) and (d) reference (Diclofenac 50 mg). These mice were housed under standard environmental conditions. Anti-inflammatory capacity was evaluated by hind paw oedema model using carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. The ethanolic leaf extract reduced the increase in the volume of the paw with a percentage inhibition of 30.62% (p <0.05), this percentage was found to be 26.33% (p <0.05 ) with fixed oil from Laurus nobilis fruit, while the activity of Diclofenac was 17.59% (p <0.05). In conclusion, the importance of Laurus nobilis lay in their fixed oil and their ethanolic extract which could be used scientifically in the treatment of inflammation. A phytochemical screening of the leaves and fruits of Laurus nobilis showed the presence of flavonoids and saponins which may be at the origin of the anti-inflammatory properties of the extract. The total phenolic in the leaf extract of Laurus nobilis was 37,72±0,336 μg GAE /mg of dry extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out at the Experimental Farm and in the Laboratories of Horticulture Departments, Faculty of Agriculture at Moshtohor, Benha Univ., during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of improving growth, seeds yield, oil productivity and fixed oil constituents of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants by some safety growth stimulants treatments i.e. chitosan, ascobien, humic and glutamic acids and micronutrients zinc (Zn) i.e., control (tap water), 100 and 200 ppm, as well as their combinations. Plants were sprayed with safety growth stimulants gave the significantly highest mean values for all studied characteristics i.e., plant height, number of branches per plant, plant fresh and dry weights, seeds yield/plant, weight of 1000 seeds, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, N, P, K, total carbohydrates, fixed oil percentage, and fatty acids determination of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plants, with superior for humic acid at 5 ml/l followed by glutamic acid at 200 ppm in the first and second seasons. Meanwhile, ascobien at 200 ppm ranked the third values in this concern. Irrespective of control plants the lowest values of these parameters were scored by chitosan at 5 g/l in the 1st and 2nd seasons. As for zinc concentration treatments, there was appositive relationship between the values of abovementioned parameters and zinc concentration, hence as the concentration of zinc increased the values of these parameters increased till reached the highest increases at the highest concentration (200 ppm) in the two seasons. Furthermore, the combination of humic acid at 5ml/l showed to be the most effective one for inducing the highest values of these parameters especially those sprayed with the highest concentration of zinc (200 ppm). Chromatography analysis of chia fixed oil revealed the identification of seven components. The main component was α-linolenic acid (37.28 to 39.72%). The major components were α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid and palmitic acid. It can be concluded that humic acid at 5 m/l with Zn at 200 ppm was the best treatment for improving growth, seeds yield, fixed oil productivity, chemical constituents and fixed oil components of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant.

In this study, the effect of different doses of phosphorus (P) fertilizer applied to the soil, on the yield and some quality parameters of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) were investigated. The study was conducted between 2017 and 2019 under the semi-arid climate conditions of Southeast Anatolia in Turkey. In the study, five different doses of fertilizer with phosphorus (P0= 0 kg P2O5 da-1, P3= 3 kg P2O5 da-1, P6= 6 kg P2O5 da-1, P9= 9 kg P2O5 da-1 ve P12 kg P2O5 da-1) has been considered as the subject of research. According to the results of two years of research, it was determined that P doses had significant effects on seed yield and some of the agricultural properties effective on yield, essential oil, and fixed oil ratios. In the study, the highest plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbellet in the main umbel, number of seeds, biological yield, seed yield, essential and fixed oil ratios were obtained at P9 dose. The highest values in terms of thousandgrain weight were determined in P6 and P9 doses. According to P fertilizer doses, plant height, number of branches, number of umbellet in the main umbel, number of seeds in the main umbel, biological yield, seed yield, thousand-grain weight, essential oil ratio and fixed oil ratio were ranged between 66.86-84.78 cm, 5.32-9.03 plants-1, 4.79-5.67, 20.33-35.18, 317.3- 516.7 kg da-1, 98.9-174.3 kg da-1, 6.99-7.45 g, 0.30-0.42% and 15.59-17.24%, respectively. According to the results of the research, under the semi-arid climatic conditions of Siirt province with very little and/or low levels of P, for the winter cultivation of coriander (C. sativum L.) for seed yield, a pure phosphorous (P2O5) fertilization of 8.7 kg per decare is recommended.

Black cumin ( Nigella sativa L.) seed oil has been used for its medicinal and aromatic values. Some studies revealed the presence of variability among N. sativa genotypes in seed oil content and yield. In Ethiopia, very few studies were conducted to investigate the variability of N. sativa genotypes by using biochemical traits. Thus, this study was conducted at Debre Zeit and Kulumsa Agricultural Research Centers' experimental sites under field conditions during the 2021 cropping season to investigate the variability of Ethiopian N. sativa genotypes based on biochemical traits. Sixty-four genotypes were used and arranged in an 8 × 8 simple lattice design with two replications. Essential oils (EOs) and fixed oils were extracted by the respective methods of hydro distillation and solvent extraction. The univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses of the collected data were performed. Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences among genotypes in fixed oil yield per hectare (FOY), EO content (EOC), and EO yield per hectare (EOY). EOY had a significant positive correlation with FOY and EOC. It is expected to improve all biochemical traits by 17.39%-94.62% over the improved varieties by selection of the top 5% landraces. Therefore, genotypes 90504, 219970, and 013&#95;ATH were the top 5% best performed landraces by FOY and EOY over the improved varieties. So, through selection, it would also be possible to improve the studied biochemical traits of the genotypes. The principal component (PC) analysis (PCA) of four biochemical traits showed 85.86% of the total variance captured by the first two PCs. EOY and FOY were the main contributor traits to the variation in the first PC, whereas FOC and EOC were the main contributor traits to the variation in the second PC. The genotypes were grouped into three different clusters based on four biochemical traits with significant intercluster distance. This showed that there was sufficient diversity among the genotypes which can be exploited for the future N. sativa improvement program in Ethiopia., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Basazinew Degu Gebremedin et al.)

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a specialty crop capable of providing healthy food and metabolites. The goal of our study was to explore the possibility of expanding seed yield, oil production, and metabolites of chia in response to amino acid, barthenosteriode, and algae extract treatments used as bio-stimulants. The experiment was conducted in the field in a randomized complete block design with three repeats. The treatments were (1) control (spray only with water), (2) amino acids with nutrients (2 mL/L vs. 4 mL/L), (3) brassinolide (5 mL/L vs. 10 mL/L), and algae extract (2 mL/L vs. 4 mL/L). The growth and yield measurements of chia, such as chlorophyll, carotenoids, amino acids, indoles, phenols, macro- and micronutrients, carbohydrates, total oil, and fatty acids were analyzed. The chia plants sprayed with growth stimulant materials showed increases in most studied characteristics, particularly algae extract at 4 mL/L, followed by algae extract at 2 mL/L during the first and second seasons. Meanwhile, amino acids at 4 mL/L led to the third-highest increases in most cases. Conversely, all bio-stimulant treatments decreased total phenols in leaves (mg/100 g f.w.), especially seaweed at 4 mL/L, compared to high levels in the control during both seasons. Control plants showed the lowest levels of the measurements mentioned previously when scored by barthenosteriode at 5 mL/L during the first and second seasons. GLC for fixed oil in chia showed the recognition of four biocomponents. i.e., oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and α-α linolenic acids. The main biocomponent was α-α linolenic acid and reach (49.7 to 57.9%). The application of seaweed at 4 mL/L could be exploited to improve growth, seed crop, fixed oil production, chemicals and bio-constituents, especially the fixed oil composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) plant.

Spices and herbs are well appreciated for their medicinal properties since ancient times. Till date, spices are being explored for volatile oils (essential), flavour and for addressing many chronic diseases. In the present study, we investigated the physicochemical properties, fatty acid composition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental composition and nutraceutical compounds of fixed oils (non-volatile) from five selected spices viz., Alpinia galanga, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Foeniculum vulgare, and Myristica fragrans. The fixed oil (FO) content of volatiles-free powders of the five selected spices ranged from 1.58% (C. zeylanicum) to 26.43% (M. fragrans). The studied FO showed a good quality index which was analysed by estimation of free fatty acids, iodine value and unsaponifiable matter. The fatty acid analysis showed high palmitic acid in the FO of A. galanga and C. zeylanicum. High linoleic, oleic, and myristic acid levels were observed in T. foenum-graecum, F. vulgare and M. fragrans FOs, respectively. The nutraceutical compounds such as total phenolics were high in C. zeylanicum FO (0.53%). Hence the studied FO could be an excellent alternative to oil nutraceutical compounds. It may be used as a functional ingredient in foods which needs further validation for value addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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