16 results on '"female autism phenotype"'
Search Results
2. Art-based way of telling the world I am autistic and trying sense-making of this experience.
- Author
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Szubielska, Magdalena
- Subjects
- *
DELAYED diagnosis , *MINORITIES , *PATIENTS' attitudes , *EXPERIENCE , *AUTISM , *PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation , *WOMEN'S health , *PHENOTYPES - Abstract
The article describes, from a first-person female perspective, the experience of an autism diagnosis in adulthood and the attempt to cope with it and build a new identity through visual art. Once again, it has been shown that contemporary art, by publically presenting minority experiences, can be an ideal tool for discourse on socially up-to-date issues and may cause a change in attitudes. Therefore, the artistic activism of minority representatives is vital. In the last few years, more and more autistic women worldwide have been diagnosed in adulthood. Many autistic females are not understood by the social environment or even therapists – because knowledge of autism is mainly built on its male phenotype. Autistic women diagnosed in (late) adulthood are trying to build their new autistic identity in various ways, including creative and artistic actions. Art activities seem beneficial in meaning-making the experience of being on the spectrum. Publicly displaying one's artistic creations addressing the topic of autism is a form of social activism and may result in challenging stereotypes– as shown in this article by the example of the exhibition of a female artist on the spectrum in a contemporary art gallery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Measuring Social Camouflaging in Individuals with High Functioning Autism: A Literature Review.
- Author
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Cremone, Ivan Mirko, Carpita, Barbara, Nardi, Benedetta, Casagrande, Danila, Stagnari, Rossella, Amatori, Giulia, and Dell'Osso, Liliana
- Subjects
- *
LITERATURE reviews , *AUTISM spectrum disorders , *AUTISM , *DELAYED diagnosis , *INTELLECTUAL disabilities , *GENDER inequality - Abstract
In the recent years, growing attention has been paid to the use of camouflaging strategies by adult populations suffering from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with milder manifestations and without intellectual impairment, which may lead to a delay in diagnosis or even a misdiagnosis. In fact, high-functioning ASD individuals were reported to be more aware of their communication difficulties and were more likely make considerable efforts to adjust their behavior to conventional rules of non-autistic individuals, learning to imitate other non-ASD individuals. Moreover, females reported a higher frequency of camouflaging strategies, suggesting a role of camouflaging in the gender gap of the ASD diagnosis. Although camouflaging strategies can sometimes grant a better level of adjustment, even resulting in a hyper-adaptive behavior, they are also often correlated with negative mental health consequences due to the long-term stress associated with continuous attempts to adapt in day-to-day life. In this framework, the aim of the present work was to review the available studies that assessed the presence and correlates of camouflaging strategies in individuals with ASD. Although the literature available on the topic is still scarce, some interesting correlations between camouflaging and anxious and depressive symptoms, as well as suicidality, were highlighted. In particular, the controversial and sometime opposite thoughts and results about camouflaging may be clarified and integrated in light of a dimensional approach to psychopathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Camouflaging Intent, First Impressions, and Age of ASC Diagnosis in Autistic Men and Women.
- Author
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Belcher, Hannah L., Morein-Zamir, Sharon, Mandy, Will, and Ford, Ruth M.
- Subjects
- *
DIAGNOSIS of autism , *SEX distribution , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *PHENOTYPES - Abstract
Camouflaging of autistic traits may make autism harder to diagnose. The current study evaluated the relations between camouflaging intent, first impressions, and age of autism diagnosis. Participants comprised autistic and non-autistic adults (n = 80, 50% female) who completed the Camouflaging of Autistic Traits Questionnaire. They were later video-recorded having a conversation with a person unaware of their diagnostic status. Ten-second clips from half these videos were later shown to 127 non-autistic peers, who rated their first impressions of each participant. Results showed that autistic participants were rated more poorly on first impressions, males were rated less favourably than females, and male raters were particularly harsh in their evaluations of autistic males. Camouflaging intent did not predict first impressions but better first impressions were linked with a later age of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Measuring Social Camouflaging in Individuals with High Functioning Autism: A Literature Review
- Author
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Ivan Mirko Cremone, Barbara Carpita, Benedetta Nardi, Danila Casagrande, Rossella Stagnari, Giulia Amatori, and Liliana Dell’Osso
- Subjects
camouflaging ,broad autism phenotype ,female autism phenotype ,autism spectrum disorder ,Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ,RC321-571 - Abstract
In the recent years, growing attention has been paid to the use of camouflaging strategies by adult populations suffering from autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with milder manifestations and without intellectual impairment, which may lead to a delay in diagnosis or even a misdiagnosis. In fact, high-functioning ASD individuals were reported to be more aware of their communication difficulties and were more likely make considerable efforts to adjust their behavior to conventional rules of non-autistic individuals, learning to imitate other non-ASD individuals. Moreover, females reported a higher frequency of camouflaging strategies, suggesting a role of camouflaging in the gender gap of the ASD diagnosis. Although camouflaging strategies can sometimes grant a better level of adjustment, even resulting in a hyper-adaptive behavior, they are also often correlated with negative mental health consequences due to the long-term stress associated with continuous attempts to adapt in day-to-day life. In this framework, the aim of the present work was to review the available studies that assessed the presence and correlates of camouflaging strategies in individuals with ASD. Although the literature available on the topic is still scarce, some interesting correlations between camouflaging and anxious and depressive symptoms, as well as suicidality, were highlighted. In particular, the controversial and sometime opposite thoughts and results about camouflaging may be clarified and integrated in light of a dimensional approach to psychopathology.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Orthorexia and autism spectrum in University workers: relationship with gender, body mass index and dietary habits
- Author
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Dell’Osso, Liliana, Nardi, Benedetta, Benedetti, Francesca, Cremone, Ivan Mirko, Casagrande, Danila, Massimetti, Gabriele, Carmassi, Claudia, and Carpita, Barbara
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Functional gender differences in autism: An international, multidisciplinary expert survey using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model.
- Author
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Lundin, Karl, Mahdi, Soheil, Isaksson, Johan, and Bölte, Sven
- Subjects
- *
NOSOLOGY , *MIDDLE-income countries , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *MEDICAL personnel , *SEX distribution , *QUALITATIVE research , *SURVEYS , *AUTISM , *HEALTH care teams , *LOW-income countries , *CONTENT analysis , *SOCIAL skills , *COMORBIDITY ,DEVELOPED countries - Abstract
Few studies have addressed gender differences in autism in relation to functioning and across cultures. We aimed to explore functional gender differences in autism from a multidisciplinary, global perspective using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. Perceptions among professionals in high-income countries and middle-income countries were examined based on qualitative survey data from N = 225 professionals. Of these, n = 131 professionals provided information on functional gender differences in autism. Thirty-two professionals reported perceiving no gender differences. Remaining respondents (n = 99)—representing 31 countries, all World Health Organization regions, and 10 different professions—were included in a content analysis on functional gender differences, which generated three main categories and 13 subcategories. The subcategories were subsequently linked to International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health categories. Autistic males were described as displaying more externalizing behaviors, and females as having more internalizing problems and being more socially motivated. Thirty-two International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health categories were identified, of which 31 were covered by the comprehensive Core Set for autism. Gender differences in core symptoms and co-existing problems were acknowledged by professionals from both high-income countries and middle-income countries, while differences in social behaviors, including camouflaging, were more frequently described by experts from high-income countries. In this study, we explored if professionals working with autistic people in different regions of the world perceive differences between females and males diagnosed with the condition. A total of 131 professionals responded to a survey that included an open question about gender differences in autism. Of these, 32 responded that they do not perceive gender differences in autism. The information provided by the other 99 experts was analyzed to identify common patterns. Three main differences were found, (1) Matching the clinical conceptualization of autism where professionals described differences in core symptoms of autism, and that autistic females were less similar to the conceptualization of autism. In (2) Co-existing problems, professionals described that autistic males display more apparent problems including hyperactivity, while autistic females were perceived as having more internalizing issues such as anxiety and eating disorders. In the last category, (3) Navigating the social environment, experts perceived autistic females as more socially motivated, and more inclined to camouflage social difficulties, making their challenges less evident. Professionals also perceived differences in the social environment, for example, that autistic girls receive more support from their peers while autistic boys are more often bullied. Our results suggest that professionals working in different parts of the world acknowledge gender differences in autism, but also that there might be some regional differences. Finally, we found that gender differences reported by the international professionals could largely be assessed with a shortened version of the International Classification of Functioning by the World Health Organization, specifically developed for autism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review
- Author
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Hull, Laura, Petrides, K. V., and Mandy, William
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. The Experiences of Late-diagnosed Women with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Investigation of the Female Autism Phenotype.
- Author
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Bargiela, Sarah, Steward, Robyn, and Mandy, William
- Subjects
- *
DIAGNOSIS of autism , *EMPLOYMENT , *EXPERIENCE , *INTELLIGENCE tests , *INTERVIEWING , *RESEARCH methodology , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *SELF-evaluation , *SEX crimes , *PHENOTYPES , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics , *ATTITUDES toward disabilities - Abstract
We used Framework Analysis to investigate the female autism phenotype and its impact upon the under-recognition of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in girls and women. Fourteen women with ASC (aged 22-30 years) diagnosed in late adolescence or adulthood gave in-depth accounts of: 'pretending to be normal'; of how their gender led various professionals to miss their ASC; and of conflicts between ASC and a traditional feminine identity. Experiences of sexual abuse were widespread in this sample, partially reflecting specific vulnerabilities from being a female with undiagnosed ASC. Training would improve teachers' and clinicians' recognition of ASC in females, so that timely identification can mitigate risks and promote wellbeing of girls and women on the autism spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Sister-to-Sister: A Phenomenological Study of Women’s Experiences of having a Sister with Autism Spectrum Disorder based on the Female Autism Phenotype
- Author
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Carroll, William Gregory and Carroll, William Gregory
- Abstract
Despite the amount of material currently available on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), little research has been done specifically on females with ASD. Several studies have looked at the various relationships that individuals with ASD have, but to date no known study has been done specifically on the sibling relationship between neurotypical and autistic sisters. In this study, through semi-structured interviews, four neurotypical women reported on their lived experiences of having a sister with ASD. Their accounts were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis informed by the theory of a unique female autism phenotype. Six superordinate themes appeared in the work: social relationships, interests, internalizing problems, camouflaging, neurotypical sister’s interaction with ASD, and autism and the family. Results supported the existence of a unique female autism phenotype in women with ASD and highlighted additional areas of interest in the interaction of autistic and neurotypical sisters. Findings suggest that neurotypical sisters and their families continue to struggle in conjunction with their autistic sister/daughter. These difficulties pose a unique challenge for the mental health field as ASD comes to be understood as a developmental disability with family-wide implications. Recommendations are provided for future researchers and practitioners regarding understanding and treating families of women with ASD.
- Published
- 2021
11. Investigating the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and autistic traits in a university population
- Author
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Davide Borgioli, Giulia Amatori, Ivan Mirko Cremone, Gabriele Massimetti, Antonio Salerni, Claudia Carmassi, Barbara Carpita, Andrea Cappelli, Rossano Massai, and Liliana Dell'Osso
- Subjects
female autism phenotype ,Male ,Universities ,Population ,eating disorders ,Orthorexia Nervosa ,Feeding and Eating Disorders ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,medicine ,Humans ,Autistic Disorder ,education ,Students ,Orthorexia nervosa ,Orthorexia ,education.field_of_study ,Cognition ,Feeding Behavior ,medicine.disease ,autism spectrum ,gender differences ,030227 psychiatry ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Eating disorders ,Anorexia nervosa (differential diagnoses) ,Rumination ,Autism ,Female ,Neurology (clinical) ,medicine.symptom ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Psychopathology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
BackgroundOrthorexia nervosa (ON) is an emerging condition featuring restrictive eating behaviors on the basis of subjective beliefs about food healthiness. Many authors have stressed the similarities between ON and anorexia nervosa (AN) in both cognitive and behavioral patterns. Despite that, while the link between AN and female autism presentations is well known in the literature, no study has yet investigated the relationship between ON and autism spectrum. This work aims to investigate the relationship between ON and autistic traits in a university population.MethodsAn e-mail invitation was sent to all the students and University workers of University of Pisa. Subjects were asked to fulfill the ORTO-15 and the Adult Autism Subthreshold spectrum (AdAS spectrum) questionnaires.ResultsA total of 2426 subjects joined the survey: 623 subjects (26.3%) reported a score associated with significant orthorexic symptoms according to ORTO-15 (ON group), while 1789 subjects (73.7%) did not report ON symptomatology and were considered as healthy controls (HC). The ON group scored significantly higher on almost all AdAS spectrum domains. Moreover, being female and scoring higher on AdAS spectrum were statistically predictive factors for the presence of ON symptomatology. Among AdAS spectrum domains, higher scores on AdAS spectrum inflexibility and adherence to routine and restricted interests and rumination domains, as well as lower scores on verbal communication domain, were statistically predictive of orthorexic symptoms.ConclusionsOur findings highlight an overlap between ON and autism spectrum psychopathology. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between restrictive eating disorders and female autism phenotypes.
- Published
- 2021
12. Functional gender differences in autism : An international, multidisciplinary expert survey using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model.
- Author
-
Lundin, Karl, Mahdi, Soheil, Isaksson, Johan, Bölte, Sven, Lundin, Karl, Mahdi, Soheil, Isaksson, Johan, and Bölte, Sven
- Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT: In this study, we explored if professionals working with autistic people in different regions of the world perceive differences between females and males diagnosed with the condition. A total of 131 professionals responded to a survey that included an open question about gender differences in autism. Of these, 32 responded that they do not perceive gender differences in autism. The information provided by the other 99 experts was analyzed to identify common patterns. Three main differences were found, (1) Matching the clinical conceptualization of autism where professionals described differences in core symptoms of autism, and that autistic females were less similar to the conceptualization of autism. In (2) Co-existing problems, professionals described that autistic males display more apparent problems including hyperactivity, while autistic females were perceived as having more internalizing issues such as anxiety and eating disorders. In the last category, (3) Navigating the social environment, experts perceived autistic females as more socially motivated, and more inclined to camouflage social difficulties, making their challenges less evident. Professionals also perceived differences in the social environment, for example, that autistic girls receive more support from their peers while autistic boys are more often bullied. Our results suggest that professionals working in different parts of the world acknowledge gender differences in autism, but also that there might be some regional differences. Finally, we found that gender differences reported by the international professionals could largely be assessed with a shortened version of the International Classification of Functioning by the World Health Organization, specifically developed for autism.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Alannah, Bree and CASSIE: The ABC of girls on the Autism Spectrum in early years classrooms
- Author
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Stansfield, Jillian and Stansfield, Jillian
- Abstract
The prevalence of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder in classrooms is an increasingly common phenomenon in schools in Australia and in many other countries. While there is increasingly growing literature on how autistic boys manage and are managed in schools, little is known about the learning needs of girls on the autism spectrum. One reason offered for this imbalance of literature is that fewer girls are diagnosed than boys, as their presentations may differ. As girls on the autism spectrum are an underdiagnosed phenotype, it is little wonder that teachers do not have adequate knowledge or strategies to support girls in the classroom. The shortage of research evidence on autistic girls in the education context is one reason why girls are missing out on vital supports and understanding in the classroom due to the lack of knowledge and resources available to teachers. This, in turn, means teachers are underprepared to teach girls on the autism spectrum. One of the main aims of this study was to develop knowledge and theory about girls on the autism spectrum and their diverse learning needs in the early years of schooling, to provide further support to teachers and their students with an autism diagnosis and those who are yet to be diagnosed. This qualitative, in-depth case study explored the learning experiences of two girls on the autism spectrum in early years classrooms, to develop knowledge and theory on autistic girls’ varied behaviours and characteristics and how they can be best supported. Key ideas emerged throughout the cross-case analysis and were categorised under six themes: Communication, Academic, Social, Sensory, Identity and Encircle. Encircle further encompassed four areas: Challenges, Intervention, Professional Development and Classroom Strategies. Each area overlaps one another and impacts the key themes for every student on the autism spectrum. From this process, the CASSIE tool was developed to identify girls on the autism spectrum
- Published
- 2020
14. Orthorexia and autism spectrum in University workers: relationship with gender, body mass index and dietary habits.
- Author
-
Dell'Osso L, Nardi B, Benedetti F, Cremone IM, Casagrande D, Massimetti G, Carmassi C, and Carpita B
- Subjects
- Male, Female, Humans, Body Mass Index, Orthorexia Nervosa, Health Behavior, Universities, Students, Feeding Behavior, Surveys and Questionnaires, Autistic Disorder, Feeding and Eating Disorders
- Abstract
Objective: To date, few studies have investigated the relationship between autistic traits and emerging phenotypes of restrictive disorders, such as Orthorexia nervosa (ON). The aim of the present work was to investigate the relationship between ON symptoms and autistic traits in a population of University employees, focusing on the impact of gender, weight and type of diet., Methods: All academic and technical/administrative workers of University of Pisa were invited by mail to fulfil through an anonymous online form the Adult Autism Sub-threshold Spectrum (AdAS Spectrum) and the ORTO-R., Results: A total of 285 subjects filled out the questionnaires. Participants with significant autistic traits were included into the Broad autism phenotype (BAP) group, while others into the No BAP group. Subjects in the BAP group reported significantly higher ORTO-R scores than others, while no difference was reported for gender, work position, type of diet, age and BMI. Females showed significantly higher ORTO-R scores and lower BMI than males. Older subjects showed a higher BMI. No significant differences in ORTO-R scores were reported depending on type of diet and work position. A decision tree model, with ORTO-R score as dependent variable, revealed in the first step significantly higher ORTO-R scores in the BAP group than in the No BAP group, and in the second step significantly higher ORTO-R scores among females only in the No BAP group., Conclusion: Our results further confirm the association between ON and autism spectrum, which seems to overcome the impact of gender in this population., Level of Evidence: Level V, descriptive study., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Investigating the relationship between orthorexia nervosa and autistic traits in a university population.
- Author
-
Carpita B, Cremone IM, Amatori G, Cappelli A, Salerni A, Massimetti G, Borgioli D, Carmassi C, Massai R, and Dell'Osso L
- Subjects
- Female, Humans, Male, Universities, Orthorexia Nervosa, Students, Surveys and Questionnaires, Feeding Behavior, Autistic Disorder epidemiology, Autistic Disorder diagnosis, Feeding and Eating Disorders diagnosis, Feeding and Eating Disorders epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is an emerging condition featuring restrictive eating behaviors on the basis of subjective beliefs about food healthiness. Many authors have stressed the similarities between ON and anorexia nervosa (AN) in both cognitive and behavioral patterns. Despite that, while the link between AN and female autism presentations is well known in the literature, no study has yet investigated the relationship between ON and autism spectrum. This work aims to investigate the relationship between ON and autistic traits in a university population., Methods: An e-mail invitation was sent to all the students and University workers of University of Pisa. Subjects were asked to fulfill the ORTO-15 and the Adult Autism Subthreshold spectrum (AdAS spectrum) questionnaires., Results: A total of 2426 subjects joined the survey: 623 subjects (26.3%) reported a score associated with significant orthorexic symptoms according to ORTO-15 (ON group), while 1789 subjects (73.7%) did not report ON symptomatology and were considered as healthy controls (HC). The ON group scored significantly higher on almost all AdAS spectrum domains. Moreover, being female and scoring higher on AdAS spectrum were statistically predictive factors for the presence of ON symptomatology. Among AdAS spectrum domains, higher scores on AdAS spectrum inflexibility and adherence to routine and restricted interests and rumination domains, as well as lower scores on verbal communication domain, were statistically predictive of orthorexic symptoms., Conclusions: Our findings highlight an overlap between ON and autism spectrum psychopathology. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship between restrictive eating disorders and female autism phenotypes.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. The Experiences of Late-diagnosed Women with Autism Spectrum Conditions: An Investigation of the Female Autism Phenotype
- Author
-
William Mandy, Sarah Bargiela, and Robyn Steward
- Subjects
Semi-structured interview ,Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,endocrine system ,Delayed Diagnosis ,Autism Spectrum Disorder ,media_common.quotation_subject ,animal diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,Young Adult ,0302 clinical medicine ,Sex Factors ,Female autism phenotype ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Diagnosis ,Developmental and Educational Psychology ,medicine ,Autism spectrum conditions (ASC) ,Humans ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Young adult ,Psychiatry ,media_common ,Original Paper ,Public health ,05 social sciences ,hemic and immune systems ,Late adolescence ,medicine.disease ,Femininity ,Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) ,eye diseases ,Phenotype ,Sexual abuse ,Autism spectrum disorder ,Autism ,Female ,Psychology ,tissues ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,050104 developmental & child psychology ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
We used Framework Analysis to investigate the female autism phenotype and its impact upon the under-recognition of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) in girls and women. Fourteen women with ASC (aged 22-30 years) diagnosed in late adolescence or adulthood gave in-depth accounts of: 'pretending to be normal'; of how their gender led various professionals to miss their ASC; and of conflicts between ASC and a traditional feminine identity. Experiences of sexual abuse were widespread in this sample, partially reflecting specific vulnerabilities from being a female with undiagnosed ASC. Training would improve teachers' and clinicians' recognition of ASC in females, so that timely identification can mitigate risks and promote wellbeing of girls and women on the autism spectrum.
- Published
- 2016
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