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The efficient monitoring of the belt deviation state will help to reduce unnecessary abnormal wear and the risk of belt tear. This paper proposes a coupling characterization method involving the prediction box features of the target detection network and the linear features of the conveyor belt edge to achieve the quantitative monitoring of conveyor belt deviations. The impacts of the type, location, and number of attention mechanisms on the detection effect are fully discussed. Compared with traditional image-processing-based methods, the proposed method is more efficient, eliminating the tedious process of threshold setting and improving the detection efficiency. In detail, the improved practice and tests are carried out based on the Yolov5 network, and the Grad-CAM technique is also used to explore the effect of attention mechanisms in improving the detection accuracy. The experiments show that the detection accuracy of the proposed method can reach 99%, with a detection speed of 67.7 FPS on a self-made dataset. It is also proven to have a good anti-interference ability and can effectively resist the influence of the conveying material flow, lighting conditions, and other factors on the detection accuracy. This research is of great significance in improving the intelligent operation and maintenance level of belt conveyors and ensuring their safe operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural damage detection is crucial for ensuring the safety of civil building structures in operational environments. Recently, deep learning-based methods have gained increasing attention from engineers and researchers. The performance of conventional deep learning methods for structural damage detection relies on a large number of labeled training datasets. However, it is difficult or/and impossible to obtain sufficient datasets to cover various damage scenarios for in-service structures. A little research has been conducted to identify both the damage severity and location with limited labeled measurement data. A novel transfer learning-based method for structural damage identification with limited measurements has been proposed utilizing frequency response functions (FRFs) as the input. The real structure is regarded as the target domain and its numerical model is as the source domain. The samples for various damage scenarios are generated using the numerical model, and a designed deep convolutional neural network (CNN) is pre-trained. The knowledge of the pre-trained network is transferred to identify the damage location and severity of the real structure using limited measurement data. Numerical and experimental studies have been conducted on a three-story building structure to verify the performance of the proposed method. To understand transfer learning and model interpretability, the t-SNE feature visualization is adopted to show the feature distribution changes during transfer learning. Numerical and experimental results show that the proposed approach outperforms conventional CNN models, and it is effective and accurate in identifying structural damage location and severity in real structures with limited measurement data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual joint attention, the ability to track gaze and recognize intent, plays a key role in the development of social and language skills in health humans, which is performed abnormally hard in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The traditional convolutional neural network, EEGnet, is an effective model for decoding technology, but few studies have utilized this model to address attentional training in ASD patients. In this study, EEGNet was used to decode the P300 signal elicited by training and the saliency map method was used to visualize the cognitive properties of ASD patients during visual attention. The results showed that in the spatial distribution, the parietal lobe was the main region of classification contribution, especially for Pz electrode. In the temporal information, the time period from 300 to 500 ms produced the greatest contribution to the electroencephalogram (EEG) classification, especially around 300 ms. After training for ASD patients, the gradient contribution was significantly enhanced at 300 ms, which was effective only in social scenarios. Meanwhile, with the increase of joint attention training, the P300 latency of ASD patients gradually shifted forward in social scenarios, but this phenomenon was not obvious in non-social scenarios. Our results indicated that joint attention training could improve the cognitive ability and responsiveness of social characteristics in ASD patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning approaches and models subset of Artificial Intelligence are becoming increasingly complex and incomprehensible. While domain specialists grasp the mathematical theory, they have difficulty communicating the reasoning to a broad audience. To solve this challenge, a new research topic called Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has arisen to develop a contextual explanatory model for practical deployment. Explainable Artificial Intelligence aims to make AI models interpretable and transparent by providing human-understandable explanations for their decisions. Techniques like feature visualization and attribution methods offer insights into AI decision-making, benefiting healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles applications. XAI enhances trust, accountability, and fairness in AI systems by allowing users to comprehend the reasoning behind predictions. However, striking a balance between interpretability and performance is challenging. Achieving this balance is crucial to leverage the potential of XAI in building trustworthy and ethical AI across various domains. This essential taxonomy describes the prospects and problems in the field of XAI and serves as a resource for future AI researchers. The study authors examined XAI's role in simplifying machine learning models, providing understandable explanations for AI decisions, promoting trust and accountability, and optimizing performance across diverse applications of military, healthcare and communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried tangerine peel (“Chenpi”), has numerous clinical and nutritional benefits, with its quality being significantly influenced by its storage age, referred to as “Chen Jiu Zhe Liang” in Chinese. Concequently, the rapid and accurate identification of Chenpi's age is important for consumers. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to capture spectral images of Chenpi. These FTIR images were then analyzed using a two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (2D-CNN) model, achieving a discrimination accuracy of 97.92%. To address the “black box” nature of the 2D-CNN, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping Plus Plus (Grad-CAM++) was utilized to highlight the important regions contributing to the model's performance. Additionally, six other machine learning models were developped using features identified by the 2D-CNN to validate their effectiveness. The results demonstrated that the combination of FTIR spectral images and 2D-CNN provides a highly effective method for accurately determining the age of Chenpi.

Abstract Background Traditional method of wood species identification involves the use of hand lens by wood anatomists, which is a time-consuming method that usually identifies only at the genetic level. Computer vision method can achieve "species" level identification but cannot provide an explanation on what features are used for the identification. Thus, in this study, we used computer vision methods coupled with deep learning to reveal interspecific differences between closely related tree species. Result A total of 850 images were collected from the cross and tangential sections of 15 wood species. These images were used to construct a deep-learning model to discriminate wood species, and a classification accuracy of 99.3% was obtained. The key features between species in machine identification were targeted by feature visualization methods, mainly the axial parenchyma arrangements and vessel in cross section and the wood ray in tangential section. Moreover, the degree of importance of the vessels of different tree species in the cross-section images was determined by the manual feature labeling method. The results showed that vessels play an important role in the identification of Dalbergia, Pterocarpus, Swartzia, Carapa, and Cedrela, but exhibited limited resolutions on discriminating Swietenia species. Conclusion The research results provide a computer-assisted tool for identifying endangered tree species in laboratory scenarios, which can be used to combat illegal logging and related trade and contribute to the implementation of CITES convention and the conservation of global biodiversity.

Plant diseases, mainly caused by bacteria and fungi, affect crop yield and quality. Detecting disease symptoms at an early stage and promptly is a significant obstacle in safeguarding crops. In developing nations, experts and agronomists commonly opt for visual identification of diseases on vast farms, which incurs both time and monetary expenses. Scientists have suggested diverse deep neural network architectures for recognizing plant ailments. Nevertheless, deep learning algorithms necessitate a vast amount of parameters, which extends the training duration but yields commendable precision. While deep learning and Densenet are widely used in pesticide recommendations. Researchers have suggested diverse deep-learning architectures for detecting agricultural ailments and recommend appropriate pesticides. Test images were diagnosed using an automated Densenet model and the results were verified by plant pathologists. An accuracy of over 92% was achieved in identifying the disease. Our solution is an innovative, scalable and accessible tool for disease management of various crops that can be implemented as a cloud service for farmers and professionals involved sustainable agricultural production.

The efficient monitoring of the belt deviation state will help to reduce unnecessary abnormal wear and the risk of belt tear. This paper proposes a coupling characterization method involving the prediction box features of the target detection network and the linear features of the conveyor belt edge to achieve the quantitative monitoring of conveyor belt deviations. The impacts of the type, location, and number of attention mechanisms on the detection effect are fully discussed. Compared with traditional image-processing-based methods, the proposed method is more efficient, eliminating the tedious process of threshold setting and improving the detection efficiency. In detail, the improved practice and tests are carried out based on the Yolov5 network, and the Grad-CAM technique is also used to explore the effect of attention mechanisms in improving the detection accuracy. The experiments show that the detection accuracy of the proposed method can reach 99%, with a detection speed of 67.7 FPS on a self-made dataset. It is also proven to have a good anti-interference ability and can effectively resist the influence of the conveying material flow, lighting conditions, and other factors on the detection accuracy. This research is of great significance in improving the intelligent operation and maintenance level of belt conveyors and ensuring their safe operation.

Aiming to address the problem that the existing methods for detecting sow backfat thickness are stressful, costly, and cannot detect in real time, this paper proposes a non-contact detection method for sow backfat with a residual network based on image segmentation using the feature visualization of neural networks. In this paper, removing the irrelevant information of the image to improve the accuracy of the sow backfat thickness detection model is proposed. The irrelevant features in the corresponding image of the feature map are found to have the same high brightness as the relevant feature regions using feature visualization. An image segmentation algorithm is then used to separate the relevant feature image regions, and the model performance before and after image segmentation is compared to verify the feasibility of this method. In order to verify the generalization ability of the model, five datasets were randomly divided, and the test results show that the coefficients of determination (R2) of the five groups were above 0.89, with a mean value of 0.91, and the mean absolute error (MAE) values were below 0.66 mm, with a mean value of 0.54 mm, indicating that the model has high detection accuracy and strong robustness. In order to explain the high accuracy of the backfat thickness detection model and to increase the credibility of the application of the detection model, using feature visualization, the irrelevant features and related features of the sow back images extracted by the residual network were statistically analyzed, which were the characteristics of the hip edge, the area near the body height point, the area near the backfat thickness measurement point (P2), and the lateral contour edge. The first three points align with the previous research on sow backfat, thus explaining the phenomenon of the high accuracy of the detection model. At the same time, the side contour edge features were found to be effective for predicting the thickness of the back. In order to explore the influence of irrelevant features on the accuracy of the model, UNet was used to segment the image area corresponding to the irrelevant features and obtain the sow contour image, which was used to construct a dorsal fat thickness detection model. The R2 results of the model were above 0.91, with a mean value of 0.94, and the MAE was below 0.65 mm, with a mean value of 0.44 mm. Compared to the test results of the model before segmentation, the average R2 of the model after segmentation increased by 3.3%, and the average MAE decreased by 18.5%, indicating that irrelevant features will reduce the detection accuracy of the model, which can provide a reference for farmers to dynamically monitor the backfat of sows and accurately manage their farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant diseases, mainly caused by bacteria and fungi, affect crop yield and quality. Detecting disease symptoms at an early stage and promptly is a significant obstacle in safeguarding crops. In developing nations, experts and agronomists commonly opt for visual identification of diseases on vast farms, which incurs both time and monetary expenses. Scientists have suggested diverse deep neural network architectures for recognizing plant ailments. Nevertheless, deep learning algorithms necessitate a vast amount of parameters, which extends the training duration but yields commendable precision. While deep learning and Densenet are widely used in pesticide recommendations. Researchers have suggested diverse deep-learning architectures for detecting agricultural ailments and recommend appropriate pesticides. Test images were diagnosed using an automated Densenet model and the results were verified by plant pathologists. An accuracy of over 92% was achieved in identifying the disease. Our solution is an innovative, scalable and accessible tool for disease management of various crops that can be implemented as a cloud service for farmers and professionals involved sustainable agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An improved Encoder-Decoder Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture is proposed for segmenting brain tumors in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). It consists of three encoding and decoding blocks. In the first encoding block, each input slice is convolved separately with two different filters and processed into upcoming encoding and decoding blocks for extracting the hierarchy of tumoral features. These are classified using softmax and compared with ground truth for evaluating performance. Experimental results were evaluated based on training and validation images in BRATS-2012, BRATS-2013 and BRATS-2018 datasets, which achieved 46.7%, 30.4% and 5.7% higher dice scores, respectively, compared to the existing segmentation methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning algorithms represented by convolutional neural networks bring new opportunities for spectral analysis technology. Convolutional neural networks are more straightforward than traditional chemometric algorithms for detecting the quality of agricultural products, reducing the procedures of spectral preprocessing and band selection, and with higher prediction accuracy. However, there are few research papers on the relevance of the explanation of the convolutional neural networks model mechanism, and the reader cannot fully understand convolutional neural networks feature learning. In this study, convolutional neural networks combined with the subregional voting method were used to predict the moisture content of semen ziziphi spinosae. Firstly, 10 regions of interest were divided using the subregional voting method, and the results of network models were compared. It was found that the average spectrum of the fifth region of interest had the best prediction of moisture content because it was closest to the central region of semen ziziphi spinosae. Based on this, a convolutional neural network containing three convolutional layers, three pooling layers, and one fully connected layer is proposed. Partial least squares regression, backpropagation neural network, and convolutional neural networks were established to predict the moisture content of semen ziziphi spinosae. The correlation coefficient of the prediction set of the partial least squares regression is 0.98 after the multiplicative scatter correction preprocessed the spectra, and correlation coefficient of the prediction set of the backpropagation neural network is 0.83 after the standard normal variate preprocessed the spectra. The correlation coefficient of the prediction set of the convolutional neural networks established by using the raw spectra reached 0.99. The spectral preprocessing method can improve the prediction set correlation coefficient of partial least squares regression and backpropagation neural network. Still, it will reduce the prediction ability of convolutional neural networks. This study also analyzed the effect of different learning rates on the performance of convolutional neural networks, and it was found that the training loss and training accuracy performed most consistently when the learning rate was 0.01. Secondly, this study also visualized the output feature maps of the three convolutional layers of convolutional neural networks and verified the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks feature band extraction. This study provides new ideas for deep learning in the online detection of seed moisture content. The determination of moisture content of semen zizyphi spinosae by convolutional neural networks combined with subregional voting was investigated.A convolutional neural network containing three convolutional layers, three pooling layers, and one fully connected layer is proposed.We use the subregional voting method to divide the 10 regions of interests and compare the effects of modeling of the average spectrum of different regions of interests.Spectral preprocessing methods can improve the prediction accuracy of partial least squares regression and back propagation neural network models but reduce the prediction ability of Convolutional Neural Networks models.The feature maps of convolutional neural networks convolutional layers were visualized and studied to verify the effectiveness of convolutional neural networks model feature band extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve a non-destructive and rapid detection of oyster freshness, an intelligent method using deep learning fused with malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulfhydryl groups (SH) information was proposed. In this study, an "MDA-SH-storage days" polynomial fitting model and oyster meat image dataset were first built. AleNet-MDA and AlxNet-SH classification models were then constructed to automatically identify and classify four levels of oyster meat images with overall accuracies of 92.72% and 94.06%, respectively. Next, the outputs of the two models were used as the inputs to "MDA-SH-storage days" model, which ultimately succeeded in predicting the corresponding MDA content, SH content and storage day for an oyster image within 0.03 ms. Furthermore, the interpretability of the two models for oyster meat image were also investigated by feature visualization and strongest activations techniques. Thus, this study brings new thoughts on oyster freshness prediction from the perspective of computer vision and artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Understanding the importance of data is crucial for realizing the full potential of AI in architectural design. Satellite images are extremely numerous, continuous, high resolution, and accessible, allowing nuanced experimentation through dataset curation. Combining deep learning with remote-sensing technologies, this study poses the following questions. Do newly available datasets uncover ideas about the city previously hidden because urban theory is predominantly Eurocentric? Do extensive and continuous datasets promise a more refined examination of datasets' effects on outcomes? Generative adversarial networks can endlessly generate new designs based on a curated dataset, but architectural evaluation has been questionable. We employ quantitative and qualitative assessment metrics to investigate human collaboration with AI, producing results that contribute to understanding AI-based urban design models and the significance of dataset curation. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver cirrhosis is a terminal pathological result of chronic liver damage, illicit drugs, hepatotoxicity, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Assessment of liver cirrhosis via non-invasive methods in order to circumvent the limitations of liver biopsy. This research builds upon the growing body of knowledge in liver cirrhosis assessment by examining a dataset comprising cases of primary biliary cirrhosis. Prior research has primarily concentrated on comparative analyses and development of machine learning models integrating imaging modalities such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and elastography, with limited focus on serum biomarkers. This research endeavors to address the neglected aspects of liver cirrhosis assessment by leveraging Explainable AI algorithm to bridge the gap between AI models and human comprehension via providing insights into the intricate decision-making process of the proposed machine learning model, thus enhancing transparency and trustworthiness. This novel approach aims to overcome the limitations of previous works and contribute to improved liver cirrhosis diagnosis.

Medicinal plants have been used to treat diseases since ancient times. Plants used as raw materials for herbal medicine are known as medicinal plants [2]. The U. S. Forest Service estimates that 40% of pharmaceutical drugs in the Western world are derived from plants [1]. Seven thousand medical compounds are derived from plants in the modern pharmacopeia. Herbal medicine combines traditional empirical knowledge with modern science [2]. A medicinal plant is considered an important source of prevention against various diseases [2]. The essential medicine component is extracted from different parts of the plants [8]. In underdeveloped countries, people use medicinal plants as a substitute for medicine. There are various species of plants in the world. Herbs are one of them, which are of different shapes, colors, and leaves [5]. It is difficult for ordinary people to recognize these species of herbs. People use more than 50000 plants in the world for medicinal purposes. There are 8000 medicinal plants in India with evidence of medicinal properties [7]. Automatic classification of these plant species is important because it requires intensive domain knowledge to manually classify the proper species. Machine learning techniques are extensively used in classifying medicinal plant species from photographs, which is challenging but intriguing to academics. Artificial Neural Network classifiers’ effective performance depends on the quality of the image dataset [4]. This article represents a medicinal plant dataset: an image dataset of ten different Bangladeshi plant species. Images of medicinal plant leaves were from various gardens, including the Pharmacy Garden at Khwaja Yunus Ali University and the Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College & Hospital in Sirajganj, Bangladesh. Images were collected by taking pictures with high-resolution mobile phone cameras. Ten medicinal species, 500 images per species are included in the data set, namely, Nayantara (Catharanthus roseus), Pathor kuchi (Kalanchoe pinnata), Gynura procumbens (Longevity spinach), Bohera (Terminalia bellirica), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Thankuni (Centella asiatica), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum tenniflorum), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus), and Devil backbone (Euphorbia tithymaloides). This dataset will benefit researchers applying machine learning and computer vision algorithms in several ways. For example, training and evaluation of machine learning models with this well-curated high-quality dataset, development of new computer vision algorithms, automatic medicinal plant identification in the field of botany and pharmacology for drug discovery and conservation, and data augmentation. Overall, this medicinal plant image dataset can provide researchers in the field of machine learning and computer vision with a valuable resource to develop and evaluate algorithms for plant phenotyping, disease detection, plant identification, drug development, and other tasks related to medicinal plants.

Aiming to address the problem that the existing methods for detecting sow backfat thickness are stressful, costly, and cannot detect in real time, this paper proposes a non-contact detection method for sow backfat with a residual network based on image segmentation using the feature visualization of neural networks. In this paper, removing the irrelevant information of the image to improve the accuracy of the sow backfat thickness detection model is proposed. The irrelevant features in the corresponding image of the feature map are found to have the same high brightness as the relevant feature regions using feature visualization. An image segmentation algorithm is then used to separate the relevant feature image regions, and the model performance before and after image segmentation is compared to verify the feasibility of this method. In order to verify the generalization ability of the model, five datasets were randomly divided, and the test results show that the coefficients of determination (R2) of the five groups were above 0.89, with a mean value of 0.91, and the mean absolute error (MAE) values were below 0.66 mm, with a mean value of 0.54 mm, indicating that the model has high detection accuracy and strong robustness. In order to explain the high accuracy of the backfat thickness detection model and to increase the credibility of the application of the detection model, using feature visualization, the irrelevant features and related features of the sow back images extracted by the residual network were statistically analyzed, which were the characteristics of the hip edge, the area near the body height point, the area near the backfat thickness measurement point (P2), and the lateral contour edge. The first three points align with the previous research on sow backfat, thus explaining the phenomenon of the high accuracy of the detection model. At the same time, the side contour edge features were found to be effective for predicting the thickness of the back. In order to explore the influence of irrelevant features on the accuracy of the model, UNet was used to segment the image area corresponding to the irrelevant features and obtain the sow contour image, which was used to construct a dorsal fat thickness detection model. The R2 results of the model were above 0.91, with a mean value of 0.94, and the MAE was below 0.65 mm, with a mean value of 0.44 mm. Compared to the test results of the model before segmentation, the average R2 of the model after segmentation increased by 3.3%, and the average MAE decreased by 18.5%, indicating that irrelevant features will reduce the detection accuracy of the model, which can provide a reference for farmers to dynamically monitor the backfat of sows and accurately manage their farms.

Surface defect detection is an important technique to realize product quality inspection. In this study, we develop an innovative multi-scale pooling convolutional neural network to accomplish high-accuracy steel surface defect classification. The model was built based on SqueezeNet, and experiments were carried out on the NEU noise-free and noisy testing set. Class activation map visualization proves that the multi-scale pooling model can accurately capture the defect location at multiple scales, and the defect feature information at different scales can complement and reinforce each other to obtain more robust results. Through T-SNE visualization analysis, it is found that the classification results of this model have large inter-class distance and small intra-class distance, indicating that this model has high reliability and strong generalization ability. In addition, the model is small in size (3MB) and runs at up to 130FPS on an NVIDIA 1080Ti GPU, making it suitable for applications with high real-time requirements.

Objective To discuss the feasibility of directly processing paper-based ECG by using deep learning method, and to propose a method for identifying atrial fibrillation ( AF) from paper-based ECG rapidly and accurately. Methods The 12-lead ECG signals of 1 040 AF and 1 344 non-AF patients were selected from CPSC 2018 Challenge data, and were plotted as ECGs. These ECGs were printed out on papers, and rescanned into images. The paper-based ECGs with white background were obtained by a series of preprocessing. These paper-based ECGs were used to construct AF recognition dataset; the artificial intelligence algorithm (AIA) was trained, validated and tested using the real labels provided by the Challenge as the gold standard. Results The sensitivity, specificity and F1 score of the AIA based on paper-based ECGs are 0. 957, 0. 978 and 0. 969, respectively, and the area under receiver operating characteristic curve is 0. 994. The Grad-CAM based feature visualization results show that in paper-based ECGs, the position of P wave and F wave at the onset of AF provide main references for the algorithm to identify AF, which is consistent with the ECG diagnostic criteria of AF in clinical practice. Conclusion The AF recognition algorithm based on paper-based ECGs shows good performance. The visualization results verify the high efficiency and feasibility of directly analyzing paper-based ECGs by using AIA, which could provide guidance for clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the promotion of artificial intelligence in agriculture and the popularization of plug tray seedling-raising technology, seedling raising and transplanting have become the most popular planting modes. Miss-seeding is one of the most serious problems affecting seedling raising and transplanting. It not only affects the germination rate of seeds but also reduces the utilization rate of the plug tray. The experimental analysis of traditional machine vision-based miss-seeding showed that because of uneven lighting, the plug tray was wrongly identified as a seed under bright light, but the seeds in the dark were not easy to identify. When using the seeding area to identify seeds and noise, sweet corn seeds in a small area can be easily screened out. This paper proposes a method using the ResNet network with an attention mechanism to solve the above-mentioned problems. In this paper, the captured image was segmented into the images of a single plug tray, and a residual attention network was built; the detection scheme of miss-seeding was also converted into a dichotomous picture recognition task. This paper demonstrates that the residual attention network can effectively recognize and detect the seed images of sweet corn with very high accuracy. The results of the experiment showed that the average accuracy of this recognition model was 98%. The feature visualization method was used to analyze the features, further proving the effectiveness of the classification method of plug tray seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military object detection from Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) reconnaissance images faces challenges, including lack of image data, images with poor quality, and small objects. In this work, we simulate UAV low-altitude reconnaissance and construct the UAV reconnaissance image tank database UAVT-3. Then, we improve YOLOv5 and propose UAVT-YOLOv5 for object detection of UAV images. First, data augmentation of blurred images is introduced to improve the accuracy of fog and motion-blurred images. Secondly, a large-scale feature map together with multi-scale feedback is added to improve the recognition ability of small objects. Thirdly, we optimize the loss function by increasing the loss penalty of small objects and classes with fewer samples. Finally, the anchor boxes are optimized by clustering the ground truth object box of UAVT-3. The feature visualization technique Class Action Mapping (CAM) is introduced to explore the mechanisms of the proposed model. The experimental results of the improved model evaluated on UAVT-3 show that the mAP reaches 99.2%, an increase of 2.1% compared with YOLOv5, the detection speed is 40 frames per second, and data augmentation of blurred images yields an mAP increase of 20.4% and 26.6% for fog and motion blur images detection. The class action maps show the discriminant region of the tanks is the turret for UAVT-YOLOv5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative ailment, which gradually deteriorates memory and weakens the cognitive functions and capacities of the body, such as recall and logic. To diagnose this disease, CT, MRI, PET, etc. are used. However, these methods are time-consuming and sometimes yield inaccurate results. Thus, deep learning models are utilized, which are less time-consuming and yield results with better accuracy, and could be used with ease. This article proposes a transfer learning-based modified inception model with pre-processing methods of normalization and data addition. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 94.92 and a sensitivity of 94.94. It is concluded from the results that the proposed model performs better than other state-of-the-art models. For training purposes, a Kaggle dataset was used comprising 6,200 images, with 896 mild demented (M.D) images, 64 moderate demented (Mod.D) images, and 3,200 non-demented (N.D) images, and 1,966 veritably mild demented (V.M.D) images. These models could be employed for developing clinically useful results that are suitable to descry announcements in MRI images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aimed at the problems that the proportion and position of different fault characteristics of equipment components under variable working conditions and variable load in the signal are not fixed, and include the multi-scale complexity of the original vibration signal in a large number of different scenarios, a convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN) rolling bearing fault diagnosis method based on feature pyramid network (FPN) was proposed. Using the convolution neural network (CNN) framework, the convolution layer of CNN and the long and short-term memory (LSTM) layer of recurrent neural network (RNN) were connected in parallel to form a new CRNN, so as to make full use of the learning ability of CNN to spatial domain information and RNN to time domain information. The weights were shared in each layer to reduce network parameters. A novel feature map was constructed using FPN, and one-dimensional signal and two-dimensional signal formed after stacking were input to extract the feature of the signal collected by the sensor, and realize fault diagnosis. The average diagnostic accuracy of this method is 99.20%, which is at least 3.62% higher than that of the basic neural network model, indicating that this method has a high diagnostic accuracy and a strong robustness. Using the bearing data set of Case Western Reserve University, it is proved that the method has a good universality. The t-SNE method was used to visually analyze the feature learning effect of the model. The results show that different fault category features have good clustering effect.

• Classify sub-types from full spectra and fingerprint region. • Optimize CNN model parameters by using SSA. • Visualize the feature regions with Grad-CAM. • Exploit biomarkers using feature regions. Raman spectroscopy has emerged as an effective technique that can be used for noninvasive breast cancer analysis. However, the current Raman prediction models fail to cover all the molecular sub-types of breast cancer, and lack the visualization of the model. Using Raman spectroscopy combined with convolutional neural network (CNN) to construct a prediction model for the existing known molecular sub-types of breast cancer, and selected critical peaks through visualization strategies, so as to achieve the purpose of mining specific biomarker information. Optimizing network parameters with the help of sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for the multiple parameters in the CNN to improve the prediction performance of the model. To avoid the contingency of the results, multiple sets of data were generated through Monte Carlo sampling and used to train the model, thereby improving the credibility of the results. Based on the accurate prediction of the model, the spectral regions that contributed to the classification were visualized using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM), achieving the goal of visualizing characteristic peaks. Compared with other algorithms, optimized CNN could obtain the highest accuracy and lowest standard error. And there was no significant difference between using full spectra and fingerprint regions (within 2 %), indicating that the fingerprint region provided the most contribution in classifying sub-types. Based on the classification results from the fingerprint region, the model performances about various sub-types were as follows: CNN (95.34 %±2.18 %)>SVM(94.90 %±1.88 %)>PLS-DA(94.52 %±2.22 %)> KNN (80.00 %±5.27 %). The critical features visualized by Grad-CAM could match well with IHC information, allowing for a more distinct differentiation of sub-types in their spatial positions. Raman spectroscopy combined with CNN could achieve accurate and rapid identification of breast cancer molecular sub-types. Proposed visualization strategy could be proved from biochemistry information and spatial location, demonstrated that the strategy might be used for the mining of biomarkers in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To achieve a non-destructive and rapid detection of oyster freshness, an intelligent method using deep learning fused with malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulfhydryl groups (SH) information was proposed. In this study, an “MDA-SH-storage days” polynomial fitting model and oyster meat image dataset were first built. AleNet-MDA and AlxNet-SH classification models were then constructed to automatically identify and classify four levels of oyster meat images with overall accuracies of 92.72% and 94.06%, respectively. Next, the outputs of the two models were used as the inputs to “MDA-SH-storage days” model, which ultimately succeeded in predicting the corresponding MDA content, SH content and storage day for an oyster image within 0.03 ms. Furthermore, the interpretability of the two models for oyster meat image were also investigated by feature visualization and strongest activations techniques. Thus, this study brings new thoughts on oyster freshness prediction from the perspective of computer vision and artificial intelligence.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative ailment, which gradually deteriorates memory and weakens the cognitive functions and capacities of the body, such as recall and logic. To diagnose this disease, CT, MRI, PET, etc. are used. However, these methods are time-consuming and sometimes yield inaccurate results. Thus, deep learning models are utilized, which are less time-consuming and yield results with better accuracy, and could be used with ease. This article proposes a transfer learning-based modified inception model with pre-processing methods of normalization and data addition. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 94.92 and a sensitivity of 94.94. It is concluded from the results that the proposed model performs better than other state-of-the-art models. For training purposes, a Kaggle dataset was used comprising 6,200 images, with 896 mild demented (M.D) images, 64 moderate demented (Mod.D) images, and 3,200 non-demented (N.D) images, and 1,966 veritably mild demented (V.M.D) images. These models could be employed for developing clinically useful results that are suitable to descry announcements in MRI images.

The fingerprint is an important biological feature of the human body, which contains abundant biometric information. At present, the academic exploration of fingerprint gender characteristics is generally at the level of understanding, and the standardization research is quite limited. A robust approach is presented in this article, Dense Dilated Convolution ResNet Autoencoder, to extract valid gender information from fingerprints. By replacing the normal convolution operations with the atrous convolution in the backbone, prior knowledge is provided to keep the edge details, and the global reception field can be extended. The results were explored from three aspects: (1) Efficiency of DDC-ResNet. We conducted experiments using a combination of 6 typical automatic feature extractors with 9 classifiers for a total of 54 combinations are evaluated in our dataset; the experimental results show that the combination of methods we used achieved an average accuracy of 96.5%, with a classification accuracy of 97.52% for males and 95.48% for females, which outperformed the other experimental combinations. (2) The effect of the finger. The results showed that the right ring finger was the most effective for finger classification by gender. (3) The effect of specific features. We used the Class Activating Mapping method to plot fingerprint concentration thermograms, which allowed us to infer that fingerprint epidermal texture features are related to gender. The results demonstrated that autoencoder networks are a powerful method for extracting gender-specific features to help hide the privacy information of the user's gender contained in the fingerprint. Our experiments also identified three levels of features in fingerprints that are important for gender differentiation, including loops and whorls shape, bifurcations shape, and line shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, most deep-learning-based bearing fault diagnosis methods are studied under the condition of steady speed, while the performance of these models cannot be fully played under time-varying conditions. Therefore, in order to facilitate the practical application of a deep learning model in bearing fault diagnosis, a vibration–speed fusion network is proposed, which utilizes a transformer with a self-attention module to extract vibration features and utilizes a sparse autoencoder (SAE) network to extract sparse features from speed pulse signal. The vibration–speed fusion network enables the efficient fusion of different signals in a high-dimensional vector space with a high degree of model interpretability, without additional signal processing steps. After tuning the hyperparameters of the network, the key segments of the bearing's time-domain vibration signals can be optimally extracted, the network performance is much better than traditional deep learning methods, and the classification accuracy can reach 95.18% and 99.85% on the two public bearing datasets from the Xi'an Jiaotong University and the University of Ottawa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning algorithms (DLAs) have achieved better results than traditional methods in the field of multivariate geochemical anomaly recognition because of their strong ability to extract feature from nonlinear data. However, most of DLAs are black-box approaches because of the high nonlinearity characteristics of the hidden layer. In addition, the integration of domain knowledge into the DLAs to ensure physical consistency is a challenge for DLAs in geoscience. In this study, we adopted the adversarial autoencoder (AAE) algorithm for geochemical anomaly detection. The interpretability of the model is improved by visualizing features and integrating geological domain knowledge into the loss function of the AAE. The feature visualization method was used to display the changes of information in the model calculation process to further understand the inherent operation law and principle of the neural network. The penalty term was added to the optimized loss function, and the spatiotemporal and genetic relationships between felsic intrusions and mineralization were integrated into the AAE with the aim of improving the geological interpretability of the network. The added penalty item can guide the changes in the stage of data reconstruction and improve the understandability of the results of geologically constrained AAE. In addition, the effectiveness of injecting the concept of physical constraints into the AAE can be verified via feature visualization. A case study in the southern Jiangxi Province and its surrounding areas was performed to identify multivariate geochemical anomalies. The results obtained by the geologically constrained AAE demonstrated a strong spatial correlation with the outcrop of intrusions in the study area, and most of the known mineral deposits are located in or near the highly anomalous areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dried tangerine peel ("Chenpi"), has numerous clinical and nutritional benefits, with its quality being significantly influenced by its storage age, referred to as "Chen Jiu Zhe Liang" in Chinese. Concequently, the rapid and accurate identification of Chenpi's age is important for consumers. In this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to capture spectral images of Chenpi. These FTIR images were then analyzed using a two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (2D-CNN) model, achieving a discrimination accuracy of 97.92%. To address the "black box" nature of the 2D-CNN, Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping Plus Plus (Grad-CAM++) was utilized to highlight the important regions contributing to the model's performance. Additionally, six other machine learning models were developped using features identified by the 2D-CNN to validate their effectiveness. The results demonstrated that the combination of FTIR spectral images and 2D-CNN provides a highly effective method for accurately determining the age of Chenpi., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Author(s).)

The ever-growing development of deep learning models for skin lesion classification yields consistently to exceptional performance. These models revealed remarkable accuracy and robustness in the diagnosis of various skin lesion classes. Although this advancement enables significant aids in early detection and diagnosis, selecting the most suitable model for a task is challenging especially when most models demonstrate high proficiency. Consequently, small performance variations among well-performing models become critical factors. These variations present an additional challenge especially when considering the black-box nature of the model, which may result in a lack of evidence and certainty when making critical decisions. In this study, we tackle the problem of selecting the most appropriate models for skin lesion classification among various well-performing, yet unexplainable deep learning models. In fact, by proposing an ensemble approach that leverages Dempster–Shafer theory and feature importance visualization, we aim to create a trustworthy and interpretable model for improved skin lesion classification. The proposed Dempster–Shafer evidence-fusion ensemble model, provides insights into evidence-based integration of multiple models allowing for enhanced trustworthiness in the decision-making process. This is accomplished through comparing the high performances between different deep learning models. Hence, metrics are extracted by performing statistical tests and explainable methods besides numerical assessment, from the failure cases to profile the disagreement from different perspectives. With these metrics, the classifiers' complementary behaviors is then identified, accordingly making contribution in proposing an explainable ensemble model and leveraging the complementary strengths of the individual models. The proposed ensemble model has been exhaustively evaluated using the challenging HAM10000 dataset. The results obtained indicate that the proposed skin lesion classifier can provide useful decision support while significantly improving classification performance by 6% in terms of accuracy compared with the best-performing individual model, and achieving 92% accuracy. • A disagreement criterion rooted in the concept of model complementarity of multiple strong models. • Drawing information from failure cases, statistical analysis and XAI feature visualization techniques to gain valuable insights into the individual strengths and weaknesses of each model. • An improved Dempster–Shafer evidence-fusion ensemble method to combine the consequences of the selected complementary individual models. • A comprehensive evaluation of the proposed Dempster–Shafer evidence- fusion-based ensemble model on the challenging HAM10000 dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed and crop segmentation is becoming an increasingly integral part of precision farming that leverages the current computer vision and deep learning technologies. Research has been extensively carried out based on images captured with a camera from various platforms. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and ground-based vehicles including agricultural robots are the two popular platforms for data collection in fields. They all contribute to site-specific weed management (SSWM) to maintain crop yield. Currently, the data from these two platforms is processed separately, though sharing the same semantic objects (weed and crop). In our paper, we have proposed a novel method with a new deep learning-based model and the enhanced data augmentation pipeline to train field images alone and subsequently predict both field images and UAV images for weed segmentation and mapping. The network learning process is visualized by feature maps at shallow and deep layers. The results show that the mean intersection of union (IOU) values of the segmentation for the crop (maize), weeds, and soil background in the developed model for the field dataset are 0.744, 0.577, 0.979, respectively, and the performance of aerial images from an UAV with the same model, the IOU values of the segmentation for the crop (maize), weeds and soil background are 0.596, 0.407, and 0.875, respectively. To estimate the effect on the use of plant protection agents, we quantify the relationship between herbicide spraying saving rate and grid size (spraying resolution) based on the predicted weed map. The spraying saving rate is up to 90 % when the spraying resolution is at 1.78 × 1.78 cm2. The study shows that the developed deep convolutional neural network could be used to classify weeds from both field and aerial images and delivers satisfactory results. To achieve this performance, it is crucial to perform preprocessing techniques that reduce dataset differences between two distinct domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural image recognition tasks are becoming increasingly dependent on systems based on deep learning (DL); however, despite the excellent performance of DL, it is difficult to comprehend the type of logic or features of the input image it uses during decision making. Knowing the logic or features is highly crucial for result verification, algorithm improvement, training data improvement, and knowledge extraction. However, the explanations from the current heatmap-based algorithms are insufficient for the abovementioned requirements. To address this, this paper details the development of a classification and explanation method based on a variational autoencoder (VAE) architecture, which can visualize the variations of the most important features by visualizing the generated images that correspond to the variations of those features. Using the PlantVillage dataset, an acceptable level of explainability was achieved without sacrificing the classification accuracy. The proposed method can also be extended to other crops as well as other image classification tasks. Further, application systems using this method for disease identification tasks, such as the identification of potato blackleg disease, potato virus Y, and other image classification tasks, are currently being developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 90% of patients with Parkinson's disease suffer from hypokinetic dysarthria. This paper proposes a novel end-to-end deep learning model for Parkinson's disease detection from speech signals. The proposed model extracts time series dynamic features using time-distributed two-dimensional convolutional neural networks (2D-CNNs), and then captures the dependencies between these time series using a one-dimensional CNN (1D-CNN). The performance of the proposed model was verified on two databases. On Database-1, the proposed model outperformed expert features-based machine learning models and achieved promising results, showing accuracies of 81.6% on the speech task of sustained vowel /a/ and 75.3% on the speech task of reading a short sentence (/si shi si zhi shi shi zi/) in Chinese. On Database-2, the proposed model was assessed on multiple sound types, including vowels, words, and sentences. An accuracy of up to 92% was obtained on the speech tasks, which included reading simple (/loslibros/) and complex (/viste/) sentences in Spanish. By visualizing the features generated by the model, it was found that the learned time series dynamic features are able to capture the characteristics of the reduced overall frequency range and reduced variability of Parkinson's disease sounds, which are important clinical evidence for detecting Parkinson's disease patients. The results also suggest that the low-frequency region of the Mel-spectrogram is more influential and important than the high-frequency region for Parkinson's disease detection from speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building segmentation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images is a challenging task that has not been solved well. High-resolution interferometric SAR (InSAR) images can provide delicate textures and interferometric phase images useful for building segmentation. However, current semantic segmentation networks in computer vision cannot be directly applied in InSAR building segmentation tasks to get good results because of the InSAR images’ particularity. In this article, we present a novel complex-valued convolutional and multifeature fusion network (CVCMFF Net) specifically for building semantic segmentation of InSAR images. This CVCMFF Net not only learns from the complex-valued SAR images but also considers multiscale and multichannel feature fusion. It can effectively segment the layover, shadow, and background on both the simulated InSAR building images and the real airborne InSAR images. The segmentation performance of CVCMFF Net is significantly improved compared with those of other state-of-the-art networks. By feature visualization, the feature extraction rule and feature fusion mechanism of the network are explored. We hope that the proposed network can be beneficial to InSAR phase filtering, phase unwrapping, and information extraction in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive pest fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the serious threats to the food safety. Early warning and control plays a key role in FAW management. Nowadays, deep learning technology has been applied to recognize the image of FAW. However, there is a serious lack of training dataset in the current researches, which may mislead the model to learn features unrelated to the key visual characteristics (ring pattern, reniform pattern, etc.) of FAW adults and its close related species. Therefore, this research established a database of 10,177 images belonging to 7 species of noctuid adults, including FAW and 6 FAW close related species. Based on the small-scale dataset, transfer learning was used to build the recognition model of FAW adults by employing three deep learning models (VGG-16, ResNet-50 and DenseNet-121) pretrained on ImageNet. All of the models got more than 98% recognition accuracy on the same testing dataset. Moreover, by using feature visualization techniques, this research visualized the features learned by deep learning models and compared them to the related key visual characteristics recognized by human experts. The results showed that there was a high consistency between the two counterparts, i.e., the average feature recognition rate of ResNet-50 and DenseNet-121 was around 85%, which further demonstrated that it was possible to use the deep learning technology for the real-time monitoring of FAW adults. In addition, this study also found that the learning abilities of key visual characteristics among different models were different even though they have similar recognition accuracy. Herein, we suggest that when evaluating the model capacity, we should not only focus on the recognition rate, the ability of learning individual visual characteristics should be allocated importance for evaluating the model performance. For those important taxonomical traits, if the visualization results indicated that the model didn't learnt them, we should then modify our datasets or adjusting the training strategies to increase the learning ability. In conclusion, this study verified that visualizing the features learnt by the model is a good way to evaluate the learning ability of deep learning models, and to provide a possible way for other researchers in the field who want to understand the features learnt by deep learning models.

Steel defect detection is used to detect defects on the surface of the steel and to improve the quality of the steel surface. However, traditional image detection algorithms cannot meet the detection requirements because of small defect features and low contrast between background and features about steel surface defect datasets. A novel recognition algorithm for steel surface defects based on improved deep learning network models using feature visualization and quality evaluation is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the VGG19 is used to pre-train the steel surface defect classification task and the corresponding DVGG19 is established to extract the feature images in different layers from defects weight model. Secondly, the SSIM and decision tree are used to evaluate the feature image quality and adjust the parameters and structure of VGG19. On this basis, a new VSD network is obtained and used for the classification of steel surface defects. Comparing with ResNet and VGG19 methods, experiment results show that the proposed method markedly can improve the average accuracy of classification, and the model is able to converge quickly, which can be good for steel surface defect recognition using VSD network model of feature visualization and quality evaluation.

It is very important and necessary to diagnose bearing faults timely, quickly, and accurately in practical applications, because the operation status of the bearings is directly related to the performance and reliability of the rotating machinery. Therefore, a generic intelligent bearing fault diagnosis system based on AlexNet with transfer learning was proposed to automatically identify and classify different bearing faults. Transfer learning was used to avoid overfitting problem of deep network. Five bearing faults at two different motor loads and speeds were selected from the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) bearing dataset to validate the performance of the proposed method. Results showed that compared to previous methods, the proposed method achieved excellent performance, with overall classification accuracy over 99.7%, and fast training and testing times. Feature visualization displayed the common and high-level features of spectrograms of vibration signals learned by the trained classification model. And strongest activations demonstrated the classification model had learned the correct features of each bearing fault. Importantly, there were two testing datasets employed in this study, where the training dataset and testing dataset (2) were completely independent and the number of sub-spectrograms used for testing was 3-5 times greater than those used for training. Thus, all the results suggest that the proposed method is stable, reliable, suitable for diagnosing different bearing faults and has a great potential in practical applications.

This paper employs state-of-the-art Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), namely AlexNet, VGGNet, Inception, ResNet and ResNeXt in a first experimental study of ear recognition on the unconstrained EarVN1.0 dataset. As the dataset size is still insufficient to train deep CNNs from scratch, we utilize transfer learning and propose different domain adaptation strategies. The experiments show that our networks, which are fine-tuned using custom-sized inputs determined specifically for each CNN architecture, obtain state-of-the-art recognition performance where a single ResNeXt101 model achieves a rank-1 recognition accuracy of 93.45%. Moreover, we achieve the best rank-1 recognition accuracy of 95.85% using an ensemble of fine-tuned ResNeXt101 models. In order to explain the performance differences between models and make our results more interpretable, we employ the t-SNE algorithm to explore and visualize the learned features. Feature visualizations show well-separated clusters representing ear images of the different subjects. This indicates that discriminative and ear-specific features are learned when applying our proposed learning strategies.